Northcross v. Memphis City Schools Board of Education Motion of Plaintiffs-Appellants to Expedite Determination of Appeals
Public Court Documents
April 30, 1971

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Brief Collection, LDF Court Filings. Northcross v. Memphis City Schools Board of Education Motion of Plaintiffs-Appellants to Expedite Determination of Appeals, 1971. 5c4ca2cc-bf9a-ee11-be36-6045bdeb8873. LDF Archives, Thurgood Marshall Institute. https://ldfrecollection.org/archives/archives-search/archives-item/1e26bee5-2683-40d6-8c42-c3391b10da89/northcross-v-memphis-city-schools-board-of-education-motion-of-plaintiffs-appellants-to-expedite-determination-of-appeals. Accessed June 17, 2025.
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IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT Nos. 20,533or. o oZ O f DEBORAH A. NORTHCD0°c, et ?1. vs. — t~» s~ \t?i r . n T T n - n r r r m ; A - nur r A J u ± .l \j l v Or THE MEMPHIS CITY SCHOOLS, et al. No. 20,629 CTJ± Tjn 5 B B RN7* RD ROB I NS O N t 0 iz a 1 VS . S t t t i t n t r n n m T n A ; to /-\t\ totn r\tp l i j u j u u i L u u m i £5u n x \ -L -- w x. EDUCATION, et al. No. 20,334 No. 71-1174 JOSEPHINE GOSS, et al. DEBORAH A. NORTHCROSS, et al. vs. / s. BOARD OF EDUCATION OF THE CITY OF KNOXVILLE, et al. BOARD OF EDUCATION Or tHE MEMPHIS CITY SCHOOLS, et al. MOTION OF PLAINTIFFS-APPELLANTS TO EXPEDITE DETERMINATION OF APPEALS AVON N. WILLIAMS, JR. 404 James Robertson Parkway Nashville, Tennessee 37219 CARL A. COWAN 2212 Vine Avenue Knoxville, Tennessee 37915 for Plai] JACK GREENBERG JAMES M. NABRIT, III NORMAN J. CHACHKIN SYLVIA DREW 10 Columbus Circle New York, New York 10019 LOUIS R. LUCAS WILLIAM E. CALDWELL RATNER, SUGARMON and LUCAS 525 Commerce Title Building Memphis, Tennessee 33103 tiffs-Appe11antsAttorneys IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT DEBORAH A. NORTKCROSS, et al. vs . NOS. 20,533 & 0- BOARD OF EDUCATION OF THE MEMPHIS CITY SCHOOLS, et al. CLAUDE BERNARD ROBINSON, et al. vs. NO. 20,629 SHELBY COUNTY BOARD OF EDUCATION, et al. JOSEPHINE GOSS, et al. vs. NO. 20,834 BOARD OF EDUCATION OF CITY OF KNOXVILLE, et al. DEBORAH A. NORTHCROSS, et al. vs. NO. 71-1174 m BOARD OF EDUCATION OF THE MEMPHIS CITY SCHOOLS, et al. MOTION OF PLAINTIFFS-APPELLANTS TO EXPEDITE DETERMINATION OF APPEALS Plaintiffs-appellants in these pending school desegregation appeals, by their undersigned counsel, respectfully pray that this Court expedite its determination of these appeals in accordance with the rulings of the United States Supreme Court in Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Bd. of Educ., 39 U.S.L.W. 4437 (1971) and Davis v. Board of School Conm'rs of Mobile, 39 U.S.L.W. 4447 (1971) to the end that their constitutional rights may be effectuated by the submission, approval and implementation of constitutional plans of desegregation in the Memphis, Shelby County and Knoxville school systems effective with the commencement of the 1971-72 school year. These appeals were fully briefed and argued prior to the issuance of the Supreme Court's decisions. (In No. 71-1174, a panel of this Court entered an Order denying an injunction against certain construction projects proposed by the Board of Education of Memphis, and the matter is now pending upon a Petition for Rehearing En Banc.) However, each of the cases will undoubtedly be affected by the guidance given by the Supreme Court in Swann and Davis. Although this Court will not again be in session prior to the regular June, 1971 term, we respectfully pray that determination of these cases in light of Swann and Davis be expedited in order to permit the necessary preparation of plans and hearings in the district courts to take place in order to effectuate unitary school systems in these school districts by the beginning of the 1971- 72 school year. We are cognisant of this Court's heavy caseload, of the recent joint sentencing conference between the Sixth and Seventh Circuits, and of the fact that some of these matters were given’expedited consideration prior to Swann and Davis. -2- The urgent necessity of fully effectuating plaintiffs' consti tutional rights not later than the commencement of the next school year compels the submission of this Motion. We hope that the matters contained herein will assist the Court in assessing the impact of Swann and Davis. For the convenience of the Court, we briefly summarize the subject of the appeals: Nos. 20,533 and 20,539 are an appeal and cross-appeal from the order of the United States District Court for the Western District of Tennessee on remand from Northcross v. Board of Educ. of Memphis, 397 U.S. 232 (1970). No. 20,629 is an appeal from the order of the same district court approving a desegre gation plan for Shelby County. No. 20,834 is an appeal from the order of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Tennessee approving the plan of desegregation of the Knoxville school system. In each of these cases, the district courts