Clippings - Reorganization of Southern State School Systems (Folder)

    REORGANIZATION OF SOUTHERN STATE 
SYSTEMS OP HIGHER EDUCATION 
Clippings



^ E W  Y O R K ,  M O N O  A

URGED TO DOiLE

Influential Research Group 
Wants Government’s Aid 

Focused on the Needy

By EVAN JENKINS
Special to The New York Times

WASHINGTON, Sept. 30—An 
influential business-oriented re­
search group urged today th a t ' 
public colleges and universities 
more than double their under­
graduate tuition charges.

The recommendation by the 
Committee for Economic Devel­
opment adds a respected voice, 
in an intensifying national con­
troversy, to the argument that 
government subsidies of higher 
education should not benefit all 
students equally but should be 
concentrated on those who dem­
onstrate greatest need, even 
though one result is increased 
financial pressure on the middle 
class.

And at a time when both pub­
lic and private colleges are in a 
cost squeeze and facing a level­
ing-off in enrollments, the com­
mittee also comes down on the 
side of those urging public 
measures to help private insti­
tutions survive.

Administration policy
The committee’s proposal 

for increased public tuition par­
allels recommendations made 
recently by such organiza­
tions as the Carnegie Com­
mission on Higher Education 
and the College Entrance Ex­
amination Board. All three 
groups have coupled the pro­
posal with calls for massive 
increases in aid to students, 
based on need.

The emphasis on more di­
rect aid to individual students 
—who could use the money 
for public or private school­
ing—and less to institutions is . 
also in line with the policy of j 
the Nixon Administration on j 
Federal aid to higher educa- , 
tion.

Many observers believe the 
mounting pressure will lead to 
a basic restructuring of public 
tuition policy, in addition to 
the increase already occur- 
ing because of steadily rising 
costs.

A Powerful Force
One major effect of such a 

change—and a principal rea­
son for the controversy sur­
rounding the idea—^would be 
to narrow the tuition gap be­
tween private and public col­
leges, thus improving the com­
petitive position of the private 
institutions.

The private-public tuition ra­
tio is now about 4 to 1 na­
tionally. The Carnegie Com­
mission proposed this summer 
that it be cut, partly through 
higher public tuition, to  2% to 
1, roughly the level that ob­
tained for many years.

The nonprofit Committee for 
Economic Development, whose 
Continued on Page 25, Column 1



~THE NKV/ YORK mONjjAY. OCTOBER 1, 1913^

Colleges Are Urged to Double Their Tuition C h a r g e s m  Influential R esearch Institution
Continued From Paoe 1 Co! 4 e^ted  student loan system.ftuitions of public institutionsja news conference in Washing-,poor enough to qualify for

-----------® ’ ■ This would benefit middle- and to approximately 50 per cent ton’s Sheraton-Carlton Hotel byjoutright grants.
200 members are mainly exec-^upper-income families, who!of instructional costs.” Iw. D. Eberle, President Nixon’s; j'Tm  concerned that this
utiyes of major corporationsiwould be required to pay aj The committee’s main argu-jspecial representative for trade,might create a situation where 
bur include a smattering ofigreater share of their public-jments for financing shifts are |negotiations and chairman of middle-income people will^'not
educational leaders, has beenjcollege costs but would be ex-jsocial. The present low-tuition 
a powerful force in the nation’s'eluded from grants based onjstructure at public institutions, 
economic affairs since its need. jit maintains, amounts to goV'
founding in 1942. Its periodic! The committee’s statement 
"statements on national policy” kovers a wide range of prob 
have included several dealing!*®’” areas in undergraduate 

education, from fiscal planning 
with education, one of them a,to decision-making procedures 
1971 call for financing reformsito the role of students in shap- 
designed to aid inner-cityjing policy, 
schools. i Main Arguments

The latest, entitled ‘ The | gm tgg tuition proposal 
Management and Financing of seemed certain to attract the
Colleges,” plunges the commit­
tee into an increasingly sharp 
argument that has social, eco­
nomic and political implications.

The dispute centers on the 
social vs. individual benefits of 
higher education, and the cor­
responding ^ estio n  of whether 
the public or the individual 
should pay the greater share] 
of its costs.

And, although the commit' 
tee’s report does not stress the 
issue, the dispute inevitably 
involves the competition be­
tween private and public col­
leges and the issue of public 
aid- in any form to the private 
institutions.

S[>ecific Recommendations
The report was presented at 

a news conference here last 
week with a press embargo 
until today. It was attacked 
immediately and in the interim 
by public-college groups and 
others.

The statement’s specific rec­
ommendations include the fol­
lowing:

?An increase in tuition and 
fees at public colleges to 50 
per cent of the cost of instruc­
tion per student. The charges 
now cover less than a fourth 
of the cost nationally, with the 
rest coming from state sub­
sidies. The percentage at pri­
vate colleges, according to the 
report, is more than 60.

•iEmphasis in both Federal 
and state funding on grants di­
rectly to students according to 
need, financed in part by the 
higher tuition charges, with 
seme continuing general-pur­
pose support to institutions at 
the state level and aid in spe­
cial categories from the Fed­
eral Government.

?An expanded, federally op-

most attention and argument. 
As the report put it:

“The committee is fully 
aware of the controversial na­
ture, particularly within the 
academic community, of any 
recommendation to raise the

ernmental subsidy of middle- 
inpome and wealthy students 
who should be required to pay 
more, and thus a diversion of 
funds from those who 
poorest.

The report acknowledges the 
benefits to society of higher 
education and says they justify 
some subsidy for most students. 
But it adds:

"Nevertheless, because of the 
benefits of education to the in­
dividual, we consider it appro­
priate for students and their 
families to pay as large a part 
of the cost as they can afford.”

The report was presented at

the Committee for Economic 
Development subcommittee that 
conducted the college study; 
Alfred C. Neal, president of the 
committee, and Sterling M. Mc- 
Murrin, dean of the graduate 
school of the University of 
Utah and the study’s project 
director.

The three stressed that the 
increases in tuition recommend­
ed in the report should not go 
into effect until adequate grant 
and loan systems were in 
operation.

Mr. McMurrin, a former 
United States Commissioner of 
Education, disagreed with the 
tuition-increase part of the re­
port because of its heavy reli­
ance on loans for students not

be able to afford a college 
education,” Mr, McMurrin said. 
“}f loans are available in ade­
quate amounts, that would be 
a ; different situation.” 

Potential Effects 
At a news conference in the 

same hotel immediately after 
the committee’s presentation, 
spokesmen for the American 
Association of State Colleges 
arid Universities focused their 
criticism on the loan question 
and the potential effects on 
middle-class students.

Charging that “the C.E.D. 
report appears to express the 
views of a few multibillion- 
dollar corporations and afflu­
ent private universities,” Allan 
W. Ostar, the association’s

executive director, declared:
“The only way most middle- 

income students could go to 
college under the C.E.D, plan 
would be to borrow very large 
sums and take on enormous 
long-term debts.”

Calvin Lee, chancellor of the 
University of Maryland-Balti- 
more County, said at the news 
conference that dependence on 
loans was a risky proposition 
at best in view of recent ex­
perience with a tight money 
market.

Alluding to the public-pri­
vate college controversy, he 
said of proposals such as those 
made by the committee, “In 
order to make sirloin more at­
tractive, they want to raise the 
price of, chuck.”

At the same session, state­
ments attacking the commit­
tee’s proposals were issued on 
behalf of the National Student 
Lobby and the National Asso-

jciation of Junior and Commun- 
;ity Colleges.
' The education department of 
the American Federation of La- 
bori and Congress of Industrial 
Organizations has prepared a 
response to the committee’s 
recommendations that says they 
“add up to a plan that would 
shatter the educational hopes 
of workers and their families.”

Support for the proposal 
came from the Association of 
American Colleges, which rep­
resents 800 colleges and uni­
versities, most of them private.

Peter P. Muirhead, chief of 
the higher-education section of 
the Federal Office of Education, 
said the Government had no 
position on the question of in­
creasing tuition at public col­
leges but was “completely in 
aceord” with recommendations 
that “put a great deal of em­
phasis on aid to students and 
freedom of choice.”

In Massachusetts, where 
rapid expansion of the state 

j university in the last decade 
has led to an often bitter con­
frontation with the state’s pri­
vate colleges, Peter B. Edel* 
man, the state system’s vice 
president for university policy,, 
said efforts were being made 
to cool the dispute by increase 
ing state aid to students. * 

Noting that the state’s tui-* 
tion charges had just been ini- 
creased by $50 to $300 a year 
—still among the lowest in the 
country—he said: “What witS. 
the Carnegie report and now"' 
the C.E.D., I expect we’ll b^:. 
facing even more pressure to ' 
push the price up.”

The cost of a single, copy ofj* 
the 104-page report is Sl.SCL 
from the committee at 4 7 ^  
Madison' Avenue, New York,-! 
N. Y. 10022.



THE N E W  YORK TIMES,

CALLED LIMITED
Carnegie Panel Says Needs | 

of Many Are Neglected

By IVER PETERSON
The country’s present system I 

of post-high school education [ 
favors a relative minority of I 
young middie-class students [ 
and neglects the growing needs I 
for education and training |  
among older and working peo­
ple, according to the latest re-1 
port from the Carnegie Com-| 
mission on Higher Education.

The traditional four straight! 
years of college, with a B.A. at I 
the end, are still fine for some I 
students, the commission jl 
argues, but they do not suit the j| 
needs of the retired, young peo-’ 
pie who are better off n o tl 
in college, full-tim e workers,, 
housewives who “missed their || 
earlier chances” for an educa­
tion, or those whose work re-|| 
quires skilis that colleges d o | 
not teach.

Lopsided Values Seen
The report argues that the 

stress on the four-year aca­
demic degree and the en­
trenched prestige of the con­
ventional college curriculum 
have created a lopsided system 
of values in which young peo­
ple from middle-class, educated 
families enjoy excessively high­
er subsidies for their educa­
tion than persons whose life­
styles, jobs_and backgrounds 
put four year's on cam^Tls out 
of reach.

Post-high-school education, 
the report asserts, “should be 
concerned comparatively less 
with the welfare of a minority 
of the young and more with 
that of a majority of all ages.”

“Toward a Learning Society 
—Alternative Channels to Life, 
Work and Service” is the com 
mission’s next-to-final report.
It takes up the rising call from 
other educators and public offi­
cials for more, and more varied, 
educational and training oppor­
tunities for a greater variety of 
citizens.

‘Deficiencies’ Cited
In a summary of its findings, 

the commission cited these 
“deficiencies” in the current 
system of post-secondary edu­
cation in this country:

“It puts too much pressure 
on too many young people to 
attend college whether they 
want to or not. It offers them 
too few alternative options. It 
is thus biased too much toward 
academic subjects alone.

“It puts too much emphasis 
on continuation of education 
right after high schools and 
then never again, rather than 
on learning throughout life.”

And the report noted that 
since colleges and universities 
receive heavy public subsidies, 
the current system “is biased 
by class, Since the middle class 
is more likeljt to go to college; 
by type of job, since college 
tends to lead to the professions 
and to the higher level white- 
collar occupations: and by age, 
since younger persons are the 
more frequent regular college 
enrollees.”

In-its principal recommenda­
tions, the report argues in fa­
vor of greater opportunities for 
all people to drop in and out 
of learning situations, for a 
wider dispersal of educational 
facilities to bring them closer

to the people, for improved op­
portunities for full-time work­
ers to study part-time, and for 
ways to retrain persons whose 
skills have become obsolete or 
unwanted.

The report particularly echoes 
the concern expressed both in 
Federal educational policy and 
by several earlier study groups 
that college, for many young 
people, is a postponement of 
adult life instead of a part of 
it. Stopping in and out of col­
lege and working intermittently 
would increase a student’s con­
tact with normal life experience 
and with other adults, it says.

Nor should college be re­
garded as the only “channel” 
into a productive life, the re­
port continues.

The commission members 
conclude that “many streams” 
into productive life should be 
available by making it finan­
cially possible — and socially 
acceptable—for some students 
to take nonacademic career 
education, and expanding train­
ing programs in unions, in­
dustry, the military, and in 
national service programs sue' 
as the Peace Corps or VISTA

A chance to resume an edu-| 
cation later on in life can ease 
the way for many adults] 
through “several of the discon-i 
tinuities of life in a dignified 
and useful way—re-entry into 
the labor market, changed posi­
tions in the labor force, retire

ment, a sharp break in life 
status,” the report goes on 
“More women than men are 
likely to find these opportu 
nities beneficial. More of them 
missed their earlier chances’ 
by housekeeping and child- 
rearing duties.

The report’s statistics sug­
gest that much of what it rec­
ommends in terms of expanded 
alternative educational oppor­
tunities outside the college 
campus is already taking place

Nearly half of all the people 
attending some kind of educa 
tional program in 1970 were 
engaged in studies other than 
full-time degree-oriented work 
at a college or university, the 
figures show. Their programs 
ranged through part-time train­
ing courses, corporate and 
union programs, private train­
ing schools, and the armed 
forces.

The 1^-page report will be 
availablelfn book form by the 
end of October for $2.95 from 
the McGraw-Hill Book Com­
pany, Hightstown, N.J. 08520,



1 8 - B  ATL.4iVTA CONSTITUTION, Thura., Nov. S, 1973 ST 4TE UISIVERSITY STUDY

More Whites in Black Colleges
United Press International

More white students are attending 
predominantly black schools in Geor­
gia, a new University System survey, 
indicated Wednesday.

Black enrollment has increased at 
most major colleges, including The 
Medical College of Georgia, but over­
all integration appeal's to be coming 
more slowly than expected, the survey 
revealed.

The survey, covering only the 31 
schools in the Georgia University Sys­
tem, show'ed that wnite ennollment at 
Savannah State, a mostly black school, 
had climbed from 75 last year to 275 
this quarter.

A University System spokesman said 
part of the attraction was a joint de­
gree program with Armstrong State, a 
nearby seliool with largely white en- 
rollraent.

Fort Valley State, waging an inten­

sive campaign to attract more white 
students through special scholarships, 
saw' the white enrollment rise from 26 
last year to 44 this quarter.

The over-all system enrollment stood 
at 1(®,907 students, including 12,734 
blacks. This is an increase of 808 black 
students over last year.

Among the major colleges showing 
noticeable increases in blacks were 
Georgia State, which rose from 1,686 
to 2,052; Georgia Tecdi, from 124 to 
168; and the Medical College at Augus­
ta, from 111 to 212.

The University of Georgia showed a 
slight decline in black student enroll­
ment.

m e  survey showed tliat the Univer­
sity System was off slightly .ln its 
projections of college integration in a 
report submitted earUer to the U.S.

Department of Health, Education and 
Welfare.

While the projections were under the 
actual black enrollment at Georgia 
State this year, they were high for 
most of the ofeer major schools.

The statistics may have a  ibearing on 
whetoer HEW' issues more stringent 
commands for establisihing a  closer 
white-black ratio in state colleges. 
HEW cuiTently'is inquiring into the 
Georgia college integration picture in 
connection with a court order.

In its report to HEW, state officials 
insisted that "the university system of 
Georgia is neither now nor has been in 
recent years operated in a manner dis­
criminatory toward a n y  minority 
group.”

Feideral courts, however, have ques­
tioned whellier desegregatiwi policies 
are being pushed aggressively enough.



f 16 THE N E W  YO ^K  TIMES, SUNDAY, OCTOBER 28, 1973

Study Panel Urges Curb on Groups That Control Admission to Professions
By EVAN JENKINS

Special to The New York Ttoes
WASHINGTON, Oct. 27—A 

Federal study group on edu­
cation urged today that the 
Government “adopt a more vig­
ilant anti-trust posture toward 
professional and occupational 
groups that exert control over 
who works in their fields of 
activity.

Acknowledging that “stand­
ards of tra  training and com­
petency in many occupations 
are essential for consumer pro­
tection,” the group’s report! 
adds. “All too often, however, 
such standards become the 
means for limiting entry to| 
careers.”

That happens, the repsrt as­
serts, with practitioners rang­
ing from doctors and lav?yers| 
to “morticians and danoing] 
school instructors.”

The call for efforts to curb! 
such control is one of more 
than 30 recommendations in 
the final report of the study 
group, which was assigned by| 
the Department of Health, Edu­
cation and Welfare in 1971 tf 
examine the Federal role 
higher education.

The group, headed by Fran’ 
Newman, director of universit; 
relations a t  Stanford, also madi 
the foUoWing^roposals in th( 
area of student aid- and financ 
ing: .

flA nonm ilita^ “G.I. bill for 
community service” that would 
provide Federal aid for educa­
tion to those who have served 
in selected national, regional 
■and local programs that are 
deemed to be of benefit to so­
ciety.

flincreased emphasis on aidj 
to individual students and less| 
to institutions, a controversial! 
concept already espoused by 
the Government and such 
groups as the Carnegie Com­
mission on Higher Education.

