Correspondence from Berman to Pugh; Report of Bernard Grofman; Grofman CV

    • U.S. Departments Justice 

Civil Rights Division 

RSB 
DJ 166-32-63 

BY OVERNIGHT MAIL 

Mr. Robert G. Pugh 
Pugh & Pugh 
Suite 1200 
330 Marshall St. 
Shreveport, Louisiana 71101 

Voting Section 

P.O. Box 66128 

Washington, D.C. 20035-6128 

NOV 1 1988 

Re: Chisom & United States V. Roemer 
Civil Action No. 86-4075 (Section A) (E.D. La.)  

Dear Mr. Pugh: 

Pursuant to the Court's order of September 2, 1988, in the 
above-referenced case I am providing you a copy of the report 
prepared by Dr. Bernard Grofman, the expert witness retained by 
the United States to analyze elections in the First Supreme Court 
District. As you are aware from our conversations and 
correspondence of the past two weeks, the state has not yet 
provided a complete and legible set of election returns. 
Accordingly, we reserve the right to supplement Dr. Grofman's 
report once we have received the material that is outstanding and 

Dr. Grofman has had an opportunity to review it. 

Sincerely, 

obert S. Berman 
Attorney, Voting Section 

cc: Judith Reed, Esq. 



Report of Bernard Grofman 

I have been retained by counsel for the United States in 

Chisom v. Roemer, No. 86-4075 (E.D. La.) and requested to 

determine if judicial elections within the First Supreme Court 

District are marked by a pattern of racial polarization. In that 

regard, I have reviewed the reports of Drs. Richard Engstrom, 

Ronald Weber and Robert Miller previously prepared in this case. 

This is a preliminary report because the election returns 

provided to counsel for the United States for several elections 

were incomplete or 

A true and accurate copy of my curriculum vitae is attached 

to this report. In sum, I am a Professor of Political Science at 

the University of California, Irvine. My areas of specialization 

are comparative election systems, representation and redistrict-

ing issues, minority representation and voting rights, and poli-

tical and statistical methodology. I have been accepted as an 

expert on these topics by numerous U.S. District Courts. In par-

ticular, I served as the expert witness in Gingles v. Edmisten, 

590 F. Supp. 345 (E.D. N.C. 1984) aff'd in part, rev'd in part  

and remanded, Thornburg v. Gingles, 478 U.S. 30 (1986). 

1. The general principle is that racially polarized voting 

exists where there is "a consistent relationship between [the] 

race of the voter and the way in which the voter votes," or to 

put it differently, where "black voters and white voters vote 

differently," Thornburg v. Gingles (1986) 106 S. Ct. 2752 at 

2768 n. 21. 



• • 
2. Ecological regression and homogeneous precinct analyses 

are the standard methods of establishing the presence of racially 

polarized voting and these techniques were used by Dr. Weber and 

Dr. Engstrom. 

3. The analysis conducted by Dr. Engstrom of patterns of 

voting by race within Orleans Parish judicial elections uses the 

same methodology as I used in my testimony in Gingles v.  

Edmisten, supra. 

4. Based upon my review of the analyses of Dr. Weber and 

Dr. Engstrom, there is essentially no dispute about the 

percentages of white voters who support black candidates or the 

percentages of black voters who support black candidates. Drs. 

Weber and Engstrom differ only in the interpretation they place 

on the percentages relative to a standard for defining racially 

polarized voting. Based on my own independent review, I find the 

interpretation offered by Dr. Weber to be inappropriate. I 

concur fully in the conclusion reached by Dr. Engstrom that 

voting patterns within Orleans Parish in judicial elections 

reflect racial polarization. The level of polarization is 

clearly such as to rise to a level of significance as that term 

is commonly accepted in the fields of statistics and political 

science. 

5. Only a handful of black judicial candidates were 

elected, despite the fact that black candidates (with only 3 

exceptions) received the overwhelming voting support of the black 

community in numerous elections. 

2 



1Y , 

• 

6. There is clear evidence that black voters in Orleans 

Parish are "politically cohesive." The most direct evidence of 

this proposition is shown in Tables 1 and 3, Appendix C, to Dr. 

Engstrom's Affidavit. In 23 of 27 judicial contests in Orleans 

Parish with at least one black and at least one white candidate, 

at least 70% of the black votes went to the black candidate(s). 

In all but three of these 27 elections, a majority of black 

voters supported the black candidate(s). In a number of these 

elections, black support for the black candidate(s) was well in 

excess of 80%. 

7. The appropriate analysis of racial voting patterns 

focuses on contests involving at least one white and at least one 

black candidate. If the analysis of contests with both black and 

white candidates shows that there is racially polarized voting, 

that conclusion would stand despite any analysis of white vs. 

white contests. 

8. Indeed, in my expert witness testimony in Gingles, I 

analyzed only black versus white contests. As is true in the 

First Supreme Court Election District, if candidates who are 

black cannot be elected despite overwhelming black support 

because of the unwillingness of white voters to vote for them and 

if blacks were sometimes efficacious in electing white candidates 

over the opposition of a majority of white voters that would sup-

port the conclusion that black voters can have an equal oppor-

tunity to elect candidates of its choice only as long as those  

candidates are white. 



• 

9. In addition to the foregoing criteria, the elections 

analyzed should be (a) elections of the same type as are under 

challenge, (b) elections involving essentially the same elector-

ate as that involved in the jurisdiction under challenge, and (c) 

elections recent enough to be probative of current voting pat-

terns. The principle that I stated in my expert witness testimony 

in Gingles was that one would look at other types of elections 

only if there were not at least three elections of the preferred 

type on which conclusions about racially polarized voting could 

be based. 

10. In this case, Dr.Engstrom has identified far more than 

three elections which meet the criteria I stated in my testimony 

in Gingles. These 27 elections are listed in Appendix C to Dr. 

Engstrom's affidavit. These elections provide the best evidence 

on racially polarized voting for the case at hand. 

11. Elections within the first district provide the best 

evidence of voting patterns in the first district. Judicial 

elections obviously provide the best evidence for voting patterns 

when it is a judicial election system under challenge. A juris-

diction's voting patterns may differ across election type (e.g., 

primary vs. general, top of the ticket offices vs. lower offices, 

partisan contests vs. nonpartisan contests, etc.) and it is 

necessary to be assured that the potential absence of a pattern 

of racially polarized voting in elections for other contests does 

not skew the analysis for those offices being challenged. 



12. While exit polls may provide useful information, they 

can yield potentially unreliable conclusions about voter behavior 

involving racially related issues or minority candidates. For 

example, 1982 exit polls in California showed Thomas Bradley, the 

black mayor of Los Angeles, to have been elected governor in his 

contest against the Republican candidate, George Deukmejian (T.F. 

Pettigrew and D.A. Alston, Tom Bradley's Campaigns for Governor. 

Washington D.C.: Joint Center for Political Studies, 1988). Of 

course, in fact, Bradley narrowly lost. The reason that the exit 

polls overestimated Bradley's support is that people are 

reluctant to give socially unacceptable answers, such as answers 

which leave open the possibility that racial bias might have been 

motivating their vote. 

13. Dr. Miller's claim (Affidavit at p. 3, numbered 

paragraph 6) that it is necessary to "show not only the extent to 

which the electoral preferences of the minority group members 

differ from those of the rest of the electorate, [but] also . • • 

the extent to which the level of participation in the electoral 

process is lower amongst minority group members than others" 

(emphasis added) is contrary to the standard for racially 

polarized voting employed in Thornburg; black-white turnout 

differences are irrelevant to the questions of whether voting is 

or is not racially polarized. Similarly Dr. Miller's statement 

that it is necessary to explain voter behavior, and not merely to 

demonstrate that voting is racially polarized, is outside the 

5 



v 

mainstream of the professional standards in the area. (Affidavit, 

at p. 3, numbered paragraph 6.) 

14. Use of registration data by race is a standard method of 

establishing racially polarized voting (although other types of 

data, e.g., voting age population data or voter sign-in data may 

also be used if available). As the expert witness in Gingles, I 

used registration data by race and it was accepted as probative 

by the U.S. Supreme Court. Indeed, defendants' expert, Dr. Weber, 

uses the same data for his analysis. 

15. Both Dr. Weber and Dr. Engstrom use the (two-equation) 

ecological regression methodology. Their independent analyses 

demonstrate that the methodology can generate reliable estimates 

of voting behavior by race for Orleans Parish voters. For those 

elections where both provide estimates, their estimates are very 

similar and the differences are not statistically meaningful or 

politically significant. For example, 

4/7/79 runoff Ortique 
Orleans Civil H 

Engstrom Weber 
Engstrom Homogeneous Analyses 
Ecological Case 
Estimate Analysis (Unweighted Run) 

% of 
black votes 

98.8 

% of 
white votes 

13.0 

% of 
black votes 

95.5 

% of 
white votes 

15.9 

% of 
black votes 
97.6 (97.5) 

% of 
white votes 
14.9 (14.3) 

6 



Engstrom Weber 
Engstrom Homogeneous Analyses 
Ecological Case 
Estimate Analysis (Unweighted Run) 

9/29/84 runoff Johnson 
Orleans Civil I 

% of 
black votes 

92.3 

% of 
white votes 

30.1 

% of 
black votes 

84.6 

% of 
white votes 

31.8 

% of 
black votes 
84.9 (84.7) 

% of 
white votes 
30.0 (29.9) 

3/1/86 runoff Magee 
Orleans Civil F 

% of 
black votes 

85.2 

% of 
white votes 

12.8 

% of 
black votes 

88.8 

% of 
white votes 

12.6 

% of 
black votes 
91.5 (91.5) 

% of 
white votes 
12.4 (12.5) 

16. A review of the data compiled by Dr. Engstrom and Dr. 

Weber indicates that there has been no change in the high levels 

of political cohesion demonstrated by black voters in judicial 

elections in Orleans Parish. From 1978 to 1980, the average 

percentage of black voters voting for the black candidate(s) (as 

shown in Table 1 of Engstrom's Appendix C) was (32.0 + 96.7 + 

98.3 / 3)=75.8.8%. From the same table, the comparable figure 

for the 1980s was ((72.3 + 88.1 + 97.0 + 51.6 + 85.2 + 74.2 + 

88.3 + 97.1 + 74.7 + 92.3 + 54.0) / 11)=79.5%. 

Bernard Grofman, Ph.D 
Professor of Political Science 

November 1, 1988 



• 
SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES BERNARD NORMAN GROFMAN 
UC-Irvine AUGUST 1988 

VITA 

BERNARD NORMAN GROFMAN, Professor 

EDUCATION 

B.S. 

M.A. 

Ph.D. 