approved plans utilizing geographic zoning only without requiring remedial alteration of attendance zones, pairing— both contiguous and non-contiguous— and pupil trans portation so as to eliminate the continued existence of schools in each system which are "substantially disproportionate in 1/ their racial composition." Swann, slip op. at p. 22. The plans are generally defended by the school districts on the grounds that they are "racially neutral" and that remedying the existing Copies of the slip opinions of the Supreme Court decisions were forwarded to this Court in connection with No. 71-1174 on April 21, 1971. -3- segregation will be difficult and possibly expensive. As the Supreme Court put it in Swann, however, But all things are not equal in a system that has been deliberately constructed and maintained to enforce racial segregation. The remedy for such segregation may be administratively awkward, inconvenient, and even bizarre in some situations and may impose burdens on some; but all awkward ness and inconvenience cannot be avoided in the interim period when remedial adjustments are being made to eliminate the dual school systems.... In short, an assignment plan is not acceptable simply because it appears to be neutral. (Slip op. at p. 24). We think a fair reading of Swann and Davis compels the conclusion that the plans approved by the district courts in each of these cases are unacceptable because they fail to "make every effort to achieve the greatest possible degree of actual desegregation, taking into account the practicalities of the situation." (Davis, slip op. at p. 4). The cases must be returned to the district courts with instructions that they "may and should consider the use of all available techniques including restructuring of attendance zones and both contiguous and non-contiguous attendance zones .... The measure of any desegregation plan is its effectiveness." (ibid.). No. 71-1174 is an appeal from denial by the district court of an injunction restraining construction projects proposed by the Board of Education of Memphis. Although a panel of this Court agreed with that denial, since no action has been announced on the Petition for Rehearing En Banc, it would be appropriate to reassess the matter in light of the Supreme Court's discussion of construction at pp. 16-17 of the Swann -4- slip opinion: The construction of new schools and the closing of old ones is ... a decision which, when combined with one technique or another of student assignment, will determine the racial compcsirion of the student body in each school in the system. Over the long run, the consequences of the choices will be far reaching. People gravitate toward school facilities, just as schools are located in response to the needs of people. The location of schools may thus influence the patterns of resi dential development of a metropolitan area and have important impact on compo sition of inner city neighborhoods. In the past, choices in this respect have been used as a potent weapon for creating or maintaining a state-segregated school system.... Such a policy does more than simply influence the short-run composition of the student body of a new school. It may well promote segregated residential patterns which, when combined with "neigh borhood zoning," further lock the school system into the mold of separation of the races. Upon a proper showing, a district court may consider this in fashioning a remedy. In ascertaining the existence of legally- imposed school segregation, the existence of a pattern of school construction and abandonment is thus a factor of great weight. In devising remedies where legally imposed segregation has been established, it is the responsibility of local authorities and district courts to see to it that future school construction and abandonment is not used and does not serve to perpetuate or re-establish the dual system. We add only that the Supreme Court's language mirrors, with approval, this Court's holding in Sloan v. Tenth School Dist. of Wilson County, 433 F.2d 587 (6th cir. 1970), which was brought to the Supreme Court's attention in connection with the Little Rock matter (see Petition for Rehearing En Banc, p. 54a). 5- In light of Swann and Davis, we respectfully suggest that the injunction sought in No. 71-1174 should issue. As to the other cases which we submit must be remanded to the district courts, we respectfully suggest the following directions to the lower courts. These suggested instructions are based upon study of the Supreme Court's rulings in Swann and Davis. They recognize the fact that in many of these cases, the failure of the district courts to order the use of non-contiguous pairing or transportation has resulted in the significant lack / -6- of progress evidenced by each of these districts. We su'ggest that these cases be remanded to the district courts with the following directions: (1) Direct the defendants to file, within two weeks of its order, a plan for the complete dismantling