^Efforts to narrow the tui-| 
tion gap between public an<" 
private colleges 'to improve the 
competitive position of the pri­
vate Institutions, another pro­
posal made frequently of late! 
and sharply debated.

Throughout the report, the 
emphasis is on flexibility and 
competition in higher educa­
tion—diversity in the kinds of 
schooling that society requires 
and the Government should en­
courage; openness, or ease of 
access, to schools regardless 
of age or economic status; in­
centives for change to  meet so­
ciety’s needs, with the “harsh 
but necessary concomittant 
that some institutions may die 
in the process because they are 
ineffective.

I t is in extending the doc_ 
trine of “openness” beyond 
school’ to the world of work 
that the study group assails

the control exercised by occu­
pational groups over career 
opportunities for individuals.

Speaking of the proliferation 
of licensing and certification 
laws over the last three dec­
ades, it declares:

“Such laws are sought not 
only to provide lor regulation 
of entry into the field, but to 
provide the group in question 
with a primary role as regu­
lators, so C. P. A.’s sit on the 
state board of public, account­
ants, and the architects li­
cense future architects, all in

the name of the state.
“The standards employed 

often bear only a tenuous re­
lationship to the competencies 
needed tor successful practice 
and instead often reflect more 
the profession’s image of it­
self.”

A parallel exercise of con­
trol can ' be found in the ac­
creditation of institutions, the 
report says. It notes as one 
example that 39 states require 
that persons taking bar exams 
be graduates of a law school 
accredited by the American

Bar Association, “which, not 
coincidentally, also writes the 
exam and evaluates the ‘moral 
fitness’ of the prospective 
members of the bar.”

For Clarification
As a beginning of “a more 

vigilant antitrust posture rela­
tive to the activities of the or­
ganized professions,”  the re­
port calls for clarification of 
law and regulatory responsi­
bility among arms of govern­
ment concerned with profes­
sional groups.

It also urges an investiga­
tion of requirements for grad­
uation from professionally ac­
credited institutions and of 
“requirements unrelated to  the 
proficiencies needed to  protect 
consumers and successfully 
practice one’s profession.” 

Asked at a press briefing 
yesterday if he could foresee 
government lawsuits against 
occupational organizations, Mr. 
Newman replied, “Yes, although 
that would be a long way down 
the road.”

Besides Mr. Newman, the study

group’s members were Robert 
Andringa and Christopher Cross 
of the minority staff of Oie 
House Education and Labor 
Committee; William Cannon of 
the University of Chicago; Don 
Davies, a former Office of Edu­
cation official and now a senior 
research fellow at Yale; Russell 
Edgerton of the Government’s 
Fund for the Improvement of 
Postsecondary Education; Mar­
tin Kramer of the Health, Edu­
cation and Welfare Secretary’s 
office and Bernie Martin of the 
National Intstitute of Education.



U .S . D E PA R T M E N T  O F  HEALTH, ED U CA TIO N , AND W E L FA R E

FOR RELEASE IN A.M. PAPERS 
Thursday, September 13, 1973

(Office of Education) 
HOCHSTEIN--(202) 962-6833 
(Home) --(202) 244-8627

HEW-D45
Federal aid to the Nation's predominantly black colleges and 

universities increased 124 percent over the past four years, HEW Secretary 

Caspar W. Weinberger annoimced today.

The increase, Weinberger said, from $108 million in fiscal year 1969 

to $242 million in fiscal year 1972, "represents a clear demonstration of 

this Administration's continuing efforts to assure the well-being of a vital 

segment of the Nation's postsecondary resources."

The Secretary disclosed highlights of an annual study of Federal program 

aid to black colleges conducted by the Federal Interagency Committee on 

Education (FICE), of which Assistant Secretary of Education Sidney P. Marland, 

Jr., is chairman.

According to the study, predominantly black institutions enrolled 

2.6 percent of all college students in academic year 1972-73 and received 

5.5 percent of Federal funds going to higher education.

During the 1972-73 academic year, the year in which the major portion 

of fiscal year 1972 funds were spent, the 114 predominantly black schools 

enrolled 246,219 of the 9,297,787 students in all colleges and universities.

Black colleges received 82 percent of their Federal funds from HEW, 

according to the FICE study. In contrast, other colleges and universities 

received only 71 percent of their Federal support from HEW.

In all, 15 Federal departments or agencies provided approximately

- m o r e



- 2 - HEW-D45

$4.4 billion to the Nation's colleges and universities.

Of the $197 million provided predominantly black institutions by HEW, 

the Office of Education allotted $165 million. The Office of Education 

assistance to black colleges represented more than half of all Federal 

support to these institutions.

The next largest amount in HEW came from the National Institutes of 

Health, which provided almost $21 million.

Outside HEW, the primary sources of Federal aid to black colleges were 

the Department of Agriculture and the National Science Foimdation. The 

Department of Agriculture provided over $13 million, and the National Science 

Foundation provided more than $9 million.

Eighty-four of the black colleges--74 percent--received more than 

$1 million each in Federal funds, according to the study. Nationally, less 

than 20 percent of all colleges and universities received more than 

$1 million in Federal funds.

The FICE report. Federal Agencies and Black Colleges, Fiscal Year 

1972, will be published later this year.

# # #

NOTE TO EDITORS: Attached is a table of the top 10 black college
recipients of Federal aid during fiscal year 1972.



(HEW-D45)

TOP TEN BLACK COLLEGE RECIPIENTS OF FEDERAL PROGRAM FUNDS

FISCAL YEAR 1972

Institution and Location

Howard University, Washington, D.C.

Meharry Medical College, Nashville, 
Tennessee

Tuskegee Institute, Tuskegee, Alabama

Southern University, Baton Rouge, 
Louisiana

North Carolina A § T State University, 
Greensboro

Bishop College, Dallas, Texas

Virginia State College, Petersburg

Tennessee State IMiversity, Nashville, 
Tennessee

Spelman College, Atlanta, Georgia 

Alabama A  § M College, Normal

TOTAL

Amount of Support 

$15,226,400

12,616,600

10,290,100

7,125,300

5.718.800

5.123.800 

5,089,500

5,060,200

4.984.700

4.839.700 

$76,075,100

Source: Federal Interagency Committee on Education



ADVERTISEMENT ADVERTISEMENT

E  9
ADVERTISEMENT

Open Admissions: 
The Record Thus Far

The Open Admissions policy of . the City 
University of New York was adopted late 
in the summer of 1969, shortly after the 
South Campus at City College had been 
occupied and closed off by a small group 
of black students demanding a vast increase 
in the number of nonwhites attending that 
school. It was not an auspicious beginning 
for the program, since educational policy 
— like any social policy — requires careful 
planning, and should not be adopted in an 
atmosphere of confrontation and intimida­
tion. Seymour Hyman, then vice-chancel­
lor of CUNY, has observed that “when I 
saw that smoke coming out of that building 
. . .  the only question in my mind was. How 
can we save Q ty  College? And the only
answ’er was. Hell, let everybody in___ ” In
a few months’ time, “let everybody in” had 
become the policy of CUNY.

Despite what motivated the haste of its 
adoption. Open Admissions has enjoyed 
widespread support almost from its incep­
tion. The Professional Staff Congress, AFL- 
CIO, which represents CUNYs 16,000 ed­
ucators, endorsed the policy and continues 
to advocate its retention. The United Fed­
eration of Teachers also supports Open 
Admissions, and I  personally have testified 
at numerous hearings and issued frequent 
statements defending the policy.

Recently, however, the policy’s workings 
have been subjected to careful and critical 
scrutiny. One of the mote detailed studies, 
by Martin Mayer, titled “Open Admissions 
for All,” was published in the February 
1973 issue of Commentary magazine. The 
article describes how Open Admissions has 
actually W'orked at a number of schools in 
the ©UNY system.-Mayer,-a talented,jnufc. 
nalist and social commentator, spent con­
siderable time at a number of New York 
public colleges. His findings deserve serious 
consideration.

The situation he describes is comparable 
to that of a man, overloaded with baggage, 
walking up a down escalator and midting 

. no progress despite his most strenuous ef­
forts. The conditions are just not favorable.

The students, Mayer observes, are “grave, 
earnest, desperately hardworking, and in­
secure.” They are doing what society has 
told them they have to do if they are to get 
ahead, even if they are not prepared to go 
to college, and the college they go to is not . 
prepared to educate them. (More than, 
50% have already dropped out at their 
own volition.) The schools Mayer visits are 
terribly overcrowded and under-financed. 
The faculty members, dedicated as many 
of them are, are becoming increasingly 
demoralized as they face intractable edu­
cational problems and a declining propor­
tion of responsive students. He finds a few 
hopeful, intelligently conceived programs 
but they.are far outnumbered by disap­
pointing failures and by programs (often ■ 
in “urban studies”) that have no place at - 
iill in any academic curriculum. And he 
discerns, 'pervading the entire system, a 
growing educational bureaucracy which 
mechanically issues diplomas to serve as 
credentials for students looking for jobs, 
even if representing little in the way of edu­
cational achievement.

Mayer finds disillusion and distress in 
various quarters. David Newton, who 
headed a committee to determine costs for 
special Open Admissions student programs, 
com plains th a t  “we weren’t  p roperly  
funded. And the sense of commitment and 
dedication I had expected &om my col­
leagues [on his finance committee] was no­
where to be found.” Chancellor Robert 
Kibbee, who was brought in from_ Pitts­
burgh in 1971 to find Open Admissions 
already instituted, observes: ‘Y ou had a  
facultj' asked all of a sudden to do some­
thing they didn’t^ know anything about. 
Even those who thought they knew Couldn't" 
conceive how badly many of these kids 
•were prepared.” The idealistic young super­
visor of the remedial English program at 
H ostos Com m unity College rem arks: 
“When I  started 1 had all the white liberal 
biases about what these students could 
achieve if given complete freedom. We all 
lost those.”

It Can Succeed, If.. .
The chairman of the Chemistry Depart­

ment at CCNY, Abraham Mazur, con­
ceived of a first-year chemistry course which 
Open Admissions students could take over 
three semesters instead of two, receiving 
two-thirds credit for each semester’s work. 
Only 4 of the 73 students who enrolled in 
the 6-credit Chemistry 5 course in Septem­
ber, 1970 survived to enter the third term. 
Having identified students“ who don’t know 
that 373 over 273 is greater than one,” 
Mazur arranged for an elementary algebra 
and renfiedial arithmetic course as a pre­
requisite for Chemistry 5, with full credit 
given for this course each term. (Thus, stu­
dents could get 9 credits for a 6-credit 
course.) But the improvement in the stu­
dents’ performance was negligible.

A  “bidialectal” program at Brooklyn Col­
lege — which was described by The New 
York Times as a “Black English” course — 
has produced, according to Mayer, no new 
educational techniques. A course in urban 
studies at Hunter sends students on field 
trips 'to make color slides for viewing in 
class — a form of “fourth-grade show-and- 
tell,” in Mayer’s view. The course is sup­
posed to culminate, according to one of its 
young teachers, “in change strategies — the 
whole idea of change,” Mayer found that 
black studies courses, which could serve an 
important academic function, have “often 
become shelters for untalented students.” 
Scattered among these failures arc a few 
small successes. Example: A “study lab” 
developed by a teacher at Baruch is getting 
Open Admissions students through the same 
courses taken by the best of the regularly' 
admitted students.

It is plain that Open Admissions, if it 
fails to help low-income students appreci­
ably, can do irreparable damage to the City 
Universitv of New York. These students

have been forced by the pressures of a cre- 
dcntialized society to seek a degree that wfll 
mean less and less as the standards for 
achieving it ate lowered. The loss of re­
spect for a City University degree signifies 
a loss of respect for the City University 
itself. “If we move 60 per cent of these kids 
through social promotion,” says Jacqueline 
Wexler, the president of Hunter College, 
“it will be.a disaster for the city. Unless the 
city can be got to see that, we wilt be doing 
a terrible disservice.” And the ultimate vic­
tims would be the students themselves, es­
pecially those who work hard and deserve 
a degree.
' The failures of Open Admissions in New 

York do not mean that the idea itself is bad. 
But they do mean that a lot more work, 
planning, and resources will have to be in­
vested in the program if, in the process of 
extending the benefits of a college educa­
tion to all, we are not to destroy the uni­
versity as an institution of hig/iereducation. 
If Open Admissions is to succeed in its 
substantive goal—equalizing opportunity in 
higher education—then it must be given a 
fair chance. Students must have access to 
more thorough and ongoing counselling; 
diagnostic and tutorial services must be 
expanded; and a eomprehensive remedial 
program with smaller classes must be de­
veloped and properly staffed. In the long 
run, the answer to CUNY”s problems is 
improvement of the public schools, from 
which most Open Admissions students grad­
uate. But these goals can be reached only 
by funding education adequately — by giv­
ing CUNY the resources needed to make 
Open Admissions work today, and by giv­
ing the public schools the resources needed 
to make Open Admissions unnecessary 
tomorrow.

ycjt973 by Aibert Shacker

I
 Mr. Shanker'a comment! appear In thi» lecllon every Sunday. Reader correspon-j 
dence la Invited. Address your letters to Mr. Shanker at UFT. This column is sponsored J 
as paid advertising by the United Federation of Teachers, Local 2, American | 
Federation of Teachers, AFL-CIO, 260 Park Avenue South, New Ycrk, N.Y. 100T0.J



THE NEW  YORK TIMEU, HVi'^uA'x, r ^ f j v t l i .

Education

College Admissions Quotas

Time to Decide If 
Whites Are. Victimized

Some colleges and universities, 
in recent years, have applied quota 
systems to admit more blacks and 
members of other minority groups. 
This practice has provoked charges 
of "reverse discrimination" against 
whites and challenges to its legal­
ity. Last week, the United States 
Supreme court agreed to consider 
one of the challenges, a move that 
could have far-reaching implica­
tions for minority access to higher 
education.

The challenge came from a white 
graduate of the University of Wash­
ington, Marco DeFunis Jr. Back in 
1969, when he was a senior at the 
university, with a near-A average 
and on his way to a B.A. degree 
magna cum laude, he applied to the 
law school. He was rejected. But 
he discovered that 38 other appli­
cants, all racial minorities with 
worse grades and Law School Apti­
tude Test scores lower than his, 
had been admitted under the 
school’s program to expand mi­
nority enrollment.

Mr. DeFunis charged discrimina­
tion, contending that the law school 
had two sets of admissions stand­
ards and that he thus was deprived 
of equal protection of the laws 
guaranteed by the 14th Amendment 
of the Constitution. He took his 
case to court.

The university conceded that it 
applied the quota system to achieve 
a more balanced student body. It 
claimed the law school had the right 
to • decide whether its over-all 
quality would be improved by a 
larger percentage of minority stu­
dents. And it admitted it had one 
admission standard for whites and 
another for minorities, which gave 
weight to factora other than grades 
and test scores.

The Washington Superior Court 
for Mr. DeFunis and he was 
'd  to the law school. The

university appealed to the state 
Supreme Court which reversed the 
decision, ruling that the law school 
had a right to consider race as a 
special factor in admitting minority 
students. So Mr. DeFunis, and his 
lawyers from the Anti-Defamation 
League of B’nai B’rith, took the case 
to the United States Supreme Court.

And the High Court’s ultimate 
decision, many educators, lawyers 
and college officials believe, could 
be as important to minority access 
to higher education as the desegre­
gation ruling in Brown v. Board of 
Education was to public school chil­
dren back in 1954.

The case Is wrapped in diverse 
and sometimes unrelated issues that 
have been gaining attention since 
the beginning of this decade: the 
debate over the value of grades, 
the increase in demand for profes­
sional education, the cutbacks in 
Federal financial aid support, the 
receding of the civil r i^ t s  move­
ment and the changing attitudes 
among blacks toward their rela­
tions with white society. Moreover, 
the case could have bearing on 
similar quota situations involving 
ethnic and socio-economic back­
grounds, and the hiring of faculty 
members.

The genesis of the quota question 
dates back to the period following 
the murder of Martin Luther King, 
when colleges leapt into a feverish 
effort to increase minority enroll­
ments—especially blacks. It was 
quickly discovered, however, that 
the usual tests and grading systems 
that work well for predicting how 
a white, middle class student will 
do in college were probably unfair 
and certainly inaccurate when ap­
plied to black students from ghetto 
schools and backgrounds devoid of 
the culture and attitudes that white 
communities take for granted.

