Memo from Brittain to File Re: Interview with Robert Nearin on May 13, 1991
Working File
May 13, 1991

3 pages
Cite this item
-
Case Files, Thornburg v. Gingles Working Files - Guinier. Excerpts and Statements on Racial Bloc Voting, Polarized Voting and Vote Dilution, 1982. c2d4e696-dc92-ee11-be37-6045bdeb8873. LDF Archives, Thurgood Marshall Institute. https://ldfrecollection.org/archives/archives-search/archives-item/d1462372-cc93-4e91-b42b-1e3d4ee868d3/excerpts-and-statements-on-racial-bloc-voting-polarized-voting-and-vote-dilution. Accessed August 19, 2025.
Copied!
4, Rac"'^l Bloc- vafiq /Rtan rrd- {A\ I vd.D,l*r,6, Rob<I tsn**r^ ( ** s- eor,*e, 6o\ q_{ z06 [ a1pr,.s] +1* Ac+] - The fr""i.ii"li,iii-iii"fi tf,"'o j"ction to Romet changes an _rlneratroD!. rr Decesgarilv bas€d w;rs the amred eriitcnce of racial bloc voting. a findlng streDuc i- --+*ria i. tr'" Cit" Altf,.roh never lubalantiarcd bv t}.re AttorDei' General, I11,;"-1151a'd bv the Citv 1tf,ouch never tubstantiateC by the AttorDel' General' I ail;;a;"J neuertheiea€ fountr blocL-voting bqqed ipo-'n rt t the-unsuccesful.c- p"iCn of a blacl candidate for the Board -of Edu"qliol.D l9?0' wh.erein bc' [.i.o*". to nonr". narrow]y lat a runoff election with 45 percent of the vote b alr *8e." blacLs male "i'i,tll rE i"i""i,t oi ttt" "oG"t anh (2r a political mcil2 ;ili ;;;il;-tlrt ut* ""fi"e iii"*J * rtoyd Cor+lt (Dot tbe -cit)'r dunng-oe t!cltv where DlacBs maBe up onr) lc percenr or Lne Yor€rE arlq t4l ! lpuuB cii s opinion tbar bloc rodi-nc eiisrcd i-n F1oyd Coultt (not tbe cityr during the Emociatic Unied Srates Sei.ratc Primarl bitween Herman Talmadge end MalDemociatic United States Senatc Pri.ma4 betw Jackson, who was mnking ht flrst bid for offrce - Philqsophicalll' speaking. if I could convince this bodf' and the C,ongress of any. UunE, I nould pleaci (l) for the recognition that. although racial blocvoting mi1'gut, it ir not. I submit. as n'idespread as perceived. and it does not exisl or prevaii b all area-" of the covered st^at€6. and (2t the encour^gement of single shor voihg b-v Drno:itres Ls. I submi: jus: a. reparatist as gerrymarderr. and rs, i.ndeed count€r. Poduci:ve to the democratic ideal .I-r: Rome fcr exa:np.te. as the coun held, blackr ofter, hoid the baiance of power in dec'.rons. and, thus. "Rome r elected ofticials have been guite responsive to thr bl€rest{ of the black community." ln shon, there hss been no true blcr voting i-n Bonoe because there has beer n6 impulse for it: the people oI Rome have all &in wlt represented. I am sure there are many otlrer examples of the inaccuracy of tlertion of racia! blo<.voting Lr"r& a-[ 2 ll Phiiosophrcalil. speakinc. i{ I could conl-ince this body'.an{,th5 C,ongress of anlihing. I would p)eaC. one,.for the recognittolJft3!, dthough racial bloc votlng may exis'r. it t-c not, I submlt. a.s E'rog.- ;;4"; p"i."ir"a, a"a ii doei not exist or prevail in all areas of the covered Stat'es- And, t*.o,1he encouragement of singie'shot voting by minorities is, J submit. just as sefaratist a.. gerrymanders and is. indeed. counterproduciive to the democratic ideal Io Rome, ?ot example, a-c the court held, biacks oft'en hold the balance oi'pooei in 'elections. anri thus Rome'*s elected offrcials Lle been qlik i".ponsive to the interests of the biack communitl'. ln short.=ihere his been no true block voting in Rome, quc-ause there has u""n no impulse for it; the people of Rome have al] been I=1];;p,*'"rt/ea t ad, "o." there are'minl' other el?{nples of .the rnaccuracJ' oi *u notion of the exiElence of raciai block voting la,arc4 C \ 1 b,;r rr ( S.a . H.r..r-4 *4 a"E Co*'*\ a-+ Z bg And, -leas than three yean a8p. I feII victim to ari election metbod rarely aqn outside the South-the majority: runofr reguirement or 50_percent _plus-one lule. t ran for the Democratic Partr"s homination for Secretary of Statc and, although I l.d the fielri with 43 percent oi the vote, this discriminatory device forced me into r runoff election which I ultimatelr lat. Even though my EuPpon came both from th tradi:ional whirr power structure and from others of m] orr'n race whc Fbbed b ree e black ir: a itaeride offrce. I lc!. I cr.nnot heip but beiieve that thae *b devise.i this eiection method envisioued tbe inevitable resulr of a biack hctns I - *UE lqud !" hesC. en-d-the rcultinf racialil'gpiir votc. Ju\ior^ Bo*L &+ ?<t Mr Boyo T'nank vou. l\,th r"eur<i to tiie eiection rn Rome rfhich tooL piace rr, 19?0 drd not-t"he candrciate in that electiol ultr.mateiy lost. drdn't ht receive 45 percent of the vote? M; Boxn Yes Mr Born. Doesn't that represent considerable crossover rn'hitt vrjs?-Mr. Boxo. Yes: it does. It also demonstrates thai had the election beer, held under the old system. that the candidate wouli hlr' been successful. tIr. Bovo But the s'hite crossover vote is pl'esent in those num- 'bers: is thai correct' ' Mr Boxn Yes. it is Mr Bovo. Thank vou. ,a [4) na-c,tc-[ B\o-Val'n1 D r. !a-nn.e s Loe-wcrr,,r ( Ur.i ol V+) seL r?prl ?g ) €5 - 2bq ioularJ^oA\ ' ?iQ TESTIMONY OF DR. JA]ITES H. LOEWE]\, DEPARTME\.T OF SO. CIOLOGY. UNIYERSITY OF YERMONT, ACCO}IPANIED BY I{'ILLIAM TAYLOR. C.{THOLIC U}{IYERSIT)' LA\\' SCHOOL Dr' I.oerr-rx. Thank vou, Mr. Chairman. I have a prepared stat.ement and also e one-page list of six major conclusions of my testimony that I would hope could become part of the record. Mr. Eowrnos. Without objection, they will be made a part of the record. Dr. Loeu'BN My written statement provides my experience. I have testified as an expert at a number of larrsuits in r*'hich the courts have found that dilution of minority voting strength is un- lar+fu], it violates the guarantees of the Voting Rights Act of 1965. In my oral remarks todal' I wanl to emphasize several conclu- sions about racial bloc voting in the South and its implications for black participation in the political process. Racial bloc voting-its presence or absence-is an empirical que+ tion. That means it is a question answered bv the data Part two of my statement describes briefly one wqy of mea-suriDg racial bloc voting and mentions two other methods. 85' means d these methods, the data can be analyzed quite precisely, so we knou' hou- the whites voted, how the blacks voted. even though we were not in the polling booth with anyone. I might add that in the Floyd County election that I used for my example, which was the same eiection mentioned b1' Mr. Brinson, I did frnd white bloc voting in Floyd Countl' and in Rome, not just in Floyd County, outside Rome. which might perhaps be misinferred from Mr. Brinson's remarks. The question then becomm one of theory. Does a given level of n'hite votes for white candidates merit the term "white bloc voting"? M5 answer generall.'* L" to use the 160-percent rule. If 80 percent of the whites are voting for the white candidare. rx,hile 80 percent of the blacks support the blac}< candidate, then I would agre€ we have found strong evidence of racial blcr voting. That is an arbi trarl' rule, but you have to be arbitrar.r' at some point. and I believe this is the most scientificalll' defensible point. The reason both sides fgure inio this defrnition is this. Some- times a nonviable black candidate ha-. run. perhaps putting out onil' a token campaign effbrt and getting. sa5', 40 per-cent of the black vote and no noticeabie *'hite support Should rre describe whites as a racial bioc because more than 99 percent of them voted r*'hite? Under those circumstances, I think not. An<i the 160-per- cent rule would not make that error. Har.ing defrned "bloc' voting" and having established three walr to anall'ze for it. what are the results of m1' anal-r'sis? M1' nritten statement detai.ls therr, br'Sia',e }ii basic conci'a-sioi Is thal generallv. in election after eiecrion. fror, ls6i th:^ougi- l98ii. ir, the jurisdictions I have anajl-zed rn fou:' Stat* rrirites votf, &a a racial bloc. The correlatior beiq'eer, percen: ri-hrtr ano vo!e= fo: the q'hite candidaie x tra,rcaiir' 0.ti. ofrer, 0.9;. ani evel C.9i \ov,'. a coreiarion thai g::-ea: indicates airr,ost a peneci relai:or,- ship. because a cor-..elgtto:: oi zero means nr, rela::onshi;, lr;weer rac: and o'utcom€ at aL whiLe i is pe:-tec'.ron a to-,al rela:ilesnip. 