School Opening 1971 Clippings (Folder)

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EDUCATION: School Opening 1971

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In^ra.tion Gains as Schools Throug'hou

Desegregation Projects Set 

Across the Land— Plans 

for Busing Stir Foes

Continued From Page 1, Col. 7

I that city. Mr. Nixon also di- 
; rected the Attorney General and 
; the Secretary of Health, Educa- 
, tion and Welfare to "work with 
‘ individual school districts to 
1 hold busing to the minimum 
i required by law.”

“He can only create chaos 
' by diis policies,” Mrs. Gladys 
:J«cNairy, acting president of 
t a e  Pittsburgh Board of Educa- 

ion, said of Mr. Nixon’s ap- 
-woach to the busing contro- 

; -fersy.
“When he says. In effect,

; don’t  bother about busing, you 
can Imagine the effect on the 

(people in in the North who 
{subtly support segregation,” she 
,said. “They’ve been waiting for 
■tomBihing like this.”

Most school districts outside 
•he South, including a number 
rf major cities, still have not 
been touched in a major way 
w  desegregation. In Chicago, 

rb r example, strong pressures 
tor integration that existed in 
‘he nineteen-sixties have failed 
«nd the municipal district re­
mains one of the most segre-

fated in the country, with 
lacks making up only 3 per 

« n t  of the enrollment in 
-ichools that had a majority of 
'Whites last year.

But, because of the impetus 
of the civil rights movement,. 
Supreme Court rulings, a pro­
liferation of lawsuits and the 
enforcement of Federal, state 
and local civil rights laws, a 
surprising number of non- 
Southern communities have 
found themselves faced with 
desegregation plans.

Implementing the Plans 
It is now a question of 

whether the plans will be real­
ized and the effort carried to 
other cities or whether they 
will be overcome by the op­
position, as has already hap­
pened in such cities as Denver.

“We’re all for integration,” 
said Stephen Knight Jr., a mem­
ber of the Denver Board of 
Education who helped turn 
back an ambitious desegrega­
tion plan there.

“We just don’t  think busing 
is the right way,” Mr. Knight 
continued. “We’re thinking of 
a  variety of other programs. 
We’re trying to bring up 
achievement levels. That’s the 
direction we’re headed now.” 

The South, whose schools 
were almost totally segregated 
in 1954, surpassed the rest of 
the nation last year in the 
percentage of blacks enrolled 
in schools that had a majority 
of whites. In the 11 states of 
the old Confederacy, that per­
centage more than doubled in 
two years, from 18 per cent in 
the fall of 1968 to 39 per cent 
last fall. In the 32 Northern 
ind Western states, it re­
named unchanged at 28 per 
;ent, according to a survey 
onducted by the Department 
(f Health, Education and Wel- 
are.

The survey also showed that, 
-n many of the larger, non- 
Southem cities, integration de­
clined from 1968 to 1970. In 
New York the percentage of 
blacks in majority-white schools 
dropped from 19.7 to 16.3; in 
Detroit, from 9 to 5.8; in Phila­
delphia, from 9.6 to 7.4; in St. 
Louis, from 7.1 to 2.5, and in 
Boston, from 23.3 to 18.

Token Integration 
Since 1954, when the Su­

preme Court ruled that racial 
segregation in public schools 
was unconstitutional, most of 
the pressure for change has 
been in the South and the 
Border States, which openly 
maintained dual school sys- 
terms. Any desegregation that 
took place in the North was 
largely voluntary, and token. I 

In the late nineteen-sixties, 
however, the Federal Govern­
ment began moving against 
some Northern districts through! 
the civil rights laws and law-1 
suits, and civil rights groups! 
also went into the courts. But! 
the process was slower and! 
more difficult in the North, be-l 
cause the plaintiffs had to! 
prove that there had been al 
policy of segregation or ex-1 
elusion. I

These cases and executive! 
action have now begun to cornel 
to maturity. I

San Francisco is the largest! 
city on the verge of major 
school integration, and the con-1 
troversy is of, major propor­
tions. Meetings of the school 
board, attended by capacity 
crowds of 1,000 and three doz­
en policemen have been inter­
rupted, by heckling and fist! 
fights.'

Protest Encouraged
Some of the opposition has 

come from Chinese-American 
parents who have joined with 
white conservatives to protect 
the concept of neighborhood 
schools. Mayor Joseph Alioto 
has been a leader of the op-1 
position and has publicly en-̂  
couraged parents to protest 
“nonviolently.”

The district is under Federal 
court order to integrate 46,000 
elementary school pupils when 
the schools open next month. 
The plan involves the busing of
25,000 at a cost of $2.5-millionl 
a  year. A school board appeal 
for a stay-was rejected by the 
United States Court of Appeals 
for the Ninth Circuit on Aug. 12. 

Two adjoining d istr ic^ —Rich-

BUSING— NORTHERN STYLE: Schoolchildren in Harrisburg, Pa., starting trips to as­
signed schools as program of thorough integration got under way last year. Pupils are 
sent to schools by computer which bases decisions on raciai and economic factors.

mond and Berkeley—have de­
segregated their schools, with 
a considerable amount of busing 
involved. Desegregation has al­
so taken place in other Cali­
fornia communities, but officials 
there contend that this has not 
overcome efforts to segregate 
by neighborhood patterns. 

Isolation Trend
Racial and ethnic isolation 

is increasing,” . said Ted Neff, 
assistant chief of the Office of 
Intergroup Relations for the 
California Department of Edu­
cation. “That’s a fact.”

Wichita, Kan., is another city 
scheduled to be thoroughly in­
tegrated this fall, but not under 
court order. Because it has 
practiced overt segregation in 
the past, the district has been 
under pressure since 1966 from 
the Department of Health, Edu­
cation and Welfare.

The plan finally agreed to 
calls for all Wichita schools 
to have 85 per cent white and 
15 per cent minority enroll­
ments, which would roughly 
reflect the city’s racial make-up. 
About 4,250 of the district’s 
5,000 black students and about 
1,500 of the 29,000 white stu­
dents will be bused to accom­
plish this.

Evansville, Ind., also was 
scheduled to undergo a thor­
ough integration plan this fall. 
But the school board withdrew 
its agreement with the Depart­
ment of Health, -Education and 
Welfare after President Nixon’s 
statement on Aug. 3 against 
busing, and asked for new ne­
gotiations. A spokesman for the 
board said, “Nixon muddied the 
waters and we are waiting for 
a clarification.”

‘A Black Municipality’
The school board in Pontiac, 

Mich., under court orders to 
achieve integration this fall 
through busing, was seeking 
last-minute relief from the Su­
preme Court on the ground 
that desegregation would con­
vert the city into “a black 
municipality.”

“The foreseeable disaster of 
race relations in terms of white 
flight in Pontiac will be a 
court-made disaster,” the school

district said in seeking an ap­
peal from a decision of the 
United States Court of Appeals 
for the Sixth District, which 
upheld the desegregation plan.
, A reverse of this situation 
occurred in Seattle, where the 
school board ordered a plan in­
volving the busing of 8,500 
students to achieve integration. 
A state judge, William J. Wil- 
kens, blocked the order and the 
school board appealed.

In Indianapolis, a Feleral court 
has ordered a desegregation 
plan for this fall that falls con-i 
siderably short of the total in­
tegration sought by the Justice 
Department. But the court took 
steps that eventually may be 
more significant. On Aug. 18, 
it instructed .the Justice Depart­
ment to legally attack a 1969 
merger of the city with Marion 
County on the ground that the 
merger should have included 
the school districts in the area, 
as well as other government 
functions.

Metropolitan Integration
The Indianapolis School Dis­

trict roughly follows the pre- 
merger boundaries of the city. 
The court noted that nearly 40 
per cent of the people living in 
the school districts are black, 
while the outlying districts are 
mostly white. Thus, it is con­
sidered likely that Indianapolis 
will be one of the first cities 
in which the metropolitan area 
is considered as a whole in the 
integration plans.

In Detroit, officials say it is 
possible that the courts may 
order into effect a thorough 
integration plan adopted by the 
school board but blocked by 
the Michigan Legisiature.

In Rochester, the school 
board will put into effect next 
month a voluntary plan that 
will include the busing of 10,- 
000 students.

1 Providence, the school 
board has o rd e r^  into effect, 
over streng community objec­
tions, the third stage of a de- 
segration program that it be­
gan in 1967. The steps to be 
taken next month are designed 
to balance the schools racially. 
About 15,000 of the city’s
177,000 residents are black.

In Minnesota, Minneapolis,

St. Paul and Duluth are taking 
steps for partial integration, as 
a result of pressure from state 
officials. In Minneapolis, the 
pairing of black and white 
schools has stirred controversy.

Two Northern states—Penn­
sylvania and Massachusetts— 
are making concerted efforts to 
achieve desegregation, but the 
big cities are resisting.

The Pennsylvania Human Re 
lations Commission, proceeding 
under a State Supreme Court 
decision, is moving to break up 
the predominantly black schools 
and has succeeded in a num­
ber of districts. Harrisburg 
thoroughly integrated its 
schools last year, with busing, 
based on the students’ raciai 
and economic background.