A widespread but unspoken prac­
tice first emerged on admission 
committees to give minority appli­
cants a  special edge because of their 
backgrounds. This was done both in 
the cause of social justice and to 
get a broader cross-section of 
American youth in the belief that 
the white students, too, would bene­
fit from contact with persons of 
more diverse races and back­
grounds.

By the end or the decade, black 
enrollment had increased by over 
170 per cent at American four-year 
colleges. This trend took on a firmer 
character with the wave of radical 
campus activity of the late 1960’s. 
“Tokenism’’ was condemned, and 
the goal emerged as one of bringing 
minority enrollment up to the same 
level as minority representation in

Associated Press
Marco DeFunis, who challenged 
the admission quotas.

the country’s over-all population. A 
quota system, admitted or not, be­
gan to take shape at many schools.

Discussing the practice last week. 
Dr. Philip W. Cartwright, the Uni­
versity of Washington’s Executive 
Vice President, said that "quite 
frankly, we have a separate set of 
standards—^we consider other things 
besides grades and test scores, such 
as motivation, for minority stu­
dents.”

Noting that the university was

“delighted,” that the Supreme Court 
is going to review the DeFunis case. 
Dr. Cartwright summed up his posi­
tion: “Our argument, finally, is that 
if you’re going to have equal access 
to the law and to society as a 
whole, we’re going to have to admit 
on a different standard—to admit 
on a different standard, but not to 
graduate on a different standard.”

He argued that w.th intenuive 
remedial help, ill-prepared minority 
students generally achieve over-all 
records that are a match for those 
of the other students, and tlieir 
diplomas are no less valuable.

Walter Leonard, Harvard’s man 
in charge of Affirmative Action pro­
grams in hiring and recruitment and 
the university’s conscience on 
racial matters, added the argument 
that the test scores on which Mr. 
DeFunis is basing his case do not 
tell enough about a student, espe­
cially a minority student.

“When you begin to admit mi­
nority students,” he said last week, 
“you begin to look at more than just 
the mechanical scores, A minority 
student, who in many instances has 
come through a very crippling edu­
cational background, one almost de­
signed for failure, but who none­
theless has come through and has 
reached the point where he’s knock­
ing on the grad-school door—well, 
just the fact of his survival that far 
becomes a sign of his toughness, 
and is predictive of his ability to 
survive as a student.”

Prof. Millard H. Ruud, Executive 
Director of the Association of 
American Law Schools, has filed an 
amicus brief with the Supreme 
Court of Washington in support of 
the University of Washington’s 
position. But there have been prob­
lems, Professor Ruud conceded. 
Drop-out rates and other failures 
among minority students admitted 
under special circumstances have 
been higher than normal. Another 
“complication,” Prof. Ruud said, 
is that minority students know they 
have been -admitted under special 
dispensations, and this hurts their 
egos and sometimes leads to an 
expectation of failure.

An Anti-Defamation League law­
yer, who asked that his name not 
be used, argued in reply, however, 
that discrimination in favor of mi­
norities is still discrimination: “It’s 
the reverse of the classic discrimina­
tion, and unlike the victims of the 
old type of discrimination, the vic­
tims bf reverse discrimination do 
not have access to redress from 
the regular civil rights groups.”

Despite the quota practice, mi­
nority enrollments in colleges and 
graduate schools have not reached 
the averages of the respective 
group’s national distribution, ex­
cept, perhaps, for Oriental-Ameri- 
cans. Black students still consti­
tute only 6.5 per cent of four-year 
college enrollment, while college- 
aged blacks make up 12.4 per cent 
of their age group nationally.

Available statistics indicate that 
much of the increase in black en­
rollment has been at the less rig­
orous, two-year community col­
leges and at the big-name, wealthy 
colleges that have the funds to 
support the expensive task of re­
cruiting and keeping underprivi­
leged youths.

Not all of the charges of reverse 
discrimination, however, have been 
directed at the poor and under­
privileged. George Washington Uni­
versity’s Law School is chuckling 
over a charge by some students that 
David Eisenhower, the President’s 
son-in-law, was admitted this fall 
even though his application was 
made two months after the final 
deadline. —IVER PETERSON



STATE FUNDS FOR COLLEGES, PER CAPITA

Ap^rop. Ap^rop.

Capita Rank Capita Rank

Alabama $30.87 41 Louisiana $38.45 23
Alaska . . 68,42 2 Maine . . 30.99 40
Arizona . 53.61 5 Maryland . 36.05 31
Arkansas . 26.96 47 Mass. . . 22.72 49
California . 42.93 16 Michigan 42.25 18
Colorado , 50.65 6 Minn. . . 42.45 17
Conn. . . . 36.43 30 Miss. . . . 38.13 25
Delaware . 41.83 21 Missouri 31.66 39
Florida . 35.65 32 Montana 43.58 15
Georgia . . 35.51 33 Nebraska 34.65 34
Hawaii . . . 81.12 1 Nevada . 37.51 27
Idaho . 46,93 9 N.H. . . 17.06 50
Illinois . 42.18 19 N.J......... 25.50 48
Indiana . . 38.22 24 N.M. . . 44.73 11
Iowa . 42 05 20 New York 43,78 14
Kansas 37.94 26 N.C. 44 29 12
Kentucky . 37.21 28 N.D. . . . 44.12 13

The above sbow  ̂ how much of ite tax funds each st

Ohio . 
Okla. . 
Oregon 
Pa. .
R. l. .
S. C. . . 
S.D. . 
Tenn. 
Texas 
Utah 
Vermont 
Virginia 
Wash. .

Ap^rop.

Capita
. $27.30 

30.80 
. 47.77 
, 29.29 
. 32.88 
. 29.41 
. 32.90 
. 28.75 
. 37.05 
. 46.05 
. 34.62 
. 33.80 
. 56.28

W. Virginia 39.61
Wis........... 50.59
Wyoming . 54.35 

TOTAL $37.85

Rank
46
42 

8
44 
38
43 
37
45 
29 
10
35
36

3 
22

7
4

operatiBg expenses of higher education In 1971-72. The tnlormaaon was comptwo u , 
Chronicle from figures supplied by M. M. Chambers oL Illinois State University and f r ^  the 
U.S. Bureau o f the Census’s estimate of civilian population as off lu ly  1. See story on Paj^ .

^ublic Funds fo r  Private Colleges 
bted by More States in 1971

D f n v k r

A broad array of programs dealing wiih 
gher education’s financial difficulties emerged 
om state legislatures in 1971. Some of the 
osl significant new laws granted more p blic 
oney for private institutions and set prod’,. 
yn standards for faculty members.
A summary of the laws was compiled by the 

ducation Commission of the States in a 45- 
atc survey. Selected laws are described on 
age 4. These were the legislative highlights;
► Several states—including Illinois, Mary- 
nd, Minnesota, North Carolina, Oregon, 
exas, and Washington—joined those that had 
ppropriated public funds for private colleges 
tid universities. The programs took a variety 
f forms, including both direct grants to the 
istitulions and irants i(< siiidcnt- vsh.- ati- d 
lem.

Minnesota and Oregon adopter! plans pi(' 
V,ding for the si.,•as . conuacT with private 
colleges for the education of state residents. 
N.srth Carolina and Ttsas .ipproved such ar­
rangements mih ,n.' ,><-■ meaiv..d s-.hoois.

to- Fl.n ilia and Washington legislatures moved 
nuo pohey ..teas normally left to nn.versit.e, 
themselves and approved measures intended to 
increase faculty teaching loads.

The fiorida law specified that full-time 
faculty members must spend a minimum of U 
hours per week in the classroom, although ad­
ministrators were given some flexibility m deter 
mining if non-teaching duties can be substituted 
in some cases. A section of the Honda ap­
propriations bill also provided that leaching 
productivity and skills shall be the mam f 
tor- in the granting of tenure, and it prohibits, 
aenia! .■ let. m- -olely on the basis of faiiare to

In Waslimgfon. ;he lawmakers ordered a 5- 
per-cent meiease ireiween 197(»-7I and 1972-73 
m the average weekly classroom load of faculty 
members. At the same time, the use of state 
funds for sabbaticals was restricted,

n New York, the legislature passed a bill 
to regulate facnlty teaching loads at ail inslitu- 
hons recervmg slate funds, but it was vetoed

Sta^e apprupridfioni. of ta.x funds 
for higher education’s operating ex­
penses reached a new high of $7.7- 
billion in 1971-72, but the rapid rale 
of increase of recent years appears to 
be slowing.

Appropriations were up only 10 
per cent over 1970-71, the smallest 
year-to-year increase since 1962- The 
two-year increase was 24.25 per cent, 
compared with recent two-year gains 
of 38 per cent to 44 per cent.

M. M. Chambers of Illinois State 
University, a special contributor to 
The Chronicle of Higher Education 
who has been compiling information 
on stale appropriations for higher ed­
ucation since 1959, said the latest 
total indicated a “moderate slowing- 
down” in comparison with the years 
since 1965. in the early 1960’s, he 
noted, the two-year increases were not 
as high.

Because some states appropriate 
funds for colleges two years at a time,
Mr. Chambers feels that two-year 
rates of increase are more meaningful 
than those of single years.

Changes in Distribution Noted
In addition to the slowing-down 

of rates of increase in appropriations, 
changes.have been taking place in how 
states are apportioning funds within 
their statewide systems of higher edu­
cation.

The National Association of State 
Universities and I and-Gram Colleges, 
which represents the major state uni­
versities, pointed out that 7i of 97 
of its member-institutions had re­
ported smaller rates of increase than 
tiieir states as a whole had reported 
over the past two years.

Twelve other state universities re­
ported f>ercentage increases roughly 
comparable to those of their states’ 
entire statewide systems, while 14 in- 
stitulioas received larger percentage 
increases.

The usiunaud that,

Pecaust o! inflation and enrollment in- 
1 't a'cs. a niajoi state university must 
have an average annual increase in 
funds of at least 10 per cent in order 
to maintain a status quo In its level 
of operations. The association noted 
that 54 of the 97 institutions reported 
increases averaging less than 10 per 
cent a year over the past two years.

Five state-as.sisted institutions re­
ceived less money in appropriations 
for J 971 -72 than in 1969-70, the asso­
ciation said.

Other kinds of institutions, how­
ever, have been improving their share
of xi ic tund'-



Increasc^^ fa r  lin rier Colleges
In at least 21 states, the rate of in­

crease of funds for junior and com­
munity colleges was higher than the 
overall state increase over the past 
two years. Some funds went to new 
institutions or to rapidly expanding 
ones, and a larger numl^r of states 
have begun to provide aid to private 
colleges and universities.

Thirteen states enacted legislation 
for that purpose this year, bringing 
to 35 the total number of states pro­
viding some kind of aid—direct or 
indirect—for private colleges or their 
students.

The land-grant association expressed 
fear that a continued slowdown in 
appropriations would force many pub­
lic institutions to raise their tuition 
and fees, which have already increased 
by an average of slightly more than 
6 per cent a year between 1965-66 
and 1971-72.

2  -

tl, Ihc i ' l e a d s  upward for an
o th r .  H)

Cahfornia continues to lead in to­
tal stale funds appropriated for higher 
education, as it has in every other year 
since Mr. Chambers began his tabu­
lations, while New York is second.

On a per-capita basis, however, Ha­
waii and Alaska lead the rest of the 
stales in funds for colleges and uni­
versities.

Alaska and Mississippi increased 
their appropriations by the highest 
rate over the past two years. The 
stale of Washington, on the other 
hand, actually decreased its approp­
riations between 1969-70 and 1971-72.

Following are breakdowns of ap­
propriations for the last five states to 
report their figures:

Institution
U  o f  A labam a . .
A uburn  U ...........
U o f S A labam a 
Jacksonville  St I t  
Troy St I

ALABAMA
1971-72

Approprinfion
$ 34,151,000

A labam a A &M  U
A labam a St .U  . . .  
F lorence  Si U  . . . .  
U  o f  Mcjmcvallo . 
l.iv ingsion  St U . .

W alker C o JC  . . .  
M arion Insi . . . . . .
VtiC'tech schiX̂ ls . 
G adsden  C t r  fo r H

22,889.000
5.574.000
4.127.000
3.158.000
2.832.000
2.737.000
2.6.38.000
2.346.000
1.292.000

12.376.000
750.000
200.000 
200.000

10.291.000

cfaangc
-41%
-19%

--22%
--61%
--21%
--16%
--34%
--28%
--21%

-32%
-60%

.-355%
4-167%

N ursing  scholarships 
M ed scholarships bd 
D ent scholarships bd 
A la Com m  on  H 1-d

200,000
201.000
135.000 
83.000

250.000
T ota l ........................... $106,429,000

T*nul Leads U pward’

Mr. Chambers, however, remains 
convinced that the lower rate in in­
crease of appropriations will not be 
permanent. “Any current temporarv 
slowdown in the financing of public 
higher education cannot be regarded 
as a crossing of a summit on a trail 
which thereafter leads only down-

in stitu tion
L ouisiana  St U 
Southern  I

LOUISIANA
1971-72 

Appropriation

U  of SW  I a . . .  
L ouisiana  T ech  U 
N ortheast La St U 
N u rth w ts tr rn  .St U 
SouthcaM ern I a U
McNcesi- St l: ___
N icholK  St U .........
G r.amblmg C .........
Isaac D elgado C . .

10,019,000 "
8.254.000
7.543.000
6.326.000
5.549.000
5.154.000
4.889.000
4.456.000
1.862.000

2-7CRT
ciianse

-32%
■31%
-25%

--22%
-39%
19%

-20%
~-32%

-52%
-4-4%

n /c

H Ed Asst Comm . 2,495.000
Voc rehab stipends 235,000
T H Harris schols . 191,000
SREB ......................  233,000
Coord Coun for H

Ed ........................  143,000
Total ........................  $139,916,000

MASSACHUSETTS
1971-72

Institution Appropriation
U of Massachusetts $ 58,614,000 
State colleges;

Boston ................  5,827,000
Bridgewater ........  4,486,000
Salem ..................  4.423.000
Worcester ..........  3,148.000
Fitchburg ............  3.061.000
Westfield ............  2,700,000
Framingham . . . .  2,660,000
Lowell ..................  2,476.000
North Adams . . .  1,593.000
Mass C of A n ..  1,260,000
Ma.ss Mari Acad 853.000
Bd of Trustees . .  324,000

Ixiwcll Tech Inst .. 6,935,000
SE Mass U . . . ___ 4,883.000
Community C*s . . .  19.730,000
Bd of Higher Ed ..  7,235,000
Total ........................  $130,212,00«

OHIO
1971-72

InstiCntioh Appropriation
Ohio State U ........  $ 80,946,000
U of C incinnati . . .  22.068,0^
Kent State U ........  22,234,000
Ohio U ..................  18,917.000
Bowling Green St U 15,472,000
U of Akron ............  14,578,000
U of Toledo ..........  12,754,000
Mrami U ................  12,275.000
Oevetand St U ___  11.311.000
Youngstown St U . 9,756,000
Wright St U ..........  8.109,000
Med C of Ohio

(Tol.) ..................  7,500.000 •
Central St U ..........  3,807,000
Case Western Res U 2.680.000
Community c’s ----- 10.608.000
U branches : ............  10,086,000
Tech insts ................  6,428.000
Instructional grants 15.160.000
Library gram ..........  580,000
Board of regents . .  545,000
Special projects . . .  580.000
Renta! payments . . .  8,000,000
Total ...........................$293,677,000

WLSCONSIN
1971-72

Insthotlon Appropriation
U of Wisconsin . . .  $129,912.0(X>
Wisconsin St UN ..  72.832.000
V<K, Tech, & Adult

educational sys . .  15,526.000
County fchrs C’s .. 755,000
Med C of Wis . . .  1.877.000
Higher Ed Aids Bd 4.501,000
Total ..............  $226,403,660