'itt fhese are a-<tonishing).r strong results..\\,hites u.ill 'ot,e n.hrrcmore thar. Democrarls ;.ijf ";;-b"orllgti. or rhar uhires uouldvotf Democraric in.No'-ihern "t".iio"J'nroc !,oring is nor dimir:ish-iag. or if it is, o"l)^,:,^.? gtr;,rr";;; B,r^_S_rate. rhar inr),:Je: :djrrsion of pre-igi5.erectioris t"..,.= po=a-rgi5 elecrions across rheSouth' I found that:he proponion o] Ii',,tu, voting u.hitc decreased6nom 91 percenr rc g2,per.cenr. irft;i ,rr., rnor."menr.No*' *'e have ana,!'zed eleciio,ii""l fou^nd racial broc votingone ciaim 'n'hich I haie."o*"ir"*-rrr".o rs. thar ir is nor race thar&rcrmines the r*.hire bto" nore'Uui"sLetnlng else income per_b,ps. or ecucation ol ,o.T, otr.,ur_ruiiuiie. ThiJu nor so ri.s:. :,t :-.rpp:oach is r,r-rong in theorrl -ir'ii'il".luimei fc: ,nsrani.o :.ha:rhiies have higher incomes-so rhe.. rsr|, :se r';os i r i orr.: oi' t h r iss u es ;.;' ;;r.-i::::r$ -",,1 il I --ll-i I ;xl :resiierts. $'e musi noi.e, inai lo;;;";;."m€ r.s.pan anc parce) of.rha: De:nF bjaci. rrrean= 1., th. ;;*;. i';rre sruijecjI s.oulci refe: r.ou ,:.^,lll: a 9;; p"s:'i; t . ar exar^ple I: n:oi.esfit:ie sense Lo me rc pania: cur sr,=i: oi the el:e:. :i lnl.;1,,:.:,;, li!lssr..t-rg les: eff ec-t due rr, :-ac. \li,.ea-,le, . thri 6!i r_ra:l is !^-r:,:ifa:;uailr Lr S,:,utn y:-.j", , ai..lr-.,',n. ^.u,.-'=,r -.\r rree,: ,.., lei:Lhi... cla.;r., i exa;:,inec, int-e€ r.aaia:,1"= in acii;tio:-. :,( rece irri.i::le,ei;:.:::;-- ari pe:ceij..:iir-4 o:"IJai 'sure;.,, th+..:,::r;::(rs::-i:t_i f,;rt3::r',Iighr b,t sug['e:-r,ec ri "]r,l.i vo:ins o:i,r: :rar :a:.e P,Z & e:.o gSal.)rrucd L{/ l(cr,e-.td 'B\ocln- Voh*l , cA^,} )c^rrtot Loe-u,e,a Lo.,,r t I 4| e.-l I I found that none of these three had anlthing rike the stron'efrect or race on voting crcrrelations \*.ere ?,,ro to.s. rathe:, thantae.nearr.v .9 correlatioi beto'een rag." "nd i*;.;. frli,.n I rookedet the effect of each of the three. ",hi[ ;h"iffi;; an1. effect fromrace, even these smalt correlatio". d;;;;;;;e';.;;" or becamenegative. Finalll'. in contest after indiridual -contest. characteristics of thecandidates seemed. ro make titti" ai*"re;;; ;-;.i"ie vorers Forinsrance, I anal'zed t*o contesls i, , triii.iiiipi'i ."r*l , both rr.ereblack versus *'hire -co-nresrs, uoiu-ro, tire-SmiJ'r"s[irtu... rn onecase. the bracL^candidare o.r^. ooi , t igl'ril;;r ;:;;""r. He rir.eiin a rather different part of the districi tfr"n tt,...o,]ii.r. tt,u: I o...anal.vzing. and.he ran u U.r.iurlicampaigm-i" iirii .ornr1. gai-ner-ing perhaps.5i percenr of th"-[t;.k;;;-H;'#;iff iess than ]percenr of the n'hite vote The other candidale -.iio'it..t , for theother .position. was a college gruaurrc and a college teacher. Hewa-' the incumbenr. the o"nr.r- brr.[-ir*iilr; ;#r; the ent;reMississippi l,eg:srature Ht il"d ;ar rhis "o..n.:-*J camparpecaxtensi'elv in it. He won more tt ".'go i*;;;i';fr;"" bracL votesin the countr.. but .s";;;;';;ffi;i rJri';;;"i "ft-rc""r oi thewhirc vorc. 4ryong whiies then. race t.rpicali.v dercrmines election ouLconoe.nothing but race. Nou' ha'ine shaq'n.the prevalence o-f -raciar broc votrng. rn-hal isi.. rele'anc. *^tr i.otrni iigh".'a".t i iilk-;na-I'th.e. poin:so!^ importance. and these Lre ihe three finaj roinrs of m.r. h-si ojmajor conciusions F*sr, whrte -bloc..roii;g' i!.,ai.r,"".; sornerhingabour white atrituder. A, "i;;n'* i*. ,'ii.r?*",r*i;i poii. afie:all. of the entire "o*-roit-,. "i'i"r", of its votrng i"*["r=. 2i2 A porarizei erection shows a sti, polarized communitl.. changestike schoor desegregati;;- ;;; ii,"' ;na-or-;;";;i;_jin of brackA m e ri cans r.om "mJG t-s- -anl" ierlr',3... n tg h";;- b;;;' ;il."_ e I' irn -porrant' but thel'have,not vet r"J'to ar*.cic# iiti,uao, p"r-ticularl.r' r+'here politicaj po*.i,i-i" .-oncerned- l ;i;ht -point out tfratfliiTif|,il.rfi ln," tr,ese too['pi""" i,-*; S;.iii; fl.,tu.r "eowere rhen to., i;d,il!,r,&ff: gains on tt,e U"'rrarioi lia-cL"citizenstrlp ,, tf '$,f*iljltt:r, pa.t t"c i pa t i on tod. a-v, t h e s i t u a t i o n L. an aJ ogou5 ,bo,i-rrt.,,l.;:1i::;T.',f,;",f"tffi ,i!r,f n:X jf mtl"*were still in the_ir-,,n"r"irt f*il. ,f mind segregating schools atffiit"H::. fff..: the -massive inieiration or iioElid,._o"t *hit r ", s;;' i." i, i,,' .!?frt?r ":"Til r.,:Xf ",f ?S :.#T Tt Jil"Hwhites attend schoor -ffieir,*.. blrt ir"" tr.i^.!;d;r.r rrke, pr"."in poritics. There "i',itj. riirl ili",ir"., " r*ior..= ae'F.#ination rcff;'i :]fl'*' "''"n -ioo.ii.i:';rtt,ti,t"tion on-LrE.ii,i"u"ards rn *#J 1,f1T1,f .ffi Xll :;l^1 n,* atti tudes are srir I se8resated and The seconci *L;;, i i;;. 9n rhe p.t-v or "'r'iie-bi# uot,rg is becau'"'ii'Tfi"# frl;:"r:;J'f:;'Tcombination xith ceroln "i".iiJ.i practjce-s,. blacks can find them.srl'es vin uali r- c eprireri- o;: ; ;;; #"w,u_arti c i p aur m ea-r ingf ull_v inthe poiiricai pioceis o"i"g-.o-"1-r'oir'ol socicrconomic factors men-uoDec in n:r si^aiemen:.,:-crcie, r..] h"t* a rcugl,)r squai chalce ,oelecl a canriicare- utr.L. i,r=]'i#i,'..., be:uee;, 6r, percen: tr ?lpercenl of the tou) popui"tio, fr,"i" ar.e rro: man.r cjrjes or cour.ties n'here thLt is,tt.,""".- qi"n'"to'.,iors. arr heri counr.rrr.ioe orcit-rr'ide ar large, utact<*iirrei;i;;.. I;;., \4'hen couriies are dir.idecrn unusuar wa's' .rath"r ttri-r.iiig -1, comDacl. conugruourqlea-i. sc, thar EiacL aiea. -#;_;'liji, _.*, ,.r"rJ-miont-r_wtoectrstr)crs' then aeain bracks cr "titr's to *-hjre broc votineBiack candidaLs .na -ror"[-r.ri#'iii., * n hitr b]oc vofing ha-. a:*t*:;i*ct on bracl-p"t";;.i;;iL,ion and on woutd-ix btacr ^ It might be interesting .thar so fen candrdares ran in Fioldf#:-L#?J;'#,:::rtrl1,ilj:'.'i{,th.ilffi;r'il'"',."qu,"* _ rne rrnal element of.whitc-bloc voting. relarcs tt; an "66.,,,on, tegac-r' of segregation.,rile-rii""rf,iruiin"i links Thi. r-. ihe socic,economrc position of bracks, "'hr.h-L;*'.a:,kedr.r difierent tirar: tharoI w'hi tes The sta tlsti c-. - in' ;til' h ;i;:i ^ *:.: :,::- ::: ] ^rjfrom the tgii, -;;;i*,,."'f"::j o:-Tl -ft"par^e3 statemeni are o""u..,. .;;; ;'Ji.':Ii$q.'lf,:,6i: **:.j*;,X,;Xl;:y^Ir:f,rale arrc s€ni:llrerarr adulr';.r,+ rn lgli arr s:;_ arr\.e t!, t:! -T: arc .prcbacr.r stil, una!."j""Ii*"ura'n-\ bluj ren: drspt^clunlonaljl corrrparei tc u.ht:e-. arrC eoforth Sc,thi-. srjoecor6-i;-d.fi";;;i. :.lega:r oi pas: seETega:!on.hetpE r{, expiarn the dropoff;';;:,o-.::., ilr.^ ,, ihe polis .,c,i:rra.:eCt{, Ll,err p€)-cenlacr _rr,Ir}o:]F :-eg.s;r.t< votf,rE. s.:il- a circanf ieperceni bjach rn ,L. _v.1T, "gj Fprii:iorr, cor,.na:ec u. :.ne:: peFce::',age u, lht rcla popuiltijn il,Ji'n"tpu u expiai:: ir.hr i; i p.3 ii U G) Rou"-l tlo.-. Vd "1 , crrv.'| Ja*. t Lo eur€aa t Lov tf tu+ a -?3 273 difijcult for.uhite officials to sen,e brach interes*. For black inter-6r. often direrge from white interesL. Blach resid"nl:p-f this county, foi-instance, in Mississippi, have1a inrerest.in renter's provisiolns "i i, .triii'""r,i.."",iiJrt of code6q_uirements regarding plumbing. *hites d; n;;.'