Pittsburgh and Philadelphia 
were ordered to begin integra­
tion plans this fall but have 
appealed to the courts. It is 
uncertain when the m atter will 
be decided. Richardson Dil- 
worth, presideat of the Phila­
delphia school board and 
former Mayor, said, “The white 
population of this city would 
never permit the kind of mas­
sive cross-busing the order 
would require, nor would the 
City Council or the state legis­
lature appropriate the money.” 

State Funds Cut Off
The Massachusetts Board of 

Education, in its enforcement of 
a 1965 state law requiring ra­
cial balance in the schools, has 
cut off $21.3-million in State 
funds to Boston, and the school 
board has decided to  sue for 
release of the funds. Open en­
rollment and other steps taken 
by the board has not stopped 
the trend toward more black 
schools. The state refused to 
accept a compromise plan sub­
mitted this month, and the 
issue apparently will go to the 
courts.

In Denver, State Senator 
-George Brown Jr., a leader in 
the lagging integration drive 
there, summed up feeling that 
seem to predominate in most 
areas.

“Fewer and fewer people are 
willing to say anything positive 
about integrated education,” he 
said, “even though we’ve had 
no opportunity to  test it.”



uth
Open Quietly

Desegregation in North
By JOHN BERBERS

Special to The New York Times

WASHINGTON, Aug. 30 
This fall, for the first time, a 
substantial amount of school 
desegregation is scheduled to 
take place in cities outside the 
South and the Border States.

Integration plans stemming 
from court orders, voluntary 
action or pressures from state 
lovernments or the Federal 
Sovemment are to go into ef­
fect in a number of Northern 
md Western cities, from Provi- 
lence, R. I., to San Francisco.

At the same time, several 
Jther cities—including Philadel- 
>hia, Pittsburgh, Detroit and 
loston—have been embroiled 
n controversies over sweeping 
lesegregation orders that could 
;o into force a t  an undeter- 
nined time.

In most cities where the issue 
las t>een raised, resistance is 
nounting. As in the South, the 
;ontroversy centers on busing, 
ind those working for integra- 
:ion say that President Nixon’s 
intibusing stance has stiffened 
•he opposition.

On Aug. 3, the President 
sked the Justice Department 
0 appeal the ruling of a Fed- 
ral judge upholding a plan by 

school board in Austin, 
ex., that provided for exten- 
ive crosstown busing to de- 
egregate the public schools in
lontinued on Page 23, Column 1



THE N E W  YORK TIMES, SVNDA Y. A UGUST IS, 1971

Busing- for Desegreg-ation to Affect 350,000 Pupils in the South

A *  YT* 1. • n> 1. j  « . .  .  .  The New YorJcT?mes/Lee Romero
At Kennedy High in Richmond, Va^ a predominantly black school, the face of a white youngster stands out as special bus brings in the students. Busing faces opposition in South. 

By JAMES T. WOOTEN
SpeolaJ tio The ̂

ATLANTA, Aug. 14—Despite 
politics and protest, thousands 
of Southern children will be 
riding buses to integrated 
schools when classes resume 
later this month.

Full statistics are not avail­
able, but a  check around the 
region indicates that 350,000 
children from Virginia to Mis­
sissippi -will be affected by de­
segregation plans involves bus-, 
ing that have been approved by 
Federal courts and are un­
changed by the recent outburst 
o f  debate,

.Most of , the children are 
black, and most live in urban 
■ ^as  were;,segregated residen­
tial patterns have reduced 
schools by a  single race and 
where racial balance is possi­
ble only through crosstown 
transportation.

Inguiries also showed that 
officials in most districts where 
busing was planned were con­
fident that it would be accept­
ed, a t least with stoic decorum 
if not with enthusiasm.

Response by Wallace 
But the resurgence of public 

debate on the issue, highlighted 
by President Nixon’s  orders to 
Federal officials to  keep busing 
to  the minunum .'required by 
law, has not been without 
effect.

The response og Gov. George 
C. Wallace of Alabama was per­
haps the most dramatic. In the 
last three days, he has issued 
Executive oraers for the trans­
fer of one child to a school to 
which she had not been as­
signed and for the reopening of 
an ail-black school that had 
been closed by a court order.

Mr. Wallace said today that 
he xepected to take further 
steps to “assist Mr. Nixon in 
his antibusing campaign” and 
indicated that he would issue 
another order Monday.

Similarly, Gov. John J. Mc- 
Eithen of Louisiana vowed yes­
terday to  prevent busing in his 
state. Gov. John Bell Williams 
of Mississippi told reporters 
Thursday that he was “watch­
ing the situation closely.”

Rise in Antagonism 
A less spectacular but equal­

ly significant reaction to the  
President’s announcement has 
been the renewal of overt an­
tagonism to  busing on the part 
of private citizens and local of­
ficials in the South.
. School board officials in Rich-, 

mond, Va.; in Columbia and 
Greenville, S. C.; in Mobile and 
Birmingham, Ala., and in Jack- 
son and Biloxi Miss., have re­
ported an upsurge in telephone 
calls and letters criticizing them 
for implementing busing plans.

Last Monday night, the 
school board of Jefferson Coun­
ty, Ky., refused to  submit a 
new desegregation plan, which 
i t  had been advised to  submit 
by the United States Depart­
ment of Health, Education and 
Welfare.

In Jefferson Parish, La., 
school board attorneys filed a 
last-^minute appeal against a  
busing plan already approved 
by a  Federal District Court. A 
similar appeal was filed last

week by the school board in 
Nashville, Tenn., where the 
busing issue propelled a  less- 
experienced poitician into a 
runoff against -the incumbent 
mayor.

Impact Is Minimized 
All across the South, in dis­

tricts where busing is already 
a  fact or where new desegreg­
ation plans that include bus­
ing are to go into effect this 
autumn, public protest has 
shown a marked increase in 
intensity since the President’s 
statement.

But only a  few officials and 
private citizens believe the re­
cent furor will have any signi­
ficant impact on desegregation 
processes in their districts.

“My heart says ‘Hooray,’ 
but my head tells me other­
wise,” said A.-F. Summer, At- 
troney General of Mississippi.

“The law is the law, and 
even if Nixon has really tried— 
which I’m not so sure he has 

■the law is still the law, 
school board member in Char- 
lote, N. C., said this week.

Much of the national atten- 
ion on busing in the last year 
has focused on Charlotte, 
where a Federal District judge 
in 1969 approved a desegrega­
tion, plan including massive
busing a means of elnninating ̂ y^^ere busing is used to any 
the last vestges of a  dual great degree. “

Earle D. Jones, superintendent 
of schools in Maysville, Ky.

His views were shared by 
many other school officials in 
the South who had counted on 
Federal funds to help finance 
new buses and defray the costs 
of larger transportation pro­
grams.

In Jackson, Miss., for instance, 
the school board, which filed 
at least 10 counter-integration 
suits in the last eight years, 
voluntarily submitted a deseg­
regation plan for the first time. 
The plan has won the approval 
of Slack and white leaders.

The ambitious proposal, ap 
proved later by the Federal 
court, included massive busing 
of students and the construc­
tion of two modern educational 
parks a t either end of the city.

Federal Money Needed
“But without Federal money, 

which we had assumed we 
would get as a matter of 
course, this whole thing is go 
ing to be difficult it not im­
possible to pull off,” said Ken­
neth Wagner of the Mississippi 
Research and Development Cen­
ter, the agency responsible for 
the parks concept.

Approximately 9,000 pupils 
will be bused this year in 
Jackson and 2,000 in Biloxi, 
the only other city in the state

going to have it that way, 
anyway.”

If busing does become a po­
litical issue there, it will have 
had a precursor in the mayoral 
race in Nashville, when the in­
cumbent, Beverly Briley, 
facing a runoff with Casey Jen­
kins, a one-term city council­
man who campaignde against 
busing. Mr. Briley also opposes 
busing, and “Now the trick 
seems to be who can be more 
against it,” according to a local 
editor.

Bigger Florida Program
The desegregation plan now 

in effect for Nashville calls for 
the busing of about 45,000 of 
the 96,000 pupils in the system.

Chattanooga is the only oth­
er city planning to use busing 
in Tennessee. Approximatetly 
7,500 pupils are includead in its 
plan.

In Virginia, busing plans are 
to begin or continue in Rich­
mond, Petersburg, Roanoke, 
Norfolk and Lynchburg. About 
50,000 children in those cities 
would be affected, as well as 
several thousand more if bus­
ing plans for Newport News, 
Portsmouth and Chesapeake

schools are approved by the 
Federal courts in the next few 
days.

Most large Florida cities are 
now busing a total of about
150,000 pupils in an attempt 
to compljf with desegregation 
plans. This year, that number 
will include greatly enlarged 
programs in Jacksonville, Tam­
pa, St. Petersburg, Fort Lauder­
dale and Miami.

Unlike many other systems 
in metropolitan areas of the. 
South, Atlanta’s public schools 
will not be busing this year. 
The Federal court rejected bus­
ing plans for the sprawling city 
system as “not reasonable, feas­
ible or workable.”

Gloomy About Future
The court suggested that new 

housing and employment pat­
terns in Atlanta, as well as the 
construction of a  rapid transit 
system, would do more to unify 
the school system than any­
thing else.

But in Athens and Columbus, 
the only two cities in Georgia 
where busing is being used, ap­
proximately 2,500 pupils will 
be bused this year.