2-year
diange
-{-47%

-1-43%
-1-57%
-1-41%

-51%
--43%
--49%

83%
■97%

--65%

'-1-41%
4-41%
-^79%

STATE FUNDS 
FOR COLLEGES

1 97 1 -7 2
Approp. 2 -yea r

(add 000 ) Change

A labam a  . . . 1 06 ,4 29 + 4 6 .5 %
A la ska  .......... 1 9 ,500 + 6 4 %
A rizo n a  . . .  . 9 7 ,5 1 4 + 4 8 .5 %
Arkansas . . . 5 2 ,17 7 +  9 .5 %
C a lifo rn ia 853 ,6 2 3 +  1 4 %
Colorado . . . 1 13 ,4 53 +30.25®/
Connecticu t . 1 11 ,6 95 + 3 9 %
Delaw are . . . 23 ,091 + 3 6 .2 5 3
F lo r id a  . . . . 2 47 ,5 4 0 + 2 4 .7 5 " ,
Georg ia  . . . . 1 62 ,9 53 +31.25®/
Haw a ii . . . . 5 9 ,86 6 4-43.25®/
Idaho .......... 3 4 ,167 +  14.5®/o
I llino is  . . . . 4 70 ,4 1 3 + 1 6 %
Ind iana . . . . 2 01 ,3 45 + 3 0 .5 %
Iow a ............ 119 ,881 +14®/o
Kansas . . . . 8 4 ,313 +  5.75®/
Ken tucky  . . . 1 20 ,4 89 +26®/o
Lou is ian a  . . 1 39 ,9 16 + 4 0 .7 5 ° ,
M a in e  . . . . . 30 ,741 + 1 8 .25 ° ,
M a ry land  . . . 1 41 ,9 13 +54®/o
M assachusetts 1 30 ,212 +52.5® /o
M ich igan  . . . 3 79 ,4 0 9 +24.25® /
M inneso ta  . . 1 64 ,5 6 6 +28.25® /
M iss iss ip p i 8 4 ,11 2 +62®/o
M isso u ri . . . 1 49 ,1 09 + 1 7 %
M on tana  . . . 3 0 ,6 3 5 +  1 4 .5%
N ebraska . . . 5 1 ,9 7 6 +  7 .5 %
Nevada . . . . 1 8 ,64 2 +26®/o
N. Ham pshire 12 ,935 +  6 % °
New Je rsey  . 1 84 ,6 79 +46.25® /
N. M ex ico  . 4 5 .307 + 2 5 .5 %
New Y o rk  . . 8 03 ,9 1 3 + 2 8 .5 %
N. C a ro lina  . 2 23 ,4 86 +27®/o
N. Dakota . . 26 ,999 + 1 6 %
Ohio ............ 2 93 ,6 77 + 2 2 .5 %
Oklahom a . . 79 ,331 +33.25® /
Oregon . . . . 1 03 ,0 00 4-17.5®/o
Pennsy lvan ia 347 ,4 8 3 +  9.5«/o
Rhode Is land . 3 0 ,443 +  5.25°/
S . C a ro lina  . 74 .987 +40.5®/o
S. Dakota . . 2 1 ,844 +  19.75®/
Tennessee . . 1 14 ,0 34 + 3 0 .75 ° /
Texas .......... 4 18 ,3 6 9 + 2 3 %
U tah  ............ 50 ,422 +26®/o
V erm on t . . . 15 ,856 + 1 7 %
V irg in ia 153 ,4 3 3 + 3 0 .5 %
W ashing ton  . 1 90 ,4 67 -  0.25®/<
W . V irg in ia  . 69 ,388 + 2 6 %
W iscons in  . . 2 26 ,4 03 + 3 6 .5 %
W yom ing . , . 1 8 ,316 +  2.5®/®

T o ta l U .S. $7 ,704 ,462 +24.25®/
Figures above were compiU 
M. M. Chambers of Illinois Sta 
University, a special contributt
to The Chronicle.



The.Jmior College 
Belittled in Past, 
Now a Major Force

By JACK ROSENTHAL
Special to The New York Times

MIAMI, Feb. 13—Public jun­
ior colleges, once scorned as 
“high schools with ash trays,” 
have exploded since 1960 into 
a major social force, that is 
shaping industrial development, 
urban services and personal 
pride.

The statistical evidence was 
issued in Washington today in 
a Census Bureau report. While 
total university enrollment 
doubled in the nineteen-sixties, 
enrollment in the public two- 
year colleges quadrupled, the 
report said.

This enrollment now exceeds 
2.3 million, according to one 
measure. And experts calculate 
that the number may well 
double again quickly, reaching 
5 million by September, 1975.

The pulse and muscle repre­
sented by the skeletal statis­
tics are dramatically Illustrated 
in Miami. There was no public 
junior college at all here in 
1960. This year, Miami-Dade 
Junior College enrolled 38,106 
students.

From 7 A.M. to 10 P.M., stu­
dents swarm through facilities 
costing $45-million—a down­
town center and two sprawl­
ing suburban campuses studded 
with filigreed concrete build­
ings, palm trees, contoured 
plazas and landscaped parking 
lots.

Their ages range from 17 to 
Continued on Page 12, Column 3



Richardson Vows Student Aid Priority
Special to The New York Time*

BOSTON, Dec. 18 — Secre­
tary of Health, Education and 
Welfare Elliot L. Richardson 
said Thursday that Federal 
aid to college students would 
get funding priority over sim­
ilar a'd to the colleges them­
selves.

Mr. Richardson told more 
than 100 administrators for 
Boston-area colleges that re­
gardless, of which higher edu­
cation bill gets through Con­
gress in early 1972, the stu­
dent funding priority would 
go into force.

The Secretary said the Nixon 
Administration backed the bill 
of Senator Claiborne Pell, 
Democrat of Rhode Island. Sen­
ator Pell also spoke at a 
Boston College conference on 
financing higher education..

Senator Pell explained that 
student aid would amount to a 
maximum of $ 1.9-billion un­
der his measure as compared 
to no more than $1.1-billion 'n 
the House bill, while the col­
leges will get only $674,000 
in contrast to the $1-billion 
from the House. Both measures 
are authorization bills, and re­
quire subsequent appropria­
tions action.

Conference Next Month
Both authorization measures 

are scheduled to go to a 
conference committee in late 
January. Long deliberation is 
expected. Mr. Pell said, since 
antibusing and other amend­
ments have been attached.

But Mr. Richardson said the 
Administration would not re­
quest full funding for the aid 
to colleges, regardless of what 
compromise is made.

Senator Pell, who also spoke 
Wednesday night to the New 
England Board of Higher Edu­
cation’s conference on financ­

ing, explained that student aid 
funds would be limited to 
students from famil'es with 
annual income of less than 
$10,000 to $12,000.'

“We are trying to guarantee 
to all students the right to the 
post-secondary education he or 
she is capable of absorbing,” 
said Mr. Pell, chairman of 
the Senate Subcommittee on 
Education.

This is why we, in effect, 
opted to place the main thrust 
of Federal higher education 
assistance with the student.”

Representative Edith Green, 
Oregon Democrat, sponsor of 
the House version, was sched­
uled at the Boston College 
conference but was unable to 
attend because of illness.

Under Senator Pell’s bill a 
basic grant of $1,400 a year 
would be allotted each student, 
from which would be deducted 
an expected family contribu­
tion rate- The Government 
would only supply up to one- 
half the student’s finances.

Matching Grants Set
The student could choose any 

college he wanted and the 
Government would send a 
matching grant to that institu­
tion to defray the full cost of 
his or her education.

The Senate version differs 
considerabiy from Representa­
tive Green’s measure, which 
distributes two-thirds of the 
institutionai aid according to a 
head count of ali student en­
rolled. Only one-third wouid 
follow the federally assisted 
students.

Most colleges and universi­
ties and their lobbying organ­
izations are supporting the 
Green bill on the ground they 
are in dire financial trouble.

Senator Pell said the recent

Carnegie Foundation report 
backing the Senate approach 
had helped swing some higher 
education supporters behind 
him, including the junior col­
lege group.

Parochial Aid is Cited
The Rhode Island Senator 

said the House version, if 
passed would be in danger ofl 
being declared unconstitutional 
since it inciudes direct aid to 
rSiigious supported colleges 
such as Boston College.

He said the Senate bill avoid- 
Hesaid the Senate bill avoid­

ed this possibility.
“The Senate’s institutional 

grant provision is based on the 
theory that the schools, in ac­
cepting students who are re­
ceiving the basic grant, are in 
effect shouldering a Federal 
burden.”

Initially, the Administration 
favored aid only to students, 
and none to colleges. But it 
has recently agreed to the Pell 
formula, under which colleges 
would be helped on the basis 
of federally aided students ra­
ther than , on the head-count 
principle.

‘Doctors’ Rob Couple
GERMANTOWN, N.C., Dec. 

18 (UPI)—^Three men, two of 
them posing as doctors, took 
more than $1,000 from an 
elderly Stokes County couple. 
The three went to the home of 
Mr. and Mrs. Henry Yates and 
said they wanted to  examine 
them for the purpose of raising 
their Social Security benefits. 
When the men left, a billfold 
containing between $1,000 to 
$1,500 was missing from Mr. 
Yates’s trousers.

DO NOT FORGET THE NEEDIEST!

idifai



Biack State Colleges 
Are Found Periled; 
Integration a Factor
. \x v \ a \----

3y  p a 'u l d e l a n f y
•'pecial to New York

.SHIN'GTOM. Nov, - 
. state colleges, for a cc 

• i-v segregationists’ altem-:- 
ii‘ to Negro attendance

universities, are facir.s 
\ .ction.

series of annexations an^ 
r ' ers ard  an influx of while* 

-’duced the number of ,•
.... state ollege* from 35 r, 

recent wars, and marv 
■ educators and suppori.-.-s 

’.ese institutions exf-‘ ■' 
■ •" disappear altogethe’

fbr.'seiable future, 
in Negro public collee- ■, 

O' . imminent danger of 
n ‘leir identity through in'.e 
- >n, merger, reduced sta

.(right abolition,” tlieRi- *■ 
K- ! '.ons Information Cem .' 
1- ndependenl Nashville-has--

S ja jtw

!ha( '■SI ,

■ oe merged with the Univer 
tieciding Where Thc> f i t  jsitv of Arkansas next July, 
n .•» cM.rtv If hij-ir fAi.ni.ns SThrce previously all-black m iii study of bWuk colleges are „ow predominantly

. white. They are Bluefield State 
i in West Virginia, West Virgin­

ia State and I.incoln Universi­
ty in Jefferson City, Mo.

;ho Race Relations Information 
Center concluded that black 
slate schools were no longer 
needed by segregationists.

"Created in an era of legal m-u™.
e T c a C “ fcr '^ ''./e  en‘

5 ° . S Ur a n d  e f S d t o  Z

and analyses ranal pro'-i •; s 
•fcrc'uded in a major stud- 

public tulleges.
’rse issue is a highly r:\ 

uona! one in the black c .n 
■iunity. Black private col 
are in trouble, too, and manv 
educators, alumni. stuJents .,nd 
e’l-'Cis feel it would be a ■ . 
ed-. 0  let the black schoci a., 
ou mst as a new sense 
identity was making them >ta 
1-. a source of leadership ana. 
an outlet for students who re-i 
fu5.‘ or are unable to attend | 

■; . ''y  white schools.
But there are many people—1 

federal officials, foundation ex | 
ecutives, clergymen and others.; 
ail convinced integrationists. 
most reluctant to t « e  part in! 
a bitter public exchaage—who 
would quietly welcome the clos­
ing of the black institutions *e 
a way of eliminating dupli-. 
. I’ir.'i, providing better educa-| 
ti nd freeing money for oth-{

: P>. 'I 'S.

and proclaimed to be equal, but 
nine of them ever has been 
..-frvided with the resources or 
..le supjMrt to achieve true 
parity with the colleges and 
universities created to serve 
vpites,’* the study said.

"Now, in the ‘post-desegre- 
iiation’ era, the states are try- 
i t  to decide where the black 
•-lieges fit," it continued, "and 
‘ far there is practically noth- 
:g to indicate that any of the 

atates is committed to a guar­
antee of actual equality for any 
oSack college or university.” 

There is no guarantee of a 
future for any of the schools, 
■'ither, and their supporters feel 
the black Institutions are the 
“victims of the most vicious 
'vnlcal result of segregation,” 
3s the president of one school 
.ommented bitter!;..

“We were never given the 
’.ools and resources to do a

cent, and are expected to tip 
over in the near future. They 
are Bowie State in Bowie, Md., 
Delaware State in Dover, and 
Kentucky State in Frankfort.

SThree black schools are sit­
uated within commuting prox­
imity of predominantly white 
colleges. They are Cheney 
State College in Pennsylvania, 
North Carolina Centra! Univer­
sity and Central State Univer­
sity in Ohio.

In addition. 14 other black 
colleges are situated in com­
munities ■with predominantly 
white schools, some only re­
cently established, and merger 
plans, court suits to force mer­
gers and other consolidation 
plans have either been ad­
vanced or discussed in roost 
cases.

For example, the Louisiana 
.State National Association for 
the Advancement of Colored

prevent the establishment of Jean  McDonald. 20, a freshman 
the new branches.

ITie moves and rumored mer­
gers have sent shock waves 
through black college commu­
nities. There is resentment, bit­
terness and frustration. Above 
all, there is a feeling of help­
lessness. Dr. Herman B. Smith 
of Atlanta, director of the Of­
fice for the Advancement of 
Public Negro Colleges, a unit
of the National Association of 
State Universities and Land- 
Grant Colleges, expressed the 
concern of his organization:

“As psychologist Kenneth 
Clark put it, the fate of black 
colleges is in white hands. If 
the powers - that - be decide 
there is no need for black state 
colleges, then there will be no' 
state colleges.”

The prospects for black col­
leges are especially discourag­
ing for some of the presidents, 
staffs, faculties and graduates 
of the schools. The fear of ad­
ministrators and faculties

■ents that .seems to undercut 
art education major at Gram-ioven their ability to attract 
bling. "It certainly wouldn'tlmore black students in this 
hurt my course of study to at-1 age of black awareness, 
tend Louisiana Tech.” “Black schools can no long-

The most vocal and emotion-jer attract students simply bc- 
al group of defenders of black I cause they’re biack. I am at 
colleges is their alumni. ThelTulane University because it 
Tennessee State Alumni Asso-I offered exactly what I wanted, 
elation adopted a resolutionj international public health," 
last month contending that a!said Jean Breaker in New Or- 
proposal that Tennessee State gleans.
be placed under the universi-; While more and more bU.’K 
ty was a “racist conspiracy to students are finding their way 
subvert” the school. I  into college, recent studies

The conspiracy theory is|show that they are streaming 
shared by many black college]into white schools at a much 
officiais. Dr. B. L, Perry Jr.,jfaster pace than into bl,ack 
pre.sident of Florida A. & M.,|schoois. Thus, enrollment in 
said in an interview in his of-jsome black schools has g re  
fice in Tallahassee that if there I up, but in most cases it has 
was not an open conspiracy,.remained constant or .as 
the actions of some states!decreased. Even a school wiuh 
nevertheless constitute a con-lthe athletic appeal and pui! of 
spiracy in effect. iGrambling is suffering fr ;. , a

Dr. Smith was concerned decline in e n r 'cment. dropp: ■£ 
about the effects of the moveslfrom 3,674 in 1969 to 3.328 
so far. ' I this year.

“Even the talk and rumors The Census Bureau reports 
of merger are damaging.” he that between 1964 and ih'O.

.................... ■ total black student population
in the country more than dou­
bled, from 234,000 to .T i.OOO 
The number in predominantly

£ ^ d  fob and now wcYe beingiPeople adopted a resolution at 
out out of business because wej? recent convention

d . i . r .  i .b ,-  i , . | s  “  <;r
’with nearby Louisiana Tech 

Three Schools Absorbed] Univesrity with
The fear of extinction ofjLouisiana State University. 

'Jack public colleges is based! Other examples include Aia- 
>n a series of developments,ibama State University, which 
including the following now competes with- a newly

flThree black schools have al-1 established branch of Auburn 
ready been absorbed by whitelUniversity in Montgomery, and 
nstltutions. The three are P r a i - i i m v A r s i t v

more than loss of black iden .  ̂ ,
tity, but also possible loss of said. “A college cannot func- 
jobs, as has happened to Negro tion orderly amid such talk.” 
principals and teachers in pub- At Grambiing, Drs. Ralph 
lie school integration. i Waldo Emerson Jones, the pres-

“I believe the same thing ^would hanneh in college” saidl°^ school, were visibly up-|to 1j5,806 between 1964 and 
would during an interview on 11968. hut exnerie-ced a_ sharp
ist minister and a community 
leader in Grambiing, La. 

Students Appear Divided
Students seem mixed in their 

sentiments. At Tennessee

Tennessee State University, 
which is waging a similar bat­
tle against a branch of the

__ _____  ^ Ljgbrerwty of Tennessee. Ala-
M Viyli'lid-East^ Shore, 'andlbama Stale and Tennes.see 
Arkansas A. A M., which wUlSUta both kwt court suits to

campus. The interview wasideHir.e after that, and wsi 
conducted two days after the! 144,000 last year. In predomi 
state N.A.A.C.P, threatened toinantly white schools, blark en- 
file suits to force liU .k and'rollm'ent went from 114,000 in 
white mergers in Louisiana. 11964 to 378,000 in 1970.