-'fbe continuation of white broivoti.rg-rro.riei me then regardingtbe furure participation' of blacks i, ir," p"iii.ii ili,l""ss in thesouth The 1990 census worries *", roi i"t;;;'b:;.." it maytrigger a flood of countl- te"et reaisii.i.iirii"ild .u;T;pportion_Dent to confirm to the one man. one ,rote requirement. Itjthoutrle prorection of !h5 voting RighG A.t,,ir.rriiig'#i;; 5, many@unties are liker-r'.to move to it tr"l" erections or gerrymanderedfi-stricrs that *'ilr keep incumbenrs "i; ;ifi;;;;;'u:"'"';';urds aIIrhite. B.v I99l I hope that q'hite broc voting is decreased, so that black*s,e not shut out b1' such policies. ;;.d;"-fi;;;;'#'l;fer thar. whjtes no longer_op.pose tte possiUitiii, gf.blact political pou.er nirhsuch unanimity. I think ther'e L. Jot""riaf loi;.i.i;;'f;dfig at thattime but the factuat siruation &J;r:.G d;lk-;iirl#nL"bren themosr recent whire voting statistics'rtiorn- tr,. ;;; =it"; for thecontinuation of the act. Thank vou. o,,\ 27b -:,:-+-:T}#H;.1''ott'"r suestion ,"F:: l. * oo \r.,rn the r,". f lq+t"1"":"*#';{,Hi"i#,ti,.i1,T-Hl,#f;i,"{f';3f gr,',',?1 I tTn:,il",A ffi ,{ T{}., :: 3 i t i" nii a;. x ilrr*s-. consrctenr and'ir so, n.ir-i:ie ^^.?:, l.n^'zx. Even sithir: the sarr FS,^,f",'#*",Tr i';et" * i"c 6ffi:*Hiiifiuff,# ":l:rffi:a blac* cai.atJ#r"^,_ etecrion r*ill voti e: * r r i h ; i ;1ffi ,:;,Tllfi :;:;;[ li*El"iit i iffi*g"t: $i*+igi+attlil*i#,g*iffi fr :;,i',l";ffivoring Anci. of cottor:. r'hich-d,res ni:-L;iij';i"?"if;"-'. rrrar f,rr€ u,hirn popubooes shos' ,hr, ,r19t 'ust'Jall'r shcu 1;1t' r-'- ' "rr1< rnerrj ce Ls the b"li"ir"ior'-rtl"_rjrl?.:.;gj tt,"r"uy i-"irr sa\. one othpr rl-.;h- TL^- ---e! u'jq=r\ a olfierence tD s.iti'p#i.Iii.r1,1i"iti-1,1,11;i:ii,11lil;Ti*l_Tl;HoH z1i ---- r w,s ' q9o.o.," blacks n'ho vote blach ha-. rrp\.er qnn-^- ^L - rJrhire: u'hc 'ole wh;re Anc'i;;;;i'J.f:rlu.t",ed the proporrion f;,,'l';, i' l'i L,'"", 1"; : i: ini.. i :: I tllt i i;,T, ii ;lf , .jx,' i::; ;u]"]i.,: iii: cr.i: j o: r{'r rl' " iri:e. - r^lirl: #' ;;:i:,T; ca t j or some fear. some;r't_Anc i li,rni vr.e \a.jll see rh^l;."::.lrr.flo,ir,rhe "r.,l"i ,irr,_rt* Sou:r. tnai rire,p:.;;o;;o.,';j fr'":|.q,,,"ns sJowt_r. irop.or* i" ffi_r",i; "Trln, "i1 . -iron j ca t :_r .n;; " *li, t::, t h'.;se ".uu-.- Jho bloi Jrgi', : o:i, *.'. i.. l, ailI'"o's ; epl' 1;*'';,rt# i" :,?,'T5;:ffi,"# at .?'l ) Mr Bor-o. Dr Log*.e1. hgv€ 1,ou made an1_ studies. complercCrnl' studies outside the south *hici: .ri*ir* ln;;;;;; u)# rotingtendencies eiseu'here in the countn? Dr' l,oru-rx. I ha'e read sorie in the ,rleralul-e. The onrr.srudr-that I persontlll conducted wa-c in Carro, tti. - -- IvIr. Bor-o What q'a-. the result? Dr Lori{'rx. The resurr s'a-. thai cairc i-c an exiremelr- raciarr'poiarized to'*rl, and wa-. througi,oui--tf,.- 6;[ -. 'l'";;;" -$# through and noticed alr of rh* a[p]ai'. of t"".gu. una"'ui^ctjrcr..fo:" saie in local se^.ice stations.-aia-i ir"e ne\.err seen thar beforeu, a filjine station The.r are reacr-- - - ^ . Arr-*ar.-Cairr, manilestei racla: bl._,c vor.ng tc; 6 lp1.s.r Erear€r,tha:: thar I ha'.'e e\.er- seen ,n Sirri-i.u.o:ri; ; i";;;;.1, , "..ex3ri j] ()r. e par n-it): Mlssrssipp: so ii crC ce::ain)r. siieu 1.6;io,btor. r'otlng: on a ven trgt-,-ie"ei-r' ev '' ?,4 t{) Q.o"c-ta) Bloc Vo}, \ t cr}, + Rev . C^.r- l,'s \fa.rris al .lO t PnrpeRto Stertxrx: or Rn. Curnr W. Hrnnrs. Hopnr.ru-, Ve. M.s_name is Cunu S'._Ha:.ris I am presjdenr , *f ;?ff :"#X5'f ff i:",l'1{ii!n"i"'i'i;;',:riX;-*$:i}S,'J'ii?ffi ff;: grlf {{f [1#rffir-".Ji;,i:,Tx, j,'*fu f,#ifl[#De.le_gates once I still owe $i,000 f.". i,r:'i-S-a CI,c r- """, .;",. ;,-o* ; *'i n n i ns.. an d lirai - wa-.-'#TlT8l-i' fffllff *"p.i"r**orme in fourth in a fierc,of s "aiaia"tes'iio"'"r". then-onr.r. 3 Counci) Eeats Eere tsffjf*o,.ffiL1#fl1,1 "_. nu*u",ii,;:;;; *.a. a r,u!* c,;"#i;G me and I have been. the victim,of racial bloch. voting ir each of m.r erectron effortsln Hopewelr s'e have "r-t"rg"ai;tio;"rirl'r"ts*tprecincr i.ri.iri-rlt".s" "rtc others anc rs 9g or"".n: ihii--*;ir"rl'i"rllnr,,gf the time the winner in th. F iT:i X:ITJ.1 ;;n 1l*l ;*,i:: :,,fl;* 3,3; " ;; ;, "";:h#' i&p, " i i ir lnes in rirar p'"iin.t. i"a ri,",.a.ini-,oii r; frJ'BI :iH: #J"*'&il"o,l f,:Ht"jlvr rn that precincr rsithin 2block oi;ch-ofi;r; I an' rhe onl\ blacl ,".*n "i,o tr.';;i;;ii,* rn Hopeueii other bracii. havebcer, drscouragea uecaris+ ther see n" .il*Joi#i"rns l\r. €n1slr.o"-, 6r-+ 4St - 4{z Indeed' uttf112 years, the figures. were impressive in terms ofve r1' d ra m at i c l{r cre,ases in blaci -*iiJiit't #'"iffi;h", ch isem en t[a-s been virtuaily eriminated ; " *id";-pr"; #;;tirroughout thesouth today. Bur that is no rtastn to alsrme-tnl"t "discrimination within the electorar process is no ronge, an isrue tcrdJy. I berieve itmost clearly is. The focui only-has shifted. It has shifted from the ,"",.io[iemphasis on deniar of the vote to a neu empJrasis on dilution of thevotes. we are now confronting ln the. fiih;.;r;"I"crtt a secondgeneration of erectora-r discrim'inati";-i".d;';?;# are made toadopt structurar barriers that ."a.r"1tr,".;;r;i;i'iip..t of thatnew brack voting strength within the s"rirrlil si;".l'As that brack. votingltren$Lrlncreased, iiG ;;ik;ou.n that [6iracial rhetoric in. south"rn fiotitilr. aec.easea]e#i"].inr, does notmean that there is no ronger c""nrJi-"a6rJiliilr'between theraces in sourhern poritics."polaiization is E;;;;;iiroughout thesouth. and it is esieciarlv "o;ia"ni-in "t""6;;i;;;;;, and indeedit is this porarization ttlt mrxei th;'ili;i;;"[.Ti'i; imporrant.I wourd like to grv€ you :uit a reo- q-uick examfiJ, oi porrrizationin voting patterni. one very.".Lrt i]ffir;i#"ri'#"x from rastSaturday, we hetd a special"ei".ti;n i;;;;;;;f #N; orleans tofill one of the district s-eat. ", ""r city counc,. It r+,as an erectionin n'hich a brack candidate *ii'oppor"a_u-, ,- *rrf,e candidate,neither of them, of -course, incumu"nG. -ri'" I"gi.i.irio, in thedlqtricr at the time of th";l;cti;;'"r"'i!,qi;#'"'i.t;ck. and the *.$;1HT;J: ** thaa th;-6racr canarJa6-;;;.;;;; 50.s4 per. Precinct returns in that erection crearrl,-shou, a porarized patternbehind that outcom" tn tr," irriuaifi -'sfi-i'ir.[ !'#i"cts in thedistrict the blacli.candidate -ie.;'i-n"d 95.6 percent 6l tr," vote cast.ln the virtuallv all-n'hitr fr".i""i.it" bla6k candidate recejved 9.gpercent of the vote ce"t. There is nothing r"lqr. about thal partern in the South. Indeed,I have seen similai ri;;;"q ;Jiug putt"rns in a number of l,ouisi-ana Pa;"rshes a1.!- 6 unr ci par i t i es.'? ni: -'r"-ins- *.- *.r "x pen urt.ness in vote di.rution ca-.'es I hate--Jocr-"rii,ilcr-i'uro"d votinqpatreins rn porice j3rf' erectio". in i,ouni;;;*;fi;i'uor--a'""'r#tions and eiectjonsioi -;;i;;;;i councit.The patErn rs extrernel.,, "oir*or,lunher er-idence of raciallr pc,jarrzeci voting patkrns be'ondlouisiana. ,: the souil !""r?illii a_reilabre in a recenr. stud-r. bvRrchard Murrav. ;iil; L;i;;;;;ij.ir H-o,..1on. and Arnold veiritzof rexa-' a. a iri.. rorrich ;,i;# in the september 1978 issue of !l:"r"'o of the Amerjcan ^'.:1-'"rn, cr. poriticar and sociar gs;- They examined ejectjons held drl"ilg,lf,g I960,s and 19?0,s in fivesouthern cities, ana tfrei-a-i;;;;:.;; rn rhat investigation. _ First, voting in lar.C5 southern.citres tend tc, follou racial irnes. f fl h:,T:? #i;.*#, p",ti* ri i. i",fr i i",, and thar - cinim"rLXi,H,j*r#l second' u'hen bla.cks.rurl Lc candidates,,lhe.se patterns ar€ acceD_liift ";',*ua]lr al Et".i* ,#.i:o, ri,. brac[_.;d;j;;, verr. rerr ."il,111f., "lT'ii!; fl?ltri#;'l"L;T" rapidr.r in the re60 s andI don't think iheie-\ ";.;: ir;ir;r; bur rhat rhe race of thecandidare L' a m.ajor reference ir-ir,. roting-jl.i.ir; ;, sourhen'orp's. borh blach voLers rni-"i.,ir. volers.."nA ii-r.'ilrrs polaru6- Bi,l.n",Xl*.rnakes votc diiuiio.,""u.i, an imr,oii, .;r. rn tne P.f t{) Qa,*il B\oc VolrS , c-a,n'-} ?'DI Er5sku," a-{- lUto '4ro1. Professor Engstroilr, this racial polarization, does it exist outside the covered jurisdictions? Mr. Excsrnou. I am sure it does. I have not personally docu' mented it. I have not seen it documented by other studies, but I etrongly suspect it does. 461 Mr.-Bovo. rf you think it does, do you think the subcommittee should consider-expanding the act to cover the countrrl where ii does exist, in order to be fair? Mr. ENcsrnou. If.polarization is present elsewhere, preclearance worlld be very effectrve. _ If I thought we cotld enforce p-rec)earance effectively nationwide, I would support it. My concern ttrere, whgn you lalk ;bou, i, b"id onerous, is not on submitting authorities but-on the Justice Dep;;: rrent. From everything I understand, the Justice Department could nol take on that task today. If it had the resources to revieu, all ol those cLanges,_I would have no objection to nationu-ide afplication.Mr. Boyo. You oppose,. generilll. speaking, at-targe liections which involve bloc votine, do vou not? Mr. ENcsrnou. I woul? oppose them in contexLs where there are racially polarized voting patterns. ltr^". Rrus B"-bo,t a* tttr Pb b**:f ,?Ll*"ifunn,S*,,,,l:l;;|t jf,:dull:sr*f *.,a,;i;ilfif:#ti,:#l votins-precinctiioo.n.h*e peopre came in and son .ci tr: ej el;;ff ifi i, Jl :rTX;:$ rt.iT " +: "'o" t!.i i"' ir,"'i *1. to. the white pott *oir."