Most school officials and civil 
rights leaders across the South 
now believe that, while the 
amount of busing will probably 
not be substantially altered by 
the latest controversy, the 
future of busing as an expand 
ing desegregation technique is 
gloomy.

They agree that the courts 
are not likely to  reverse them­
selves on busing cases they 
have already decided, but that 
future busing suits may be dealt 
with quite differently.

“The one thing that Nixon 
and most other people don’t 
seem to understand is that the 
Supreme Court and no other 
court has ever made busing a 
law,” a young black lawyer in 
Shreveport, La., said this week. 
“All the Supreme Court said 
was that the lower courts and 
the local school boards could 
use busing it they felt it was 
necessary to achieve unitary 
systems.”

Now, many Southerners are 
convinced that those courts and 
those school boards will not be 
likely to feel that way in the 
future.

school system.
Ruling by High Court

His decision was appealed 
by the school board, joined by 
several other districts. Last 
spring the Supreme Court ruled 
that busing is a constitutional 
technique for achieving unified 
school systems in the urban 
south.

The President initialljr res­
ponded by saying that his Ad­
ministration would uphold and 
enforce the Court’s decision, 
and in various cities through­
out the South, attorneys for 
civil righs organizations began 
devising and submitting new 
desegregation plans to the 
courts. Many of them included 
busing.

As the sumtner progressed, 
many of the busing plans were 
approved and ordered into im­
plementation. But, earlier this 
month, busing plans, drawn by 
the Department of Health,’ 
Education and Welfare foi 
Dallas and Austin, Tex., were] 
rejected by Federal courts there 
in favor of local school board 

that provided for a 
limited, part-time integration.

The President, although au­
thorizing an appeal of the 
Austin decision, criticized the 
plans drawn by the Federal 
department and instructed his 
Administration to handle school 
desegregation with the “mini­
mum busing required by law.” 

Finds Busing Doomed
He also directed Eiliot L. 

Richardson, Secretary of 
Health, Education and Welfare, 
to draft legislation that would 
exclude aid for busing from a 
$1.5-billion emergency fund 
now being considered by Con­
gress to aid schools that are 
desegregating.

“That kills busing.” said

Now there is speculation that 
the current national controver­
sy will produce a  response 
from the two men seeking the 
Democratic nomination for 
Governor of Mississippi.

Both Lieut. Gov. Charles Sul­
livan and Wiliiam Wailer, a 
Jackson lawyer, avoided raciai 
issues in their preliminary cam­
paigns and have not shown a 
great interest in discussing bus­
ing in the time remaining be­
fore the runoff election on Aug. 
28.

Pressure on Candidates I 
But knowledgeable sources 

in Jackson say that both men 
are under pressure within 
own camps to take antibusingj 
stands.

Then we would be righl 
back where we started,” a law­
yer in Jackson said. “We can­
not afford to have public edu 
cation mixed up in politics 
more, but it looks like we’i



The New York Times/Blll Barley
BUSING IN COLUMBIA, S.Ci: Pupils boarding a bus at a formerly ail-black school for an eight-mile ride home

.'I >  ^



f'the Soutl

Possible Protests Indicated 
in Districts That Have 

Not Yet Returned

Continued From Page 1, Col 6

schools has been delayed while 
similar appeals are decided. 
Groups of parents in those 
cities have already announced 
their intentions to oppose any 
departure from already estab­
lished plans.

But from Little Rock, Ark., 
to Birmingham, Ala., to Raleigh, 
N. C., buses rumbled to and 
from the school yards today 
loaded with black and white 
children, and there were no 
substantial problems..

When the last bells clanged, 
desegregation seemed more 
firmly established than ever 
before.

2-to-l White Ratio
School and government of-1 

ficials have no statistics this 
early in the term, but estimates 
based on their previous sur­
veys indicate that less than 8 
per cent of the 3.2 million 
black students in the 11-state 
region will still be attending 
classes in all-black schoolswhen 
all the districts have returned.

The same estimates indicate 
that more than 35 per cent of 
the black youngsters will be en­
rolled this year in schools that 
have a white majority, such as 
those in Little Rock, Ark., 
where busing and pairing plans] 
today produced a consist­
ent 2-to-l, white-black ratio 
throughout the 24,000-student| 
system.

A similar ratio was achieved 
as classes began in Birming­
ham, Ala., and in adjacent Jef­
ferson County. “We had a little 
confusion — not much more 
than on any first day,” a 
spokesman there said as more 
than 110,000 children returned 
to class, many of them riding 
buses out of their neighbor­
hoods to distant schools.

Concern Over Mobile
The reaction of Birmingham 

parents to the first school day 
was watched closely by Federal 
officials. Last week. Gov. 
George C. Wallace urged a 
peaceful resistance to  busing. 
“I don’t know about any of 
that here,” a Birmingham 
school official said today.
5,, There is concern in Alabama,

however, that the Governor’s 
advice may have fallen on more 
receptive ears in Mobile, the 
largest system in the state. 
Schools open there Sept. 8, two 
days after he makes his annual 
Labor Day speech at a local 
park. The system is under a 
court order to_ achieve ..an ap' 
proximate 3-to-2, white-black 
ratio in its schools by using 
busing.

Governor Wallace spoke Sat­
urday night in Jacksonville, 
Fla., where schools are sched­
uled to open with heavy busing 
next week. He again challenged 
President Nixon to issue Execu­
tive orders against all busing 
and the 1,000 people in his 
audience cheered their approval.

Elsewhere in Florida today,'

schools in Miami, Tampa and 
Fort Lauderdale opened smooth­
ly. In West Palm Beach, how­
ever, there were reports of a 
boycott forming at three for­
merly black schools. School 
board officials estimated that 
about 2,000 students may have 
stayed away throughout the 
60,000-student system and ap­
proximately 20 mothers pick­
eted at one of the elementary 
schools.

In Raleigh, N. C., and Rich­
mond, Va,, two cities where 
busing plays a major role in 
the desegregation of the 
schools, there were no reported 
problems.

In Charlotte, N. C., where 
more than half of the 80,000 
students are to be bused for

the second year, classes do notj 
begin until Sept. 7. Community* 
leaders there are optimistim 
about continued public co-' 
operation. 1

In Columbia, S.C., a busingl 
plan was hnpleniented toda^ 
and while there were no appan-- 
ent difficulties, school official* 
conceded that as many as 
1,000 white students may have 
transferred to private acade­
mies during the summer. It will 
be another two weeks before 
all of the 11.5 million elemen­
tary and high school students 
in the South are back in the 
classroom. Most state educa­
tion officials and Federal agmi- 
cies are continuing a close 
surveillance of those schools 
yet to open.



Report CTW
Southern Integration 
Makes Major Strides, 
Despite Zealous Foes

Very Few Districts Remain 
Segregated; Busing Is Now 
Becoming a Fact of Life

Tales of the Bracey Sisters

By Neil Maxwell
S ta tf Reporter  0/ T h e  W a l l  S t r e e t  J o u r n a l  

Fourteen years ago tomorrow, nine Negro 
teenagers attempted to integrate Central High 
School in Little Rock. The small group’s a r­
rival a t the yellow-brick school had been sanc­
tioned by a federal court and the local school 
board.

But the teenagers were repelled by mem­
bers of the Arkansas National Guard, who, 
along with state troopers, had been sent to the 
school grounds two nights earlier by Gov. Orval 
E. Faubus “to maintain or restore order.” 

Three tumultuous weeks passed before the 
black youths were able to slip into their class­
rooms through a  side door-and by that time 
the mood of Liitle Rock’s white community 
was hysterical. The Associated Press reported: 

“  ‘They’ve gone in / a man roared. ‘Oh, 
God, the niggers are in the school.’

“A woman screamed, ‘Did they get in? 
Did you see them go in?’

“ 'They’re in nme,’ some other man 
yelled.

“ ‘Oh, m y God/ the woman screamed. 
She burst into tears and tore at her hair. 
Hysteria swept the crowd. Other women 
began weeping and screaming.”
The chaos was such that by noon the blacks 

were taken from the school in police cars. 
When they returned two days later, they were 
escorted up the front steps of Central High by 
paratroopers of the lOlst Airborne Division-  
bayonets at the ready.

That’s the way It was in 1957. Here’s the 
way it is in 1971:

—It’s quite likely that the only segregated 
school districts left in the South will be the 
handful where whites have fled to private 
schools, in effect handing over the public ones 
to blacks. In 1957, by comparison, there was 
not a single black student in school with whites 
in Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, 
South Carolina or Virginia.

-T h is  fall, many urban districts such as 
those in Atlanta, Nashville, Charlotte, Texar­
kana, Ark., Columbia, S.C., Jackson, Miss., 
and Birmingham, Ala., will probably be as 
close to desegregation as they ever will be, 

-R ac ia l mixing in the schools of smaller 
cities is even more complete. Chances for 
meaningful integration in these cities have 
been helped by many factors: School zones 
have been changed, there are no suburbs for 
v.hltcs to See to, and busing has long been ac­
cepted as a fact of life. (Youngsters have been 
bused to segregated schools lor decades.)