"We want integration, huf; In 1966. Tennessee State had 
State, they organized' protests!not annihilation,” Dr. John.^on,5.600 students; today it has 
over the proposed action. At'eommented, adding that he!4,404, while Florida A. M.. 
Florida A. & M,, which is fight-jwould organize religious andiat 4,543 today, has been ios 
ing merger with Florida State! civic leaders to fight theiing 100 students a year. In cx- 
University, student cars sport N.A.A.C.P. ioiainina tho doerpases nr
bumper stickers that declare.

rie View A. tc M., now part of 
Texas A. i  M.; Maryland State 
College, u m  the Uelveratty of

‘Save FAMU." But there is 
some support for mergers—or 
at least resignation—on most 
campuses.

"It would m«ke na diffw'- 
ence to me,” iwatarked Wande

plaining the decreases,
It would be tragic for Perry, president of Fjtnida A. .- 

black folks, as there is a ncwjM., brings his conspira-.,' liie.- 
trend by black youngsters tojry into play. He and Di’. A. . 
go to black colleges,” Dr. JonesjTorrence, president of Tennes- 
said. i see State, say most black

However, the black schooti school.s depend on a  h i #  jiJT- 
are caught in a cro.«scurrent oi rentage of out-of-state staaenhr.



SlOO-MiHion Ford Grant 
T o Aid Minority Education
6-Year Program to Help Black Colleges 

Individual Students, Ethnic Programs
By M. A.

The Ford Foundation an­
nounced yesterday a six-year, 
$100-million program to im­
prove the quality of a limited 
number of predominantly Ne­
gro private colleges and to pro­
vide various minority students 
with individual study awards 
a t  most types of institutions.

McGeorge Bundy, president 
of ,flte foundation, said the pro­
gram marked the largest single 
commitment of funds by the 
foundation since he assumed 
office in March, 1966.

Mr. Bundy said that the pro­
gram was addressed to “the 
central problem of American 
society—the failure to achieve 
equal opportunity for members 
of America’s racial and cultural 

'minorities.”
Reversal of Priorities

The grants to Negro colleges, 
he said, will bolster the “sta­
bility, independence and qual­
ity” of institutions that are im­
portant not only to blacks but 
also "to the country as a 
whole.”

As a result of the program, 
nearly 80 per cent of the foun­
dation’s aid for the general 
improvement of American high­
er education from 1973 to 1978 
will be devoted to minorities— 
almost an exact reversal of pri­
orities from 1968, when the 
proportion was 21.7 per cent.

FARBER
The share designated for mi­
norities in 1972, the first year 
of the new program; -is 45.7 
per cent.

Mr. Bundy, at a news confer­
ence, said that “any program 
of the magnitude” of the one 
for minorities was bound to 
restrict what the foundation 
could do in other areas of high­
er education. But, he added, “we 
will continue to be in business’ 
with colleges and universities 
on a variety of issues, “except 
we will not be giving other 
large-scale institutional grants.'

Decision for Colleges
As many as 10 of the more 

than 60 four-year private Negro 
colleges will receive a total of 
about $50-million in the next 
six years for student financial 
aid, curriculum and instruc­
tional changes, faculty salaries 
and professorial chairs, en­
dowment and special projects, 
including scholastic help for 
"disadvantaged” students.

Officials of the foundation 
said the main focus of this as­
pect of the program would be 
on the undergraduate level, 
with the colleges determining 
how funds will be spent and 
with some of the Ford funds 
available only when matched 
by new funds raised elsewhere 
by the colleges.

The colleges are going to 
have to tell us what they want 
to do with the grants,” said 
Harold Howe 2d, the founda­
tion’s vice president for educa­
tion. “We don’t have a blue­
print for each of these institu­
tions and the institutions are

Continued on Page 81, Column 1



26 I I
THE N E W  YORK TIMES,  A

Negro Higher Education: Between 2 Worlds
Enrollment of Negro College Students
Tr«dittonaUy Black Total Hack Fercent
IniHtutions enrollment enrollment

51 privite four-year 55,000 53,050 96.5%
S i private iwo-year 3,000 2,950 98.3
34 public four-year 108,000 102,025 94.5
4 public two-year 2,000 1,975 98.8

100 168,000 160,000 95.2
All Othtr IntlRuliow
ty 150 private four-year 1,720,000 35,000 2.0

250 private two-year 250,000 2,000 0.8
400 public fe«ff̂ ye« 3,990,000 122,000 3.1
700 public two-year 1,922,000 151,000 7.9

2,500 7,»M,000 310,000' 3.9

2,600 1,050,000 470,000 S.8%
Saun*tM!n«fHYAce*u te'Caiift.

a Ford Ftundatien Ktpwt (1970 citfmtfrsj

Ford Grant Draws\
Attention to New \
Period oi Change \

By M. A. FARBER
The announcement Saturday 

of a $100-milion Ford Founda­
tion grant for minority op­
portunities in higher education 
has refocused attention on the 
tnstitatiOTis that were founded 
for blacks when Negroes were 
virtually barred from white col­
leges and universities.

The predominantly Negro col­
leges are passing through a 
period of profound change and 
evaluation. If it leaves some of 
the 100 institutions financially 
stronger, better Integrated or 
more distinguished academi­
cally, it may spell the closing 
or ^ d u a l  decline of others.

Like many institutions of 
higher learning, Negro colleges 
are ctmfronted with critical fin­
ancial problems, and their eco­
nomic tribulations are widely 
held to  be more severe than 
those of colleges generally.

But the Negro institutions, 
whose partisans are as faith­
ful as any Old Blue from Yale, 
are faced with a variety ofj ,, , , ,,
other difficulties related to the ™ijments, _ most Negro colleges 
opening of white colleges and 
universities to larger number's 
of black youths and professors 
the shift northward and west­
ward of many Southern blacks; 
the need to prepare blacks for 
jobs that were previously un­
available to  them, and the dif­
ferences among blacks — and 
whites—over the relevancy of 
Integration.

Distribution of Four-year 
Negro Colleges
A L«sih«n 1,000 students
•  i,000 to 1,999 students
♦  2,000 to 3,999 students 
■  4,000 or more students'

Tilt Km  Yorlc Tlmts/Od, II, 1971
Four black institutions indicated above will receive Ford Foundation aid to first phase 
of its SlOO-milUoii program to tailatge opportunifles of minorities in higher education.

Between Two Worlds
Negro higher education, ac 

cording to  a study for the Car­
negie Commission on Higher 
Education last spring, "is be- 
tween two worlds.”

‘Tt has not achieved full en­
trance to the world of white 
mass education with its 
tions and standards and the 
fierce but muted competition 
for place and status, "the com­
mission said.” Nor ha,s it 
entirely left behind the world 
of the segregated Negro com­
munity with its standards and 
metliods following tlie formal 
models of white education but

_ president of Benedict College in 
will not be able to attract Columbia, S. C. A number of 
whites ill appreciable numbers black scholars are alto retum- 
in the foreseeable future. They ing to Negro colleges from ap- 
will also attract relatively few I pointments a t white institu- 
of the young Negroes who ex-j tions, he added.

A study released last week 
by Prof. Kent G. Mommsen of 
the University of Utah found 
that "black professors are leav­
ing black institutions for white

pect to work in integrated 
setings. As a result, they will 
be left with the less talented, 
the less ambitious, the more 
conventional and the more 
collegiate Negroes, many of 
whom will pursue careers be­
hind the wall of segregation."

The two professors urged 
black institutions to “recon­
sider their role and strike out 
in new directions” and avoid 
"being third-rate imitations of 
Harvard and Berkeley, or per­
haps Amherst or Riverside."

In the last century, Negro 
colleges have been laigely re­
sponsible for educating a black 
middle class and many of the 
leaders of the recent move­
ments for civil rights and black 
power. Thousands of poorly 
schooled youths from urban 
centers, tobacco fields in North 
Carolina and cotton fields in

universities, but it’s not Uie 
mass exodus that some have 
suggested.”

The JUght to Exist
Vernon E. Jordan Jr., exec­

utive director of the United 
Negro College Fund and-direc- 
tor-elect of the National Ur­
ban League, said that the “un­
told story of black colleges” 
was the success they have had 
with ail kinds of students 
“from the boy off thea plan 
tation to the boy from the 
preparatory school:”

“These colleges,” he said, 
“have as much right to exist 
as Han'ard and Yale.”

The new Ford Foundation 
grant is intended to improve 
“the stability, independence and 

hav^n' o' of selected Negro col-
adapted to the tolerances and have been taken in
expedients of an isolated colleps when the

likelihood of their having,,, 
the Ford F o u n d a t io n  acceptance to w-hite in-!>fg«- McGeorge Bundy, presi-

esUmate” ' there w e r ^ t o o ! u U O i a s - d e n t  of the foundation said on
igro colleges will share half the 
'$100-million Ford grant.

Ford officials believe that

black .students in all
collcgf's and univ 
104.000 of them -were in the jS Today many b!a, k edii
* t<i rs SDokpsmpn irp iif ' thr»- i'Orcl 0ftlCi3lS bCUPV'G tflSltpublic Negro institutions, some. , tne , nlam in AmnHonn
310 000 more Mark for Negro colleges is is a place m Amencan.iiu.uuu niore uaiK >ouin,s t-i__ ihighcr education for co leees

while public and privaic insti-l 
tutions. with about haif of.

clearly based on the assump 
tion feat at least some of the 
Negro colleges can — or will 
compete on qualftative terms 
with highly reputable white 
institutions,

But ford officials and other 
authorities do not expect all 
the private colleges in the 
country to survive. They view 
some M  them as too poor, too 
small or too ill-adm inister^ to 
mass challenges fnan low-cost 
public institutions, particularly 
community colleges.

Public colleges originally 
started for Negroes face an un­
certain future for other rea­
sons. These colleges, a report 
by the Race Relations Informa­
tion Center in Nashville said 
last June, “are in imminent 
danger of losing their identity 
through integration, merger, 
reduced status m  outright 
abolition,” especially as courts 
demand unitary public state 
educational systems.

“The Negro colleges,” a re­
cent Ford Foundation report 
said, “are in trouble. They face 
new circumstances, they must 
stop resisting needed reform, 
and they must adapt themselves 
quickly to the new conditions.”

These colleges, the report 
concluded, “clearly have an op­
portunity to play unusual and 
important roles in preparing 
biaek and other youth for a 
complex, multiracial,, multiethic 
society, but, in order to serve 
that purpose effectively, they 
must put their own houses in

iiintain that the quality o ' f l e a d e r s h i p  and 
n my bl-ick institiitions is '" '™  a tradition of service to_
.q,„! „„ c.m„rinr'f„ uhitp cob'dlack .studpnts,” provided thejorder,’ consolidate and maxi- 

; s are moving towardjmize their scarce resouces and
iai integration. Lstrive for new levels of excel-
»he foundation support is icnce.”

studenis ,n -llie iiaUiiiunaiiy:'T'“l^‘'.'"''.''pl.'-; prefr-r t.. 3 0 ,'oci 
Negro colleges are black. How-1 clack institutions and that the 
ardl University in Washington,!Proportion of Negro students 
which like the Atlanta Univer-^^ec) will bo admitted to white 
sity Center offers the ph.D. mstitulions and given adequate 
degree, has one-sixth of thcl''''®Pcial or academic help to 
combined enrollment of the sijsucceed will remain small for 
private, four-year Negro in.sti-|some time, 
tutions and is more than three Blacks compo.sed about 6 per 
times the size of the nextlj®"*^ bf the eight million stu- 
largest private black, college. 1 dents In predominantly white 

A few black institutions of- ed 'eses and universities in fee 
fer beginning graduate work, united States in 1970. 
most of them are essentially “The idea thc.t the predom- 
libcral arts schools and many! inantly white college can or will 
of them have been orientedjservice the kinds of people that 
toward the training of teachers.! we have serviced for 100 years 

Many educators, white and!and continue to serve is nothing 
black, have praised the qualityj less than an impossible and im- 
of major Negro institutions— 'probaWe rhetorical statement.” 
Morehou.se in Atl.wta, Fisk inj Lucius H. Pitts, president ofi 
Nashville or Howard—but sev- Miles College in Alabama, -wrote
era! years ago. Professors David 
Riesman and Christopher Jcncks 
of Harvard asserted in The 
Harvard Education Review 
that most black colleges were 
at the “tail end of the academic 
procession.” The controversy 
that ensued has never fully 
abated.

The authors stood by their 
position. They later said that, 
while many black colleges 
would survive with sizable en-

last spring.
Black educators say that re- 

porte of Negro colleges "losing” 
their most able professors and 
brightest potential students to 
white Institutions are exagger­
ated.

"We are getting transfer stu­
dents — good students — from 
from white colleges, because 
they want to be treated as 
whole persons, not as things on 
exhibits," .said Robert Payton,



THE N E W  YORK TIMES, SUNDAY, OCTOBER 17,1971

Education
Black Colleges:

Dispute 
Over a 
Rescue 
Attempt

Many of the country’s in­
stitutions of higher learning, 
because of rising costs and ' 
declining support, are caught 
in a  financial squeeze. But 
the black colleges, experts 
generally agree, are in the 
tightest bind of all. Most of 
the black colleges entered the 
present economic recession 
without endowments as a 
cushion and with few wealthy 
alumni. The overwhelming 
majority of their students are 
children of poverty and thus 
cannot be counted on to pay 
increased tuition, if they can 
afford any tuition a t all.

The financial assistance 
program announced by the 
Ford Foundation last week 
is designed to rescue a se­
lected few of these hard- 
pressed colleges from fur­
ther decline. The foundation 
announced that it  would 
spend $100-million over a 
six-year period to improve 
the quality of about 10 col­
leges with predominantly 
black enrollments and to pro­
vide various minority stu­
dents with individual study 
awards.

There are 51 private and 
34 public four-year black 
colleges, and 11 private and 
4 public two-year colleges, 
wito a total enrollment of 
160,000 students. The first 
to be selected as benefi­
ciaries of the Ford program 
are Tuskegee Institute in 
Alabama, Hampton Institute 
in Virginia, Fisk University 
in Tennessee and Benedict 
College in South Carolina.
■ The action, apart from its 
importance to the colleges, 
was widely interpreted as 
public notice that the coun­
try’s largest philanthropic 
foundation will continue 
helping controversial causes 
despite much recent criti­
cism over such involvement. 
Criticism had followed the 
foundation’s support of con- 
frontaUon-prone school de- 
cMtralization in New York 
City and of a variety of 
community action programs 
in many parts of the coun­
try! Such programs often 
pitted poor blacks against 
the local establishment, giv­
ing rise to charges that the 
foundation supported unrest 
and division.

The support of the tradi­
tionally black colleges may 
draw criticism on two 
counts:

Ths Hew Yom TImes/GcorM Times

In the financial crisis of the country’s higher education, 
“the biack colleges . . . are in the tightest bind of ali.” 
They are attracting a decreasing percentage of black 
college students (see chart). A new Ford Foundation 
project is designed to help some of them.

(1) It reinforces segrega­
tion or separatism, when the 
goal of higher education 
ought to be the full integra­
tion of all campuses.

(2) It puts money into in­
stitutions which, partly be­
cause they are segregated 
and out of the mainstream, 
may be academically too 
weak to be upgraded effec­
tively.

What are the answers to 
these arguments?

Segregation. The Negro 
colleges were created be­
cause there was virtually no 
other way for black youths 
to go to college. While tradi­
tionally their enrollments 
have been predominantly 
black, whites are not 
barred. The majority of 
black colleges were founded 
after the Civil War in the 
South, where 92 per cent of 
all Negroes then lived. These 
colleges were bom of de­
spair and, in a hostile en­

vironment, lived in chronic 
poverty and often in defi­
ance.

All recent studies, from 
the Carnegie Commission’s 
“Between Two Worlds!’ to 
the Ford Foundation’s “Mi­
nority Access to College" re­
leased last weekend, show 
that, without the Negro col­
leges, black youths would 
have found very little oppor­
tunity to go to college at all.

Total black enrollment, in 
all colleges, was less than 
800 in 1900. It rose to 7,000 
in 1920 and about 100,000 
in 1950. Today the over-all 
enrollment is 470,000. (This 
is about 6 per cent of total 
enrollment in all colleges 
and universities.) While the 
black colleges still claim 
160,000 of the 470,000, their 
percentage of the total col­
lege blacks has declined, 
which aggravates the fiscal 
problem.

Harold Howe II, the Ford

Foundation’s vice president 
for education, said last 
week: “This heightened com­
mitment should in no way 
be interpreted as support of 
segregated education. These 
colleges are open to all stu­
dents regardless of race.”

Those who press for the 
continuation of the Negro 
colleges argue that it would 
simply be impossible to find 
places for the 160,000 stu­
dents, most of whom are 
without funds of their own 
and lack proper elementary 
and secondary educational 
preparation.

Quality. Those who hail 
the foundation project say 
that two separate but simul­
taneous thrusts must be un­
derwritten — to continue 
these institutions as places 
where black students can 
erase their educational 
handicaps and gradually to 
make the colleges indistin­
guishable from the general

range of higher education 
institutions.