*. ?a'jl*jff :?".Pth, the. man called out ffi o4^a il- *S-O - T*c ueeks agc ur ballots fo: ,t" D*_o.Tl_vorlng precincr twc lt.hrrt pecpie came in an.nt",ueii,"uLli:^ffi J*,::1sr"rl*r,l j#:sii1r?,H#.rffj,11?i candldat€s for Commi nli,ir"y.r:,*iq'#ffi r#,ggH ffi ,}=ffi $if3*',iffi 3ii$trtrF"l-{i,F,qtr+tr}i#'n"*iiix"*,*morerece;,r,;:,;dll'Jff ;"i#ri',fl*rh:fif'ril,ff s,111"r,l# flSffi f ",::"1.,$H:;."."ttnf, T,r",f #[:t:I,:lij"r:T,"Strtrtri*tiffi ffi1?;J'#,"'$?L#;iif "1"iffi _#:f ;li*it'l,1t*#.:.*";'.*#a; -__ri.. -+..o*r\o €rrr.ric- Pourcc,r (tarqo+: Cr,++ .fr-r Ccv,, 14k Dyvb, t-ar,r._,,) c_f 4a,; frHi[q*$'i*gt*tr:u#;wi,ffiffi *;':gut.***-t;i-*ryffirffi*ff (4) QoJ/il gA,e'c VA"A , c-rn^'l [xlto1o^a Cp+ L., (r,,) ,t C h D nd-0". l4/uJ , re4,>rl a] SL{ I Arprxorx B: Reqrr Br,oc Vonxc I#rtr il":ii""Ii_Bftr reach rhe. poinr where,loca^t Egy,elninq bodies will be rr i r.irr r r o r nari r - ^,,_- ^r ^-o:.1n1, p*p,r g. wi il,"* "rlf"l,i8LjLtHTn their*xsJ,,:l::-:i:'tr+-.8,.,:fi ;";"x;:"*#i::f df"if 3LiHtHT"Sl,"H 3jilStlfl .,il;"i,:i;,*;:;;t:"*lfjpil',il{d#,ffi #"f if *?ffi ""l"t}":i*g.^l*,rlp^t'ptcMcutttai;*iiy"i'ii'itlifri'irti..t) Pif,Bf",'r:,lc,n q1T:y* Xp..I,ffii"in..u,,,,,,"-,r.pi v. Ltnitcd srores, the,T,HT,,R:rtl jtj,-*54-;-c"fiffi il"'#iJfr ""-iff,il#?,ffi ":;,if ,ilJ ffi q;l',ii,rtf 'ru,"..,s*'f *x",*tii:iil,trif :1i#ir*:**ooxl l}roi '6^i^l Lr^^ ---:XI?H,r?i:,'1: "}f R:'"*,n#:::i-flry;lri$'ifid.ff ;f :'1i"m.f H**'yil*,H;ciar troc votint .5;a_;;; 'i.";; fi;",lisiii,i"ir,!,ffi.H:f..: chanse in thp s*itr,.r* "lI.Tflt5,l1o3__relr. ,lto"g! i080.;;;;-r""-r[rdilr*rrl' n evur,,dr'r or erecllorl result^6.trom lg?r through 1gE0 shows ro-f;aro,,?ruchange in the ati.itude. "nd voting b;h;;;;i #iiit" iri*.iiiipiii.iJ*iili"a uy o,iqlg l Loewgn as a "furiousi"t"iiii.,dtii,rl'L o.r,, braelr< mrtiaihaii^-;-.L' *wer u e rurlou' determrnation"' to denl btactrs participrtion i" tir" XIII;H :Ht*l l* :::f,f :"g,1.=:-i.9,q1 1"e,I,*.that 8truc.rurer such a-.;..i;;s" ;ffi ;;. ;li ilitrii: ;""#il"ffi:il Hi ili" Hr,i:fi Lt*",# ;,,."1 tr ,.:i:IHJ,3fr,lTBfri:i[:',r?o*;1l"Tf,f#r,.* Fcport. porice'community Rera,ons in ,. .. Atr.Dgugt the Etatisric preaented ur plarntiffs. tstdrsputcd b1. defendants (the qf ilepereons*il,"u;;iffjf-*.X,x",n*fffi ',T:Xi,'.tr"'#'f'fftrfiin"',t|#l a,"c'i,ni'natlon ilih; p',;;i"" "i-"i,.i"iiir'ilii"*liof'frtilri t"&rt:',Sr_?rrrtiiJ",.,,fl il*'iL#",'ii#l?f t?*iP*lt#Htr#leouson'ippeald,r--*,"*i".p;*d-;i i*,1"-'";J ii ii."ffi*^ia",,1ion--.r,!'r,r oiA,;",i.il#ff;l,t*tff,#r"?,i,gfft} ,irU,ir* Srata v Sratc ofMursisstppi Oaurcl Mun. *p. *hcnt Dbt.i. fii F2d t?76 (itb Cir. ,r.;#fli.fri; Tg?adine Denning, Dirwtor, Ofircc of Fevenue Sharing. to Ma.vor Wiliia' L. gffi "ffiirsr#;u'm,'n+U+ffiq-*:."ffi *#j#i _- 542 majorit-v vote and full slatB voting discriminate againsr black voters while *'hitt vot€rs are unfairl.r advan'"aged. Racial bloc voting is not t-ire same politicai behavior a!. for example. members of a political part-r tending '.o vote for the part-r- condidatt. The e€r'ere racia) bloc voting discusse<i heie is the result from the historl of state+nforced segregation common to the south-the "rigrd patterns of segregation bl }aw tnhichi afferted nearll everv- facet of iife ".o The PeteAburg C.ourf noted rhat'- (a)lrhough Btaleimposed segrega. tron ha-. abated. its long continuance in the past caused a dramatic polarrzation of the races in Petersburg with rcpect to voting and this resu)t has not been obliterat- ed. '* An analysls of 1980 election-. in Mississippi shows that race continues to be the most impoitant single determinant in voting behavior. When compared-llth studies of 19?i fhrough 197? etection returns, the frndings remain consistent When a black candrdate runs for ofllce or s'hen a "black issue", e.g., singlemember or ward representation vs. at-large voting. is the subject of a referendum, race ir the most significant factor in the election results.r' A Februo4 g!. L97i-Referendum to change to uard wting and mayor+ounril On Pebruarl 22, l9i1 , voters in Jackson. Mississippi panicipated in a referen- dum-the issul s'as *'hether to change from a comrr,ission form of government *itb at-larse votins under which black citizens have never been electtd to a ma,vor' counci) structlu.e rritl, ward voting under which it was likely that three blacks *'ould be eiected to the citr council Blacks comprist approximatel-v 40 percent of the population. In that referendum. i2.4 prcqnt of the whitr voters voted tc retain the 6ommission form of government, while 9?.9 percent of black voterr voted for the mavor-council for;n Tc' argue thal the commrssion form was preferred br' *'hitl voters for 6orr,e issue- r"i"w]7"-*oi_ 'tg"oc gorernment' results'from tbe ci'mmission form-lea'es une:. plarn<i tha'i prcrcommrssion argruments we?e convincing onll to.whites anC nol tr' LiacLr ir L. alsc, erroneous tc a-s-sume thai some othe: factor, such a-' income. rs lhe cause o{ racia, bjor vottng Flrs'', il ha.. net'er beer, shot*:r lhai income'or an-r othe: fr;;;;";;;t;L... tigirlj -i i.* *ith an election out om€ Second. if ir,comt o: aome olher factor correlaGs a. hiShl]' as race sith ar electror: outcom€. tha: fa;to:' wo.iic ire so ciosel.r hnxed *rth race as to be a "racial characterrst:c" The implcaiion fror the hrgh degree of racia) poiarustion tha: race itseli n'a-' the reason rrhl' *'hites vol,ed one wav anci black-. the other na.r' rr sube',a:"rtiaui b1 the resu)ts of'e randor. sampll poll conducted b-r'an expen'in xientrfrc pollind shich shon's that 6l percenl of whites w'ho voted tc retann the commission forrn of golernmenl gav€ al least one racla) reason for their vote, and 44 Perc€nl gave two or more racial reasons for their vote * B. hlculattng rwcnlll ytlartzed wttng There are three main ways tc analyze elections to ascertain whether racial)1' polarized voirng ha-. occurred the correlation coeffrcient. overlapping percentages.'* ind ecoloeicai iegression.* All thre^e were used by Dr. James W. Loewen in ana]l'z' ine ihe -sf e',.- i.:. \..r-r The correia:ror- coefficrent. r. is the mo6t common)-v useC and accepted statistic to me&cur€ the relalronship between twc, variablee It car varJ in sizt from 0 tn<r reiationship a: al'tp:rx'eer; the independent variable. race of vot€rr to 1.0 ra perfecl relatronsh:p si thal if s'e knos the racial comPosition of a pr-ecinct, its voting pa:terr rs il;'e^cr::abit n-itl-. nc error n'halsever;. Correlatton coeffrcients of r:.! 1a i= .i are cuslc:r:aril. considered s'"atlstical}I significant. A relatcd statistic. l. t,eIIF the profx,nror o; l.ire r-ariance or variatior on tiie deper,dent variable tourcomeithai P.1 ,. Cttt t,'Peie=by.g \-rpilc t Untted Suta. 3'c< F. Supp I02) 103: |D.D.C 191? . affd 4)A U.S 96:,19i:-;*!;,1 f ggp; ai !{t2; .: l-t4i F Sup; e. I i'-i . 'Str pi 4(i-i- e (heriapp:n! !x:.€n:Etes aratysl. ca; be dont onil r'tti, rndrvidua' untll 6u.l-. ar precrnar tha: ar; or:eru neir.,ngrr s hrrr Tht analltu begrnr rrtr, a calcuiattor: o'l l.ht osllmur, smoun: oi ra:la. rrcss:.e:-:iit-ac.unpiloi, tha: alr blacir n'ht votec dic eo for tht wLurr c€,rrdlia!€ anc thai all vci$ io: rhr sia:i canCrda:t came fron: th:!€.- the: :h. muii:lurr amoun: of sl'r:* bi<r: roili:;:ha' ::us: :;:\r',an:ai !ta:. tt compfiPc L. lht reie.e:iuz. lht gcrr,u:s,a'i ior'ca Fo\e:i.rrei.: si;Ds:,:Jli i:' rn;tr ca:drdar' :bt ne;.'o'<ounc. jon. o'F3\e-.roe:: s;is::::te fc:'b-a:f:2:titcal' - F;:r,irgr:a Ef.aasra: ue-lzti p:cr':der ar aa.ul Dercer'-48' es:irral^ c. rlllt blq v'':tli ba6ea or a-.. er.j;'. tirs::i-. Jus: a'c'"er;app:np Pe:rn'-age alai;-su Prarl3& E &cfura"! meas'.r- o:'.h. l'o:ini Dtrrarlc: o1 s:::e* tr, oD€ pn<irr-- sicpa :'eF-56)la cotltJe tu behanor ove- al. !:e::rcir rieldrn5 rr. onrrll ca.i:ulauor- CO Qr.oio\ B[o. VolS , c,su LL Lo"^,1e-i Cnr l c,f rq 3 543 ;. es-sociated s'ith the independent variable..