-Inside integrated schools, a  second gener­
ation of problems, including class-by-class and 
person-to-person discrimination, is being recog­
nized; and in many cases attempts are being 
made to solve these problems.
Continuing Trouble Spots

There are, to be sure, continuing trouble 
spots. In the black b e lt - a  narrow band of 
rural Negro population stretching across the 
Southeastern U.S. from the Atlantic Ocean to 
the Mississippi River-integration is working 
poorly, if at all, because of a still-spreadii^ 
rash of segregated private schools. Neverthe­
less, integration has made striking gains in the 
South, with many of these gains having come 
about in the past two years.

According to government figures, 39% of the 
black students in Southern states last year 
were attending schools with white majorities-  
more than double "the 18% attending such 
schools a  year earlier. Furthermore, the Race 
Relations Information Center, a Ford Founda­
tion-supported group in Nashville, Tenn., says 
the percentage of black students in integrated 
schools soared to 86% last year from 32% in 
1968, 16% in 1966, 6% in 1965, 2% in 1964 and 
0.2% in 1960.

In fact. Southerners striving to make inte­
gration work are uncharacteristically optimis­
tic this year. “The overwhelming majority of 
whites now will accept substantial token inte- 
gratloii in everything but housing,” says Paul 
Anthony, director of the Southern Regional 
Council in Atlanta. “The typical businessman 
has no problem with his daughter being in a 
class of 20 children, six of them black. This is 
genuinely revolutionary in term s of Southern 
custom.”

Optimism, however, is in some cases tinged 
with reservations. “I think the end of the road 
is in sight,” says Winifred Green, a veteran 
field worker for the American Friends Service 
Committee, “but there are some forces operat­
ing that could blow the whole thing up. We’re 
so close, but we’ve got such a  long way to go.” 

’The forces working against integration are 
seen throughout the South. Last fall, for exam­
ple, a group of white parents in South Carolina 
terrorized Negro children by overturning the 
buses that brought them to a white school. And 
over the years since Little Rock, there have 
been a  series of Southern politicians vowing 
never to give in to integration.
The Role of the President

Some of these politicians are at the highest 
levels. Then-Gov. Claude Kirk of Florida, tak­
ing a  leaf from the book of Alabama’s Gov. 
George Wallace, early last year stood immova­
ble In the doorway of a Bradenton, Fla., school- 
house—stepping down only after a federal 
judge put him under a  $10,000-a-day contempt- 
of-court citation. Indeed, many Southern politi­
cians have only bowed to integration moves 
under strong pressure from the federal govem- 
m ent-som etimes from the President himself.

’This year, however, some integration propo­
nents in the South say a  major problem is the 
President himself.

While die President’s position against wide­
spread busing has thus far had little effect on 
Southern school districts, most of which have 
their fleets of buses already in operation or 
prepared to carrjr yoiuigsters to integrated 
schools this fall, it has drawn strong support 
from such Southern governors as John Mc- 

Please Turn to Page U, Column 5



Education,
Religion, Science,
Editorials, Letters,

® 1971 The New York Timei Compiny THE W EEKINREVIEW

Section 4
:+

Sunday, September 5,1971

toJSCHOOLBUS to

G««>%e C. Wallace Warren E> Burj;er
“Ail I’rft trying to do is help 
the President and the 
Attorney General and his 
wife-^whal's her name? 
Marthas—to do what they 
say they ait wont to do, 
and that's stop busing. 
That’s all I'm trying to do. 
Just n:u'r.e 'he>.e judges
M Ppmne,omrM(l& ,

'■atlover ereati«ru’>'

"The constitutional com- 
mandto desegregate schoots ;

,chofl in every i"niimim(y 
must aiwaiS i.ijleci the 
racial composition o f the 
school Sv'afeni <is a v.hoie."

Elliot L. nictiar<iswn
"He /Mr. hluoni helii-vcs 
it is a good thing for chil­
dren to nitei’d schO'il in 
th.'ir ov.n nv;,;ii' iiri;oori. .
I supported that \’iew he- 
1011‘, and I support it non “

Spiro T, Agnew
"f mean if people live in a 
neighborhood, they're en- 

, titled to be associated 
iCKjelher And I mean 
ihat I'm against busing 
ihase t.hildten to other 
nc'ghhorhou'ls snnpl} to 
'I 'h ie ira n  intrgialed 
status of a larger 

I entity."

Richard M. Nixon
•! iitiiT consistently op­
posed the busing of our 
nation's schoolchildren to 
achieve racial balance, and 
I i.m appc.Sid to th<- niislng 
of children simply for 
ihe sake o j busing "

Schools
New Year.

‘Too
Late Now’ 
To Buck 
Integration 
In South

ATLANTA — Most Southern 
children went back to school 
last week, an event traditionally 
accompanied by public protest, 
frequent disruption and occa­
sional violence. This time, how­
ever, there was, relatively speak­
ing, a notable lack of resistance, 
even in districts where children 
rode buses out of their neighbor­
hoods. Many of those who have 
watched the annual tensions 
come and go shrugged, turned 
away and announced it was fi­
nally all over.

Theirs is a premature judg­
ment, of course. There were 
nijisy exceptions to the rule of 
peace and quiet. A bomb explod­
ed in a vacant school in Co­
lumbus, Ga.; a boycott took 
shape in West Palm Beach, Fla.; 
angry parents took a few chil­
dren to the wrong schools near 
Birmingham, Ala.; black young­
sters and white adults scuffled 
in Wilmington, N. C., and there 
were some arrests in Austin, Tex.

Moreover, several districts 
where there are signs of re­
sistance have not yet opened 
their doors, including Orlando 
and Jacksonville, Fla.; Nashville, 
Tenn.; Jackson, Miss., and Mo­
bile, Ala.

Meanwhile, in the North, where 
nfost schools have not yet op­
ened their doors for the fall 
term, there were some indica­
tions of mounting resistance to 
desegregation by busing. In Pon­
tiac, Mich., for example, 10 buses 
scheduled for use in a desegre­
gation plan were ripped apart 
by a dynamite blast.

Antibusing groups were also 
making last-ditch and generally 
unsuccessful efforts through the 
courts. The Supreme Court re­
jected llth-hour appeals from 
antibusing groups attempting to 
stay plans in Texas, San Fran­
cisco and Nashville. Chief Jus­
tice Warren E. Burger refused to 
grant a  stay of a busing plan 
for Winston-Salem, N. C. How­
ever, in a 10-page opinion, some­
thing rare in a denial of a stay, 
the Chief Justice said that he 
is persuaded there has been a 
broad misinterpretation of the 
Court’s decisions on racial bal­
ance and busing. He said that 
judges in lower courts were not 
reading the Supreme Court cor­
rectly if they were ordering the 
bqsing of children in the belief 
that the Court required racial 
balance in every school.

Still, the fact remains that 
wholesale integration, including 
some achieved by massive bus­
ing. is now a fact of Southern 
life, and because it is, the days 
of stands in schooihouse doors, 
of Federal troops and venomous 
whites eyeing each other a t the 
edge of some schoolyard, are 
probably just about over.

Even Gov. George C. Wallace 
was speaking to his State Legis­
lature in Montgomery, Ala., in 
s5fter tones. He asked for an 
ahtibusing law that would give 
every Alabama parent a legal 
right to resist the assignment of 
children to any school on the 
basis of race. “I believe every 
child in the state should go to 
the school of his choice, whether

he be black or white,” he said.
But at week’s end. Governor 

Wallace seemed about to up the 
ante again. A group of state 
legislators told the Montgomery 
County Board of Education that 
the Governor was preparing for 
a showdown over desegregation 
this week. He plans to use state 
troopers, they said, to transport 
seven white girls from a pre­
dominately black elementary 
school—to which they had been 
assigned under a plan approved 
by a Federal court—to a pre­
dominately white school consid­
erably farther from their homes. 
The action would be taken at the 
request of the girls’ parents. And 
Governor Wallace himself said, 
“When any school official says 
everything is quiet, he’s talking 
about student discipline.”

Elsewhere in the South, how­
ever, most of the official voices 
remained muted.

In Mississippi, Gov. John Bell 
Williams, who up until this year 
has been almost strident in his 
denunciations of integrated pub­
lic schools, spoke not a word on 
the subject as the kids in his 
state, black and white, went 
back to school.

Down in Florida, in a summer 
commencement address. Gov. 
Reuben Askew asked University 
of Florida graduates to go home 
and promote tranquillity in their 
communities, ■ and he urged all 
residents of his state to accept 
the law and the Court’s direc­
tives, even it they included 
busing.

In the other Southern states, 
problems with school desegrega­
tion seemed so minimal that the 
governors did not feel compelled 
to say anything a t all — except 
here in Georgia where Gov. 

•Jimmy Carter, touted nationally 
as one of the “new breed” of 
regional politicians, urged par­
ents to make their antibusing 
sentiments known in the hope 
that the Federal judiciary will 
be sensitive to the vox populi.

What may have been the most 
important event of the week— 
and perhaps the most hopeful 
for opponents of integration, 
especially in the North where 
de facto residential segregation 
makes racial balance in the class­
room possible only through bus­
ing—were the words of Chief 
Justice Burger in his refusal to 
grant a  stay to Winston-Salem. 
More than a few school boards 
above the Mason-Dixon Line 
breathed a sigh of relief in the 
hope that the Chief Justice’s 
counsel may save them from the 
future shock of big busing.