Some of the black colleges 
—among them the public 
ones in West Virginia—have 
become integrated. A trickle 
of white students has en­
tered some others, particu­
larly those qualitatively at 
the top of the list. This 
makes a t least plausible the 
goal that eventually all of 
these colleges could move 
out of their racial isolation 
and improve their education­
al standards—although this 
is not likely to happen for 
some time.

In the view of most ex­
perts, this can occur only 
where access to all institu­
tions of higher learning be­
comes so easy for black stu-/ 
dents that the large residue 
of those who have no plate 
else to go will d is a p p e ^  At 
that point, the b lacj^  col­
leges would automatically 
confront the two alterna­
tives—attract students of all 
ethnic backgrounds or go 
out of business.

Unresolved, a t this time, 
remains the question: What 
happens to the majority of 
black colleges—about 40 pri­
vate and 34 public which 
are excluded from the grants?

At least by implication, 
the foundation appears to be 
saying that some of the 
weakest private colleges are, 
if not actually beyond salva­
tion, so marginal that up­
grading attempts would be 
beyond any private agency’s 
capacity. If past foundation 
attitude is a guide, this is 
intended to galvanize into 
action the only force ca­
pable of adequate support — 
the Federal government

The Carnegie Commission 
has urged, and Congress is 
currently considering, an aid 
approach to  all higher edu­
cation which would provide 
substantial tuition grants to 
students and, in addition, 
give “cost of education” 
grants to colleges that enroll 
the Federally aided student. 
This would, for the first 
time, allow private Negro 
colleges to move from hand- 
to-mouth charity to regular 
tuition-supported budgeting.

In the case of the public 
colleges, the argument is 
much stronger to move more 
quickly, with a set timetable, 
toward full integration. 
These institutions are, after 
all, already part of the high­
er education systems of their 
respective states. Thus, the 
main problem is to eliminate 
the states’ discrimination 
against them.

Since colleges must appeal 
to potential students, the 
goal, as seen by the Ford 
Foundation, is to enable the 
Negro colleges to negotiate 
from a position of strength 
—to attract white as well as 
black students.

—FREDM.HECHIN<



THE N E W  YORK TIMES, SUNDAY, NOVEMBER 14, l!

Education
Aid to Colleges:

The Need 
Is Great, 
But the 
Means Are 
Uncertain

G O V

Just as the financially strapped col­
leges thought their prayers for Feder­
al aid had been answered, they ran 
into new obstacles last week. Devel­
opments in Congress made uncertain 
substantial subsidies that had been 
dangling before the colleges.

This is the first year that Wash­
ington has given serious consideration 
to general aid—rather than funds for 
specific projects—to higher education. 
It comes at a time when most colleges 
are cutting back for lack of money, 
and many are in danger of closing. 
At present, limited Federal aid goes 
only to direct student assistance and 
to some research and construction.

Both the Senate and the House have 
passed substantial aid bills, the former 
with a first-year price tag above $700- 
million, the latter around $l-billion. 
The two bills are separated by rather 
serious ideological disagreements, but 
most observers feel the differences 
can be reconciled. Opposing forces 
after all, agree on the crucial issue 
—help is needed, fast and in sub­
stantial amounts.

But last week, two new and serious 
roadblocks appeared:

(1) Powerful forces in the Con­
gressional appropriations committees 
began siding with the Nixon Adminis­
tration’s budget-cutters. Expert ob­
servers warned that, whatever the 
Congressional authorization of funds 
may turn out to be, actual alloca­
tions are more likely to  be in the 
$200-million range—a pittance con­
sidering that 2,300 institutions, at least 
two-thirds of them in financial diffi­
culty, will seek a  share.

(2) In a fit of anger, the House 
last week tacked on to the higher 
education bill not only the totally 
unrelated $1.5-billion measure to aid 
public school desegregation, but also 
a number of highly controversial 
amendments that would have the ef­
fect of banning busing for integration.

The first and most fundamental 
problem for aid to higher education, 
then, is how to reconcile the Senate 
and the House bills. What follows are 
their basic provisions and disparities.

THE SENATE. The bill would offer 
subsidies to colleges, in the form of 
“cost of education grants,” on the 
basis of the number of students at­
tending on Federal scholarships, loans 
or other aid. The theory is that this 
would (a) reward colleges for educat­
ing substantial numbers of needy stu­
dents and (b) give the students a 
greater choice of where to apply. This 
combination is designed as an incen­
tive to colieges to make themselves 
more attractive to students, thus lead­
ing to institutional reforms.

As for student aid, the Senate bill 
proposes a dramatically new concept 
of “entitlement” It would “entitle” 
every student to an educational oppor­
tunity grant of $1,400 a year, minus 
whatever his parents, based on their 
income, are expected to contribute.

Tht New York Times/Edward Hausner
Universities have been retrenching because of financial 
problems, often leading to protests such as this at City 
University-of New York this year against higher student 
payments. Colleges look to Washington for help, but 
developments last w eek “made uncertain substantial sub­
sidies that had been dangling" before their eyes.

In fact, this would mean th at all stu­
dents below a certain poverty income 
level would get the full $1,400, while 
others would get a smaller amount or 
nothing a t all. The poverty level and 
the upper income level have not been 
established

Finally, the Senate bill includes the 
Administration’s earlier proposal for a 
National Foundation for Higher Edu­
cation—with a $100-million budget— 
which would make grants to individual 
institutions for experimentation and 
innovation.

THE HOUSE. The bill would provide 
across-the-board aid to all colleges 
and universities. Two-thirds of the 
funds would be distributed on a per- 
capita enrollment basis; the remain­
ing one-third would be allocated in 
the manner of the Senate bill, accord­
ing to the amount of scholarship aid 
received by students on each campus.

Student aid would continue along 
present lines according to need, with 
the Federal funds largely distributed 
by the colleges’ own financial assist­
ance officers. Special aid to the black 
colleges would be increased from $91- 
million to $120-million annually. .......

The House bill does not provide for 
the National Foundation for Higher 
Education, largely because many of 
the Democratic members view this as 
an Administration device to substitute 
limited support of innovation for effec­
tive education subsidy.

As for reaction, the Administration, 
which originally was cool to all forms 
of subsidy other than the foundation, 
has more recently swung around to 
the Senate bill, but not to the amount 
of money asked by the Senate.

Proponents of the Senate bill, which 
was authored largely by Senator 
Clairborne Pell, Democrat of Rhode 
Island, argue that an across-the-board 
subsidy makes the Federal Govern­
ment too great a factor in operational 
budgeting, offers no incentive for in­
novation, and may run into constitu­
tional problems over questions of 
subsidy to church-related institutions.

Representative Edith Green, the 
Oregon Democrat who was chief spon­
sor and floor manager of the House 
bill, replies that “the institutions are

facing the greatest financial crisis 
they have ever seen” and that .without 
across-the-board aid “we will find 
many of our colleges closing their 
doors.”

The higher education Establishment, 
represented largely by the nongov­
ernmental American Council on Edu­
cation supports the House bill.
' Despite these differences, indica­
tions are that compromises are attain­
able. The House has already offered 
a  mixture of across-the-board and 
"cost of education" grants. The Sen­
ate-House conference to reconcile the 
bills could easily split the difference 
and thereby pacify both camps. House 
members, moreover, could probably 
be persuaded to go along with the 
foundation, provided it  will not be 
offered as a sop in place of real aid 
and with firm assurance that it will 
be managed independently of any 
politico-educational Administration 
theorists. The Senate’s “entitlement” 
form of student aid, being a new idea 
in its first round, seems a likely sacri­
fice in any trade.

A generally acceptable bill could 
probably be agreed upon without too 
much difficulty except for the new 
problem of the unrelated antibusing 
provisions of the equally unrelated 
desegregation aid bill. If the issue 
leads to a protracted floor debate 
in the Senate, the Senate leadership 
may put the whole aid question off 
until January.

If, on the other hand, the issue gets 
into the Senate-House conference, the 
Senate liberals, who hold the key to 
the ultimate compromise, are very 
likely to refuse agreement on any ac­
tion that includes the antibusing pro­
visions. Given the present emotional 
mood of the House on that explosive 
issue, the aid bill might actually be 
torpedoed by it.

Finally, even if a compromise bill 
comes out of conference and is passed 
by Congress, this would merely au­
thorize certain Federal expenditures. 
The actual funds to be appropriated 
and distributed would be determined 
by the appropriations committees and 
Administration budget people.

—FRED M. HECHINGER



THE N E W  YORK TIMES, SATURDAY, DECEMBER 4, 1971

Private Black Colleges in Fight to Survive
By PAUL DELANEY.

Sp«cial to The New York Times
WASHINGTON, Dec. 3 

Officials a t Allen University, a 
small, black private college in 
Columbia, S.C., plan to hire 
consultants to show them how 
to conduct a $ 10-million fund­
raising drive.

Lemoyne-Owen College in 
Memphis, also black, tapped 
its alumni for $37,000 last year, 
the most they ever gave, and 
even though its prospects of 
doing better are dim, the school 
is shooting for $100,000 this 
year.

Both Allen and Lemoyne- 
Owen are in deep financial 
trouble, and their plight is 
common to the nation’s 51 pri­
vate black colleges. Most are' 
facing hardship to one extent 
or another: some, at least, seem 
sure to collapse.

Enrollments are falling, costs 
are rising, sources of money 
are drying up, a faculty “brain 
drain” is acute, the schools' 
traditional reservoir of students 
—the black population of the 
rural South—is shifting to the 
cities of the North and West,

And underlying all of this is 
a far from unanimous but ap­
parently spreading conviction— 
shared by both believers in in­
tegration and. segregationists 
resigned to a new order—that 
black colleges have lost their 
chief reason for being and all 
but the strongest should be al­
lowed to die.

Rivalry From State Schools
As the squeeze has intensi­

fied, the black private colleges 
have begun to feel serious com­
petitive pressures, not only 
from mostly white colleges 
but also from the 29 remaining 
black state colleges, which 
have most of the same needs 
and problems.

But while the state schools 
are almost wholly dependent on 
state governments for survival 
and concentrate their attention 
on court cases or efforts to 
influence legislators or execu­
tive officials, the private 
schools are on their own in an 
all-out scramble for money.

And thus it is the withdraw­
al of financial support by some 
of the oldest and stanchest 
friends of the civil rights move-, 
ment—the Ford Foundation, for 
example— t̂hat has created an 
air of crisis at dozens of black 
private campuses.

In October the Ford Founda­
tion announced that it would 
no longer try to support most 
black private schools. Instead, 
the giant philanthropic organi­
zation said, it would drop all 
but about 10 black schools, 
those it thought showed the 
most promise, and focus its aid 
on them.

The foundation recommend­
ed that the black private 
schools conduct a “painfully 
frank self-appraisal of their 
present and prospective enroll­
ment potential, financial status, 
administration, ’curricula and 
educational quality, and having 
done so . . .  be prepared to 
change themselves to meet new 
conditions.”

Initial grants, out of the first 
$50-million Ford plans to spend, 
went to four schools: Benedict 
College in Columbia, across the 
street from the Allen campus: 
Fisk University in Nashville:

Thft New York Ttm«/Christoper Harrij
Dr. Daniel C. Thompson, head of Dillard University so­
ciology department, on New Orleans campus. After study 
of black private coileges, he believes most are doomed.

Hampton Institute in Hampton, 
Va., and Tuskegee Institute in 
Tuskegee, Ala.

The foundation said it would 
announce the other recipients 
later, and the race for a place 
on the list began almost imme­
diately. So did the angry re­
action among some of the col­
leges’ officials.

Ford, in effect, said that 
only a few black private 
schools were worth saving, that 
the others might as well close 
their doors,” said one black 
college president who preferred 
to remain anonymous because 
his school was still in the 
running for Ford aid.

“Who the hell is Ford to 
say which black colleges are 
worth saving and which are 
not?” , another college president 
demanded.

Survival predictions vary 
widely. Dr. E. E. Riley, dean 
of students at predominantly 
black Dillard University in New 
Orleans, is optimistic. He ex­
pects only about six of the 
schools to disappear over the 
next two decades.

One of the most difficult 
things in the world to do is 
kill off a black college,” he 
said.

And Dr. James W. Hairston, 
president of Allen, when asked 
how the school would fare as 
its neighbor, Benedict, pros­
pered and grew with the mil­
lions it would receive from the 
Ford Foundation, leaned back 
in his chair, smiled, and an­
swered: ’’We’ve made it on 
prayer before.”

But many other officials are 
not so hopeful. Dr. Daniel C. 
Thompson, head of Dillard’s de­
partment of sociology and a

student of black colleges’ prob­
lems, believes emphatically that 
most of the black private 
schools are doomed.

It is not a question of 
whether they should exist, he 
said. “Of course they should 
exist, but the question is whe­
ther they are going to, and I 
say no.”

Dr. Thompson is in favor of 
extensive mergers and consoli­
dations among the black 
private colleges until 12 to 15 
strong, viable institutions re­
main. “We don’t need as many 
as we have,” he said, "and the 
only reason many exist is be­
cause of the sentiments of their 
old graduates.”

Many black college officials 
privately admit that merger or 
some form of consolidation is 
the answer, but few are willing 
to push for it. “If I suggested 
merger with Benedict,” Dr. 
Hairston of Allen said, “I 
would be tarred and feathered 
and taken to the Georgia 
border.”

Dr. Thompson said he had 
recommended merger of sev­
eral schools in a report for 
the Ford Foundation in 1966.

‘Did you know there are 
five black private colleges 
within a 50-mile radius of 
Columbia, S.C.?” Dr, Thompson 
asked, “Total enrollment is 
around 3,000. That’s ridiculous. 
I think the five should merge.”

A member of the board of 
trustees of Atlanta University 
said the matter had been dis­
cussed at their November meet­
ing, and would be taken up 
again.

An analysis of the black col­
leges’ predicament appeared in 
the summer, 1971, edition of

Daedalus, the journal of the 
American Academy of Arts and 
Sciences. Dr. S. M. Nabrit, a 
black educator, wrote that 
black colleges were “in a vise 
that is being tightened by 
several pressures.” He said 
those pressures were:

Social change brought on by 
integration that drains black 
schools of their better students, 
both academically and eco­
nomically; Federal pressure for 
“one-way integration,” de 
crease in gifts and grants by 
liberals “who honestly feel that 
in order to expedite integration 
anything currently operated by 
blacks ought to  be abolished:” 
turmoil created by disil­
lusioned black separatists who 
would give up all the gains of 
the “sixties for a less competi­
tive, separate arena, and the 
strain on operating costs 
caused by effqrts to retain top 
personnel who are finding new 
opportunities elsewhere.”

‘Brain Drain’ Cited
Adding to Dr. Nabrit’s list. 

Dr. Thompson said a major 
problem was “the fact that 
white schools, having creamed 
the best black scholars, are 
now getting the top black 
graduating Ph.D’s, and that is 
really damaging.”

“Black schools have lost all 
they can afford to lose,” said 
Dr. Thompson, a tall, balding, 
intense man. “A good school 
ought to have a faculty with 
50 per cent Ph.D’s. Only How­
ard University meets that quali­
fication, with Fisk University 
close to it.”

Fisk University is situated 
in the heart of Nashville’s 
ghetto on a small, compact 
campus. It has a  student body 
of 1,276, with 800 of them 
women. Asked how Fisk was 
able to receive a  vote of con­
fidence from the Ford Founda 
tion. Dr. Rutherford H. Adkins, 
academic vice president, ex­
plained what he thought any 
college would have to  do to 
survive.

“A college has got to have 
good, strong leadership first of 
all,” he commented. “Dr 
James Lawson, our president, 
is a dynamic leader. He con­
centrated on giving good sal­
aries to attract good, young 
teachers who could excite stu­
dents.”

“With good teachers and a 
good educational program,” 
he said “we got out and ag­
gressively went after students 
We made the ‘painful self-ap­
praisal’ recommended by the 
Ford Foundation and 
changed. A few other schools 
are doing it, but most are not.”

At Lemoyne-Owen College, 
Dr. Charles L. Dinkins, director 
of development, says he 
expects an upturn in enroll­
ment next year.

But the small Baptist school 
—it now has 687 students— 
has had declining enrollment 
since Lemoyne and Owen 
merged in 1968. And it has 
strong competition from Mem­
phis State University, whose 
growing black enrollment al­
ready stands at nearly 2,000, 
and from two new community 
colleges in Memphis.