{r9ce' That is' if r= ?' then r'= 49' kffi "'$;i;::;,i:t""',f#r;::i*tt"lL::i*;3;|"'illii;l'"#,'#'l"f Sf,ritiT;H:tf'.!?l.""or-. the corre)ation coefficienr. r, between percent nhit" t-[}:if; ',;;f, l$'*g,*i*k,,*:l+:q*,'3;f *''m electioF ---^2ntases analysis of two heavily u'hitr prec.inqq' .confirms *ff ol#'i""i't'ilf f i;'"tffi 1E''1i.liir ; i00-i;;;;'i*r'iG' eiucttv ?0 1 percent ^f the $'hitr volErs voteo to't"r'in the commission fltm of gorjernment ln Precinct 3l :il ;;'l.; ;,-n G "::^TL*"-ji it* # Xry**;:n^iil" ;i;y',: ?liff; ifr : af. I mrcent rs the ProI ffi"#t;;;'f;*'itI tittul"rcd maximum iE 93^5 mrcent' T?re result ol the overlapping percentag"t,tt'ali"it-L' for overn'helmingly whitc and over*'helmingll utal('ri+;* arE sho*-ti-inlable I Thel shos that iliri[.*t:.gtl*:;:e'i:i']'",r"?#fJiiJ;H"l{iP*"',:5*-:o'"*"' The eco)o.rcal ."g7u*ion'*"ii.L "f"tfr" entire ciir votB sho*'s that 72 1percenl of the whites *'i,o "otti"'"'fr'il;1; ili;i t{;-;;ta* ihe commission form witb at' ii.*"'a""i.t ii,. t".uti of thit anatysis is shown in Table 3' C Junz 198l-Demcrrotic pimari'es' fourth congressional dt'stritt Four candidates sought the Democratjc nomination for the U'S House of Repre s€nratives in the Fourth'd;#il;"r-birii;i ri;il candidates. cagle, P$ron and sineletary. are white, or,"*o1a]i'i"'*sti*-il"t"ij;;i"i; J K'ils"ili Lt"ct' Ti'e coriejation coefficients ;i7 f";-i;. t*o "o,tot"-Democratic Pnparl and pri- mary runofT-t.. or"""i'i'*'t"bk i in tr'e p;-"1' t: '9i ln the runoff' r=.94 l.her-,rr"*r."#ir!.il8;;i, ps-catr rdcrally -potarrzea votmg. B]'better i*,"*lrgir: ,xl'"?'"rf# $l# n*'*:',*;,"1* t'T' :l-": :1ate^1 r"ia'r- Table ? shows the total proportion of whit'es'voting for Sing)etarr- and blacks for Krrksel.as *ell a-. tuinoii.i"t ln the priman. a5.T p.t."nt-of the s'hites voted for sinsletary.: whire vst frI""iitriilbl"'.k".r^"#d-ioi ki.rr"l' rn the runofr. 89.9 oercen[ of the q.hites 'Jt$'fl"^b*gi;t; ;"d S9.9 p".""tt of ihe blacks voted for kirkser. D. Ebctiouu during 1971-75 Table E eho,t,s the ,.*oit of analyses of elections during 19i1-75 rn Mississippi ranslng from the rg;i'il;t;"Gaa-"r""tioo' sta"E s€nat'e Democratic prlmary ur souih*est l[ississippi tr"ifiil'lfir',iir 0t-;"-#l;i;nfl .l.ction in east Mississippi' circuir clerL "ontest ir', ;;;i;;i ilk;ippi .- tiris, t" Delta Crcuntv eiections- Sunflor*'er anc Bohiar d;;;)';*th";J tr,at i' "it itt"* elections' l = '9: The mir imurr, perceni.a€e .r'Jii#1'-Jf,"iil tli.; ru; ;'d'a;*= ranges f rcn' a l ov oj 9.1.2 *.glr- Th. r.bl"'.;;';;'*i-i""lr.i.l lro. "otiru it',.oughout'Mrssrssippl urth no sig-rrificant change over the years' t5rta.n lherr*ar.r ( o1e+*^xp, U*) ,^-+ <'14 If race were not a fac-toi in elections, simple probability-theory o..dict that the proportion of blacks elected to county-u'ide-posi- ;ir*';;;id not U si!-nificantly different from their onethird -pro ;;;.; rril.-p.p"lat"ion. s-uch.is not the case. of the 239 members 6i the county foi"-i"g lodles in the 54 counties, only 5, [2 percent] ;; ti"tk. In 5nl1' ? ofthe 54 t13 percenlJ t,*' *,r-. black sen'ed in tfri. "up".lt,t' iiot" the passagi -of- the^ Voting Rights Act of 1965 In 3g couirti"-. i" *tict, thichair of the sChool-board is eiected. o.rl1 fo.r, blacks I1() percent] have been eiecird to thi.c post' Blacks se*" on the electi-ons corrrrnission in onll-€i [12 percent;of the 49 counties for s'hicl we have information'-- oi tt. 4? counties for shich n'e have irrfbrmalion, ori)1 i f2 p"r"""ll ."por-rs the eieciiotr of a black ju6ge to superior couri since ihe pasiage of the \:oring Rights Act-- in- onl-li S ltl percerrij oi the 5l counties for wliich we havt' informatior, have'blacii-. been eiected t,o an-r countFricie position since the passage of the Vot4g Rrghrs Act---Frnalit-. in n'one of the 4? iounlies for n'hich r'e have informa- tio". ..-lh" frighesr poiice official [usuai]1' the sheriffl black. v- .\"sepk Fvedi-nrnzk Sr*r*tn- o* sED ---"fltu tn"." given -promises that t!"-* p.-oblems w.ould, be looked into. Some a"ppointirenlc \f,'ere made, but the central pIoqLeT as we ;;;"i;ii J'i. itiri we did not have anl'black elected oflicials' Bv igiz,-""" UtacX t,aa run for count-v coinmissio!. and in_1976 an- oii,"i tlu"t and I ran for the school board. Neither of us were successful because n'e just could not w-in un4er ttre -at-large election il;; Racialls poiar-ized voting prevented a black from ever get' ting enough voies tc r*ir anl' seat-'G iiiE:;e iougi',r iegd assistanqe, ?!d our attorneys discovered thai tfre count-v c[mrniision and schooj boa:'d had both change4 to ihi at-large s;-l.r.em in the }ate 1960's s-ithout submitting the leg:s' iri;* rc "the'Aricrnel General for preclearance under section 5. e.ir"i*. no legrslatioi hai been submitted frorn the countl since the Voting Rigf,ts Act had beer passed g) Rc,r^'^I, f5\r. Volh1, c-,nn 'I t-o$t\in nacbo*alf (Acuu) a-l s"l I Third, the heritage of separate but equal was far more debilitat_ iag than perh.qRs pgqpte thought it wourd be-c€rtar;ti. tt.r" oLu understanding of hou seveie the burdens oii""" *6re. but fewould have anticipated_ the extent to which Ul"cf.. frare G;;;;;trted all across.the south by racial uloc-votirrg. Ir i" a chronicpnoblem everl-u'here lgu roo[.. B]ack voter-,"E.ti"tion remains osproportionately.low. Blacks are simply inexpeiienced in the elec-tive process, and-rhe black communitj itilr il?a;;;di";inct socioonomic status which makes it diffrcirlt ""a .o-"ti-". i*poiriul"to esrablish coalitionl nith majoritr white;ok;. -----'-" _,Th:PltI) _grb i. StIl s"s,."gdt"a -Chr;;i;: by and large are..lr.raclary segreg_ated. That is wherc voting coaritions "." 6.-ed 3:l:..:jlpart. It ha-" been our experienci that rherg"." .".tiyD.such thrngs as. issue campaigrns in man1. southern cities antFrbd,crions. People run on a' "ja' austraci-pta;f;;;'or g*d gor.arnment. some elected officiars concede that th-e1, run on their personar-hres People yo-te uasea on i-t u "o"r".t" they have built up over thepars In jurisdictior*',. in the south tt at mtans d;;.; thar have a'en seqregarcd -Ag a result, blacks have found it extremelv diffi-Gdt to form coaritions sith n'hites ""a g*-"1".,"d.';p*iirir];thae jurisdictions where Ui""t "i" * a mrnonr, *\ fiz-qj Yer rn 19gr the_uourt or Appeals for the Fifth circuit said thatthe 'estises of racism encorirpass ;h; ;tafi;:'"-i'tf; in BurkeCounr-r'. As an attornel. f -frrJ"l".,er read language qurte thatstrong lr8i?',"r,?!"H,lrff ';ij,i,f iil',";:"?X"r,ff;,"eXffi*i,dlf; :',j,*council of Cotumbia. S.C.I incoipo.ati"s ;;;i;;ilb"; distrjcts. P,1 593 H#j*-1.;;ff*ffiff#{,j#i,,,!"jk,ffi rn' t,ook over. ' Good Governmen h drstributed tt tbc election." lo one of the Dp\t'sDaner nli* r -^^: ffiiff lHtTst+*ffi:F'fti*;l +:',,","d;':;ilidfiff ft' #ii: itffi , r et'ft ,',{1=*:x.#::I.g"d:tf#a*tFJ**#l":,,H:;: fr :Hf,r;.i."Hi":{i jtiiffiTirlif .ii.B,ih;il:t$# rh,ch ir trjed tc, change b., ;;;;,i;'; r,H",:i,9,.a.,pi.uraJit1fhe change. howev il,,t;;,ji,rfJ1rri*kfil$*l;i*fi,strliiif,.ff# TI?#fr ;';:",.'3;l;Jf *,.i:tii:,i,,ij:i?il::,:li,',I*tlr-jins.u'hite cjtizen-sL ,"4; il";if i"lfTllt)g, g dozen each oI leao'Iti'rr.."1;-"j;;i;"1^t_,Tt in cjt-r harj ar rgain;: rhe ciack "f $s1"t-i;;*'f,ilfid hold a mintelectron prior' $:'ir:iltff ,,.:rl+:*d+:3"#:;"*,*il,::ei""i,1;:i.ff :1":',: rha : 3 u risd r.,, o n- -rn ::..1 I 9' "i- b*' ;r ",.?.|!i :',;,""]ff ,f :i-r:":":t,'j 'e i; ! i ""i i #', ili tr#J g"h"jJ{ "J # l;l j ; f,';i' f:'r;i":'"i- i n, r, u a-t (q .l Th1rc, the heritrSc of seperetc -but -cgurr ras far oore debiri -_ tatrnI thsr haC been supposed__indeed if thar reie possible. Blsck Crad:dates fcr office riere devastated by racial tlor r.c:ing by th:tcs; Clrorlca:.lv lor black !-oter retistaation; sheer rnexperjence rn the plitical process; anC, a depressed, drs:rnattve so.r!-e:orronic atrru: uLtcL rade tr d:jftcult, i.f not i,apossrcle, tc,fortr poL1t.;cal Corl:l,cn: r:tl'. yi.:tes or prrticipttta cffrctrvc)r i1 r.5" ele:!crate- ({) [?acta-\ B\oc V*h1 , c-,- ! €r), 0.ur,.rn I NfYktP) al 'l4z Private clube and churches are basical)yegregated., so it is hard t "'rLlilt p"titi.rt i*titio., with whites. The exclusive white club ;;;;h;;iJ.iio" i, C"-itt., Th" all'white Rotarv Club. runs the if"iii.iir-i, FLif,"*, Ou. An all-white club does the same in Macon, the third largest Precinct. .' "'A.';ight'u" 6ip".Gd, racial bloc votine is the norm in m5' ' couit1,.