of the remaining vestiges of segregation in the school system, extending to all facets of school operation, including but not limited to the assignment of faculty members to each school on a basis substantially the same as the system-wide faculty racial composition, to be effective not later than the commencement of the 1971-72 school year. (Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Bd. of Education, 39 U.S.L.W. 4437 (1971); Davis v. Board of School Comm'rs of Mobile, 39 U.S.L.W. 4447 (1971); Alexander v. Holmes County Bd. of Education, 396 U.S. 19 (1969); Carter v. West Feliciana Parish School Board, 396 U.S. 296 (1970); Northcross v. Board of Education of Memphis, 397 U.S. 232 (1970)) (2) Direct that any such plan meet the following standards: while fixed ratios of pupils in particular schools are not required, efforts should be made, in designing the plan, to reach toward the establisliment of the system-wide pupil racial ratio in the various schools so that there will be no basis for contending that one school is racially different from the others and, therefore, racially identifiable; subject to the understanding, of course, that variations from the system-wide ratio at individual schools will be unavoidable and are satisfactory so long as there is no school with a racial composition substantially disproportionate to the system-wide racial composition. Pupils of all grades should be assigned in such a way that as nearly as practicable the various schools at various grade levels have about the same proportion of black and white students. (Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Bd. of Education, 306 F. Supp. 1299 (W.D. N.C. 1969), 39 U.S.L.W. 4437 (1971)). These results are to be brought about by the use, as necessary, of all available possible and practicable techniques of desegregation, singly or in combination, including but not limited to, the restructuring of existing attendance zones to maximize desegregation, contiguous and non-contiguous pairing of existing or newly devised attendance zones, the restructuring of grade levels as between various schools, and the use of transportation, including common carrier and school bus, as a tool to assist in effectuating the conversion to a unitary school system. (Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Bd. of Education, 306 F. Supp. 1299 (W.D. N.C. 1969), 39 U.S.L.W. 4437 (1971) ; Davis v. Board of School Comm'rs of Mobile, 39 U.S.L.W. 4447 (1971)). Any plan to be approved by the district court must contain a majority-to-minority transfer provision guaranteeing free transportation to any student choosing to exercise an option and providing that no such transfer request is to be denied on the basis of overcrowding at the school to which the student seeks a transfer. (Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Bd. of Education, 39 U.S.L.W. 4437 (1971); Ellis v. Board of Public Instruction of Orange County, 423 F.2d 203 (5th Cir. 1970)). / -8- (3) Allow plaintiffs 10 days following the filing of any such plan or plans by the defendants in which to object thereto and such additional reasonable time as may be necessary for plaintiffs to prepare and submit an alternative to such plan or plans, if they so elect. (Green v. County School Bd. of New Kent County, 391 U.S. 430 (1968); Swann v. Charlotte- Mecklenburg 3d. of Education. 39 U.S.L.W. 4437 (1971)). (4) Designate or appoint an educational expert to assist the district court in evaluating such plan or plans as the parties may submit and in developing an adequate plan meeting constitutional requirements for the Court’s approval and implementation not later than the commencement of the 1971-72 school year. (Swann v. Charlotte-Meeklenburg Bd. of Education, 306 F. Supp. 1299 (W.D. N.C. 1969), 39 U.S.L.W. 4437 (1971); Dowell v. School Board of Oklahoma City, 244 F. Supp. 971 (W.D. Okla. 1965), aff'd 375 F.2d 158 (10th Cir.), cert, denied, 387 U.S. 931 (1967)). (5) Authorize plaintiffs to obtain the services of an educational expert to prepare a constitutional plan for the school system with the reasonable costs of any such prepared plan to be considered as assessable costs against the defendants. (Jackson v. School Board of Lynchburg, Civ. No. 534 (W.D. Va. April 28, 1970); Dowell v. School Board of Oklahoma City, 244 F. Supp. 971 (W.D. Okla. 1965), aff'd 375 F.2d 158 (10th Cir.), cert, denied, 387 U.S. 931 (1967)). (6) Direct defendants to cooperate with any expert designated; or appointed by the district court or retained by -9- plaintiffs in connection with their submission of an alternate plan, including but not limited to providing space for such expert (s) at the headquarters of the Superintendent of Schools and granting unto him full access to all information concerning all phases of the school system which he may deem necessary, paying all of his fees and expenses, providing stenographic assistance and the help of business machines, draftsmen and computers if requested, along with