University of Chicago, Mathematics (1966) 

University of Chicago, Political Science (1968) 

University of Chicago, Political Science (1972) 

ACADEMIC POSITIONS HELD 

1970-71 Instructor, Political Science, SUNY at Stony Brook 

1971-76 Assistant Professor, Political Science, SUNY at Stony Brook 

1973 Visiting Lecturer (Gastdozent), Lehrstuhl fuer Politische 

Wissenschaft, University of Mannheim (Summer Semester) 
1975 Adjunct Assistant Professor, Applied Mathematics, SUNY at 

Stony Brook (Spring Semester) 

1975-76 Visiting Assistant Professor, School of Social Sciences, 
University of California, Irvine (Winter and Spring 
Quarters) 

1976-80 Associate Professor of Political Science and Social 

Psychology, University of California, Irvine 

1980- Professor of Political Science and Social Psychology, 

University of California, Irvine 

1984 Guest Scholar (Sabbatical), Governmental Studies Program, 
Brookings Institution (Winter Quarter) 

1985 College Visiting Professor, Department of Political 

Science, University of Washington, Seattle (Spring 
Quarter) 

1985-86 Fellow, Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral 
Sciences, Stanford 

RESEARCH GRANTS AND AWARDS 

1972 SUNY Research Foundation Small Grant (Summer) 
1973 Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft Travel Grant 

1974 SUNY Research Foundation Small Grant (Summer) 

1976-77 Modeling Jury Decision Processes, National Science 

Foundation, Law and Social Sciences Program (NSF 
75-14091, $68,200). 

1978-79 Electoral System: What Difference Does it Make? National 

Science Foundation, Political Science Program 

(NSF SOC 77-24474, $35,800, with Howard Scarrow). 
1978-79 Modeling Jury Decision Processes: The Multnomah Jury 

Archive, National Science Foundation, Law and Social 

Sciences Program (NSF SOC 77-24702, $73,800). 
1979 A Conference on Voter Turnout. National Science 

Foundation, Political Science Program (NSF SOC 78-19433, 

$14,400 with Richard Brody and Herbert Weisberg) 



• 

BERNARD NORMAN GROFMAN - 2 

RESEARCH GRANTS AND AWARDS - (continued) 

1979-80 U.C. Irvine Academic Senate Committee on Research, Small 
Seed Grant. 

1980 A Conference on Representation and Apportionment Issues in 
the 1980's. National Science Foundation, Political 
Science Program (NSF #SES 79-26813, $20,200, with Arend 

Lijphart, Robert McKay, and Howard Scarrow; additional 
$8,000 funding provided by the American Bar Association). 

1980-82 Applications of Game Theory to the Study of Political 

Institutions. National Science Foundation, Political 
Science Program (NSF #SES 80-07915, $31,300 with 
Guillermo Owen). 

1981-83 Reapportionment and Representation. National Science 

Foundation, Political Science Program (NSF #SES 81-07554, 
$49,970 with Guillermo Owen). 

1982 American Political Science Association Travel Grant for 

travel to the International Political Science Association 
(partial reimbursement). 

1982 A Conference on Information Pooling. National Science 

Foundation, Political Science Program (NSF #SES 82-09109, 
$26,300 with Guillermo Owen and Scott Feld). 

1983-84 Analysis of the Multnomah Jury Archive, National Science 

Foundation, Law and Social Sciences Program (NSF #SES 
82-18588, $35,000). 

1984 Small Pilot Study Seed Grant, Multnomah County Trial Length 
Data. Federal Judicial Center. 

1984 U.C. Irvine Academic Senate Committee on Ethnic Studies 
Research, Small Seed Grant 

1985-86 The Impact of Laws Relating to Elections and Representation, 
National Science Foundation, Political Science Program 
(NSF #SES 85-15468, $23,200). 

1985-87 The Dynamics of Spatial Voting Games and Games on Graphs, 
National Science Foundation, Decision and Management 

Sciences Program (NSF #SES 85-06376, $99,300 with 
Guillermo Owen). 

1987 U.C. Irvine Academic Senate Committee on Research in 

Cultural Diversity, Small Seed Grant. 
1987-88 Ethnic Voting Patterns in Metropolitan Toronto (Social 

Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, 
$14,480 with Janet Landa and Michael Copeland). 

1988 Social Science Research Council Travel Grant. 
1988 A Conference on An Economic Regional Theory of Democracy: 

Thirty Years Later. (U.C. Intercampus Activities Fund, 
$5,000, with Kristen Monroe). 

PROFESSIONAL AFFILIATIONS 

American Political Science Association 
Public Choice Society 
Law and Society Association 

American Institute of Parliamentarians 

Midwest Political Science Association 

8/12/88 



BERNARD NORMAN GROFMAN - 3 

EDITORIAL BOARD 

1980-83 
1983-85 
1986-88 

1987-89 

REFEREE 

1972-82 

1975-

1976-

1977-

1978-

1979-

1980-

1981-

1982-

1983-

1984- - 

1986 - 

1987 - 

1988-

American Journal of Political Science  
Law and Society Review 

Society for Orwellian Studies 

American Politics Ouarterly 

Manuscript Review Board: Behavioral Science  

Occasional referee, American Journal of Political Science;  
Theory and Decision; Public Choice.  

Occasional referee, Political Methodology; National Science 
Foundation, Political Science Program 

Occasional referee: American Political Science 

Association, Division of Educationa1 Affairs; Journal of  
the American Statistical Association; Social Science  
Research; Faculty Research Award Program of the City 

University of New York (Political Science). 
Occasional referee: Psychological Review; National Science 

Foundation, Law and Social Sciences Program; Journal of  
Personality and Social Psychology; European Journal of  

Social Psychology; Journal of Mathematical Sociology. 
Occasional referee: Social Networks; National Science 
Foundation, Applied Mathematics Program. 

Occasional referee: Law and Policy Quarterly; National 

Institute of Mental Health; American Political Science  

Review, National Science Foundation, Sociology Program; 

National Science Foundation, Economics Program; Journal  

of Conflict Resolution; Legislative Studies _Quarterly. 
Occasional referee: American Mathematical Monthly, 
Decision Sciences, Economic Inquiry. 

Occasional referee: Social Science Quarterly; 

Sociological Methods and Research; Western Political  
Quarterly; Guggenheim Foundation; National Science 

Foundation, Developmental and Social Psychology Program; 
National Science Foundation, Decision, Risk and 
Management Science Program. 

Occasional referee: Journal of Politics, Political  
Geography Quarterly. 

Occasional referee: National Science Foundation, 

Information Systems Program; National Science Foundation, 
Program in Social Measurement and Analysis. 

Occasional referee: Review of Economic Studies  

Occasional referee: British Journal of Political Science, 
Journal of Political Economy, Comparative Political  
Studies  

Occasional referee: Social Choice and Welfare, Political  
Analysis  

8/12/88 



BERNARD NORMAN GROFMAN - 4 

PUBLICATIONS  

Edited Books (published) 

(El) Grofman, Bernard N., Arend Lijphart, Robert McKay and Howard 
•Scarrow (Eds.). Representation and Redistrictina Issues. 

Lexington Books, 1982. 

(E2) Lijphart, Arend and Bernard Grofman (Eds.). Choosing an Electoral  

System. New York: Praeger, 1984. 

(E3) Grofman, Bernard N. and Arend Lijphart (Eds.). Electoral Laws and 

Their Political Consequences. New York: Agathon Press, 1986. 

(E4) Grofman, Bernard N. and Guillermo Owen (Eds.). Information Pooling 

and Group Decision Making. Connecticut: JAI Press, 1986. 

Edited Books (in press) 

(E5) Grofman, Bernard N. and Donald Wittman (Eds.). The 'Federalist 

Papers' and the New Institutionalism. New York: Agathon Press 

(1988 forthcoming). 

(E6) Grofman, Bernard N. (Ed.) Toward Fair and Effective Representation:  

Political Gerrymandering and the Courts. New York: Agathon Press, 

1989 forthcoming. 

Professional Articles (in print) 

(1) Grofman, Bernard N., and Edward Muller. The strange case of 
relative gratification and potential for political violence: The 
V-curve. American Political Science Review, (June 1973), 514-539. 

(2) Grofman, Bernard N., and Gerald Hyman. Probability and logic in 

belief systems. Theory and Decision, Vol. 4 (1973), 179-195. 

(3) Grofman, Bernard N. Helping behavior and group size, some 
exploratory stochastic models. Behavioral Science, Vol. 19 (July 

1974), 219-224. 

(4) Grofman, Bernard N., and Gerald Hyman. The logical foundations of 
ideology. Behavioral Science, Vol. 19 (July 1974), 225-237. 

(5) Grofman, Bernard N. The prisoner's dilemma game: Paradox 
reconsidered. In Gordon Tullock (Ed.), Frontiers of Economics, 

Vol. 1 (1975), 101-119. 

(6) Mackelprang, A. J., Bernard N. Grofman, and N. Keith Thomas. 
Electoral change and stability: Some new perspectives. American 

Politics Quarterly, Vol. 3, No. 3 (July 1975), 315-339. 

(7) Grofman, Bernard N. A review of macro-election systems. In 

Rudolph Wildenmann (Ed.), German Political Yearbook  
(Sozialwissenschaftliches Jahrbuch fur Politik), Vol. 4, Munich 

Germany: Verlag, 1975, 303-352. 

8/12/88 



BERNARD NORMAN GROFMAN - 5 

Professional Articles (in print) - (continued) 

(8) Grofman, Bernard N., and Jonathan Pool. Bayesian models for 

iterated prisoner's dilemma games. General Systems, Vol. 20 (1975), 
185-194. 

(9) Grofman, Bernard N. Not necessarily twelve and not necessarily 
unanimous: Evaluating the impact of Williams v. Florida and 

Johnson v. Louisiana. In Gordon Bermant,- Charlan Nemeth and Neil 
Vidmar (Eds.), Psychology and the Law: Research Frontiers. 
Lexington: D.C. Heath, 1976, 149-168. 

(10) Grofman, Bernard N. Jury decision-making models. In Stuart Nagel 

(Ed.), Modeling the Criminal Justice System, Sage Criminal Justice  
System Annuals, Vol. 7. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, (1977), 
191-203. 

(11) Grofman, Bernard N., and Jonathan Pool. How to make cooperation 
the optimizing strategy in a two-person game. Journal of  

Mathematical Sociology, Vol. 5, No. 2 (1977), 173-186. 

(12) Grofman, Bernard N. Judgmental competence of individuals and 

groups in a dichotomous choice situation. Journal of Mathematical  
Sociology, Vol. 6, No. 1 (1978), 47-60. 

(13) Grofman, Bernard N., and Howard Scarrow. Iannucci and its 

aftermath: The application of the Banzhaf Criterion to weighted 

voting systems in the State of New York. In Steven Brains, Andrew 
Schotter and Gerhard Schwodiauer (Eds.), Applied Game Theory. 
Vienna: Physica-Verlag, 1979, 168-183. 