-fiuring -r.'5-;;;*" ; d.eputy sherilf carried l.'hites to the ,."ffi."Uut he "ner6r-caiii"d or," biacli. My *-ife voted, and as she T"-.;;;kil; h;; ["tioi she overheard the deputf instruct rhe 'orcr;*ih;-ili;i"i"i ffiit -t ot to vote for Ed*'ard Bronn' "He is a nigger." *O;;-;i ihe things I find most discouraglng-is the.chronic evi- &;;. oi racial bloc- voting That means to me that whitB folks, not Ei et".t"e officiais u-hc' might have some vested interest in retain' #'.h; Dreseni svslem. but-the general electorate ha-. deep resist- fi;'; filacks ho)ding office. That is quite discouraging. aside from the.indi:-idual attitudes one encountels Mr. Eor^'lnps. Is this process that the cities and counties and Stai"s hao'e to go througi in complfing rn'ith section 5 a terrible ["ia"n financiai]1' and emotionally on- them? - -M; McDoNar-o'. lt is not a financial burden, M-1 -phqir.ma3 And I hare been in rn.r,j oi ihese counties Quite candidll. I don't wanl to misrepresent what I hear. people don.t object to the ad.mlnlstra- tive or financial burden lt simply costs I stamp and s€nding some. ;iriil'";'1o-W*tit"gr"n. The5- inly have to write a follou,up letter, but ihat is not ver-r- imPortant." B;;;ir;;.i oi:Lciioh is the philosophical one People.think it i5 demeaning to go-to Washingtoii t{ ggt,.I a-m gar.aphrasing what I ;;;;l;;'"t peimission from- somebodl in the Federal bureaucraev ;;;lir;d-ir,'eii "t.ition lau's. That is-wh-v- thev don't like it, based ;;ilif;;iii*r g.";rd.. but it is not quite honestl-v' in m.v- experi- ence. an administrative burden'-"i;;;;i' G"".tJ oaniel Mcl,eod, from mv native State of South d;;i*;,-;"ta i"c""tfy ai-; ABA meeting i attended that comply- i"-;-rrh section 5 ;'; not an administratlve burden. A philosophi- ""T U"iJ.n. spiritual burden, but not administrative'--i broueht some documents with me which I *'oulC like very--- *u.f,'io -*U*;t for the record I said earlier that I_ thought there would be an ".orion in black voter participation .I think that b ;;;'L;;;" "iUtr. "qUfi. Whites doh't u'ant black-s to hold office. ii,ii ifr"i- ii afso@rple. a provlsion on the -registration form , ilS;;;h-C;-lirr, t"tri.h r6quirei_a literacy test. It is not enforced because it wa-c ="=p"ni"a-Ui tt. t'oti,,S Right-'. A1t i1.1965 But if vou walk into a vof"-r .eglstiation office in South Carolina the5 xdl ;; -;; tlli 10rlr, s.hicn I g.ould }ike to submit for rhe record i:i.i.i, proiiai=l-:j *'ill ciemonsirau- to the registration.board that I ""i, i"ua ani rr-rite , -.".ticrn of the constirutior, of South Caroiina."--i[; Sr"t- of Geirsia stiir conuin-. in its eonstitution the-oii gooC characre, or unde:-stndlng tes: Of cout'se. it rs no'. appireci becaux ir ha*. been suspenteC brir I *'ouid. Iik:.F atr.ach a cop) oi.rhai )oo1u,", Aua^)a- [ fu nil et) a.* it L lhese d{ rcrld.aetory rlccEoral &lrlecr op€r8r. to ryst-haEic&I1y nl.u!-r2e thr lryec! of ulnority v.otlBt ,trcEtth cspecially it thc Cilr,[E*-o-f ;.*ri al l y 44 1 - --' -. ' T.--.:J:t . Baeially polarized votlug frusErateE the clectoral cbolcc eryresagd_by Chicano conslaitles 1l Texas. Voting eloag erhle or recial llues hes a teodency ro aialrlze tbe l-qact of &'!crm votiag streDgtt when they lre a BuEericeL votlug t{ns;'!gy rdrh{n e glver: pcLit!ca:. subCir:sior Sueb en effect ls pertlculerly cr=der: lr: rhe:ecei: elecEioas for the Cc:Tus Cb,r:Bti e.E, cour:c:i eLec::.cr.s. Tne City Cotmcii cons:E:s of a neyo: aC sir cotsc--l ma5e:e elec--ed cvery tvc year6, frre Cttt C,or.scll uo}.e:e rur. t1'p-:e.-e ihe fciicrdrg:a'rle De.aF'r:eE;he deg:ee of raci,aii5 pc.la:izes -ro:inE err:der.: j-r, th€s€ cits cos,cii eiec::ons Ilie:,:.:s:e:s hex: tc ihe ca=iii.a:t e:e :ai'iei F' f a::s:s Iriese F. P.to '7 48 L.o^r'.r\r\r n fq t )o.^o"!ua (^elq 3 gu+ 1+8 o r,E q,E ,6da! ! Oi E6e @6 o# OC,,o !oole Fro l{.a ro6'cA Oao u u.Ea ol >{ >Jq(,I E'IOal 5laul !l!ml old ll.cl El.!ol olo. .,{ I ./ }i&I OIUol o[, nt .itc EI EIEor ot(JI Ot' co@\e, Nr (.llbo.d 6l .alc u trl) aoEa J= !C oov'f ", oed . - - )crro1r,,n A-ya. [a- (V*L]eO ^-{ 1+1 trctort rrc corrcletioas bctneen Ehe perccnt of Spaniah_suraaoed ,arrer. ylthln e votiag preclnct end the *rgin of votes lt the tarclDct rccclved by g glven cendi&rc. A high poEitive B valuc Dllcrtcr r ttroot corrclrtlon bettrcra tbe rrotas rcccivrd by e o-aidtt. eod Spulsb Sur.ttrm rcgisErrtlon. A 1o. or acgatlvc t drr tadlcetes e veek correlati.on berreca the \rDtcs ceet for r y'rro crndidete end spaaieh surnee registratioD. Blgh poaiclrrc r trctorr ladieatc strost support in tbe Hispanic comrmity uhilc lp or aegative factors i-ndicate little Eupporr la the Eispanic rnoi'ry e.od rtrong supporr in che Arrgro comun iq!/ Thcsc 1981 Regular Electlon P1ace 2 Canzalez + .819 *Dr:uphy - .819 {odlcates YlEner prulE,s indicate that in those places rhere Chicanos ran for office, they :eceiveC ove:-rhelmiot support frou ttre Chieano cottElE:ity while the Anglo candidate received very little support 311 These ccrrelations lolitfEal Science Deparroenr were pror=<ied b;' Dr. Frei Cervan:es, Corpus Cnrirci Sra:e Ur:iversity. 948 lD Eh€ rr.rnoff for places I and 6 pronounced. place I Lloa + .950 *cu1lcy - .950 r lndica--es l,lEDer the PstterD6; lggam cveri Dte Place 6 *R.ennedy - .g4O Cavezos + .g4O F. lr(.{) Rac,o-l B\a- Val,,5r c-u.^ \+ Plece 1 tcheffar - .253 lrD. + .924 Crllcy - .889 hloey -.451 u7 Place 6 Ctrapa + .635 Kennedy - .809 Boiden -.008 Roosth - .450 Cavazos + .838 As a result of the et_Irge by_p1ece electlon itrucEurc rDd acvercprELerns of raclally polerizei \rotingl e1l of the cbic.Do candj.&tesIo-sr 1n tbe elecrion. Corpus Christi tras e popuiation of 231,9i,5P€rso:rr of rhieh 46.6? or IOg,175 are Bispanicr, ,et does uo.. harr:rDy qhicaDc repreaeD.latio. orl Ehe cit], cor.nrcil. I9g0 Ceasus tt 24.lhis r.udenepresencaticrn is part!cularly cgreglous since Corpr:sCbrirti conEains the lergest coneer:tlatlon of Ei.rpanics I-n e, iqJGSouth Teras city. Racially pclarized \rDiing is for.srC in aruller poliricaLrubdirrisions as ueli. lledina CoLEtty has e populition of 23,L6eof yh.ich 43.4? or LO,O12 ere of Spanish zz. There are no rrJ.spanlc6 on rhe ..*.:t:::."r,ffi..j, Ebe Eoadc Ciry Councii. Eleccions to thc CiEy CorDclI rre csr_ducted or, an st-l,arge basj.s. Electior, returns for ciry colrrciltaces shor a \rer]. higl correle:ion b€trleei ihe pelcqtage ofSpar.lsl: Su:.trnei voierr eni the pe:cen: of votes eas: fcrCh-canc eandi<ietes. the:eb1, sugges:ing aErot:,t pat!e_rs ofracially poiarizei vorirrE c6t+ uqJ . . . (tl) Qco,at ?loc Voh"l, * f, )"r^r1u n N";w, c,- .}, o* 1*1 F -\.i EIF' 9{9 Spaniah Surnee lotee Cert forVoters Cbicano C.rraia.t. 18.582 (Art chrDr f,o. 40.522 (AtrrchrDt Xo. 39.4i7 (AEtrchtrenr no. Ir: prcte:as of recially polerlzed votl.ng j;s 1]1e mal- DrEad 1r cor.oty elections es rrell as for coLErty leBurEs ff othrr ;!ate eleclioas. For cxaryIe, in the Jroe 5, Lg76 tDff for cotnty comissioaer precine! 3, tbe Spealeh- 13ar: registraEioD late for the coreLssiouer precluct was aa.B. -Tbe €tricEno candidate receiveC 45.57 of Ehe vote. h CI ;ry, 1980 Democrsric Parry priraary for AssocLetc Justlce It! Sr+ree Judicial D!6Erict, CourE of Appeals, the Chlcauo oadtdete received very little Bupport froo the predouinrntly 531o prccincEe . see Attechhent No. E. .theie axarylce rhould provlde rry1e ewidence demastraiiag tbe exietence of raclally polerlzed voting patterac tn r{erico Ac.ricen co*r'itie.. o[ W&e^nrill' \*Wvt.t+ac h*o ?.rz I1LI l"' .}}LL l"' rrrl.l 2; 1980- llrcr + 16.332 \3.BTL 39.9W 5) 6) 7> I ?asl- fric,t $*cl o[ WfuYdrill io C-.1-, # uackvr+rl v U.g - L-' L+ uql i' 11{1 !___- - ---..-.