telephone and other communi cations services, supplying him with any studies and plans and partial plans for desegregation of the schools which defendants may have, and providing him with full professional, technical and other assistance which he may need in familiarizing himself with the school system and the various problems to be solved in desegregating the schools. (Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Bd. of Education, 306 F. Supp. 1299 (W.D. N.C. 1969); Jackson v. School Board of Lynchburg, Civ. No. 534 (W.D. Va. April 28, 1970)). (7) Promptly schedule a hearing on the sufficiency of any plans submitted and take such further steps as may be required to implement a completely unitary school system effective with the commencement of the 1971-72 school year. (Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education, 396 U.S. 19 (1969); Carter v. West Feliciana Parish School Board, 396 U.S. 296 (1970); Northcross v. Board of Education of Memphis, 397 U.S. 232 (1970); Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education, 39 U.S.L.W. 4437 (1971)). / -10- (8) Immediately enter its order enjoining any new construction, additions to or expansion of, or abandonment of, existing schools pending completion of proceedings on remand and the approval and implementation of a constitutional plan of desegregation, and thereafter requiring the defendants to submit any plans for new school construction, additions to or expansion of, or abandonment of, existing schools to the district court with notice to plaintiffs prior to the letting of bids, signing of contracts for, or commencement of any such construction or abandonment, and requiring defendants to hold in abeyance the commencement of any such construction or abandonment until the district court has had an opportunity to consider such objections as plaintiffs may tender and shall have approved the defendants' plans for construction or aban donment of school facilities. (Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Bd. of Education, 39 U.S.L.W. 4437 (1971); Calhoun v. Cook, 430 F.2d 1174 (5th Cir. 1970); Sloan v. Tenth School District of Wilson County, 433 F.2d 587 (6th Cir. 1970); Bradley v. School Board of Richmond, Civ. No. 3353 (E.D. Va. June 20, 1970)) (9) Enter its order directing defendants to implement the faculty desegregation policies attached as Exhibit "A" hereto. (United States v. Montgomery County Board of Education, 395 U.S. 225 (1969); Swann v. Charlotte- Mecklenburg Board of Education, 39 U.S.L.V7. 4437 (1971)). (10) Enter its order directing defendants to file reports with the Court on October 15 and March 15 of each year setting -11- out the information required by Exhibit "B" hereto. (11) Allow plaintiffs their costs including reasonable attorneys' fees and enter such other orders as may be required to effectuate the constitutional rights involved in this litigation. JAMES M. NABRIT, III NORMAN J. CHACHKIN SYLVIA DREW 10 Columbus Circle New York, New York 10019 AVON N. WILLIAMS, JR. 404 James Robertson Parkway Nashville, Tennessee 37219 LOUIS R. LUCAS WILLIAM E. CALDWELL RATNER, SUGARMON and LUCAS 525 Commerce Title Building Memphis, Tennessee 38103 CARL A. COWAN 2212 Vine Avenue Knoxville, Tennessee 37915 Attorneys for Plaintiffs- Appe Hants / -12- APPENDIX "A" FACULTY DESEGREGATION The school board shall announce and implement the following policies: 1. Principals, teachers, teacher-aides and other staff who work directly with children at school shall be so assigned that in no case will the racial composition of a staff indicate that a school is intended for Negro students or white students. The district shall assign the staff described above so that the ratio of Negro to white teachers in each school, and the ratio of other staff in each, are substantially the same as each such ratio is to the teachers and the other staff, respectively, in the entire school system. The school district shall, to the extent necessary to carry out these policies, direct members of its staff as a condition of continued employment to accept new assignments. 2. Staff members who work directly with children, and professional staff who work on the ad ministrative level will be hired, assigned, promoted, paid, demoted, dismissed, and other wise treated without regard to race, color or national origin, except as otherwise provided in this decree. 