But in the South, most educa­
tors and political leaders believe 
Mr. Burger’s words will have 
little to do with public educa­
tion’s tomorrows. “It’s too late 
now,” said William Self, Super­
intendent of the Charlotte, N. C., 
schools. “We’ve already got our 
orders.”

So have dozens of other dis­
tricts across the South, and 
while there have been and no 
doubt will be major problems, 
they are expected to conform to 
the Court’s directives and, as a 
result, bring about startling 
changes in the racial structure 
of their systems.

It may be, however, that from 
a quantitative perspective, the 
South has already reached or 
will reach this year the maxi­
mum level of integration pos­
sible in an area once so ritual- 
istically committed to racially 
separate schools.

The only way the South could 
go further with integration is 
through new and massive busing. 
And that now selms unlikely, 
with the antibusing forces given 
new strength by the words of 
Chief Justice Burger and Presi­
dent Nixon.

—JAMES T. WOOTEN

School inf egraf ion has made rapid progr^s 
in the SoHth in the last two years. . .
Percentage o f  b lacb  in scFiooIs which 
have a  majority of white students ~

□  Below 25%  M  25 to  35% t Above 35%

But has remained virtually unchanged 
in the rest o f the country.

Percentage o f blacks in schools which 
have a  majority of white students

27.5

39.1

1968 1970

Northenr
andWestera

1968 1970

Border Sfafes, 
Wash.D.C.

1968 1970

Soutiiern

In some large cities, the school pattern 
is this: Declining segregation in the 
South, growing segregation in the N ort^

Percentage of blacks in schools which 
have a  majority of white students

1968 11970 70.8

NORTH

28.8 25.9
1 ’ -716.3

New York Columbus

57.6

1
SOUTH
25.0

3 . 2 ^

Chicago San Francisc® Minneapolis 

32.9

1 6 . 8 ^
6.4 11.7 10.9

18.2 11 s i■ ’ I
Nashville Richmond Mobile Birmingham Norfolk

Changed View:

Some Old 
Friends Are 
Dropping 
By the 
W ayside

Americans have long prided 
themselves on their nation’s role 
as the Melting Pot of the world, 
the new land where the “hud­
dled masses” of the globe were 
welcomed and accepted and in- 
te^g,ted i^Jo the iarger society. 
The job was done in large meas­
ure by the public schools.

And when the nation finally 
got around to including the 
American Negro among those to 
be integrated, it was generally 
assumed that the public schools 
—spurred on by the Supreme 
Court’s 1954 Brown decision— 
would once again bear the lion’s 
share of the burden. There would 
be trouble, of course, in the 
South and elsewhere, but the 
outlook seemed hopeful. And 
until the last year or so, integra­
tion did appear to be the wave of 
the future.

Today there are signs that a 
growing number of Americans, 
members of widely disparate 
groups, are indifferent, or down­
right hostile, to school integra­
tion. Together with the public 
antibusing stance taken by the 
President, this trend raises seri­
ous questions as to just what 
future school integration has in 
this country.

The major groups involved in­
clude:

•Die-hard segregationists. They 
are summed up in the person of 
Gov. George Wallace of Alabama, 
who said recently that he held 
the entire Federal judiciary, and 
its integration decrees, in 
“utter contempt.” Northern ex­
tremists among them fire- 
bombed 10 school buses in Pon­
tiac, Mich., last v/eek. Notwith­
standing the relatively peaceful 
compliance with court orders in 
most of the South this month, 
they remain adamant—and often 
very vocal—in their opposition.

•Biacfe Power movement. Its 
leaders, particularly in the cities, 
are contemptuous of integration. 
They want the schools to be part 
of their power base; community 
control is their watchword.

That was why Rhody McCoy, 
when he was administrator of 
the rebellious, now dissolved 
demonstration district in Brook­
lyn’s Ocean Hill - Brownsville, 
said: “Integration has never
worked.” And why Roy Innis, 
another black power spokesman, 
pronounced integration “dead.”

The phenomenon is not new: 
In the 1840’s, the Catholic Irish 
rebelled against what they con­
sidered a Protestant-dominated 
and discriminatory melting pot, 
demanding money to finance 
their own schools.

•  New Left. Many in this 
group, who had joined the free­
dom marches for integration in 
the sixties, have largely aban­
doned the drive for peaceful 
change. They have accepted the 
revolutionary ideology of the 
Black Panthers because they see 
in the power-based separatism a 
way of fighting against the sys­
tem, In their minds, integration 
represents nothing more than an 
Establishment means of making 
the system work. They see the 
melting-pot approach as cultural 
imperialism—a nationalist ploy

to subdue and coopt the Third 
World minorities.

»Liberals. Many a liberal, 
white and black, has accepted 
the more radical theories that 
integration must be sacrificed, 
at least temporarily, to separat­
ism as the road to black self- 
respect and identity.

In practical terms, they say, 
the ghettos need self-help—black 
doctors, lawyers, hankers and 
merchants who are steeped in 
the black tradition. “The black 
graduate of the Harvard Busi­
ness School neither can nor 
wants to do that job,” a moder­
ate black leader said last month.

Even the late Whitney Young, 
a black leader who remained 
deeply devoted to an integrated 
society in the long run, wrote 
late in his life: “Integration is 
no longer the issue, the issue 
today is„equality. . . .  It may be 
that a period of self-develop­
ment and ghetto rehabilitation 
will coincide with a temporary 
decline in efforts at integration.

Alexander Bickel, Yale law

The remains of one of 10 school 
buses firebombed in Pontiac, 
Mich., last week. “There is a 
serious question as to just what 
future school integration has in 
this country.”

professor, wrote last year: “The 
vanguard ■ of black opinion, 
among intellectuals and political 
activists alike, is oriented more 
toward the achievement of group 
identity and group autonomy 
than toward the use of public 
schools as assimilationist agen­
cies.”

Whether or not such views 
accurately reflect the will of the 
majority of Negro parents—and 
there is some indication that 
they do not—the effect is that 
many of the liberals, black and 
white, who used to march for in­
tegration together now have, at 
least for the moment, relaxed 
the melting-pot battle.

0  "Ethnics." As black separa­
tists fight for their own power 
base, ethnic groups are starting 
to fight for their own separatist 
interests. Thus, in the election ot 
local community school boards 
in New York City’s decentraliza­
tion, local white ethnic groups, 
including some affiliated with 
churches, have battled to gain 
control.

In some areas, Jewish day 
schools have been gaining new 
support. And in San Francisco, 
Chinese groups have gone to 
court to seek to prevent school 
busing of their children out of 
Chinatown. (Last week the court 
turned them down.)

This re-awakening of the 
search for ethnic identity is 
viewed by some sociologists as 
an outgrowth of the black power 
movement. The demand tor black

studies programs, for example, 
has led to a revival of interest 
in study courses dealing with 
ethnic groups.

But part of this reaction may 
also stem from a fear of violence. 
Professor C. Vann Woodward, 
the integrationist Southern his­
torian, has stressed that black 
violence has created a white 
backlash, even among some who 
formerly supported integration. 
The Jewish Defense League and 
the Italian-American Civil Rights 
League have their roots, to some 
degree, in the climate of fear 
found in our major cities. (By 
the same token, last week some 
black mothers in the South, fol­
lowing threats of violence, said 
that they would rather see their 
children stay in the neighbor­
hood than have them taken by 
bus to integrated schools.)

For many opponents (jf school 
integration, the concept of bus­
ing serves as a convenient tar­
get—though their basic opposi­
tion is to mixed classes. The 
fact is th at in the past 20 years, 
the number of American school 
districts has been reduced from 
over 100,000 to only 17,000— 
and this policy, designed for 
greater educational efficiency, 
and unrelated to integration ef­
forts, has involved the general 
acceptance by the public of the 
bus as the normal route to 
school for millions of children.

The enthusiasm for Integra" 
tion-cum-busing has been de­
clining among many parents, 
including blacks, because of 
what happens after the children 
get off the bus. Local schools 
often fail to respond to the needs 
ot the bused-in children. Re­
segregation within schools re­
sults. A recent report from cities 
North and South showed that 
large numbers of black students 
in newly integrated schools had 
been suspended. The practice is 
widespread enough to have 
earned its victims an educational 
label—“the pushouts,”

The cumulative effect of such 
experiences is that more and 
more black parents are opting 
for compensatory education— 
separate but different—in all­
black schools rather than have 
their children face the threat of 
almost certain failure in in­
tegrated schools..

Does the present trend mean 
that integration is really dead?

Despite the wavering of some 
liberals who take their cue from 
more militant black voices, and 
despite new doubts which are 
being created by the Administra­
tion’s stand on busing, many of 
integration’s original supporters 
have stuck to their guns. Ken­
neth Clark, the black psychol­
ogist who played a major role as 
expert witness in the Supreme 
Court’s 1954 school desegrega­
tion ruling, last year threatened 
to resign from the board of a 
predominately white college if it 
allowed a separate black dormi­
tory, in response to black stu­
dents’ demands.

John H. Fischer, president ot 
Teachers College, who as super­
intendent of Baltimore’s schools 
fought for their integration, said: 
“I cannot see how a child can be 
prepared for a multi-racial world 
if he is brought up in segregated 
schools, black or white.”