-' $g5P*:;i"i;:] il:,,"llil! "oillE'[:;lie>:ican Llrerican cnndidaccs and Anglo votcts vote fo: Anglo candidatee, erlsts ln clectioni in the citY of Lockhart. Evidence before this Court on the exiatence of raclally polarized wotilng cane in trro fores. first, Peraons farnillar ..vlth the electora1 Plocess in the City of l.ocktrart ud familiar rlth th! ua-v people vore in lrckhart Eestified rbout the exist- cnce of :aciai pclarized voting. Second, tsc exPert Yitneases Dr. Charles CoEreii ani Dr. f;ederick Cervaries tesrified rbour che exietenct cf raciallypolarizeCvoting based on their enalysis cf receni political r'aces ln the CiEy of Lockhert' lto'jcar-Asrerican resldents of the City of lrckb'att, stto LaC expe::j.ence !D the political Process vcre unanimouE that GhGir exPsrielrces in tbe PoLiticaL area rev{1a}ed the lxirteDcc of polarizi,d bloc woting r*rereby llexican Arrerican voiera voted for tlcrjcan Aoerican candii.ates ani Anglc votcrs voted for Anglo cradiaecet. See dcposieions of, Garcl-a pp. 7-15' 38; S.rrrto pF 12, }E, 19. =20, Z7-2a,- t""ti-Jny of lernarao Iergcl T.R. p. 209. Tesllnonr of ueorbers of the Cicy of Loc}-hart's Ang)'o Com.rnlty, rrho were taniliar vit} the po1- itical ptocess of Lockhart, also reveals inpressions that yould tndicate a:li are coneistent wirh the existcDce of ra- c5.a11y polarized voting. 6ee Depcsitions of; l{grle BurEon p. 65, Shufford Alexandet p. 25 and, Buckle; pp. 35-36. Tlre dale usei bt boib D:' Cotrell and Dr. CtrrvaDtes consisreC of eiecrio:. resulis fo: cit."-. ccu:l:ii ani uayora) races fror 1973 tc the PYesen:. Tne Piain;iff furaished, f or eacl, such tIecEion, lhe nr::r:be: of )'1e:::car .lmerican woterr pa:'iiclpatj.nF. Tc de:e::r:re the e,isac^3.e of racialiJ Pcl- a:'izei vo:ani tht n',.ole: cI vct':s *:eir-ei hs the l'fer:can I lr it !t lt H t{1"\ n rcd t0 l?artal Bloc UplinS, ca" t* ?cr'* {riru\ Bria*, Lo''^ A:rerican carrdj'dates uas comPa'ed to tht' nunrber of Hexlcatr American vote6. This analysls uas usc<l by both flr' Cotr(11 end Dr. CervenLcs' T'R' PP' 155' 254' The contl;tently clole correlatlon b.treen tl:e nuobe of votes recelvcd by tlexlcan Amerlcan candidatcs end thc nuober of l{exican AoericaD voteta !t aech electLon lndicatecl to boEh exPerto thr cr.''tt- cncc of racially p '"erlzed votiry' ?'R' PP' 155' 254' In fact, D!. CcrvaDtes revieued tbe dat3 uscd to iletenuine Ehe existearce of raciaIIy polarized voting in lillkes County' Ga' v. U.S., 450 f.'Supp- 1171 (D'D C ' 1978) end concluded ttre date evailablc for Lockhart ED:'e atrontly ludicatcd racietly polarized voti!g'. T'R' p' 255 I'!re record rlso rewclls Dtraxican Aalerican candidetcs have agvcr opposcd one enother' T.B. 9. 209. lloreover, vhil'e englo candidatee treve run un- opposed frm tloe to ti'Ee, cveo after the ldoPtLon of the Chrrter, ncver hes a Uexican Aoerican candidate becn unop- posed for a clty offlce T'R' p' 209' Taken .s e rrhole-, the Gourt -ErBt conclude frosr-lbg-facte'-- ln the record the cxist'nce of racially polarized votlng iD thc Ctry of Lockhart' Tbls evidence is rrven oore cmpclling rrhcn one coneLdcrs Plaintiff has not cooe forward vith rny deta to refute the cxisteace of racial'iy pola:lzed votiBg' T.R. PP. 22-24, Das6lB' 2. ID the @ntcxt-of-raclallv qtlill':1^:?:iig the edoption of the- Ermbered Post Provlsao3 rdve:'sei;- iEPactB th€ vo:int' aErentEn or ninorirY voEerE in l.ockhart' ,Iherecordofthiscaserevealsttra:generallyanuurb:rcd posr provlsion tras rhe effect of ta:ge:ing Einorlty ceadidaces' T.R.P. 96' 141, 149, & I5O llithin tht context of racialIy polarized voting, a uumbe:ed Pos! Bys:etr causes a draoaEic inerease in turnout by anglo voEers rc defeat t'he Drnotity candidates.Anurnbe:eiposls}'steE]elscperoicstheang}o corum:::it.v to P-J'6,ee iEs StrorrPes: candidate rgainst the uinor- 1143 lry cen:litlaic tn cnsur€ a head cn heaC race Dif. InL. ]driblr Hc. 5-5d,l.R. p. 245. Thc nirnbere<i post provision GhJD h86 ar,' adverse jsPect on minot j.Ev cand jilates. The rect,rd revi:als that raciel iy po-la:'izeC votinl exisEe lto lrchh 'f . Horeover, Anglp Eurnout incrcases dran,-,cicerlly *cn He:ic.an Aoerican c.'-rrdid:;es run for offi.ce. Def , Int.'s Ebtbit No. 5-5d. finally, the ntmbered posr provision has lear uaed co lsrgct Hexican American candidates in Lockhart ryrd har resulted Ln the 6E ongest anglo candid..a"" rrnitog Itrlnst the tulDorlty candidates. T.P.. p. 2A5, 247-219. ln vltt of tto.s evidencc, t.he eonclusion ls lnescapall€ thei the nrrabared post provision has en edversc j.Epact on ninorlty ?oEllr8 rEreDgth. Since tbere ir nc steted Justification for tbc atobe:ed post provision, Plaintiff has failed to Deet its Durdan that the erloption of the nluber post p:o...isior does not disc:iainate or Ehe basis oi rece. coio: o: ureobershir. ir. rr: epcitcable Ian; ,:eg,e ilnorLty ttroup. ?'\3 t*, ^lr \tqz lr12 ?.10l Qact*al BIoc Vod"1, cr,"'* ?auf {u,ora}1.o Lf * SL,l€- Qg.€) o'* tt48 \\'rthout the voting Rights Act. it Lc jusl goils P be insurmount' able for us to go to c6urtl And iet me tell Jou, I echo the colrrlD€Dts of m1 good friend Paul Ragsdale. Paul Ragsdale has done a tre- m"ndori. job in the iield of iedistricting I eiho the.remark^s of m1. goo;-fr;;;-e".";iao E"iert". we hav-e t<-, have this qyasi-judicial it.to, that *'e can depend on. wilhout goilg through the-grea" lip"nr" of going to cor.t. We havd to t€Il these people rn Texas. yes, there L."disErimination. yes, r^'e have been denieri access tc the i;3titi.ul p.o.t., ;t i;-; ti ttll them that there are manl lan' br.g. bar:-iers^ cultirral bar;-iers. we have to reminC these-?e.Plt ihui tb"t" is a poti ta-: that exrsted in 196[ \le have ro *1] the; that 'rhere **IEg"gtted "thools in the Sr'ale -We have to t€ll them there'. -;- gr;;1 ii.pu'rit.t of iacome leveis \\''e have rc tell rhen, tha: ti:ere'is polarted ,oirne rn the StAte. We ha'e tr tel'l LneE aooui tne umtreo@^' oI t,qt lf,r. Eowe'nns. I think you Bave us a very good statemen!' Mr' Ioreno, an excellent statemeni - . ]jl.i, ittink that very many s'hite people in Texas would vote b a Mexican American? Itrr. MonsNo. No. No, sir. ilr. Enw.nnps Sc that's u-hat you meant b1' "poiarized" voting- 1lr. trlo*r*L 14te hare a polirrzed voting slrtenr in Texas I U"f it hurts the Mexicar: American more because of our level of ducation, because of ou:- economic situation. Let's face it: we never bd candidat"i t" vote for. El Pa-so is 40(r years-old-We've had r*'o Iexican-American rna]'ors. We have haC in the lgqse of repre' pGti"". in the le$.sliture five people 5err-e since El Paso became o-""titi. fn.* ofihose people ire -ser,-rng right now; three Mexi" An Americarr= u.. sening rigirt non One wa-i defeated because he red ro ai:<,iisi.,he poi) 'tai. g4; vou have an indication of nhat tind of obstacles we have rn Texa-' -Lt.. foo-l.*os Wftal a'boui ihe l\{errca'n'Americar-' peopli iI Itras: *ouia ihe'r t'or" fcr a x'hiir candidate rather than a Mexi- clrr-Americar, canciidau if lhel' tn.:ughi the n'hite candidate s'a-e & beer candidate? ri;o Mr. Monrxo. I think-I knoul _I have. and I'm sure you lrno- that other people have. But again, the mere fact that *e s*-l Gonzaiez. a Garcia. a Eu:"esie. a Mrrrenc on the ballot. the averar,I person that does not realize *'hai the person stands for and whii have you is going to punch the l\{oreno. the Euresre and so ilI think that a grea'. number of m5 Anglo frienCs-and sorre ] mv best friends are Anglos-[]aughier;' vot-e againsr the lrlorep[ Itrs that simple. Jr{r. Eon-anos You have expressed a ceriain amount of emotb, and have been candid about u'hat I'our feelings are on this rssrre- that it effects -]:o_u personalll and .int,ernaiil' S hrat. s-iil be 15[ mental statB of Hrspanics in Texa-" if Corg:'ess dc,esrr't extend d Voring Brghts Acr? IUr. MonrNo. Oh. mygd Srreel poiilics F\i chaeJ frlwcs a* tte\'7-. The rcsr. I submrt. rs not hou manr biack elected ofilciai: have been elected because of or under the \''oirng Rrghts AcL, anC u-rceec there realil' have not been man]' in proportion t{) our nuiriber. bul rather hou marl rr-hires have loted for t,hose biac]<-. s-hc, were electeC There ma1' be s,lrrre isolated exampies someu'here where a largr number. of q'hir.es have vored for a biacL. but not in Birmtngha:r where Malol' Arringlon rs fiorr,: no1 rn Evergleen wher-e Mr Fluker come: frorn. Lnc certainll the jes= thar.' 2 percenl u-hir" voLr I recejvei rn lgit in a riisrr-icl oter 4(, perteni $'hire is er-idence of a patt.ern exisr.ent irr the Sourh A: iong a-. racialir pola:-ized vo',ing exisr=. there nill be a neecj for a Vo'.ing Rrsnls Act rr' prolect agatnsi n'hit.e politicians s'ho u'rll <io all thev car: tr. insure thel' sraf i;, office in area-. *-irn iarge biaci: Poruiait.n: [r^^d- L+ r,, r{ ) CI: Qoqo.