(14) Grofman, Bernard N. A Preliminary model of jury decision-making. 
In Gordon Tullock (Ed.), Frontiers of Economics, Vol. 3 (1980), 
98-110. 

(15) Grofman, Bernard N. Jury decision-making models and the Supreme 
Court: The jury cases from Williams v. Florida to Ballew v.  

Georgia. Policy Studies Journal, Vol. 8, No. 5 (1980), 749-772. 

(16) Grofman, Bernard N. The slippery slope: Jury size and jury verdict 
requirements--legal and social science approaches. Law and 
Politics Ouarterly Vol. 2, No. 3 (July 1980), 285-304. 

(17) Grofman, Bernard N., and Howard Scarrow. Mathematics, social 

science and the courts: two case studies. In Michael Saks and 

Charles Baron (Eds.), The Use/Nonuse/Misuse of Applied Social  

Research in the Courts. Cambridge, Mass.: Ant Associates, 1980, 
117-127. 

(18) Grofman, Bernard N. Mathematical models of jury/juror decision 

making. In Bruce D. Sales (Ed.), Perspectives in Law and  
Psychology, Volume II: The Jury, Judicial and Trial Processes. 
Plenum, 1981, 305-351. 

8/12/88 



BERNARD NORMAN GROFMAN - 6 

Professional Articles (in print) - (continued) 

(19) Grofman, Bernard N. The theory of committees and elections: The 
legacy of Duncan Black. In Gordon Tullock (Ed.), Toward a Science  

of Politics: Essays in Honor of Duncan Black. Blacksburg, VA: 
Public Choice Center, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State 

University, 1981, 11-57. 

(20) Weisberg, Herbert and Bernard N. Grofman. Candidate evaluations 
and turnout. American Politics Ouarterly, Vol. 9, No. 2 (April 

1981), 197-219. 

(21) Grofman, Bernard N. and Howard Scarrow. Weighted voting in New 
York. Legislative Studies Quarterly, Vol. 6, No. 2 (May 1981), 

287-304. 

(22) Grofman, Bernard N. Alternatives to single-member plurality 
districts: Legal and empirical issues. Policy Studies Journal, 
Vol. 9, Special Issue 3 (May 1981), 875-898. Reprinted in Bernard 
Grofman, Arend Lijphart, Robert McKay and Howard Scarrow (Eds.), 
Representation and Redistricting Issues. Lexington Books, 1982, 

107-128. 

(23) Taagepera, Rein and Bernard N. Grofman. Effective size and number 
of components. Sociological Methods and Research, Vol. 10 (August 

1981), 63-81. 

(24) Landa, Janet, and Bernard N. Grofman. Games of breach and the role 

of contract law in protecting the expectation interest. Research 
in Law and Economics Annual, Vol. 3 (1981), 67-90. 

(25) Grofman, Bernard N. A dynamic model of protocoalition formation. 
Behavioral Science, Vol. 27 (1982), 77-90. 

(26) Grofman, Bernard N., Scott Feld, and Guillermo Owen. Evaluating 
the competence of experts, pooling individual judgements into a 

collective choice, and delegating decision responsibility to 
subgroups. In Felix Geyer and Hans van der Zouwen (Eds.), 
Dependence and Inequality. New York: Pergamon Press, 1982, 221-238. 

(27) Grofman, Bernard N. Reformers, politicians and the courts: A 
preliminary look at 1980s reapportionment. Political Geography 

Ouarterly, Vol. 1, No. 4 (October 1982), 303-316. 

(28) Grofman, Bernard N. and Howard Scarrow. Current issues in 

reapportionment. Law and Policy Quarterly, Vol. 4, No. 4 (October 

1982), 435-474. 

(29) Grofman, Bernard N. and Guillermo Owen. A game theoretic approach 

to centrality in social networks. Social Networks, Vol. 4 (1982), 

213-224. 

8/12/88 



BERNARD NORMAN GROFMAN - 7 

Professional Articles (in print) - (continued) 

(30) Grofman, Bernard N., Guillermo Owen and Scott L. Feld. Thirteen 

theorems in search of the truth. Theory and Decision, Vol. 15 
(1983), 261-278. 

(31) Grofman, Bernard N. Measures of bias and proportionality in 
seats-votes relationships. Political Methodology, Vol. 9 (1983), 
295-327. 

(32) Grofman, Bernard N. and Janet Landa. The development of trading 
networks among spatially separated traders as a process of 

proto-coalition formation: the Kula trade. Social Networks, Vol. 5 
(1983), 347-365. 

(33) Owen, Guillermo and Bernard N. Grofman. Coalitions and power in 
political situations. In Manfred Holler (Ed.), Coalitions and 
Collective Action. Wuerzburg: Physica-Verlag, 1984, 137-143. 

(34) Grofman, Bernard N. The general irrelevance of the zero sum 
assumption in the legislative context. In Manfred Holler (Ed.), 
Coalitions and Collective Action. Wuerzburg: Physica-Verlag, 1984, 
100-112. 

(35) Glazer, Amihai, Deborah Glazer, and Bernard N. Grofman. Cumulative 
voting in corporate elections: Introducing strategy into the 
equations. South Carolina Law Review, Vol. 35, No. 2 (Winter 

1984), 295-309. 

(36) Feld, Scott L. and Bernard N. Grofman. The accuracy of group 
majority decisions in groups with added members. Public Choice, 
Vol. 42 (1984), 273-285. 

(37) Owen, Guillermo and Bernard N. Grofman. To vote or not to vote: 

The paradox of nonvoting. Public Choice, Vol. 42 (1984), 311-325. 

(38) Shapley, Lloyd S. and Bernard N. Grofman. Optimizing group 

judgmental accuracy in the presence of interdependencies. Public 
Choice, Vol. 43, No. 3, (1984), 329-343. 

(39) Grofman, Bernard N., Michael Migalski, and Nicholas Noviello. •The 

'totality of circumstances' test in Section 2 of the Voting Rights 
Act: A social science perspective. Law and Policy, Vol. 7, No. 2 
(April 1985), 209-223. 

(40) Grofman, Bernard N. Criteria for districting: A social science 

perspective. UCLA Law Review, Vol. 33, No. 1 (October 1985), 
77-184. 

(41) Grofman, Bernard and Carole Uhlaner. Metapreferences and reasons 

for stability in social choice: Thoughts on broadening and 

clarifying the debate. Theory and Decision, Vol. 19 (1985), 31-50. 

-8/12/88 



BERNARD NORMAN GROFMAN - 8 

Professional Articles (in print) - (continued) 

(42) Taagepera, Rein and Bernard Grofman. Rethinking Duverger's Law: 

Predicting the effective number of parties in plurality and PR 

systems--parties minus issues equals one. European Journal of  
Political Research (1985), 13:341-352. 

(43) Niemi, Richard, Jeffrey Hill and Bernard Grofman. The impact of 

multimember districts on party representation. Legislative Studies  
Ouarterly, Vol. 10, No. 4 (1985), 441-455. 

(44) Uhlaner, Carole and Bernard Grofman. The race may be close but my 
horse is going to win: Wish fulfillment in the 1980 Presidential 
election. Political Behavior, Vol. 8, No. 2 (1986), 101-129. 

(45) Feld, Scott L. and Bernard Grofman. On the possibility of 

faithfully representative committees. American Political Science 
Review, Vol. 80, No. 3 (1986), 863-879. 

(46) Brace, Kimball, Bernard Grofman and Lisa Handley. Does 

redistricting aimed to help blacks necessarily help Republicans? 
Journal of Politics, Vol. 49 (1987), 143-156. 

(47) Grofman, Bernard, Guillermo Owen, Nicholas Noviello and Amihai 

Glazer. Stability and centrality of legislative choice in the 

spatial context. American Political Science Review, Vol. 81, No. 2 
(June 1987), 539-553. 

(48) Grofman, Bernard N. Models of voting. In Samuel Long (Ed.), 
Micropolitics Annual, JAI Press, 1987, 31-61. 

(49) Glazer, Amihai, Bernard Grofman and Marc Robbins. Partisan and 
incumbency effects of 1970s congressional redistricting. American 

Journal of Political Science, Vol. 30, No. 3 (1987), 680-701. 

(50) Feld, Scott L., Bernard Grofman, Richard Hartley, Mark O. Kilgour 
and Nicholas Miller. The uncovered set in spatial voting games. 
Theory and Decision, Vol. 22 (1987) 129-156. 

(51) Feld, Scott L. and Bernard Grofman. Necessary and sufficient 

conditions for a majority winner in n-dimensional spatial voting 
games: An intuitive geometric approach. American Journal of  
Political Science, Vol. 32, No. 4 (1987), 709-728. 

(52) Owen, Guillermo and Bernard N. Grofman. Optimal partisan 
gerrymandering. Political Geography Quarterly, Vol. 7, No. 1 
(1987), 5-22. 

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BERNARD NORMAN GROFMAN - 

Professional Articles (in print) - (continued) 

(53) Schofield, Norman, Bernard Grofman and Scott L. Feld. The core and 
the stability of group choice in spatial voting games. American 

Political Science Review, Vol. 82, No. 1 (1988), 195-211. 

(54) Grofman, Bernard and Scott L. Feld. Rousseau's general will: A 
Condorcetian perspective. American Political Science Review, 
Vol. 82, No.2 (1988), 567-576. 

(55) Brace, Kimball, Bernard Grofman, Lisa Handley, and Richard Niemi. 

That's special about 65%: The mathematics of minority voting 
equality. Law and Policy, Vol. 10, No. 1 (January 1988), 43-62. 

(56) Feld, Scott L. and Bernard Grofman. Ideological consistency as a 
collective phenomenon. American Political Science Review, Vol. 82, 

No. 3 (1988), 64-75. 

(57) Grofman, Bernard and Michael Migalski. Estimating the extent of 
racially polarized voting in multicandidate elections. 
Sociological Methods and Research, Vol. 16, No. 4 (1988), 427-454. 

Professional Articles (in press or forthcoming) 

(58) Grofman, Bernard, Scott L. Feld and Guillermo Owen. Finagle's law 
and the Finagle point, a new solution concept for two-candidate 
competition in spatial voting games. American Journal of Political  

Science (1988 forthcoming). 

(59) Grofman, Bernard N. Extensions of a dynamic model of 
protocoalition formation. In Norman Schofield (Ed.), Coalition 
Theory. Boston: Kluwer-Rijhoff (1989 forthcoming). 

(60) Feld, Scott L., Bernard Grofman and Nicholas Miller. Limits of 
Agenda Manipulation in the Spatial Context. Mathematical Modelling 
(1989 forthcoming). 