“Things look pretty bad for 
us, but they always have,” Dr. 
Dinkins said.



n

AID FOR COLLEGES 
AT RECORD LEVEL

States Provided $7.7-Billion 
for Schools in 1971-72

By M. S. HANDLER
State legislatures appropri­

ated a record $7,704,462,000 in 
1971-72 to finance the operat­
ing budgets of colleges and uni­
versities, according to a study 

iiinublished by The Chronicle of 
^Higher Education.

Tl«e information on state ap- 
. Bropriations for higher educa- 
f  tioii-'-was compiled by M. M, 
w ChambelTt. Illmois sta te  Uni- 
'  ?%rsity. Mf.*Chanibers Ijas ‘ 

assembling information 
appropriations since 1951 

The 1971-72 total- for. 
states was up 10 pea- 
1970-71, the smallest 
increase sii)4;e 1362. The-TO- 
crease oyer tww years was> 
24.25 pei^^fent.-compiired with 
recent - t r o c a r  gains of 38 to

T.'ne Chronicle cited the Na­
tional Association of State Uni- 
vett^jjiSs and Land-Grant Col- 
leges' as having estimated that 
at least a 10 per cent annual 
increase is required to maintain 
the status quo because of in­
flation and enrollment 
creases.

Hawaii in the Lead
Hawaii led all the states in 

per capita appropriations this 
year with. $81.12. .Alaska was 
second, Washington third, Wy­
oming fourth, Arizona fifth, 
Colorado sixth, Wisconsin sev­
enth, Oregon eighth, Idaho 
ninth, Utah 10.

At the low end of the scale, 
New Hampshire ranked 50, 
Massachusetts 49, New Jersey 
48, Arkansas 47, Ohio 46, Ten­
nessee 45.

New York State ranked 14, 
California 16, Illinois 19, Indi­
ana 24, Maine 40, Michigan IS, 
Minnesota 17, North Carolina 
12, North Dakota 13, Texas 29, 
Vermont 35.

California again led in total 
state funds appropriated for

live education weekly, said 
that in a t least 21 states the 
rate of increase of appropria­
tions for junior and community 
colleges was higher than the 
over-all state increase. More 
money went to new colleges or 
to some that were expanding 
rapidly and more states have 
begun to grant aid to private 
colleges and universities.

Thirteen states voted money 
for private colleges and univer- 

higher education followed by|®î '®® year bringing to 35
New York State. The Califor-P® providing some form
nia Legislature voted $853,623,- “  indirect aid to pri-
000, an increase of 14 per cent colleges, universities and 
over the previous two years, students.
California’s per capita appro- “ “  
priation was $42.93.

The New York Legislature 
voted $803,913,000, an increase 
of 28.5 per cent over the pre­
vious two years. New York 
State’s per capita appropriation 
was $43.78.

The Chronicle, an authorita-



^VERNON R. ALOEN
fo r  300-odd years, higher 

education has been a seller’s 
m ^k e t in the United States, 
with the unresisting student 
on the receiving end. Today 
the millions of college and 
high school students are no 
longer passive: They are
que^oning what is being 
taught, the length of time 
involved and even the value 
(rf a degree.

As recently as 10 years 
ag6, a small group of us who 
were administrators a t Har­
vard participated in a series 
of seminars on the economics 
of higher education, led by 
Prqf. Seymour Harris. Harris’s 
stif le s  at that time concluded 
that a college degree was 
worth between $100,000 and 
$2^,000 in additional life- 
tinjfe income.

8ut today the picture has 
changed radically. Recent 
studies disclose that a college 
degree may not bring the 
economic returns a young 
person expects. A task force 
headed by Stephen Withey, 
ipdnsored by the Carnegie 

Commission on Higher Educa­
tion, states that “There is 
conclusive evidence that 
higher education as an in­
vestment . . . does not pay a 
ioigj-term market return in 

'Otsetary terms.” 
th e  report does acknowl- 

ixlge that college graduates 
have certain advantages over 
those without the degrees, 
but the advantages c i t^  are 
■natters of life style rather 
-htte money.
New Finding On Dropouts

Perhaps of even greater 
iufprise to those who are 
convinced of the economic 
value of American education 
IS a  recently published Uni- 
,'ersity of Michigan study on 
h i ^  school dropouts. It was 
found that dropouts did not 
appear to suffer significantly 

ther financially or emotion­
ally as a result of quitting 
schbol before graduation, as 
compared with high school 
griwuates.

Part of the current ques­
tioning of the value of educa­
tion centers on the degree 
and whether it is worth the 
kind of four-year routine 
that has traditionally been 
■ fvoted to its attainment.

fust How Much Is 
A Degree Worth ?

As the percentage of young 
men and women attending 
college rose after World War 
II from 15 per cent to the 
present almost 50 per cent of 
the college age population, 
more and more younger pro- 
pie entered higher education 
with the expectation that 
they would be “certified” for 
employment in the estab­
lished system.

Degrees were described as 
“passports” to jobs in indus- 
t ^ ,  in government, in educa­
tion and in the health profes­
sions. The university, of 
course, holds a monopoly in 
the granting of. these creden­
tials.

But young people today— 
especially those who enter 
our large state universities 
and community colleges—be­
come disappointed when they 
confront the standard fresh­
man curriculum in which they 
must move in lockstep pro­
gression through required 
courses apparently having lit­
tle relevance to their future 
work or to the world in 
which they expect to live.

A Poor Educational Match
The dropout rate at the 

end of the freshman year in 
American higher education 
reflects how poor the match 
is between the expectations 
of the “consumers” and the 
offerings of the purveyors of 
higher education.

One of our problems is 
that we still cling to the 
medieval concept of a uni­
versity that is a  collection of 
scholars, each with its own 
group of students. The 
faculty in those days enjoyed 
“the life of the mind” and 
prepared their protSgds for 
life styles similar to their 
own.

To a large extent faculty 
members today — even in 
large universities — have the 
same motivations, and of 
course they determine the 
curriculum and the general 
environment in which the 
student works and lives.

This is not to deny the 
need for academic centers 
where scholarly work can be 
carried on, where people can 
enjoy acquiring knowledge 
for its own sake. However,

Education Level and Family income, 1969
Per Cent distribution by incomt tivnlMtiMliAr nf .

$15,000-
T n n  tf  ichMl iMnpliiiO

Und«'
S3.000

53.000- $5,000- 
$4,999 $6,999

51,000- $10,000- 
$9,999 $14,999 inO <

EiemcnUry ichooi.........
tcisthan 8 years.. . .  
8 yean................. .....

1-3 yean. 
4 yean..,

College

Elementary school.

. High school.
I-3 years., 
4 years..,

College.......
1-3 yean. 
4 yean or

42.967 7.7 9-3 11.1 21.4 28.8 21.9 1 $10,0.

;i0.852 i 17.4 !8.6 15.6 21.4 !8.6 8.3 ' 6,7t̂ /
-5.207 . 23,1 20.0 !6;2 19.1 I5J 6.5 1 5,7«t
5.645 12.3 '7.2. 15.1 23.5 22.0 9.8 1 7,6! 1

20.<»84 5.3 7.3 }[.6 24.5 32.4 19,1 ! 10,IM
7,026 i 7.6 9.8 13.3 24,4 29.4 15.7 1 9 ,3.i

‘ 42 6.0 ;.40',6 24.4 34.1 20.7 , 10,5'
11.131 . 29 3.6 5 6 15.8 31.7 40.5 1 13,4.̂

. 4,6U 3 8 4.6 7.5 19.4 33.8 30.8 1 n.9^^
■ 6.216 ! ’̂3 2.7 4.1 12.9 30.0 48.1 ; 14,6f7i-

4.74« 1 19.5 . 18.9 ir.3 19.7 15.9 9.0 '■* 6,2 0

29.1 23.5 ^ !7.8 16.0 9.t 3.7 ! 4,7 q
32.1 24.6 -* 16.9 . 14.5 8.5 3.5 4,3 1

.503 , 20,3 20.1 20.6 20.5 14.2 4.4 ‘ 5,9X7
2.178 M.6 !6.8 !8.6 22.7 19.3 8.1 ! 7,0 -2
1.07.8 19.6 20.2 J7.9 22.0 14.8 5.6 \ 6,2 n
I.fOl 1 9.9 13.6 J9.2 23.2 2J.7 10.6 1 7,82$

.580 4 3 n.o ■ ■ 10.0 ■ 21.0 23.7 30.0 I0,55f

.306 6,3 14.3 13.5 25.7 23.0 17.0 1 9,iqq

.274 i 7.4 5.9 15.6 24.5 44.4 1 13,6: i.
Secret: Dtr Cemmtrct, iur« «/ e6c Ccrt

it is increasingly clear that 
the undergraduate college 
may not long continue to 
tltat sort of haven. ,

In the 1950’s Barbara Ward 
predicted that young people 
in their late teens and early 
20’s would seek out career- 
oriented institutions, and that 
the study of liberal arts 
would be undertaken in them 
adult 30’s, 40’s and 50’s when 
they are ripened by experi­
ence and better prepared 
emotionally to enjoy and 
benefit from liberal arts stud­
ies.

Student Consumer Heard
A variety of changes in the 

education scene seem to be 
fuifiiling her predictions, sug­
gesting that the voice of the 
student as education con­
sumer is finally being heard 
in our land, aided and abet­
ted by skyrocketing costs of 
higher education. Many state 
systems are beginning to rec­
ognize the gap between sup­
ply and demand, and are 
broadening and diversifying 
curriculums to include tech­
nical institutes and vocation­
al schools as alternatives to 
the four-year state university 
or branch college programs.

An. even more innovative 
challenge to the standard 
four-year college is the grow­
ing number of "universities

without walls,” the Open 
University concept which de­
livers higher education into 
the homes of people of all age 
groups, offering college de  ̂
grees at low cost both to the 
student and the university.

As a matter of fact, the 
mounting costs of higher 
education, both to the stu­
dent and the taxpayer, may 
bring about change in higher 
education faster than any 
other phenomenon.

Even the prestigious Ivy 
League colleges are running 
staggering deficits despite 
high tuition fees. State uni­
versities are feeling the 
crunch as they compete for 
tax appropriations amid 
growing public demand for 
funds for environmental con­
trol, health care, welfare, 
urban renewal, etc.

Open University Concept
Harassed administrators 

have found it difficult if not 
impossible to significantly 
trim back expenditures or to 
change the direction of col­
leges’  ̂and universities.

Alternatives to the estab­
lished on-campus educational 
experience for young people 
(and people of all ages) are 
oosi-effective as well as satis­
fying to the needs and ex- 
peclatinns of the consumer.

At the Open University in

Britain, now com[rieting|l5 
first year, only 12 per cen  ̂
the total annual budgeuA 
spent on faculty salaries 
fringe benefits compared «fft 
70 per cent in a conventiciU) 
university,

A 50 per cent increase 
faculty expenditure fo r.p i*  
aration of course mateii, 
arid for counseling and gitq 
ince would result in onlj^l. 
per crot increase in 
costs. Equally important,* 
dropout rate of students A\' 
rolled in Open UoiveiWj 
jirograms has been relativ4.(

Finally, I should like^ 
observe f ta t  while the ests- 
lished college or univerS«ii 
has become embedded ins^' 
American ctmsciousness«  
the center for career pi4) 
aration and for enrichmeeT, 
the mind, in the long his 
of mankind veiy few pe,:;^ 
acquired their knowledg 'jy 
training in a college oruwr 
versity.

As Robert Nisbat 
pointed out, “Neither «<* 
greatness that was Gre^ 
nor the grandeur thatw*^ 
Rome was based in anyu/rs 
upon structures compaqj^/ 
to universities.” ^

Or. Alden is chairmo 
the board of the Bi 
Company, Inc., and a fo 
president of Ohio Unive



f S t
AY. JANUARY 10,1972

^Student Aid Grows; So Does Need
By HAROLD FABER

The goal of giMfranteeing a 
college education for all ca­
pable high school graduates, 
regardless of ability to pay. 
is still over the hodzon, de­
spite a ^ w in g  number of 
scholarships, loans, grants, 
work-study programs and 
jobs.

More money than t\ er be­
fore is available for needy 
college-bound students
through Federal, state, college 
and private resources, but the 
demands for eeflisrenee berth 
in amount for individuais and 
in numbers of students, are 
growing even more rapidly.

And the situation will get 
worse for the academic year 
1972-73 because of inflation, 
rising tuition and other col­
lege costs, the shaky financial 
picture of many private col­
leges and the uncertainty 
about die future cf a'd pro­
grams now on the h.xiks.

There is no dispute that 
colleges, students and parents 
need help, in growing num­
bers and amounts. Rstpie.sts 
for aid from parents and .stu- 
oents have more thari doubied 
in the last five years, erroi- 
ment In public and corrmi?- 
nity colleges is r.jpu'.!> i isinp. 
due mainly to their e V a r e r

Rising Costs for Ct lisge Students
(avtMga enmidsiiaeaa}

cost, and private colieges are 
screaming publicly for more 
Federal funds.

The expanding s c c ^  of the 
problem is told in the total 
funds given in the current 
academic year in the form of 
scholarships, loans, outright 
grants, and awards in various 
other ways to college stu­
dents throughout the country.

That aggregate figure is 
more than 0.7-billian, ac­
cording to estimates gathered 
by The New Ywdt Times in 
Washington from various
S O O I C V S , ' v u i ,  rcuoru-f
Office of Education.

The underpinntng of the 
whole financial aid structure 
is the Federal Government it­
self, which supplied $700-mii- 
lion In tiiree niajca: aid pro­
grams—Educsiional Oppor- 
uinity Grant.®, the . Work- 
Study Program and National 
Defense Student Loans—as 
wtil $713 miilioij in G.I, 
uiii end Social Sccerltv bc-ne- 
fils to college stoatnts. .. 

;.oans re Gaar- itted 
In rtdditicn, fne Ĵ ed- 

e.-rt! Gaver'-m.fli.; e.- ir.t.'i(;ed 
s i-biinoft !;5 issued by 
private feiifa  iind Other ta- 
s!,< i‘;o;i,rt cart'jgh stale rdu- 
r Uion ctfices.' making the 
Federal. ddir.irnliniant to cni- 

»ti'.ti'.'i''ss ab; ui Si.f-bil-

r ovlded ft major 
i; .iui.-i5,i>t finaijc'al 

b. f ■' '!;C r si .jenm.
gt'’? lio! ji,sb;p* ani:. 

.'.■mi'j! f,;vi> ic . i724-mil.
I'Oii, proviHsd ati.;. oca’ ein- ■ 
'>■' V ii.n tnat, gave }m U  
•t..''’’ m I'u 1. 'erij lent riu-

'■ i  * Orl'i

ber of requests for eld reach­
ing the College Scholarship 
Service of Princeton, N. J., 
which screens financial aid 
requests for most private col­
leges in the country.

According to James L. Bow­
man, director of financial 
aid studies, more than a mil­
lion families filed “Parents’ 
Ctmfidential Requests" for 
such aid in the current aca­
demic year, compared to 350,- 
000 such requests in 1965-66.

Contrary to a commonly 
held belief, there’s no cutoff 
figuiti on family income, liltc 
$15,000 a year, that bars a 
family from receiving finan­
cial aid for a student, Mr. 
Bowman said.

“We examine the figures 
to find out what the expected 
rate of contribution by par­
ents can be," he explained. 
"The ability to pay is based 
cat individual circgmstancesf 
for example, if parents have 
several children in college.” 

For most institutions, the 
Princeton service determines 
how much parents caa rea­
sonably afford to pay. It is 
then up to the indmdual col­
lege to decide whether an 
applicant is to be assisted, 
the extent of Ms need, and 
ihe amount and types of aid 
he v.'Ul be offered..

Host Offer Some 
At only a few collages Is 

financial aid gimnnteed for 
studeit|s, although most do 
offer some sort of hdp for 
students who need i t  

At Yale, which pioneered 
in guaranteeing an education 

admis-
'^ms .'screw,'Richard Burr, 
direetet of financial aid, said 
tiCBS the school usually of- 
ifWid a financial mix of schol- 

grants and loans, 
giivo thesq examples:

stidefit’s  financial 
estimated at $1,900, 
leans he and his par- 

pay the difference 
iJwl and the total 

ollsqc we mi{^t give 
ii-$'.0iX) ai,;ioh’'5hip, a job 
fo' $'!X> and ft , 2̂00 loan.

■ ,if. the' student needs 
. sOO, 'V.J migist give him 

a t? iOO schofiirship, a job 
fOi- $700 end a $200 loan.” 

li'. most college handbooks, 
the w u i expenses for a year

are estimated at between., 
$3,700 and $4,200 foe a prir 
vate college and between 
$2,000 and $2,500 for a piri)-. 
lie college. But those close to 
the situation say more can- . „ 
didly that the costs are nearw „ 
$5,000 in a private college'. 
and $3,000 in a public college.