-t '3[o. Va{t^1 , ,,u' \[ LCL'rry Ff \io?\ ?.lf P \ u\-o^r f I,l kA tP ) f,!, ) .-t I b tf The black population. based on the l.$ti0 census daLa for (;onecun cri,rii'"'b'.5g-i w;-"i; '11't pett"nr of the pooulati<'r; r*;;;i,jdl;"*" ej"li'B;ii ";;;ii"= conecrii: is one of the feu counrtes *.hich has a biack popuiatron of ot'., 4{) -pe,ceni Despite ;;;";;;b;...-"--ur1" tu"n',una'oie ro ejec'. anr hrlaci:s t.c corrnt] office because of rxial b)ol votlnl"']it igic-, e-had thr"ee blacks. to rurr ior c('urt! tn"rr-, "'"t" in runoffs And one lo-'' br e ;:.lal-Elll ol 2,1(' vo:es in an at-iarge eieciion--i" ii;i uehad to'clutacts t'o seei count' offire e+ lult '-i;;;-;;se. a $irite store manager wl'o hac been in Elergreen for }ess' than 2 )'ears ran against -t tit'" oi the u'hite -canciidaies even admitted ti'Ii ii=-t"Eo' . ro"ut'"t'it'g -"g"i "tt a bia':L cand'- ;;;;;;= because he felt he could beai hin:: The inferen"" ;;;';;;'a;"wj**'r!ii! i=,1131 the white candi' d"i{i^;;:,"-r.nting on tleg}-ute}loc' rrcte r'o ereci'nim ' office. Tu,o oi approrimate)1 r$int out polarized voting is sc- great in this St"ate that i" ry':^.'; r hlm notlti-callr {c, rnzr},e decisions adr antaFeous5soo"" tnt"m poTItic.aflrac' rnake decisions advantageous ED$.rlPs You are saying if thei di<i their job the.v u'ouldn't \\*rJ K'rtse1 [9]'z.lc S'!^^a-{a) a} tl'lo Nlo/lt^r- $e-rSuork- cL t1o3 r, that referendum, 84 percent of the s'hite voters voted to *i*;,, if," commission form of go\'€rriln€Dt. u'hile 84 percent of the fi ,;'l,.;;t-li;"f"l,1?;,in;.ur.:'xti:;"i,lIllf",edthe."ru,".,d;J tt i: ll.; ; :l *l:'lll't: ;?? i:# :"T;: iffi !'?i #, i "; " llo'# lii'"iirliota br whites thai they g,ere refusing tc sign the perition $r;+ the-t kne* our.pur.pos€' was to make blach rep:'esentation i -.it' g_"^':: :,1:." t Possible. The chart is what I call a 200 percent charge: th3^t^:=; tI:-It U *U bottom rirJ i:r,i.h-'!';; a"d af the t{'p is 100.Ft99'-t- Ever'v Ytt ca-ct b]' "';;;l;;i Toi *" If orecinct one ca-ct olll- 11"- ltr aoo . .hii "lTl :.t* u-l Sllli!:",1'-:;'f6 ;.'nil'S'ffiffi tines "'it; go ftrom the bottom to the rop' rr,u p,iJo." .Jr-ii is to indi::a'.,e and txl \'er}. drarnaticeJil anr E raph ! cal i.";ij "=;t't" -ii''"-airitt"n ce in the votrn g Patterns racral}3 it-.n* Sraie of MississiPPi wnen i;'";'ii';i-tii"*' vou $ili see that *]lFt= iust sio$ ,ion,,, .,otu i"rl-iu.f., no mattei *ha'. tht qualifications i don't mind somecne.6a):IrE it''it ttu-tUt ;-ou 'iust Con'" have t'ht q"oiintttion=-;;; i;l tt''t -g-";*ii' ejeciion Dr i'esjit \{ci'encre head of .#'i ";;;.i'bt^i- f, *'l,le.rii "' Pol irr cai Scien ce i)ep-:'tren: rar a-c ar' tndePendent -- Whl]tlspej}'racea]]the.timebecauseitis.afactofirfe-andI hare rc, ;ri'B;;"lt:bi. Giii* M.t*oore kind of gces arc'.rnd theissueandhetalk--.verynlce,rr'ithth.e.ideathatifyoudon't bring ir ";';;;';ttgoing-d solicit some whit'e votes' lsubmiiioyoutf,at_I\4ckmtt"a;a"'tgetan]'morevotesfrot the $.hite^. tiran I did. He goi-t"it, in factland he got fen'er in tbe Dlat^o' ccn'llunit5-' s.natlamsa}.IngLctiatracia]b}ochvotineinMrssissippiis tbere' and as long a-'at-targe !l*iio"= a-re'allo-ued to be held in municipalities, in counties, o?'":ti*i"r"r, black*.- simpll don't have a chance not onl].bec,ause or r".irj-uioc voting. but the black people simp),v aon'i t i". the means--n""r.i"tl"t to -mount campaigrr'< that are *,hai-we call in the sr.aL-;-i;bitcahrpaiensl that is, to get the word to all of the voters-to turn out' aaaitiiliir::th;";i;;f;;;;'"t*ini'u'"tharhistoricreiuctan* !o even sc) ou1' considerrng lt a s'a-ste of t'inoe at,^il Ll t1+t+ Be*.us: inei d:,r: ",*r", n.i.^l';"::a;Ttll."., ", r'oit ro:'si:'.+ *.r,iider.e for p;r.r: ciict Crr :ite c'.r,:: i':ali l:. L< a! iai-{ a: Mrgsls-'.r';- -<n.\^ ir lvla-.i r irnc E Sl;:..;l14ai $:i;ii voi.t Ic: a D;i:n 3ar)d:cali'I)i ii,a:ie: ii': uira', c,ii:t Sinct tirr guoe:rairrra.l ejel:,or oj,'J-- !-ei(iias si::q lha'. si::i i'o'.rr: rr iacxsor fo: o;z::-r). B.!ii, \'o'!t fl': a b;a:i landtCalt a\erdEt a!':';: n:t:l:'r.: oi i-l-,e un,tt !o!t St;,c: u')::tt vi)'!el's $'-1. Do:1'3'.+ ic: bla:i ::a!1i1c:ie: regari,es. or:he:'oua]Lrrca rio:, rrla:fc'r;: o- ri:,'ara3 a', iarg. eie:tioni <irsc:':ir rr:I€: agltils: t;a:t:-. a:- elle;::i'e)1 - a*. i.i:r,:;i ge:'r.r'riandrrei ir, drluit Lht vct:.rr5 s:.€:,i.r :': :',r-i:: ,#Pi.:wdiEl !' ;1'lildrslFlurL^Ir.€iIls!.IJa,E .L iLfHElEIEil CO Anrfal Blo<- c-o,^ tf i\l^rlrt\oi BrlflnarL t l-?t'l i v. BrRcunnx Mr. Chairman, I think it can be safel,'.said that idl*,".;'Jils*'*il,*,ll;*'3"'i,lli'l;r"?'l;""3;,1'#'u1?t '#rll*l?,:'lJ"#':":",n;l,ln'in:::=':"",'.T:'";*":id'J#'i:?[ Ii;:l-':l:ltd,"-=, :hi'^u::. ::TLlt, Jl":",' l1"clwtr^- Cir\{%/!S tgl- nYs-r (v+r5 Qk e..4 rtr\e*5ri) I - M= C*i.'tn,.. "Congt"ti-,n Ed\^'ards' we drd find' in juridictions t5"-er#'"*t"a ir'?i,i s"rirr. ir.,"* u'ere contir-,ring prob)erns of racia]bjocvoting'Althoughinman5inst,ancesblackimal'votefor l;;#..;it"=-riili-"." .E)r"tant to vote for plackl And this has orelenred *rnr. -iJoiial".-i" jursidictions sub.iect to preclearance from being elected to offic't' 5.51-^-th ?ot\,\1o4. ( i.^^^Q- &E+ AS As"^, (uttr.L O+s Dr,r) ^-+ l82i- Mr. Epwenos. WelI, obviously attitudes are going to change' and a whole "tJ*pU"t. wtric!' we-hope is changing n-on" because an- orher phen#;T;;;;';6;"a'u tot aboul ii tbese bearinet is blocvoting-*t,"'*insomalJ'.iurisdictionswhitepggple.arenot f,xTinTr':""x ltin *is:r #**TI EiJ:i' $ *[ H""S thai black ;+1" u;"-;fl"n "bt p"*icularlf interested in voting for whitp *"dfi;;;. s. p;;ii." r*i "ou get down to whoever has the political power to g6rr-rmanaei'cr""atnost elect anybody they want. Mr. PorrrNcze. I think that dilemma- that -you have just dgftnqd U"-p.-r,Sti';ru"1r*ii[;;ur"r reaches of the aet. It be=lff to Iead to discussions of effect, quoG. aI those things tha*. have been posed as i.i-i"": t" democraili I foio"" would tLerefore not s'ish to propose ;),rte; i" thi. ".i tfr.i would deal *'ith bloc voting in a vrav ttu, ?uli*triii. rp..t"i"t those nondemocratic results' ' i1;;-;;;-;;';""'i" tt," "i"ii rigt,,. communir.r-, liierall' no one, suggeEt, {or instance' thai'ti de?l "ith th-e- or'obierc' of bloc voting. """n'tt-"t bloc voting-yiri; ;;b.-i-d-?iifr&l as haring the il",ffi"';i'fi-t"i't ueep:uigcu.- o"t oi office, there has to be proportronat"i:;.2J";;A -N;;u ho r,rggested that. In fact, I thir.k 1.ou ;riir "fffi-ihri'"t-n"'.i*i agHG co[i1''u:rit5 . k,,ov-i,,g thg reaction that such an idea wouid ireaw. and kaowing the anti- democratic nature of it, is moreEreful to steer an'ar fron-" it than other peopi.--*[" *-;'t" thi";"bi;;;i+] b" w';1li,,g rc d.iscuss. Mr. Eoi'nnne WeIl, thme are verT'$'L* worcls -\o1L t\ctsriJit- (-ut, (,ir.ir'i: \-i-Y9) .^l 11t( -- ' As more min;,ritr citizens hgve been ab.le to retLcter and ta, \ man)' curiir,uni'"ies have fcunc' more sc.,phislicateC but ni, iesi p e;'ful v'ar'= tc, cienl minoriti' voiing strerrSl.ii. Trie rrroSl corru discnninaron practice IS tc, rrraripulate election dlst:-icts si., n:irrc:-ii1' ca:riiCaie. cat-. rievei r-in througb racialll motiva'-ed tiisiricting. annexations ani ai-iarge elecirc,ns. ti-: I I ' r t -S-ner, judgei in irghi of the siill-ct,mrnorr practic€ oi racral bir nerr.jtiggeG lll llpfri Oi Lne Sillr-COfi.Ifr0fi praCIlC€ OI raglai Di, voriris. lhese techniqu* denl the pcu'er of t.he vot€ to mrrlc,r ciirz.ans Tne., rnakr i: difficult for rrrinorii]' groups tc eiecr ca:; daies oi anl' race wno *'iir respond to their neecis Minoritl. vol rrha, car, nevei ereci a candidate of their choice because or ra3 discrrrr,ination. lack tbe full po\Fer of their franchise. Ua\n3 r ?.ll( a* rqES