(61) Grofman, Bernard N. Toward a coherent theory of gerrymandering: 
Bandemer and Thornburg. In Bernard Grofman (ed.) Toward Fair and 

Effective Representation. New York: Agathon Press (1989 
forthcoming). 

(62) Erfle, Stephen, Henry McMillan and Bernard Grofman. Testing the 
regulatory threat hypothesis: Media coverage of the energy crisis 

and petroleum pricing in the late 1970s. American Politics  
Ouarterly (1989 forthcoming). 

Research Notes and Minor Articles (in print) 

(R1) Grofman, Bernard N. Some notes on voting schemes and the will of 

the majority. Public Choice, Vol. 7 (Winter 1969), 65-80. 

(R2) Grofman, Bernard N. The 1971 election of the American Political 
Science Association. PS (commissioned for Summer 1972), 278-289. 

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BERNARD NORMAN GROFMAN - 10 

Research Notes and Minor Articles (in print) - (continued) 

(R3) Pool, Jonathan and Bernard N. Grofman. Computer programs as a 

means of efficiency and control in cross-cultural experimental 

games. Experimental Study of Politics, Vol. 4, No. 2 (July 1975), 
27-57. 

(R4) Grofman, Bernard N. and Scott L. Feld. A note on clique avoidance 

in repeated jury selection from among a fixed pool of jurors: 

Comparisons of manpower savings in six- and twelve-member juries. 
Public Choice, Vol. 26 (Summer 1976), 145-150. 

(R5) Feld, Scott and Bernard N. Grofman. Variation in class size, the 

class size paradox, and some consequences for students. Research 
in Higher Education, Vol. 6, No. 3 (1977), 215-222. 

(R6) Grofman, Bernard N. A pilot study of individual behavior as 

mediated by the group context: three- and five-member mock 
juries. Experimental Study of Politics, Vol. 7 (1979), 41-54. 
Research Notes and Minor Articles (in print) - (continued) 

(R7) Grofman, Bernard N. Abstention in two-candidate and three-

candidate elections when voters use mixed strategies. Public  
Choice, Vol. 34. No. 2 (1979), 189-200. 

(R8) Feld, Scott and Bernard N. Grofman. Conflict of interest between 

faculty, students and administrators: Consequences of the class 
size paradox. In Gordon Tullock (Ed.), Frontiers of Economics, 
Vol. 3 (1980), 111-116. 

(R9) Grofman, Bernard N. Fair apportionment and the Banzhaf index. 
American Mathematics Monthly, Vol. 88. No. 1 (1981), 1-5. 

(R10) Grofman, Bernard N. and Howard Scarrow. Introduction to 'Special 
issue on reapportionment.' Policy Studies Journal, (April 1981 
Special Issue), 1-7. 

(R11) Grofman, Bernard N. Fair and Equal representation. Ethics. 
Vol. 91 (April 1981), 477-485. 

(R12) Grofman, Bernard N. For single-member districts, random is not 

equal. In Bernard Grofman, Arend Lijphart, Robert McKay and Howard 
Scarrow (Eds.), Representation and Redistricting Issues, Lexington 
Books (1982), 55-58. 

(R13) Brody, Richard and Bernard N. Grofman. Stimulus differentiation 

vs. stimulus complexity as factors affecting turnout in two-

candidate and multi-candidate races. Political Behavior, Vol. 4, 
No. 1 (1982), 83-92. 

(R14) Grofman, Bernard N., Guillermo Owen and Scott L. Feld. Average 

competence, variability in individual competence, and the accuracy 
of statistically pooled group decisions. Psychological Reports, 
Vol. 50 (1982), 683-688. 

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S 
BERNARD NORMAN GROFMAN - 11 

Research Notes and Minor Articles (in print) - (continued) 

(R15) Grofman, Bernard N. and Scott L. Feld. Group size and the 

performance of a composite group in multi-item decision tasks. 
Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, Vol. 33 (1984), 
350-359. 

(R16) Lijphart, Arend and Bernard Grofman. Introduction, In Arend 

Lijphart and Bernard Grofman. Choosing an Electoral System. New 
York: Praeger, (1984), 3-12. 

(R17) Grofman, Bernard N. The neglected role of the status quo in models 

of issue voting. Journal of Politics, Vol. 47, (1985), 231-237. 

(R18) Grofman, Bernard N. and Nicholas Noviello. Jai-Alai outcomes as a 
function of player position and player skill level. Simulation and 

Games, Vol. 16, No. 2, (June 1985), 211-223. 

(R19) Grofman, Bernard N. The accuracy of group majorities for 

disjunctive and conjunctive decision tasks. Organizational  
Behavior and Human Performance, 35 (1985), 119-123. 

(R20) Grofman, Bernard N. The effects of restricted and unrestricted 
verdict options on juror choice. Social Science Research, 14 
(1985), 195-204. 

(R21) Grofman, Bernard N. and Arend Lijphart. Introduction. In Bernard 
Grofman and Arend Lijphart (Eds.), Electoral Laws and Their  

Political Consequences. New York: Agathon, 1986, 1-15. 

(R22) Grofman, Bernard, Michael Migalski and Nicholas Noviello. Effects 

of multimember districts on black representation in state 

legislatures. Review of Black Political Economy, Vol. 14, No. 4, 
(Spring 1986), 65-78. 

(R23) Grofman, Bernard N. and Guillermo Owen. Condorcet models: Avenues 

for future research. In Bernard Grofman and Guillermo Owen (Eds.), 
Information Pooling and Group Decision-Makina, 1986, 93-102. 

(R24) Grofman, Bernard N. and Scott L. Feld. Determining optimal weights 

for expert judgment. In Bernard Grofman and Guillermo Owen (Eds.), 
Information Pooling and Group Decision-Making, 1986, 167-172. 

(R25) Feld, Scott L. and Bernard Grofman. Partial single-peakedness: an 
extension and clarification. Public Choice, Vol. 51 (1986) 71-80. 

(R26) Glazer, Amihai and Bernard Grofman. Two plus two plus two equals 
six: Term lengths of representatives and senators. Legislative  
$tudies Quarterly, Vol. 12, No. 4 (1987), 555-563. 

8/12/88 



• 
BERNARD NORMAN GROFMAN - 12 

Research Notes (in press) 

(R27) Owen, Guillermo and Bernard Grofman. A theorem on the optimal 

allocation of effort. Revista Colombiana de Matematicas (1988 
forthcoming). 

(R28) Norrander, Barbara and Bernard Grofman. A rational choice model of 
citizen participation in high and low commitment electoral 
activities. Public Choice (1988 forthcoming). 

(R29) Grofman, Bernard and Scott L. Feld. Toward a sociometric theory of 

representation. In Manfred Kochen (Ed.), Toward Structural  

Sociodynamics. California: Ablex (1988 forthcoming). 

(R30) Feld, Scott L. and Bernard Grofman. Majority rule outcomes and the 

structure of debate in one-issue-at-a-time decision making. Public  
Choice (1988 forthcoming). 

(R31) Grofman, Bernard. Introduction. In Bernard Grofman and Donald 
Wittman (Eds.), The 'Federalist Papers' and the New 
Institutionalism. New York: Agathon Press (1988 forthcoming). 

(R32) Glazer, Amihai and Bernard Grofman. Limitations of the standard 

spatial model. Public Choice, (1988 forthcoming). 

(R33) Glazer, Amihai and Bernard Grofman. Must liberals always vote for 
liberals? British Journal of Political Science (1988 forthcoming). 

(R34) Feld, Scott L. and Bernard Grofman. Research Note: The Borda 

winner in spatial voting games. Public Choice, (1989 forthcoming). 

(R35) Feld, Scott, Bernard Grofman and Nicholas Miller. Centripetal 
forces in spatial voting: On the size of the yolk. Public Choice, 

(1989 forthcoming). 

(R36) Owen, Guillermo, Bernard Grofman and Scott L. Feld. A proof of the 

generalized Condorect jury theorem. Mathematical Social Sciences  
(1989 forthcoming). 

(R37) Grofman, Bernard. The comparative analysis of coalition formation 

and duration: Distinguishing between-country and within-country 
effects. British Journal of Political Science (1989 forthcoming). 

(R38) Glazer, Amihai and Bernard Grofman. Why representatives are 
ideologists though voters are not. Public Choice (1989 

forthcoming). 

(R39) Owen, Guillermo, Amihai Glazer and Bernard Grofman. A model of 
candidate convergence under uncertainty about voter preferences. 
Mathematical Modelling (1989 forthcoming). 

(R40) Grofman, Bernard N. Introduction. In Bernard Grofman (ed.) Toward 

Fair and Effective Representation: Political Gerrymandering and the  

Courts. New York: Agathon Press (1989 forthcoming). 

8/12/88 



BERNARD NORMAN GROFMAN - 13 

Research Notes (in press) 

(R41) Grofman, Bernard. Richard Nixon as Pinocchio, Richard II, and 
Santa Claus. Journal of Politics, (1989 forthcoming). 

(R42) Grofman, Bernard, Robert Griffin and Amihai Glazer. Identical 

geography, different parties. In Johnston, R.J., Peter Taylor and 
J.F. Shelley (eds.), Electoral Geography (title tentative). 
London: Crown Helm (1989 forthcoming). 

Curricular Materials (in print) 

(CM1) Grofman, Bernard N. Note: Mo Fiorina's advice to children and 
other subordinates. Mathematics Magazine, Vol. 52, No. 5 
(November 1979), 292-297. 

(CM2) Grofman, Bernard N. Modelling jury verdicts. University Modules  
in Applied Mathematics (1982). 

(CM3) Grofman, Bernard N. The pure theory of elevators. Mathematics  
Magazine, Vol. 55, No. 1 (January 1982), 30-37. 

(CM4) Straffin, Philip and Bernard Grofman. Parliamentary coalitions: A 
tour of models. Mathematics Magazine, Vol. 57, No. 5 (November 
1984), 259-274. 

Professional Articles (unpublished work in progress) 

(U1) Grofman, Bernard N. Reapportionment in the 1980s: Law and Politics  
(manuscript in preparation). Chapter 2: Criteria for single member 
districting (fourth draft, April 1985). Chapter 3: Ward vs. 

at-large elections, I: Theoretical issues (second draft, March 
1982); Chapter 4: Ward vs. at-large elections, II: _A review and 

critique of 23 empirical studies (third draft, April 1982); 

Chapter 5: Nonmajoritarian voting schemes in U.S. state and local 
government (partial first draft, February 1985). 