The unanswered questions re­
main: Will the new anti-integra­
tion currents gain in power and 
to what political uses they will 
be put? The most poignant warn­
ing comes from Professor Vann 
Woodward, who expressed con­
cern that Reconstruction history 
might repeat itself. Negroes, he 
warned, may “after an era of 
promise, go from disillusionment 
to a sense of unfulfillment to 
withdrawal.”

—FRED M. HECHINGER



THE N E W  YORK TIMES, SUNDAY, SEPTEMBER 5,1971

The Nation
The Freeze;

W hat Do 
W e Do 
W hen the 
90 Days 
Are Up?

WASHINGTON— The Govern­
ment and a  host of distinguished 
grandstand quarterbacks were 
fully engaged last week in the 
process of devising a means of 
holding back wages and prices 
when the present freeze ends in 
mid-November.

It could not yet be called a 
“debate.” The Government had 
not put forward a concrete pro­
posal for "phase two" that could 
provide substance for a  debate. 
In fact, on Thursday President 
Nixon postponed a meeting with 
labor and management sched­
uled for Sept. 21 because a  pro­
posal was not yet ready. But 
ideas were beginning to  circu­
late, particularly as a  result of 
hearings conducted by the Con­
gressional Joint Economic Com­
mittee.

In the background was an­
other grim inflation report. The 
Wholesale Price Index for 
August—^with nearly all the data 
collected before the freeze—rose 
strongly again in both industrial 
and food components.

The key index of industrial 
wholesale prices rose five-tenths 
of 1 per cent, both before and 
after adjustment for normal sea­
sonal variation. Farm and food 
prices fell in August but much 
less than usual for the month. 
The result was a rise of 1.4 per 
cent, seasonally adjusted, in this 
volatile portion of the index. The 
over-all wholesale price index 
was up seven-tenths of 1 per 
cent, seasonally adjusted, the 
largest rise in six months.

In addition, though it was not 
directly related to the inflation 
issue, unemployment for August 
increased from 5.8 to 6.1 per 
cent of the labor force, indicating 
no pre-freeze progress on that 
front, either.

As for the post-freeze pro­
gram, there was general agree­
ment—though the Government 
had not yet made a formal an­
nouncement to this effect—that 
the freeze could not just be 
allowed to end with nothing to 
replace it. Yet the experience in 
this and other countries has not 
been heartening regarding ef­
forts to control for long the 
upward thrust of wages and 
prices by either compulsory or 
voluntary means.

One factor was working in 
favor of success. This is not a 
time of “excess demand" with 
massive buying pressures pulling 
up prices and theatening short­
ages. The classic pressures, on 
the contrary, are working toward 
lower or a t least stable prices 
and wages. This should help.

Nevertheless, there were a 
number of fundamental ques­
tions that would have to be 
answered, such as:

•  Should the freeze be fol­
lowed by a full-scale program 
of wage-price control, with the 
issuance of daily regulations on . 
everything from the price of 
pickles to the wages of house­
hold servants?

The answer was an almost 
universal "no”. No witness be­
fore Congress favored it. The 
President has long been appalled 
by the idea. Herbert Stein, a  
member of the Council of Eco­
nomic Advisers and chairman of 
the task force that is planning 
for the new program, said that 
this was one alternative that the 
Government “devoutly hopes” 
can be avoided. Full-fledged con­
trols require a small army of 
bureaucrats and, even worse, it 
is argued, tend to  erode the es­
sential flexibility of the pricing 
system as a guide to more ef­
ficient production and allocation 
of labor. Controls halt the free 
market in its tracks.

•  Should the successor pro­
gram have any compulsory ele­
ments in it a t all?

Here there appeared to be 
emerging a surprising, if perhaps 
tentative, agreement that such 
authority should exist. Arthur M. 
Okun and Gardner Ackley, two 
former chairmen of the Council 
of Economic Advisers under 
the Democrats, both said there 
should be some kind of backup, 
statutory authority to halt or 
roll back specific price and wage 
increases, presumably mainly 
those of major practical or sym­
bolic importance for the econ­
omy.

Maurice H. Stans, the Secre­
tary of Commerce, reported that 
a group of top businessmen felt 
that way, and he agreed. Else­
where in the Government, offi­
cials seemed to be leaning that 
way. There was not much 
elaboration of the point. But evi­
dently the feeling was that 
purely voluntary standards were 
likely to be violated and that the 
rollback club would make com­
pliance much more likely.

•  Should there be "guide­
lines” for appropriate wage and 
price behavior, backstopped with

DrawJni  ̂by Tim/L’Express, Paris
President Nixon discusses the United States economic Hiiemma 
with French President Pompidou, top right. West German Chan- 
ceiior Brandt and Japanese Premier Sato—as the French cartoon­
ist, Tim, imagines the conversation.

occasional use of the rollback 
power?

Mr. Okun was convinced there 
should be, and be proposed a set 
of guidelines which would per­
mit wage increases of a little 
more than 5 per cent in the first 
year after the freeze and in­
dustrial price increases of 1 or 2 
per cent on the average.

Mr. Ackley was not certain 
but thought the idea had great 
merit. Paul W. McCracken, Mr. 
Nixon’s chairman of the council, 
said the idea had “attractions” 
but he is known to feel that 
there are great difficulties in 
promulgating acceptable guide­
lines or standards.

In the absence of such guide­
lines, those in charge of the new 
program presumably would 
simply select what they re­
garded as important and 
"flagrant” cases for investiga­
tion and possible rollback.

•  Should only prices and 
wages be covered, or should the 
program also include profits?

Here there was some disagree­
ment. George Meany, head of the 
A.F.L.-C.I.O., has long held that 
profits should be included. Con­
trolling profits directly is ex­
tremely difficult, but most ad­
ditional profits can be taxed 
away through an “excess profits 
tax,” which was used both in 
World War II and the Korean 
War.

Mr. Stans and Secretary of 
Labor James D. Hodgson both 
indicated that profits might have 
to be covered in some way. But 
Mr. Ackley and Mr. Okun~the 
liberals—were, ironically, firmly 
opposed to inclusion of profits. 
Mr. Ackley said an excess 
profits tax was "a lousy tax”— 
encouraging all sorts of corpo­

rate waste and inefficiency to 
keep profits down. Mr. Okun 
agreed. He said the tax would 
"encourage wasteful advertising, 
expense-account living and over­
full employment of shrewd ac­
countants.”

Authoritative White House 
officials disclosed at the end of 
the week that the President was 
firmly opposed to an excess 
profits tax. This was done to dis­
pel rumors set off by the Hodg­
son and Stans comments, though 
neither man had explicitly 
backed the idea.

The President was said to re­
gard such an impost as a poor 
form of taxation that would be 
“counterproductive” in efforts 
to achieve greater business effi­
ciency.

•  How would a new, largely 
noncompulsory program be ad­
ministered?

There was as yet no con­
sensus. Mr. Meany was reported 
to favor a tripartite board with 
representatives from labor, busi­
ness and the public. Mr. Ackley 
supported the idea of a board, 
but one made up of impartial, 
distinguished private citizens 
only, appointed by the President 
but largely independent of White 
House influence.

Another possibility was ad­
ministration by a Government 
agency, as the Council of Eco­
nomic Advisers used to police 
the Kennedy-Johnson guidelines.

•  What is the roie of Con­
gress?

At first, it may be very little 
on the wage-price section of the 
program, though Congress will 
have a decisive voice later. The 
present authority, under which 
the President imposed the freeze, 
runs out April 30. If there is to

be any compulsory element in 
the new program, the law—as 
is, or amended under great pres­
sure from various groups—will 
have to be extended. Meanwhile, 
there may be morei hearings.

In the end, however, the 
prospects of any post-freeze ef­
fort are likely to depend upon 
the degree of cooperation of the 
pubiic and, possibly above all, of 
organized labor.

Mr. Ackley, stating that a pro­
gram can work only with the 
"consent,” even if grudgingly 
given, of those involved, told 
Congress:

"In my view this consent can 
only be forthcoming through a 
widespread participation by all 
groups in our society — and 
particularly by the organizations 
of labor and business — in a 
process of recognizing quite ex­
plicitly the need for the program, 
in determining the broad features 
of its initial design, and, there­
after, its modification and 
redesign.”

President Nixon said much the 
same thing. He told an audience 
of dairy farmers that the "one 
great ingredient” in determining 
success or failure of his pro­
gram "is the spirit of the Amer­
ican people.” He said “nothing 
worthwhile can be won except 
through sacrifice and self- 
reliance, through discipline and 
pride.”

Thus the biggest issue may 
simply be whether Americans 
are now ready to try being co­
operative instead of combative. 
If they remain combative — not 
to say selfish — the chances of 
averting a resumption of infla­
tion will not be very bright.

—EDWIN L. DALE Jr.

Canada;

A  Pain 
In the 
Economy 
From  
Mr. Nixon

TORONTO— F̂or several days 
after the announcement last 
month of President Nixon's 
measures to  shore up the Amer­
ican trade balance, Canada flut­
tered with anxiety. Prime Min­
ister Pierre Elliott Trudeau, 
after striking a  posture of im­
perturbability for three days, 
broke off an Adriatic vacation, 
flew home and counseled 
against hasty protectionism and 
a  possible trade war.