3. If there is to be a reduction in the number of principals, teachers, teacher-aides or other staff employed by the school district which will result in the dismissal, non-renewal or demotion of any such person, the person to be dismissed, nonrenewed or demoted shall be selected from among all those persons holding positions in the class (e.g., principlas, assistant principals, guidance counselors, elementary teachers, secondary teachers, coaches, teacher-aides, etc.) to be reduced. The person with the least seniority in that class in the system shall be selected. In addition, where there has been any such dis missal, nonrenewal or demotion and where a position is to be restored in the class previously reduced or a vacancy occurs in such class, an opportunity to fill that position shall be offered to the person or persons dis missed, nonrenewed or demoted as a result of such reduction in the order of their seniority in that class. Furthermore, the person so dismissed, nonrenewed or demoted shall be offered, on the basis of seniority in the school district, any other available position -13- for which he is certified by the State before that job is offerecTto any teacher who does not have job seniority in the class in which the vacancy has occurred. 4. If any principal, teacher, teacher-aide or other staff member employed by the school district is to be dismissed, nonrenewed or demoted for reasons other than a reduction in force, the school board shall fill any staff vacancy or vacancies created thereby with a person or persons of the same race as that of the indi vidual dismissed, nonrenewed, or demoted. Nothing in this paragraph is intended to limit rights of persons dismissed, nonrenewed or demoted which have been recognized in prior rulings 5. Each principal, teacher, teacher-aide or other staff member hired or promoted to fill a va cancy created by a dismissal, nonrenewal or demotion, shall be selected on the basis of reasonable, nondiscriminatory and reviewable standards and procedures. Each person making written application to be hired or promoted and possessing the minimum objective qualifications established by the State shall be evalm ted in writing on the basis of such standards. These evaluations shall show the weight given to each standard, the grade given the applicant on each such standard and the grounds for the grade. The evaluations shall be retained for a period of not less than three years. In the event the racial composition of new princi pals or teachers or teacher-aides or other staff fails to approximate the racial ratio for such class of the faculty which exited at the com mencement of the academic year 1965-66, this shall be considered prima facie evidence of racial discrimination and, upon challenge, the burden shall be upon the school district to demonstrate by clear and convincing evidence that it acted on the basis of such reasonable, nondiscriminatory and reviewable standards and procedures and without racial discrimination. Where the number of positions filled by promo tion or hiring is too small to permit comparison with the 1965-66 ratio respecting such positions, the court shall consider equivalent promotions and new hires in years prior to the current year in order to determine whether the school district is approximating the 1965-66 ratio. 6. If the overall ratio of black to white educators reported to the district court on or before October 15 of each year pursuant to Paragraph 8 < does not approximate the ratio of black to white educators existing in the school district at the commencement of the 1965-66 school year, the school district shall actively recruit black -14- educators in filling its vacancies. In such event, the school district shall submit a plan for an affirmative recruiting program which shall include, as appropriate, inter viewing at predominantly black colleges and uni versities, communicating its interest in hiring black educators to the placement offices and students at such institutions and to all other potential sources of black educators, and ad vertising in media likely to reach potential black candidates for employment. 7. Prior to dismissal, nonrenewal, demotion, pro motion or employment of any principal, teacher, teacher-aide or other staff, the school board will develop or require the development of reasonable, nondiscriminatory and reviewable standards and procedures to be used in taking such actions. These procedures and standards, and the weight assigned to each standard, shall be available for public inspection and shall be retained by the school district. The school district shall also record and preserve the evaluations made pursuant to the standards and procedures. Such evaluations shall be made avail able upon request to any affected employee or applicant. “Demotion" as used above, includes any reassign ment (1) under which the staff member receives less pay or has less responsibility than under the assignment he held previously; (2) which requires a lesser degree of skill than did the assignment he held previously; or (3) under which the staff member is asked to teach a sub ject. or grade other than one for which he is certified or for which he has had substantial experience within a reasonably current period. In general and depending upon the subject matter involved, five years is such a reasonable period. "Promotion" as used above, includes any reassign ment (1) under which the staff member receives more pay or more responsibility than under the assignment he held previously; or (2) which requires a greater degree of skill than did the assignment he held previously. 