(U2) Grofman, Bernard N. Group Decision Making: The Theory of  

Committees (manuscript in preparation). Chap. 1, Majoritarian 

voting schemes for committee decision making (eighth draft, May 
1987); Chap. 2, How likely is a Condorcet winner? (fourth draft, 
March 1985); Chap. 3, Properties of voting methods (third draft, 

March 1985); Chap. 4, Sophisticated voting and agenda manipulation 
(partial fourth draft, March 1985); Chap. 5, Necessary and 

sufficient conditions for stability in spatial voting games (second 
draft, January 1987); Chap. 6, Multi-dimensional issue spaces, 
agenda setting, and structure-induced equilibria (second draft, 
February 1985); Chap. 7, What's special about simple majority? 

(partial first draft, March 1985); Chap. 9, Probabilistic models of 
jury decision making (second draft, March 1985); Chap. 10, 

Probabilistic models of information pooling (first draft, March 
1985). 

8/12/.88 



BERNARD NORMAN GROFMAN - 14 

Professional Articles (unpublished work in progress) - (continued). 

(U3) Grofman, Bernard N. Models of Re resentation (manuscript in 

preparation). Chap. 1, Representation: single member district 
systems (partial first draft, March 1985); Chap. 2, Representation: 
multimember district systems (partial first draft, March 1985); 
Chap. 3, Representation: weighted voting (partial first draft, 

1986); Chap. 4, Faithful representation (first draft, March 1985). 

(U4) Feld, Scott L. and Bernard N. Grofman. Research Note: A 

self-perfecting weighted majority voting system. Unpublished 
manuscript. December 1984. 

(U5) Glazer, Amihai and Bernard Grofman. The evolution of tort law: 

efficiency is not all. Unpublished manuscript, August 1984. 

(U6) Grofman, Bernard. Research Note: The two-dimensional connectedness 

of Italian cabinet coalitions 1946-1982. Unpublished manuscript, 
January 1986. 

(U7) Owen, Guillermo, Bernard Grofman and Janet Landa. Core profit 

shares among a small spatially arrayed set of traders. Unpublished 
manuscript, January 1985. 

(U8) Grofman, Bernard N., Michael Migalski and Deborah Dunkel. Jury 
foreman selection: The effects of status, gender, and jury 
composition context. Unpublished manuscript, February 1987. 

(U9) Pool, Jonathan and Bernard Grofman. Research Note: Judgment bias 

among English-Esperanto bilinguals: An exploratory field 
experiment. Unpublished manuscript, April 1985. 

(U10) Feld, Scott L., Bernard Grofman, and Nicholas Miller. The Banks 

set in spatial voting games. Unpublished manuscript, April 1986. 

(U11) Feld, Scott L. and Bernard Grofman. Representation in tiered 

election systems: The aggregation of orthogonal preferences. 
Unpublished manuscript, July 1986. 

(U12) Owen, Guillermo and Bernard N. Grofman. Collective representation 

and the seats-votes swing relationship. Unpublished manuscript, 
1982. 

Technical Reports, Prepared Testimony, and Photo-Offset Conference  
Proceedings  

(Ti) Grofman, Bernard Mathematics and politics: Mathematical reasoning 

and optimal jury decision processes. Plus, Reply. In Max Black 
(Ed.), Problems of Choice and Decision: Proceedings of a 

Colloquium Held in Aspen, Colorado, June 24-July 6, 1974. Cornell 
University Program on Science, Technology, and Society and Aspen 
Institute for Humanistic Studies: Photo-offset, 1975, 331-337; 
544-547. 

8/12/88 



BERNARD NORMAN GROFMAN - 15 

Technical Reports, Prepared Testimony, and Conference Proceedings - 
(continued) 

(T2) Grofman, Bernard A comment on Black's 'rationality and cultural 
relativism.' In Max Black (Ed.), Problems of Choice and Decision:  
Proceedings of a Colloquium Held in Aspen, Colorado, June 24-

July 6, 1974. Cornell University Program on Science, Technology, 
and Society and Aspen Institute for Humanistic Studies: 
Photo-offset, 1975, 161-190. 

(T3) Grofman, Bernard, Scott L. Feld and Guillermo Owen. Synopsis: A 
Bayesian approach to optimal decision making. In J. L. Elohim 
(Ed.), Proceedings of the Fifth International Congress of Systems  
and Cybernetics, Mexico City, August 13-17, 1981, photo-offset, 
1981. 

(T4) Comment on H.R. 2349, a bill on standards for Congressional 
redistricting. Prepared for the staff of the Wednesday Study 
Group, U.S. House of Representatives, April 1981. 

(T5) Grofman, Bernard. Report on the constitutionality of Hawaii 
Reapportionment Commission's proposed state legislative 
redistricting. Prepared testimony in Travis v. King, U.S. District 

Court for the State of Hawaii, March 23-24, 1982, photo-offset. 

(T6) Report to the Special Master on methodology used to insure 
compliance with standards of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, Flateau 
et al. v. Anderson et al. U.S. District Court, Southern District 
of New York, June 7, 1982, photo-offset. 

(T7) The disadvantageous effects of at-large elections on the success of 
minority candidates for the Charlotte and Raleigh City Councils. 
Prepared testimony in Gingles v. Edmisten. U.S. District Court for 
the State of North Carolina, August 1983, photo-offset. 

(T8) Effects of multimember districts in state legislative elections in 
eight North Carolina counties, 1978-1982. Prepared testimony in 
Gingles v. Edmisten, U.S. District Court for the State of North 
Carolina, August 1983, photo-offset. (Also see R22.) 

(T9) Report on prima facie evidence of political gerrymandering in the 
1983 California Congressional redistricting plan, plus Rejoinder. 
Prepared testimony in Badham v. Eu, U.S. District Court for the 
State of California, December 1983, photo-offset. 

(T10) Report on the effects of the proposed redistricting plan for the 

South Carolina Senate. Prepared testimony in South Carolina v.  
U.S., U. S. District Court for the District of Columbia, 
photo-offset, July 1984. 

(T11) Affidavits in Haskins v. Wilson County, U.S. District Court for the 
State of North Carolina, photo-offset, 1985-86. 

(T12) Affidavit in Jackson v. Nash County, U.S. District Court for the 
State of North Carolina, April 1986. 

8/12/88 



BERNARD NORMAN GROFMAN - 16 

(T13) Affidavits in City Council of Los Angeles, U.S. District 
Court for the State of California, July 1986. 

(T14) Declarations in Gomez v. City of Wa sonvill , U.S. District Court 
for the State of California, August and October 1986. 

(T15) Declarations in McGhee et al. v. Granville County of North 
Carolina, 1987. 

(T16) Declarations in Badillo et al. v. City of Stockton, U.S. District 

Court for the State of California, December 1987 and February 1988. 

(T17) Report on minority representation. In Gonzales Citizens for a  

Better Government v. City of Gonzales, U.S. Middle District Court 
of the State of Louisiana, April 1988. 

(T18) Affadavit in Republican National Committee of North Carolina v.  
James G. Martin, 1988. 

Book Notes, Reviews and Communications (in print) 

(B1) Book note: Robert's Rules of Order (New, Revised). American 

Political Science Review, Vol. 64 (December 1970), 1288-1290. 

(B2) A note on 'A caveat to the 1970 APSA election.' Ea (Summer 1972), 
290. 

(B3) A note on some generalizations of the paradox of cyclical 

majorities. Public Choice, Vol. 12 (Spring 1972), 113-114. 

(B4) Book note: John Sohnquist, Multivariate Model Building. American 
Political Science Review, Vol. 69 (December 1974), 1749. 

(B5) Rational choice models and self-fulfilling and self-defeating 

prophecies. In W. Leinfellner and E. Kohler (Eds.), Developments  
in the Methodology of Social Science, Boston: Reidel, 1974, 
381-383. 

(B6) Book note: William H. Riker and Peter C. Ordeshook, An 

Introduction to Positive Political Theory. Theory and Decision, 
(1976), 231-234. 

(B7) A comment on "Democratic theory: A preliminary mathematical 

model." Public Choice, Vol. 21 (Spring 1975), 100-103. 

(B8) A comment on "Single-peakedness and Guttman scales: Concept and 

measurement." Public Choice, Vol. 28 (Winter 1976), 107-111. 

(B9) Communication: Sloppy sampling - a comment on 'six-member juries 
in the Federal Courts.' Social Action and the Law Newsletter, 
Vol. 4, No. 2 (July 1977), 4-5. 

8/12/88 



BERNARD NORMAN GROFMAN - 17 

Book Notes, Reviews and Communications (in print) - (continued) 

(B10) Communication: Differential effects of jury size. . 

revisited. Social Action and the Law Newsletter, Vol. 4, No. 2 
(July 1977), 7-11. 

(B11) Monopoly, the state of the art: A review of The Monopoly Book and 
- -1000 Ways to Win Monopoly Games. Simulation and Games (1978), 

245-251. 

(B12) Monopoly is a capitalist plot. Simulation and Games, Vol. 9, No. 2 

(1978), 252-254. (Reprinted in Puzzles and Games, Vol. 70 (1979). 

(B13) Book note: Keith M. Baker, Condorcet: From Natural Philosophy to  
Social Mathematics. American Political Science Review, Vol. 72 
(March 1978), 212-213. 

(B14) Book note: Oliver Thomson, Mass Persuasion in History. Journal of 
Communication (Autumn 1978), 204-205. 

(B15) A comment on Dye and McManus' use of discriminant function 

analysis. Political Methodology, Vol. 5 (1978), 241-248. 

(B16) Book note: Michael Saks, Jury Verdicts. Social Action and the Law 
Newsletter (February 1979), Vol. 5, No. 1, 9-11. 

(B17) Book note: Michael' Tracey, The Production of Political Television. 
Journal of Communication (Autumn 1979), Vol. 29, No. 4, 211-212. 

(B18) A note on Abraham Lincoln in probabilityland. Theory and Decision, 
Vol. 11 (1979), 453-455. 

(B19) The case for majority jury verdicts. Trial Magazine, Vol. 18, 
No. 12 (December 1979), 23-25, 29, 47-48. 

(B20) Book review: Michael Taylor, Anarchy and Cooperation. Theory and 
Decision, Vol. 12 (1980), 107-114. 

(B21) Book note: Susan Hensley, Body Politics. American Political  
Science Review (March 1980), 122-123. 

(B22) Book note: Howard D. Hamilton, Electing the Cincinnati City 

Council: An Examination of Alternative Electoral-Representation 
Systems. American Political Science Review, Vol. 75 (1981), 
771-772. 

(B23) Comment: Should representatives be 'typical' of their 

constituents? In B. Grofman, A. Lijphart, R. McKay, and H. Scarrow 
(Eds.). Representation and Redistricting Issues. Lexington Books, 
1982, 97-99. 

8/12/88 



BERNARD NORMAN GROFMAN - 18 

Book Notes, Reviews and Communications (in print) - (continued) 

(B24) Book note: Bruce J. West (Ed.), Mathematical Models as a Tool for  

the Social Sciences. Social Sciences Quarterly, Vol. 63 (September 
1982), 610-611. 