In a rare broadcast to the 
nation, the Prime Minister in- 
voked the comforting ciich4 
about “the spirit of friendship” 
between the North American 
neighbors and declared that 
“Canada does not take issue 
with the decision of the United 
States to  grapple with its eco­
nomic problems,” but he also re­
iterated the plea a team of his 
ministers took to Washington— 
that Canada deserved an ex­
emption. Clearly, Canada is not 
getting one.

This negative result might 
have been expected to  have 
added to Canadian anxiety. But 
last week, as it was announced 
th at President Nixon would vis­
it Canada next spring, there 
was no indication that the trip 
was designed to appease an an­
gry Canada. For while there re­
mained concern about the ef­
fect of Mr. Nixon’s moves on 
Canadian exports and jobs, 
there was no outright resent­
ment toward Washington.

Moreover, the Nixon visit will 
come within weeks or months of

Muskie;

N ow  if 
He Can 
Just Make 
It Through 
23 Primaries

WASHINGTON — The cross­
country front runner is a sight 
to behold. He sets the pace, but 
loping behind and liable to over­
take him a t any moment are 
rivals who may possess bigger 
lungs, sturdier legs and greater 
stamina. The front runner can 
not be blamed for glancing fre­
quently over his shoulder, 

Edmund Sixtus Muskie, the 
lanky Senator from Maine, spent 
the last month a t  his home in 
Kennebunk Beach, glancing back 
a t the pack of Democrats trail­
ing him in the early stage of the' 
race for his party’s Presidential 
nomination. Suddenly he de­
cided to sprint.

Mr. Muskie set out today on 
a four-month, 32-_state dash de­
signed to convince his followers 
they cannot catch up. His advan­
tage was apparent. As John F. 
Kennedy showed in 1960 and 
Barry Goldwater demonstrated 
four years later, the first runner 
is automatically regarded as the 
favorite to  win, but in the coun­
try’s most competitive quadren­
nial sport, one misstep can be 
one too many, as George Rom­
ney discovered on Labor Day, 
1967.

It is in hope of avoiding the 
kind of collapse that ended Mr. 
Romney’s ambitions that Sena­
tor Muskie has decided to skip 
all but the most crucial votes on 
Capitol Hill and spent virtually 
full time in quest of the nomina­
tion. Like the Michigan Governor 
in 1967, the Maine Senator in 
1971 has a national following 
that is wide but not deep. His 
campaign, beginning tomorrow 
in California, is designed to  con­
vince not only poll takers but 
primary voters, uncommitted 
Democratic professionals and, in 
a sense, his own staff that he 
intends to do what is necessary 
to remain on top.

Only 13 states and the District 
of Columbia had Presidential 
primaries in 1968, but now there 
are 23 and Mr. Muskie plans to 
enter them all if his campaign 
committee, already heavily in 
debt, can raise enough cash. His 
strategy is based on the aware­
ness that 63 per cent of the dele­
gates at the July 10 Democratic 
Convention in Miami Beach will 
be chosen through primaries.

The obstacles in this front 
runner’s path are numerous. He 
is less popular among those in his 
party’s left wing than Senator 
George McGovern of South Da­
kota and not as solid among mi­
norities as the reiuctant Senator 
Edward M. Kennedy of Massa­
chusetts. He is less of a favorite 
of organized labor than Senator 
Henry M. Jackson of Washing­
ton and not as close to Demo­
cratic contributors as Senator

expected elections In which 
Prime Minirter Trudeau and the 
federal Liberal party will seek 
a fresh mandate. And Mr. Tru­
deau would not have announced 
the visit now if the public were 
angry with the United States.

However, Canadians are un- 
mistakabiy worried that Wash­
ington’s emergency 10 percent 
surcharge on imports will cut 
into Canadian exports and push 
up the high national unemploy­
ment rate, 6.3 per cent in July. 
Exports account for 20 per cent 
of Canada’s gross national prod­
uct, and two-thirds of those ex­
ports go to the United States. 
So when Parliament reconvenes 
on Tuesday, the Government 
will announce its plans to help 
exporters hurt by the surcharge, 
probably by remedies linked 
closely to loss of jobs.

How much will the surcharge 
hurt Canada? Certain imports, 
including such key Canadian 
raw  materials as crude oil, 
natural gas, copper and nickel, 
are exempt from the tax. Con­
sequently, only about one-fourth 
of Canada’s exports to the 
United .States will be subject , to 
the extra leyy-

If the surcharge is kept on 
for six months, it might cost 
20,000 jobs, chiefly in manufac­
turing, according to  an analysis 
by a prominent business group. 
Against nonfarm employment 
of 7.5-million, that may not 
seem high. But the layoffs are

Trade Switch
Canada's Merdiandise 

Trade Balance U5>
Cfellllons of Canadian doliars?

+ i2-
+0 8- 1
+0V-

0

-0 4 -
-0 8 -
-1 2 -

s 1 ;68 -70

Hubert H. Humphrey of Minne­
sota. And he is concerned that 
the 25 million new Presidential 
voters under the age of 25 might 
be intrigued by the newest 
Democrat, Mayor John Lindsay 
of New York.

Raising the cash to do what it 
takes is difficult for a  candidate 
like Senator Muskie; Antiwar 
leftists will scrape together’ 
nickels and dimes to back their 
favorites. Right wing millionaires 
will dip into their savings to  sup­
port their candidates. The Maine 
Senator’s strength in a  general 
election is th a t he is offensive, 
to few at either pOle, but spokes­
men for the ideological center 
have trouble exciting people 
enough to get them to crack 
open their pocketbooks.

Mr. Muskie is, though, where he; 
wants to be and where most of 
the votes are if he can keep his 
campaign alive to turn them out 
in the primaries.

Accordingly, Mr. Muskie is 
unlikely to  be bold in his state­
ments. Rather he is expected to 
continue to  present himself, as 
he did most effectively in his 
‘‘politics of trust” speech on tele­
vision the night before last, No­
vember’s elections, as a  calm, 
deliberative, moderate and trust-; 
worthy alternative to  Richard- 
Nixon. ,

The Muskie headquarters was 
jolted, as were those of his 
Democratic rivals, when Mr. Nix-

likely to be bunched in the*in- 
dustrial cities and towns of Ofl- 
tario and Quebec, already hard 
hit by the 1970-71 business re­
cession.

Given the trend toward nation­
alism in Canada, it  might be 
wondered why Canadians have 
accepted the Nixon p a c k ^  
equably.

Canada’s swing to a  huge 
merchandise trade surplus with 
the United States—$ l.l-b ilg o n  
last year as against a deficit 
that size in 1965—is one rea­
son. A boom in auto produefloh 
and employment under the 
1965 Canadian-American auto­
mobile free-trade agreement has, 
contributed heavily to  that sur­
plus, and Canada doesn’t  want 
that agreement canceled.

Moreover, there has been 
widespread support for the ‘ 
President’s purpose — strength^ 
ening the American dollar. The 
reason may be, as one Canadian 
put it, that the chronic Ameri­
can international payments defr 
icit was recognized "as a source 
of international instability—» 
and we’re an open economy,” ;,

Although retaliatory trgda 
measures by Ottawa are unlike# 
ly, the Nixon package may 
produce other effects in 
ada. For the third time in Id 
decade, and this time without 
success, Canada has appealed 
to Washington for exemption 
from balance of payments meas-, 
ureSi Canadians are growing in­
creasingly unhappy about strika 
ing such a posture, and abo^t 
the dependence of their econ­
omy on the American. j i

Some analysts believe that 
this dependence cannot be sig­
nificantly modified—and that if 
Britain enters the Common Mar,- 
ket the North American neigte 
bOrs will ineluctably move to i 
ward even greater economic în­
tegration. Others anticipate that 
this latest reminder of Canada’s 
dependency will generate senti­
ment for measures to  restrirt 
American investment in Canada 
and to  make foreign subsidi; 
aries more responsive to  C «  
nadian policy.

—EDWARD C O Vim

on suddenly adopted on Aug. l̂,{( 
a Democratic-like new economic 
policy. Senator Muskie’s fii;st 
speech tomorrow will present his 
reply to the President’s program, 
HOW much enthusiasm it  gesi^r- 
ates may help to determine 
whether the economic issue can 
remain the best focal point,fp_r 
Mr. Muskie’s image-building. T

Senator McGovern’s aides pro­
fess themselves mystified bV 
Senator Muskie’s ability to ri»- 
main in the lead. “People giji 
for the idea of Muskie, the con­
cept,” theorized one McGovern 
man. “They say to themselves; 
‘I want to be with a winner,’ so 
when the Gallup Poll comes 
around to  ask them whom 
they’re for they think of the 
front runner.”

Mr; Muskie’s slowness . ta  
judge and his occasional admis^; 
Sion that he does not have all 
the answers may turn out, in tb4 
long run,, to be his greatest assetr 
Over the course of four monthsi’> 
as he goes from airports to  cocb* 
tail receptions to  banquets t»  
press conference, he will 
called upon to  make a number pf 
impromptu observations. I t wa* 
four years ago tomorrow thgt 
George ROmney began his slidjl! 
from the top with the offhand 
remark to a  television inters 
viewer that generals and diplo­
mats in South Vietnam hskl 
“brainwashed” him.