8. On or before July 15 of each year, the school district shall file with the Clerk of the District Court, and serve upon the affected individuals, a report listing the name, race and position of any staff member who has been dismissed or demoted during the preceding twelve months or whose contract has not been renewed for the forthcoming school year, and the reason or i reasons therefor. In the case of a dismissal, nonrenewal or demotion for any other reason, 15- this report shall list the name and race of the replacement for each dismissed, demoted or nonrenewed staff member. In addition, on or before October 15, each such school district shall file with the Clerk of the District Court, a report listing the number of staff vacancies, other than those created by a dismissal, non renewal or demotion, occurring during the pre ceding 12 months; the class of positions in which such vacancy has occurred, and the name, race and position of each person hired or pro moted to fill such vacancies. This report shall set forth the racial ratio in each such class at the commencement of the academic year 1965-66 and shall further show the racial ratio of new hires and promotions in each such class. APPENDIX 1,B M REPORTS ■ ■ Defendants shall file reports on October 15 and March 15 i of each year setting forth the following information, as well i as that required by the faculty desegregation policies in Exhibit "A": 1. (a) The number of students by race enrolled in the school district, and in each school of the district, and in i each classroom of the district. (b) The number of full-time teachers by race in the school district, and in each school of the district. | (c) The number of part-time teachers by race in the school district, and in each school of the district. (d) The number of principals, assistant principals, supervisors and head teachers, each by race, in the school district, and the schools to which each of such personnel are assigned. (e) The race, position and school or schools to which j assigned of each professional staff employee of the district not included in the answers to (b), (c) or (d) above. 2. Describe the requests and the results which have accrued,1 by race, under the majority-to-minority transfer provision I during the current school year or thereafter since the school district's last report to the court. 3. State the number of inter-district transfers granted, the race of the students who were granted such transfers, and the school district to which the transfers v/ere allowed during ithe current school year or thereafter since the school district’s last report to the court. State whether the school district has i -17- paid or is paying any form of tuition or other contractual payment to any other school district for such transferring students. ; 4 . State for each school bus run operated by defendants 1 or under contract with defendants to transport students of the i district from their homes or other pick-up points to school j facilities of the district: (a) the time at which the first passenger other than a child of the driver boards the bus in the morning; (b) the time at which the bus arrives at the school it serves, cr the last such school if students are dis charged at more than one facility; (c) the names of each school jj fa°ili«-y served on said run; (d) the number or other designation I of such run; (e) the name and race of the driver of said run; (f) the number of students taken to each school on said run, by race. 5. State whether any sports teams or other extracurricu lar activity groups are participated in by students of one race only. i 6. Give a brief description of any present or proposed i construction, expansion or abandonment of facilities and state the dates on which notice of the school district's plans for such construction, expansion or abandonment of facilities was i given to the court and parties. j 7. State whether during the current school year or thereafter since the school district's last report to the court, the school district has sold or abandoned any school facility-, equipment or supplies having a total value of more than $500.00. Give the name and address of the buyer in each such instance. -18- 8. if pupils in the school district are assigned to schools on the basis of attendance zones, in whole or in part furnish a map showing the attendance zones in use at the time the report is filed. l -19- l CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE I hereby certify that on this 30th day of April, 1971, I served a copy of the foregoing Motion of Plaintiffs-Appellants to Expedite Determination of Appeals upon the following counsel of record via United States mail, first class postage prepaid: Jack Petree, Esq. 900 Memphis Bank Eldg. Memphis, Tennessee 33103 Lee Winchester, Jr., Esq. 100 North Main Building Memphis, Tennessee 33103 Craig Crenshaw, Esq. U.S. Dep't of Justice Washington, T.C. 20530 S. Frank Fowler, Jr., Esq. Hamilton Bank Building Knoxville, Tennessee 31902 I -20-