(825) Book review: Political geography. American Political Science 
Review, Vol. 76, No. 4 (December 1982), 883-885. 

(B26) Abstract: Measuring the political consequences of electoral laws. 

Mathematical Social Sciences (1983), Vol. 4, No. 2, 184-186. 

(B27) Comment: Models of voter turnout: An idiosyncratic review. Public 
Choice, Vol. 41 (1983), 55-61. 

(B28) Advice to the expert witness in court. Ea (Winter 1984), 60-61. 

(B29) Should you brush your teeth on November 6, 1984? Ea (Summer 1984), 
577-580. 

(B30) Introduction to minisymposium: Political gerrymandering: Badham v 
Eu, Political science goes to court. Ea, (Summer 1985), 538-543. 

(B31) Grofman Declarations in Badham v. Eu (excerpts). El (Summer 1985), 
544-549, 573-574. 

(B32) Expert vs. Expert: Lessons from Badham v. Eu. Ea (Summer 1985), 
576-581. 

(B33) Book review: Reasonable methods for aggregating preference, a 
review of Brams and Fishburn, Approval Voting. Journal of  
Mathematical Psychology (1985). 

(B34) Reflections on academia. PS (Winter 1986), 57-61. 

(B35) Everything you always wanted to know about parliamentary procedure 
in an academic senate and were afraid to ask. Ea (Summer 1986), 
661-668. 

(B36) Biographical entry: Duncan Black. The New Palgrave: An 

Encyclopedia of Economics (1987), New York: Stockton Press. 

(B37) Biographical entry: Lewis Carroll. The New Palgrave: An 

Encyclopedia of Economics (1987), New York: Stockton Press. 

(B38) Book note: Gunnar Boalt. The Political Process, Contemporary 
Sociology (1987). 

(B39) Book review: Michael Dummett. Voting Procedures, Contemporary 
Sociology (1987). 

8/12/88 



• 
BERNARD NORMAN GROFMAN - 19 

Book Notes. Reviews and Communications (in print) - (continued) 

(B40) Book review: Shmuel Nitzan and Jacob Paroush. Collective Decision 

Making: An Economic Outlook, Journal of Economic Behavior and 
Organization (1987), 168-170. 

(B41) Grofman, Bernard and Michael Migalski. The return of the native: 

The supply elasticity of the American Indian Population, 
1950-1980. Public Choice (1988), 57: 85-88. 

Book Notes, Reviews and Communications (in press) 

(B42) Book note: Manford Holler (Ed.), Coalitions. Political Geography 
Quarterly (1989 forthcoming). 

(B43) Kernell, Samuel and Bernard Grofman. Determining the 

predictability of partisan voting patterns in California 
congressional elections, 1978-1984. In B. Grofman (Ed.) Toward 
Fair and Effective Representation: Political Gerrymandering and the  

Courts. New York: Agathon Press (1989 forthcoming). 

(B44) Hofeller, Thomas and Bernard Grofman. Comparing the compactness of 

California Congressional districts under three different plans, 
1980, 1982 and 1984. In B. Grofman (ed.) Toward Fair and Effective 
Representation: Political Gerrymandering and the Courts. New York: 
Agathon Press (1989 forthcoming). 

Social Sciences Working Papers and Research Reports  

(W1) Note: Confessions of a mad modeler, Research Report R6, School of 
Social Sciences, University of California, June 1978. 

(W2) Note: The paradox of voting in a faculty appointment decision (with 

Steven Brown). Research Report R6, School of Social Sciences. 
University of California, Irvine, June 1978. 

(W3) Pig and proletariat: Animal Farm as history. Research Report R8. 

School of Social Sciences, University of California, Irvine, 
November 1978. 

(W4) Should political scientists be paid to think? Research Report, 
School of Social Sciences, University of California, Irvine, 
December 1979. 

Recent Conference Papers (unpublished) 

(C9) Pool, Jonathan and Bernard Grofman. Newspeak revisited. Prepared 

for delivery at the Annual Meeting of the American Political 

Science Association, Washington, D.C., August 28-31, 1984. 

Also prepared for delivery at the Orwell Conference, Simon Fraser 
University, Vancouver, B.C., November 22-25, 1984. 

8/12/88 



BERNARD NORMAN GROFMAN - 20 

Recent Conference Papers (unpublished) - (continued) 

(C10) Miller, Nicholas, Bernard Grofman and Scott L. Feld. Cycle 

avoiding trajectories. Prepared for delivery at the Annual Meeting 
of the Public Choice Society, Baltimore, March 1986. 

(C11) Feld, Scott L. and Bernard Grofman. The stability/relative 

determinancy of collective decision making in a spatial context. 
Prepared for delivery at the 11th World Congress of Sociology, New 
Delhi, August 17-22, 1986. 

(C12) Glazer, Amihai and Bernard Grofman. Turnout and political 
competition: What is the appropriate null hypothesis? Prepared for 

delivery at the Annual Meeting of the Public Choice Society, San 
Francisco, March 1988. 

(C13) Grofman, Bernard, Nicholas Noviello and Phillip Straffin. A new 

model of coalition formation in which one party is asked to form a 
government. Prepared for delivery at the Conference on 
"Coalitions," European University Institute, Fiesole, Italy, 
May 24-29, 1987. 

(C14) Feld, Scott L. and Bernard Grofman. Informal norms and centripetal 

forces in majority rule spatial voting games. Prepared for 

delivery at the Annual Meeting of the American Sociological 
Association, Chicago, August 1987. 

(C15) Brischetto, Robert and Bernard Grofman. The effects of the Voting 
Rights Act on minority representation in Texas. Prepared for 

delivery at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science 

Association, Chicago, September 3-6, 1987. Revised and prepared 
for delivery at the Annual Meeting of the Western Political Science 
Association, San Francisco, March 9-13, 1988. 

(C16) Grofman, Bernard and Lisa Handley. Why are there so few black 
congressmen from the South? Prepared for delivery at the Annual 

Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Chicago, 
September 3-6, 1987. Revised and prepared for delivery at the 

International Conference on Electoral Geography, University of 
Southern California, Los Angeles, April 4-6, 1988. 

(C17) Owen, Guillermo and Bernard Grofman. Spatial autocorrelation: A 

new method of detecting gerrymandering. Prepared for delivery at 

the International Conference on Electoral Geography, University of 
Southern California, Los Angeles, April 4-6, 1988. 

(C18) Grofman, Bernard and Lisa Handley. Minority representation by 

region and by level of government. Prepared for delivery at the 

Annual Meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association. 
Chicago, April 1988. 

8/12/88 



BERNARD NORMAN GROFMAN - 21 

Recent Conference Papers (unpublished) - (continued) 

(C19) Grofman, Bernard and Scott L. Feld. La volonte generale de 

Rousseau: Une perspective Condorceene. Prepared for delivery at 

the International Condorcet Colloquium, University of Paris VIII, 
Paris, France, June 8-11, 1988. 

(C20) Grofman, Bernard. Representation in the Calculus of Consent. 
Prepared for delivery at the Liberty Fund Conference on the 
"Calculus of Consent," Santa Cruz, June 1988. 

(C21) Grofman, Bernard. The Theory of Bicameralism Revisited. Prepared 
for delivery at the Liberty Fund Conference on the "Calculus of 
Consent," Santa Cruz, June 1988. 

(C22) Grofman, Bernard. Remarks on Reapportionment. Prepared for 

delivery at the panel on "Reapportionment," National Conference of 
State Legislatures, Reno, Nevada, July 28, 1988. 

Semiprofessional Publications (in print) 

(Si) Voting tactics: A neglected study, parts I, II. Parliamentary 
Journal, Vol 12 (July 1971), 3-15; (October 1971), 19-26. 

(S2) Who knows the score on the board of supervisors? Opinion-Editorial 
Page, Newsday, March 6, 1977. (With Howard Scarrow.) 

(S3) Meeting dynamics. Parliamentary Journal, Vol. 18, (October 1977), 
18-23. 

(S4) My years as parliamentarian to the United States National Student 

Association. Parliamentary Journal, Vol. 20 (1979), 18-21. 

(S5) Grofman, Betnard N. and Howard Scarrow. The riddle of 

apportionment: Equality of what? National Civic Review, Vol. 70, 
No. 5 (May 1981), 242-254. 

(S6) The Democratic party is alive and well. Society (July/August 
1984), 18-21. 

(S7) Baker, Gordon E. and Bernard Grofman. Court should plunge deeper 
into gerrymandering thicket. Opinion-Editorial Page, Los Angeles  
Times, July 15, 1986. 

(S8) Baker, Gordon E. and Bernard Grofman. California's gerrymander and 

the Supreme Court. Opinion-Editorial Page, The Sacramento Bee, 
July 30, 1986. 

(S9) Should city councils be elected by district? PRO. Western Cities  
Magazine, March 1987, 4, 30-31. 

(S10) Loewen, James and Bernard Grofman. Recent developments in methods 
used in vote dilution litigation. Urban Lawyer (1988 forthcoming). 

8/12/88 



BERNARD NORMAN GROFMAN - 22 

Other Publications  

(01) Chicago. In David Glazier (Ed.), Student Travel in America. New 
York: Pyramid Publication, 1968. (Under pseudonym.) 

(02) Chicago: Hyde Park and the University of Chicago, the Loop and 
Near-North. In Where the Fun is: East of the Mississippi. Simon 
and Schuster, 1969. (Under pseudonym.) 

CONFERENCE PARTICIPATION: 1979-1987  

Invited Participant, Conference on "Social Networks." Stanford 
University, May 10-11, 1979. 

Discussant, Panel on "Models of the Legal Process." Annual Meeting of 
the Law and Society Association, May 1-2, 1979, San Francisco. 

Coorganizer (with Richard Brody and Herbert Weisberg), Conference on 
"Voter Turnout," May 16-19, 1979, San Diego. 

Discussant, Panel on "Recent Developments in the Theory of Electoral 

Choice." Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, 
September 1979. 

Chair, Panels on "Individual Political Choice" and "Social Choice." 
Annual Meeting of the Public Choice Society. March 14-16, 1980, 
San Francisco. 

Section Chair, Panels on "Political Economy." Annual Meeting of the 
Western Political Science Association, March 28-30, 1980, San Francisco. 

Discussant, Panel on "Formal Models of Majority Choice." Annual Meeting 
of the Midwest Political Science Association, April 23-26, 1980. 

Discussant, Panel on "Economics of Crime." Annual Meeting of the Eastern 

Economic Association. May 6-8, 1980, Montreal. 

Co-organizer (with Arend Lijphart, Robert McKay, and Howard Scarrow). 
Conference on "Representation and Apportionment Issues in the 1980's," 
June 12-15, 1980, San Diego. 