—JAMES M. NAUGHltHJ

Edmund S. Muskie
Drawfna by Julio Forntndet



Report Q H ^ 'S ou thern  Integration 
Progresses Despite Zealous Foes

Continued From First Page 
Keithen of Louisiana, George Wallace of Ala­
bama and Jimmy Carter of Georgia.

The President’s stand may deal some dis­
tricts a severe financial blow, since the federal 
government, while long indicating it would pay 
the costs of added busing, now is indicating it 
will do no such thing.

“If they don’t pick up the cost, we’ll be in 
serious trouble,” says Jacksonville, F la.’s 
school superintendent. His district recently spent 
$860,tMM) for 100 used buses and is under court 
order to replace them with 150 new ones for an 
additional cost of about $1.25 million. “It looks 
like the money is Just going to have to come 
out of our educational hide,” the official says. 
The Circus Ends

But despite potential financial problems, the 
issue of busing seems to be more muted this 
year than last. For example, in Bradenton, 
where former Gov. Kirk made his stand, there 
is even some evidence that 500 white children 
who quit the public-school system for private 
education are beginning to drift back. “After 
the governor left we got away from the circus 
atmosphere and things smoothed out,’* says 
Bradenton’s superindendent, W. H. Bashaw.

Emphasizing his point, Mr. Bashaw says 
that issues such as the optimum length of hair 
and whether girls could wear pant-suits occu­
pied more of the school board's time last year 
than racial matters. “The kids are ahead of the 
parents,” he says. "Where we do have trouble, 
it’s where the parents instill (their children) 
with segregationist ideas.”

Bradenton’s busing issue, however, is by no 
means a dead subject. But it has taken a  new 
twist this year; White parents living in the P al­
metto section, where most of the blacks live, 
are now advocating additional busing through­
out the city in order that schools in the south­
ern, and predominantly white, part of the 
county will have their share of black students.

[Yesterday, United Press International 
reported that the busing of black students 
into white neighborhoods in Ai^tin, Texas, 
resulted in “some shouting, pushing and 
brandishing of weapons” at two newly inte­
grated high schools. UPI said eight of those 
involved were arrested. Elsewhere, UPI 
reported, the Alabama House passed a bill 
to allow a child to attend any school re­
gardless of federal court orders; and Su­
preme Court Justice Potter Stewart refused 
to stay a lower federal court order calling 
for massive busing of school children in 
Nashville, Tenn.]
The saga of school desegregation in the 

South has always been laced with ironies/ one 
being that less desegregation takes place in 
areas with the most busing. In Holmes County, 
Miss., only about a dozen whites attend public 
schools with 5,000 b lacks-but two fleets of 
buses crisscross the county, one carrying 
blacks to the public schools, the other carrying 
whites to private institutions.

Some observers feel that the South’s tradi­
tion of busing may ultimately help the c^use q^ | be 
integration. “The irony'is that busing will be 
more easily acceptable in the South because 
they are already used to busing,” says the 
Scuthem Regional Council’s Mr. Anthony. (A 
council survey last year foimd that segregated 
academies daily bused 62% of their students an 
average 17.7 miles each way, while public 
schools bused ,49% of their pupils an average 
10.1 miles each way each day.)

“The South has never had any objection to 
busing,” says one integration worker. “It’s just 
where the students get off that m atters.”
The Rule of the Courts /

Perhaps the worst setback in recent times 
for busing backers occurred in Atlanta last 
July, when a federal court niled that busing 
n e ^  not be used to achieve a racial balance of 
30%. white-70% black (the city’s pupil-popula­
tion ratio) throughout the system. The pro­
posed plan, the court said, would cause whites 
to flee the city and thereby turn Atlanta into 
the South’s first black metropolis.

“A fruit-basket turnover through busing to 
create a 30% white-70% black uniformity 
throughout the system would unquestionably 
cause such a result (an exodus of whites) in 
a few months time,” the court ruled. It further 
declared Atlanta's schools legally desegregated, 
despite the fact that two out of three are al- 
mo.st entirely black.

But the Atlanta ruling is an exception to the 
trend of the past couple of years. After years of 
allowing delaying tactics and lengthy legal ma­
neuvering, both the courts and the Department 
of Health, Educaticn and Welfare have in re­
cent months been taking much tougher pro-in­
tegration stances.

(To the dismay of integration backers, how­
ever, HEW Secretary Elliot L. Richardson ear­
lier this week said he was in total agreement 
with the President’s stand on busing. Perhaps 
coincidentally. HEW staffers say they’ve been 
forbidden to use words such as "busing” and 
“ruelal balance." One says that “when a 
school beard member asks me how we get the 
kids from here to there, I tell him to take It up 
with your transportation committee.” And to 
avoid “racial balance,” the phrase “noncontig­
uous zoning” is currently in vogue.)

Both the courts and HEW, of course, have 
been intimately involved in the progress of

school integration since the passage pf-the Civil 
Rights Law of 1964. Prior to the law’s enact­
ment, desegregation was either a  voluntary act 
by a school board or was forced by a  suit by 
Negro parents. The Civil Rights Law gave the 
government the right to demand that school 
districts desegregate on penalty of a cutoff of 
federal funds.
The Bracey Sisters

In the early days following the law’s pas­
sage, the government merely demanded that 
districts have a desegregation plan. Then the 
government insisted that students be free to at­
tend the school of their choice. White Southern­
ers initially hated this concept but soon real­
ized that economic pressure, intimidation and 
occasional violence would keep most black 
youths from choosing white schools.

HEW and the courts, however, soon insisted 
that all youngsters within one zone attend the 
same school, or that two grade schools be 
paired, with all first-to-third-graders attending 
one school and all third-to-sixth-graders going 
to the'other. And during the past two or three 
years, many schools have become sufficiently 
accustomed to racially mixed student bodies 
that signs of real progress are beginning to ap­
pear.

The contrast with only a few years earlier 
becomes clear in a chat with Georgia Bracey. 
a 16-year-old black student at Wetumpka (Ala.) 
High School. “I t’s gradually ch£inging,” Miss 
Bracey says. “Between classes, we talk now, 
and we all go to the sock hops together after 
games.” (Wetumpka, however, is not ready for 
interracial dancing.)

“At assemblies, some of the whites will sit 
with blacks now, even though some of the 
whites will move if a black sits by them,” 
Miss Bracey says. She adds that “we can go 
talk to the principal if we have problems.” And 
she says that even the superintendent, who is 
elected and aware of the growing black vote, 
treats blacks sympathetically.

The change in the climate for blacks at We­
tumpka High is all the more apparent when 
Georgia Bracey's experience is compared with 
that of her sister, Debra, who was among the 
first black children to integrate the school 
under the freedom-of-choice plan in effect in 
1965, Debra, then 17, had been at the school for 
only a  few days when, enraged by continual 
goading and tormenting, she jabbed a pencil 
into the shoulder of a white, boy.

Debra Bracey was hauled off to jail and 
charged with assault. After spending the night 
in jail, she was expelled from school for the 
rest of the semester. The night before she re­
turned to school, her family’s home was 
burned to the ground.
Blacks and Whites Together

Today, a  growing number of black youths 
are getting better treatment; indeed, they’re 
insisting on it. Even more significantly, their 
demands are often made in tandem with their 
white classmates. Within a few days, for exam­
ple, school officials in Texarkana, Ark,, should

im’giy-tag.a by
black and white‘s students demanding 

changes in school rules ranging from the abol­
ishment of hair and dress codes to the elimina­
tion of restrictions on pregnant or m arried stu­
dents.

“We are giving them 30 days to adopt the 
new rules,” says Clyde Lee, a  17-year-old black 
leader of the Texarkana coalition. “If they 
don’t, we’ll put them into effect ourselves.”

To avoid student insurrection, particularly 
of a racial nature, school administrators 
throughout the South are beginning to encour­
age more student involvement in school af­
fairs. Along these lines, an integrated group of 
eight students in South Carolina this summer 
took an eight-week tour of the state interview­
ing students and dropouts to solicit proposals 
for changes in the schools.

The South Carolina study didn’t  entirely 
concern itself with racial matters, but impor­
tant parts of the survey did deal with the 
black-white situation in the state. As one exam­
ple, the traveling students recommended the 
reestablishment of nighttime activities—such 
as proms, banquets and dances-that were 
canceled at the time massive integration came 
to many schools.

Educators and other groups backing the 
South Carolina program ai-e currently trying to 
continue the study as a  permanent program to 
monitor racial progress in the schools and to 
help solve school problems. North Carolina al­
ready has one such group, called the Task 
Force on Student Involvement, which consists 
of 16 students from districts throughout the 
state. The group, funded by the state, holds pe­
riodic meetings and is available to help any 
school with racial problems.

It has been common over the years to see 
official cars parked at the scene of pro-integra­
tion gatherings, since a sheriff or other official 
was usually on hand to keep tabs on those a t­
tending. It wasn’t particularly unusual, there­
fore, to see a State of North Carolina vehicle 
parked outside a  recent church-camp gathering 
of student leaders, mostly black, who were dis­
cussing how to make integration work better.

But this time, the car seemed like a sign of 
progress: It had been driven to the scene by 
two task force members, one black and one 
white, who hud come to offer their advice.