Participant, Panel on "Reapportionment." Annual Meeting of the National 

Conference of State Legislatures. July 11-15, 1980, New York. 

Participant, Sessions on "The Civic Agenda for the 1980s." Annual 

Meeting of the National Municipal League. November 15-19, 1980, Houston. 

Participant, Conference on "Reapportionment." National Conference of 

State Legislatures, Salt Lake City, December 1980. 

Chair, Panel on "Elections." Annual Meeting of the Public Choice 
Society, New Orleans, March 13-15, 1981. 

8/12/88 



BERNARD NORMAN GROFMAN - 23 

CONFERENCE PARTICIPATION - (continued) 

Invited Participant, SSRC Conference on "Mathematical Economics and 
Public Policy." University of Essex, Colchester, England, March 22-27, 
1981. 

Discussant, Panel on "The Underground Economy." Annual Meeting of the 
European Public Choice Society, April 9-11, 1981, Oxford, England. 

Discussant, Panel on "Reapportionment." Annual Meeting of the Midwest 
Political Science Association, Cincinnati, April 1981. 

Discussant, Panel on "Collective Choice." Annual Meeting of the Western 
Economics Association, San Francisco, July 1981. 

Invited Discussant, Conference on "Economics and Political Behavior," New 
York University, October 30-31, 1981. 

Co-organizer (with Julius Margolis), Conference on "The Political Economy 
of Organizational Behavior," Irvine, January 15-17, 1982. 

Participant, Southern California Political Behavior Seminar, Irvine, 

February 19, 1982. 

Chair, Panel on "Applied Game Theory," Annual Meeting of the Public 

Choice Society, San Antonio, March 5-7, 1982. 

Invited Participant, Research Conference on "The Future of European 
Political Party Systems." European University, Florence, Italy, 

June 9-17, 1982. 

Discussant, Annual Meeting of the Western Economics Association, Invited 
Panel on "Public Choice," Los Angeles, July 15-18, 1982. 

Co-organizer (with Arend Lijphart), Special Session on "The Political 

Consequences of Electoral Laws." Twelfth World Congress of the 
International Political Science Association, Rio de Janeiro, August 9-14, 
1982. 

Discussant, Conference on Federal Studies, Panel on "Federalism in 
Court: The Social Scientist in Court." Denver, September 5, 1982. 

Co-organizer (with Guillermo Owen and Scott Feld), Conference on 

"Information Pooling and Group Decision Making." Irvine, March 10-13, 
1983. 

Discussant, Panel on "Egoism and Cooperation," Annual Meeting of the 
American Political Science Association, September 1-4, 1983. 

Invited participant, Conference on the "Institutional Context of 
Elections," California Institute of Technology, February 16-18, 1984. 

8/12/88 



• 
BERNARD NORMAN GROFMAN - 24 

CONFERENCE PARTICIPATION - (continued) 

Invited public lecturer, "Whittier Conference on 1984,"'Whittier College, 
March 6, 1984. 

Participant, NAACP LDF Voting Rights Conference, New Orleans, Louisiana, 
March 23-25, 1984. 

Discussant, Panel on "Political Cognition," Annual Meeting of the Public 
Choice Society, March 28-30, 1984, Phoenix, Arizona. 

Invited participant, "Public Choice Institute," Halifax,, Nova Scotia, 
August 1-23, 1984. 

Participant, Southern California Political Behavior Seminar, California 
Institute of Technology, December 1, 1984. 

Discussant, Panel on "Modelling Legal Decision Making." Annual Meeting 
of the Law and Society Association, San Diego, June 6-9,. 1985. 

Discussant, Panel on "Agenda Processes." Annual Meeting of the American 
Political Science Association, August 28-30, 1985. 

Invited Presentation, DNC-RNC Conference on "Political Parties and the 
Electoral Process." The Kennedy School, Harvard University, 
February 28-March 1, 1986. 

Co-organizer (with Donald Wittman), Conference on "The Federalist Papers  

in Contemporary Perspective: The New Institutionalism and the Old." 
University of California, Irvine, March 20-22, 1987. 

Roundtable Participant, Panel on "Political Gerrymandering." Annual 
Meeting of the Western Political Science Association, Anaheim, 
March 26-28, 1987. 

Invited Participant, Panel on "Reapportionment in the 1990s," American 

Council on Legislative Exchange, Couer D'Alene, Idaho, August 26-29, 1987. 

Chair, Panel on "The Contemporary Relevance of the Federalist Papers," 
Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Chicago, 
September 3-6, 1987. 

Co-chair (with Chandler Davidson), Panel on "The Voting Rights Act," 
Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Chicago, 
September 3-6, 1987. 

Invited Participant, NAACP-LDF conference on the Voting Rights Act, Panel 
on "Litigating Section 2 Cases since Gingles," San Antonio, October 
21-23, 1987. 

8/12/88 



1. 

I 
BERNARD NORMAN GROFMAN - 25 

Current Research 

My current research is on mathematical models of group decision-making 
and focuses on small group behavior (especially juries) on the one hand 
and electoral behavior (especially reapportionment) on the other. I am 
also involved in modeling individual and group information processing and 
decision heuristics. I also have strong side interests in political 
propaganda, particularly political cartooning and satire, and in law and 
social science. 

Recent Courses Taught 

Models of Collective Decision-Making 
Political Satire 
Introduction to Decision Analysis 
Game Theory Applications in the Social Sciences 
Small Group Behavior 

Introduction to Mathematical Models in the Social Sciences 
Coalition Theory 
Law and Social Science 
Theories of Representation 

The Federalist Papers in Contemporary Perspective 

Awards and Professional Service  

Pi Sigma Alpha Award, Best Paper, 1979 Annual Meeting of the Midwest 
Political Science Association. 

Co-Chair, 1982-85, Section on Representation and Electoral 
Systems, American Political Science Association. 

Chair, 1982-83, Lippincott Prize Committee for booklength work in 
political theory, American Political Science Association. 

Section Chair, Panels on "Positive Theory," Annual Meeting of the 
American Political Science Association, Washington, D.C., August 
1984. 

Member, 1985-86, Working Group on Collective Choice Institutions, 
appointed by the Committee on Basic Research in the Behavioral and 
Social Sciences, National Research Council. 

Carl B. Allendoerfer Award, Mathematical Association of America, for 

exposition in mathematical writing for undergraduates (co-recipient 
with Philip Straffin), 1985. 

Member, Executive Committee, 1986-87, Section on Representation and 

Electoral Systems, American Political Science Association. 

8/12/88 



t. 

BERNARD NORMAN GROFMAN - 26 

University Service,. UCI  

1977-79 Member, University Committee on Lectures. 

1977-79 Faculty Advisor, UCI Chapter, Student Model United Nations. 

1983-84 Member, University Library Committee. 

1987-89 Member, Privilege and Tenure Committee Hearing Panel. 

1988-91 Member, University Committee on Rules and Jurisdictions. 

Service to the School of Social Sciences, UCI  

1978-79 Chair, Program in Politics and Society. 

1979-85 Organizer, Program in Politics and Society 
Colloquium Series (Winter Quarters). 

1980-81 Special Schoolwide Selection Committee: Distinguished Student 
Scholars Program. 

1981-82 Chair, School of Social Sciences Faculty. 

1982-83 Acting Co-Chair, Program in Politics and Society (Spring 
Quarter). 

1983-84 Political Science Graduate Student Advisor. 

1986-87 Organizer, Program in Politics and Society Colloquium Series 
(Spring Quarter). 

1988-89 Political Science Graduate Student Adviser. 

Invited Colloquia: 1978-1987  

July 5, 1978 Institute for Comparative Social Research, 
Wissenschaft Zentrum, Berlin, West Germany. 

July 13, 1978 Netherlands Institute for Advanced Study, Wassenaar, 
Netherlands. 

• November 3, 1978 Department of Political Science, Washington 

University, St. Louis. 

September 10, 1979 Department of Political Science, State University of 
New York at Stony Brook. 

April 7, 1981 Centre for Political Cartooning, University of Kent. 
Canterbury, England. 

November 7, 1981 Division of Social Sciences, California Institute of 
Technology. 

8/12/88 



• 
BERNARD NORMAN GROFMAN - 27 

Invited Colloquia - (continued) 

February 11, 1982 

February 26, 1982 

April 26, 1982 

May 6, 1982 

Department of Political Science and Department of 
Geography, University of Washington, Seattle. 

Marschak Interdisciplinary Colloquium on Mathematics 
in the Behavioral Sciences, UCLA. 

Department of Political Science, University of Texas, 
Austin. 

Department of Politics, New York University. 

November 19, 1983 Department of Economics, Purdue University. 

May 17, 1985 Department of Political Science, University of 
Washington, Seattle. 

May 27, 1985 Department of Geography, University of Washington, 
Seattle. 

January 15, 1986 Department of Political Science, Stanford University. 

February 14, 1986 

March 18, 1986 

May 21, 1986 

November 10, 1986 Department of Political Science, Rice University. 

Department of Psychology, University of California, 
Santa Barbara. 

Department of Political Science, University of 
Rochester. 

s-/ 

Program in Legal Studies, University of California, 
Santa Cruz. 

June 12, 1987 Department of Political Science, University of 
Bologna, Italy. 

September 8, 1987 Department of Economics, Washington University, 

St. Louis. 

June 21, 1988* Department of Political Science, Free University of 
Berlin. 

Community Service: 1978-1988  

Discussed Supreme Court brief in Burch and Wrestle v. Louisiana with 
Deputy Attorney General, State of Louisiana, 1978. (My jury research 
cited in oral arguments before the Supreme Court.) 

Prepared testimony for the Public Hearing of the Suffolk County 

Legislature on "Legislative Restructuring," Suffolk County, New York, 
August 13, 1978. (With Howard Scarrow.) 

Informally consulted on reapportionment issues with the American Bar 
Association Special Committee on Election Law, 1980-81. 

8/12/88 



• 
BERNARD NORMAN GROFMAN - 28 

Community Service - (continued) 

Discussed Voting Rights Act enforcement policy issues with the staff, 

Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund, San Antonio, Texas, 
November 1980. 

Discussed redistricting issues with the staff, Charter Reform Commission, 
Cincinnati, Ohio, November 1980. 

Interviewed by the Los Angeles Times for articles on third party politics 
(November 1, 1980), on voter turnout (November 4, 1980), and on 
split-ticket voting (November 10, 1980, with photo). 

Informally consulted on reapportionment issues with the staff, Wednesday 
Study Group, U.S. House of Representatives, April 1981. 

Interviewed by the Orange County Register for article on amusement 
arcades, fantasy games, and the youth culture, July 26, 1981. 

Discussed city council reapportionment issues with staff of the Community 
Services Society, City of New York, October 20, 1981. 

Deposed as expert witness in Carstens v. Lamm, in U.S. District Court for 
the State of Colorado (Colorado Congressional redistricting case), 
December 2-3, 1981. 

Interviewed by Channel 50 News, Orange County, for feature story on 
changing patterns of youth culture and on video arcades, November 30, 
1981. Filmed portions of this interview appeared on two segments of 
Channel 50 Evening News in February 1982. 

Interviewed by the Los Angeles Times for a feature story discussing my 

research on elevators and subways, February 28, 1982. (This article was 
reprinted in a number of newspapers across the country including front 
page of the Boston Globe, March 8, 1982.) 

Interviewed live by KGNR Radio News, Sacramento, about my research on 
elevators and subways, March 1, 1982. 

Prepared expert witness affidavit in Travis et al. v. King, in U.S. 
District Court for the State of Hawaii (Hawaii redistricting case), 
March 23-24, 1982. 

Interviewed by a reporter for Washington Political Report for a story 
about state legislative redistricting in the 1980s, April 2, 1982. 

Interviewed for Canadian radio science show "Quirks and Quarks" about my 
research on elevators. Story was aired April 3, 1982. 

Taped phone interview with Canadian Broadcasting about my elevator 
research, aired on the "Robert Mclain TV Show," April 8, 1982. 

8/12/88 



BERNARD NORMAN GROFMAN - 29 

Community Service - (continued) 

Interviewed by a reporter from Congressional_Ouarterlv for information 
about Hawaii for a story on Congressional redistricting, April 17, 1982. 

Interviewed by the Orange County Register for article on California 
redistricting referenda, May 12, 1982. 

Served as consultant to the special master appointed by U. S. District 
Court, Southern New York Region, in the case of Flateau v. Anderson, to 

prepare alternative redistricting maps for New York State Legislature and 
Congressional districts. Principal area of responsibility was Voting 

Rights Act and minority representation issues in the City of New York, 
June 1982. 

Interviewed for article in Chronicles of Higher Education, September 15, 

1982, on the uses and abuses of social science expert witness testimony. 

Extensively quoted in an article "Elevators: No Talking, No Looking," by 

Joan Sweeney, L.A. Times, August 20, 1982. This article was reprinted in 
a number of papers including the Denver Post and the Philadelphia 
Inquirer. 

Research on elevators cited in "Notes" section of Psychology Today, 
September 1982, p. 68. 

Testified as an expert witness for the State of Rhode Island in 

litigation on the constitutionality of the reapportionment plan for the 
lower house of the Rhode Island legislature, September 1982, Burns v.  
Holmes, C.A. No. 82-1727, Superior Court, Providence, R.I. 

Participant, Dinner for Orange County High School Teachers of Social 
Studies, November 3, 1982. 

Informally discussed Chicago City Council redistricting litigation with 
the attorney for the plaintiffs in Ketchum v. Byrne (a Section 2 Voting 
Rights Case in Federal District Court), 1982. 

Discussed Louisiana Congressional redistricting litigation with attorney 
representing the State of Louisiana, 1982. 

Interviewed by Collegiate Press Service for article on Orwell and 1984, 
March 1983. 

Discussed experimental literature on jury decision making with staff, 

Committee on Juries, Federal District Court, Southern District of New 
York, June 25, 1983. 

Prepared expert witness testimony for NAACP Legal Defense Education Fund 
for use in Gingles v. Edmisten, (North Carolina State legislative 
redistricting case), July 1983. 

8/12/88 



• • 

Commamity_Seszicl - (continued) 

Discussed techniques for analysis of linguistic bloc voting with lawyers 
for Mexican-American Legal Defense and Educational Fund, San Antonio 
office (in Pecos, Texas litigation), August 8, 1983. 

Prepared expert witness testimony in Badham v. Eu, C-83-1126RHS, U.S. 
District Court for the Northern District of California (California 

Congressional redistricting case), August 1983 and December 1983. 

Lent Bolivian dance masks for use in "The Dreamkeeper's Daughter," UCI 
Fine Arts Dance Concert, October 7-9, 1983. 

----------- BERNARD NORMAN GROFMAN -30 

Prepared expert witness testimony for the State of Indiana in Bandemer v 
agyil, Indiana NAAPSae Conference vOrr, U.S. District Court 
(Indiana legislative redistricting case), October 1983. 

Prepared expert witness testimony for the U. S. Department of Justice in 

chQ.Q.LIQl1not Georgia v. S, U.S. District Court for 
the District of Columbia (Section 5 Voting Rights Act case), March 1984 
(case settled out of court.) 

Consulted with attorney for Lawyers Committee on Civil Rights on 

techniques for analysis of racial bloc voting in a Norfolk, Virginia 
(Section 2 Voting Rights Act) case, April 1984. 

At request of the Justice Department, discussed techniques for analysis 
of racial bloc voting with an expert witness testifying in a North 
Carolina county (Section 2 Voting Rights Act) case, April 26, 1984. 

Luncheon speaker, Westminster Chapter, Soroptimist Club, May 30, 1984. 

Prepared expert witness testimony for ACLU in ACILL2,_County 

ommissioners of Baldwin County Georgia (Section 2 Voting Rights Act), 
May 1984 (case settled out of court). 

Prepared expert witness testimony for U.S. Department of Justice in South 
CAmatlina_m_t_the_IL.L. (a state legislative redistricting case brought 

under Section 5 of the Voting Rights Act), June 1984 (case settled out of court). 

Parliamentary consulting, Officers, Riverside Farms Property Owners 
Association, July 11, 1984. 

Discussed 1984 California Reapportionment Initiative with a staff member, 

Committee on Governmental Organization, California State Assembly, August 1984. 

Prepared expert witness testimony for City of Boston in LAIin2a0pliticAl 
A ion omml e v i f B on (city council redistricting case in 
Federal District Court brought under Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act), November 1984. 

8/12/88 



BERNARD NORMAN GROFMAN - 31 

Community Service - (continued) 

Discussed techniques for measuring racially polarized voting with U.S. 
Department of Justice attorney in a Beaufort County, South Carolina 
(Section 5 Voting Rights Act) case, December 6, 1984. 

Presented day-long, continuing legal education seminar (for attorneys 
from across the country) on "Expert Witness Testimony," organized by 

staff, U.S. Attorney's Office. Department of Justice, Washington, D.C., 
April 19, 1985. 

Prepared affidavits in Haskins v. Wilson County of North Carolina 

(Section 2 Voting Rights Act case), May 1984, June 1985, January 1986. 

Prepared expert witness testimony for the U.S. Department of Justice in 
Ketchum v. Byrne (Chicago city council redistricting case in Federal 

District Court brought under Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act), October 
1985. 

Discussed with staff, Southwest Voter Rights Project, a Section 2 Voting 

Rights Act city council redistricting case in Taft, Texas, January 1986. 

Discussed with staff, Southwest Voter Rights Project, Lulac v. Midlands  
Texas Independent School District (a Section 2 redistricting case in 

Federal District Court), February 1986. 

Prepared an affidavit in Jackson v. Nash County of North Carolina 

(Section 2 Voting Rights Act Case, in Federal District Court), April 1986. 

Discussed with attorney for Mexican-American Legal Defense and 
Educational Fund (a Section 2 Voting Rights Act city council 

redistricting case in Federal District Court, Pomona, California), April 
1986. 

Provided expert witness consulting for the U.S. Department of Justice in 

U.S. v. City of Los Angeles (a Section 2 Voting Rights city council 

redistricting case in Federal District Court) November 1985, June 1986. 

Prepared expert witness declarations and testimony for the 

Mexican-American Legal Defense Fund in Gomez v. City of Watsonville (a 

Section 2 Voting Rights Act city council redistricting case), August 
1986, NoveMber 1986. 

Interviewed by KLAC radio for story on Los Angeles city council 
redistricting, October 20, 1986. 

Interviewed by Orange County Register reporter for story on TV political 
advertising in the 1986 Cranston-Zschau, Bradley-Deukmejian and Rose Bird 
recall races, October 23, 1986. 

• Provided informal consultation on methods of racial bloc voting analysis 
to statistical consultant, City of Fort Pierce, Florida, November 5, 1986. 

8/12/88 



BERNARD NORMAN GROFMAN - 32 

Community Service - (continued) 

Provided informal consultation on techniques for measuring racially 
planned voting to an expert witness for plaintiffs in Alexander v.  
Martin, a Section 2 Voting Rights Act challenge to state judicial 
elections in North Carolina in Federal District Court, November 23, 1986. 

Discussed techniques for racial bloc voting with expert witness for 
plaintiffs in McNeil v. City of Springfield (a Section 2 Voting Rights 
case in Federal District Court, Illinois), December 10, 1986. 

Quoted in article by Dan Walters "A Bloodless Revolution," in ihi 
Sacramento Bee, January 29, 1987, on issues relating to Hispanic voting 
rights in California. 

Prepared Orange County restaurant reviews, Western Political Science 
Association Meeting, March 27-29, 1987, Anaheim. 

Provided informal consultation to California League of Women Voters 
Reapportionment Study Group, July 16, 1987. 

Member, Advisory Panel on Reapportionment, American Legislative Exchange 
Council, 1987-88. 

Informally discussed methodological issues in census enumeration with 
attorney for City of Boston in conjunction with Black Political Task  
Force v. Connolly (a one-person one-vote challenge in Federal District 
Court), August 14, 1987. 

Prepared expert witness testimony for the U.S. Department of Justice in 
U.S. v. Augusta, Georgia (a Section 2 Voting Rights Act case in Federal 
District Court), September 1987. 

Prepared expert witness testimony for black plaintiffs in Banks v. City 
of Peoria (a Section 2 Voting Rights Case in Federal District Court), 
October 1987 (case settled out of court). 

Prepared expert witness testimony in Badillo et al. v. City of Stockton 
(a Section 2 Voting Rights Case in Federal District Court), January 1988. 

Prepared expert witness testimony in McGhee et al. v. Granville County.  

North Carolina (a Section 2 Voting Rights Case in Federal District 
Court), January 1988. 

Informally discussed with staff member, California Assembly Elections 
Committee, possible legislation on single-member districting for school 
board elections, February 1, 1988. 

Prepared expert witness testimony in a Section 2 Voting Rights Case in 
Gonzalez, Louisiana, March 1988. 

8/12/88 



BERNARD NORMAN GROFMAN - 33 

Community Service - (continued) 

Informally discussed New York City Charter review with a staff member, 
New York City Council, March 3, 1988. 

Interviewed live by Roy Ulrich on "Law and Politics" interview program, 
KPFK Radio, Studio City, California, concerning voting rights issues, 
August 2, 1988. 

Interviewed by reporter for New York Times for "Week in Review" story on 
effects of the Watsonville decision on Hispanic voters rights in the 
Southwest, August 4, 1988. 

8/12/88