These costs are for the cur»„j 
rent academic year. What-,, 
they will be for 1972-73 U 
not yet knowt^ but there are,̂  
signs that tuition, and possi-,* 
bly other costs, may go up.

In the face of this uncet® 
talnty, what can a prospec­
tive student and Ms parents , 
do meanwhile to find oi^. 
what financial help may be. „ 
available? ■ :

Sources Informatkia
’There are four sources of , 

financial aid and informationt 
the Federal Government, thj» 
state government, private pro-'J,, 
grams and, most important,,, 
the colleges. Information is 
generally available about the > 
programs in college catar 
logues, through high school 
guidance counselors and in 
public and school libraries.

Most of the aid programs, 
but not all, are administered 
through the cMleges. Students 
applying for admission are 
usuiMy advised to apiriy for 
aid St the time of m utli^  
their college applications. <-

Some scholarsMps, like the 
National Merit or the New 
York State R^enta, depend 
on examinatimu taken in niglhbi 
school. Even though the wtor' 
aers are detemfai^ by mtait; 
the amount of the award , is. 
based on need.

These who are Interested 
in specific programs riiould. 
inquire further through their 
high schools or their poten­
tial colleges. .

While waiting, there’s on^, 
piece of advice given by an 
observer of the scene, “Tty, 
finding a job and saving some 
money.” - .>

And, for whatever k '«  
worth before Congressioniu,; 
action on aid auth<Hization|| 
and appropriations, there’*  
the statwient by Elliot I- ,̂ 
Richardson, Secretaty Ot, 
Health, Education and Wel­
fare, that students will g ^  
priority over institutions re-, 
gardless of which bill Cos* 
gress finally aw>roves. ^



Lasing the Education Crisis
Congress, in moving toward a new policy of aid to 
lucation, is filling a leadership vacuum created by the 

.dministration’s apparent lack of either sense of urgency 
ir direction. A growing group of educational experts 

In Congress has evolved legislation dealing with a wide 
ange of needs—from infant care to the university.
The child-development bill, passed by both houses, 

'acknowledges that the care of young bodies and minds 
should be as much a matter of. public concern in the 
preschool years as in the traditional period of school 
attendance.

Both the Senate and House versions, while offering 
day care to all children, require that parents who can 
afford to do so contribute to the cost. But the House 
bill-sets the cut-off point for free services at an unreal­
istically low annual income level of $4,320. The effect 
would be to exclude many of the working poor— an 
exclusion that would force countless working mothers 
to slip back into welfare. A realistic compromise between 
that level and the $6,900 set by the Senate should be 
sought in conference.

The bill for higher-education aid recommended last 
week by the House Education and Labor Committee 
moves that urgently needed subsidy closer to an accept­
able formula. The bill’s most constructive feature is its 
proposal of special payments to each institution for 
every student who is supported by a Federal grant. 
This places a premium on efforts to educate needy 
students.

The proposal for across-the-board support of all cam­
puses, based on the number of students enrolled, is 
less desirable. However, this proposal is redeemed by a 
formula which should discourage institutions from exces­
sive expansion in pursuit of Federal dollars. Since it 
is virtually impossible to agree on workable criteria 
for emergency aid to institutions in danger of financial 
collapse, this limited form of general aid is probably 
the least controversial way to avoid economic disaster 
for many colleges. It would be well, however, to make 
this part of the aid package subject to periodic Congres­
sional review before it is considered as a more perma­
nent subsidy. Even on such an interim basis, safeguards 
against any violation of the constitutional principle of 
church-state separation must be firmly established.

Even though many details of how best to help the 
campuses remain to be resolved, the compelling reality 
of an unprecedented fiscal crisis allows for no delay 
beyond the current session of Congress.



OPEN ADMISSION 
A ‘MIXED SUCCESS’

, Continued From Page 1, Col. 6
the chancellor’s entire staff,” 
listed a number of problems, 
including the following: 

flfhe academic placement 
tests given by the central uni­
versity are “not precise or dC' 
tailed enough” and need to be 
supplemented by other tests on 
each campus.

fl"Too many students are 
entering courses for which 
they are partially or totally un­
prepared.”

^Students who are given 
"adequate” advice on what 
courses to  take find at regis­
tration that the courses are 
filled up.

^ISeveral colleges did not in­
stitute remedial-developmental 
courses in English, mathema­
tics and study skills and “the 
results have been disastrous.” 

tIThere exists “considerable 
confusion” about who should 
take, or can profit from, re­
medial and other basic courses.

*! Student orientation, prior 
to registration for classes, 
should be enhanced.

The report suggested a vari­
ety of ways to improve each 
of the problems, and university 
officials said yesterday that 
most campuses were adhering 
to these recommendations this 
fall.

Need Remedial Courses 
In 1970 the tests given to 

freshmen showed that 25 per 
cent of the high school seniors 
applying for admission last 
fall needed intensive remedial 
mathematics, 10 per cent inten­
sive remedial" reading; 51 per 
cent some remedial mathemat­
ics and 51 per cent some reme­
dial reading.

In 1971, a total of 30 per 
cent of the freshmen applicants 
tested need intensive remedial 
mathematics, 13 per cent inten­
sive remedial reading, 59 per 
cent some remedial mathemat­
ics and .5^ per cent some reme­
dial reading.

The "some” figures include 
the students needing “inten: 
sive” work in both years. In 
every category, applicants to 
community colleges were in 
substantially greater need of 
help than applicants to senior 
colleges.

. The dropout rate in the com- 
t munity colleges was also higher 
i in  1970 than in the senior col­

leges, as i t  is traditionally. The 
; proportion of open-admissions 
t  freshmen who dropped out of 
: the community colleges was 
i 21.6 per cent—or 1,709 of 7,898 
t  freshmen. In addition, 16.8 per 

cent of the other community 
college freshmen dropped out of 
school—638 of 3,807 students.

In the fall of 1969, before 
open admissions, 17 per cent of 
the community coliege fresh­
men dropped out; in the fall of 
1968, it  was 16.7 per cent.
• In numerical terms, 840 of 
6,782 senior college open-ad- 
missions freshmen dropped out 
last fall, as did 669 of 10,359 
other senior college freshrnen.

"Ihe university, in compiling 
these statistics, classified senior 
college freshmen with high 
school grade average" below 80 
as “open-admissions” freshmen. 
Community college freshmen 
with averages below 75 were 
identified as “open-admissions” 
freshmen.

Need an 80 Average
Prior to open admissions, 

high school seniors needed 
about an 82 average to  attend 
a senior college. Now they are 
guaranteed a place in a senior 
college, if they have an 80 aver­
age or are in the top half of 
their high school graduating 
class.

As last year, about 60 per 
cent of the new senior college 
freshmen had averages above 
80.

University officials have re­
peatedly said that a key aim 
is to prevent open admissions 
from amounting to a “revolv­
ing door,” with droves of early 
dropouts. Virtually no students 
were forced out of the univer­
sity for academic reasons last 
year, but the rmiversity must 
soon decide on new criteria 
for failing out students.

Another issue still before the 
university is how to achieve a 
better ethnic or racial distribu­
tion of students, as a result of 
open admissions. For example, 
open admissions itself con­
tinues to have little effect in 
racial terms on Brooklyn Col­
lege or Queens College—where 
most black and Puerto Rican 
students have been recruited 
through special programs.

Seek Minority Students 
Under the present system, 

the higher an applicant’s grades 
the better his opportunity, to 
be assigned to the college of 
his choice.

A primary goal of open ad­
missions was to  enabie more 
minority group youths to en­
roll in the university. Data on 
the ethnic or racial composi­
tion of the new freshmen will 
not be available until the com­
pletion of a  university census 
later this fall.

Last year there was a  5.4 
per cent drop in the proportion 
of freshmen who were non- 
Puerto Rican whites, a  3.4 per 
cent rise in the proportion of 
blacks and a  1.8 per cent 
grovrth in the proportion of 
Puerto Ricans. Numerically, 
however, the increase in non- 
Puerto Rican white was great­
est—from 14,800 freshmen in 
1969 to 24,300 freshmen in 
1970.

The freshmen class in 1970 
had 35,000 students;55,000 had 
applied for admission but 20,000 
chose not to attend. This year, 
o f  72,000 high school graduates 
in'-the city, 60,000 appiied to 
tliA university, which expects 
40j000 to attend.

34____________ _



^Ford Foundation to Give $100-Million Over Six Years to Negro Colleges and to Minority GroupStudents
Continued From Pago 1, Col. 2
not ali olmilar."

The first colleges chosen for 
the program are Tuskegee In- 
ntitute in Tuskegee, Ala.; 
Kimpton Institute in Hamp­
ton. Va.; Fisk University In 
kashvlUe; and Bendict College 
In Columbia, S. C. While all 
but Benedict have some mas­
ter’s degree programs, all are 
primarily undergraduate liber­
al arts colleges.

Puerto Ricans, Mexican- 
Americans and American Indi­
ans, as well as blacks and other 
minorities, will be eligible for 
the individual study awards for 
the junior and senior years of 
college and graduate work.

About $40-million has been 
earmarked for mis part of the 
program, which will emphasize 
graduate and perhaps profes­
sional studies. Award winners, 
n®ned by the community col­
leges they attend or, on the 
graduate level, by panels of mi­
nority scholars, can use the 
awards at any institution they 
elect.
, In addition, $10-million has 
been set aside by the founda­
tion for the development of 
ethnic studies and curriculum 
Ctaterials, probably a t graduate 
schools, and for project-orient­
ed, assistance as other ‘‘etimic 
colleges” and Negro institu­
tions not included in the main 
Ford effort.

The foundation Is also con­
sidering aid for the establish- 
tpent of a national commission 
to help black colleges in long- 
rapge planning.

The over-all program repre­
sents more of a substantial ex- 
papaion iii dollar terms of an 
^ l i e r  Ford interest, and a re­
casting of that interest, than it 
joes a new departure for the 
fopndation.
" ‘ Public Colleges Skipped

From 1960 to last month, Uie 
foundation gave $37.4-milllon 
ttr 67 of the lOa or so Negro 
cdleges and universities, public 
npd private. In its new pro­
gram, direct aid to the Negro 
institutions is confined to the 
private colleges, and is highly 
selective with regard to tnem. 
■ The foundation concluded 
that it could have greater im­
pact with few er’ institutions 
and that the public colleges 
were essentially the responsi­
bility of government.

There were about 160,000 
students in all the Negro col­
leges in 1970 and 104,000 of

is important for American so­
ciety that Institutions under 
black leadership and with a 
tradition of service to black 
students have an opportunity 
to thrive and share fully in 
our national efforts in higher 
education,” he said.

The new grants are not the

largest ever given by the foun­
dation. In the early 1960’s, for 
example, the foundation §ave 
$349-million to 16 universities 
and 68 colleges, in a "challenge 
grant” program. Negro insti­
tutions were not selected for 
the program.

Mr. Bundy said that half

the expenditwtes of the foun­
dation’s domestic divisions 
were now "going out in vari­
ous forms in the struggle for 
equal opportunity.” The foun­
dation spent $I96-million last 
year, in the United States and 
abroad. It has assets of $3- 
billion.

McGeorge Bundy, third from left, the president of the 
Ford Foundation, making the announcement yesterday. 
From left: Luther Foster, president of Tuskegee Institute; 
James Lawson, the president of Fisk University; Mr.

them' were in public institutions, 
according to a recent report by 
the Ford Foundation.

In addition, 310,000 black 
students attended predomi­
nantly white institutions, i1 
said. As recently as the mid- 
1960’s, a majority of black 
students were enrolled in the 
Negro colleges.

The foundation has also 
funded individual study awards 
for minorities in the last five 
years, at a cost of about $6- 
million a year by 1970. More 
than 2,000 students—mostly at 
the graduate level-—have bene­
fited from these awards, Ford 
officials said. They estimated 
that 1,200 to 1,500 new stu­
dents each year might profit 
from the broadening of the 
awards announced yesterday.

Vernon E. Jordan Jr., execu­
tive director of the United Ne­
gro College Fund, described the 
new Ford action as “a, land­
mark decision” In response to 
the “anguished cry” for aid by 
private black colleges.

“I believe that the path Ford 
has charted may be a turning 
point in enabling these minor­
ity-oriented schools not only to 
survive, but to realize -the poten­
tial which -they possess for en­
riching all of American life,” 
Mr. Jordan said in a prepared 
statement.

The United Negro College

Fund has helped raise and dis­
tribute about $130-million for 
private Negro colleges since 
1944.

Negro colleges, like many in­
stitutions of higher teaming in 
the country, are going through 
a financial crisis. But experts 
generally agree that the Negro 
colleges, because of a historical­
ly weaker base of financial sup­
port, are in particular fiscal 
trouble.

"The black colleges have en­
tered this period thin and 
starved, not sleek and fat,” Mr. 
Howe said. He said that, when 
compared to the size of their 
budgets, the Ford grants to the 
Negro colleges were "equivalenf 
to giving Harvard or Yale 
quarter million dollars.”

Last February, the Camegii 
Commission on Higher Educa 
tion recommended a tripling 
Federal support for Negro col­
leges. Yesterday, in a move 
unrelated to the Ford an- 
apparently unrelated to the 
Ford announcement, the De­
partment of Health, Education 
and 'Welfare disclosed that Ne­
gro colleges received $125-mil- 
lion in Federal aid in 1970, a 
‘T6 per cent increase over the 
previous year.”

Last year, when the depart­
ment released figures for 1969, 
it said -the Negro colleges re­
ceived $122.1-million in 1969. 
However, a spokesman for the

Tin K«w York Tlmn/.tobn Sot»
Bundy; Roy Hudson, the  president of Hampton Institute; 
Haroid Howe 2d, head of the educational ^ v ision  of the 
foundation, and Benjamin Payton, the  president of Bene­
dict College. The m eeting was a t  the Ford Foundation.

department said yesterday that 
the 1969 figure was actually 
$107-million.

Many Negro college leaders 
have charged that Federal aid 
to their institutions has been 
inadequate or too conditional 
on terms they cannot meet. 
The colleges receive about 3 
per cent of all Federal aid to 
higher education.

Mr. Bundy said yesterday 
that Ford grants to Negro col­
leges would be planned “sc 
they can be adjusted to the 
needs of the institutions” as 
Federal and state programs 
emerge.

Urging Increases in both 
public and private assistance

Expenditures of Ford Foundation’s Office 
of Higher Education and Research

Fiscal years (Oct.-Sepi.], in millions of dollars

1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973
Actual Actual Actual Actual Budget Projected

Budget
Minorities 1 7.9 $ 8.6 $10.5 $11.6 $12.8 $18.0
Other Highef Education 28.6 28.9 23.0 17.6 15.2 5.0

f3 l5 f S T $29.2 $28.0 fH io

Minorities Proportion 
of Higher Education 21.7% 22.9% 31.2% 39.9% 45.7% 78.3%*

Proportion of Other 
Higher Education 78.3% 77.1% t8-8% 60.1% 54.3% 21-7%

100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
Joufct: Ford Foundation *  T h is fx rte n ta g a  is  expected te rem ain steady u n til 1978~79

Th9 York Tlmos/Oct. 10,1971
In 1968, Ford Foundation allocated one-fifth of its higher education funds to  minorities 
and four-fifths to general uses. By 1973, the proportions are scheduled to  be reversed.

ndividual and Team Projects 
To Continue Under Ford Grants

The dramatic increase in the 
Ford Foundations’ support for 
minority opportunities in high­
er education wiil have a vary­
ing effect on coileges and uni­
versities outside the program 
and on the thousands of in­
dividual scholars, technical 
advisers and research teams 
that seek aid for “higher edu­
cation” from the w o r  i d ’ s 
wealthiest foundation.

It will halt, for at least six 
years, any other major Ford 
assistance for the general im­
provement of colleges and uni­
versities—^what is often called 
"institutional” support. Most, 
if not all, of this aid Is pro­
vided by the foundation’s of­
fice of higher education and 
research, a  part of the educa­
tional division beaded since 
last January by Harold How® 
2d.

But the move is not ex­
pected to reduce the amount 
of aid spent by other Ford di­
visions on individuals and 
project teams that are con­
nected to colleges and univer­
sities. These divisions give 
about $50-million a year now 
for such activities as popula­
tion research, fellowships in 
environmental problems and 
training of urban planners.

About two-thirds of the funds 
allocated to  Mr. Howe’s divi­
sion are spent on higher educa­
tion—foT “the development of 
colleges and universities and 
experiments and demonstration 
in management, organization 
and financing of higher educa­
tion.” The division was allo­
cated $43-million in 1970.

■While the new program for 
minorities will consume nearly 
80 per cent of the division’s ap­
propriation for higher educa­
tion, other programs, some re­
duced in scope, will continue. 
Mr. Howe, who was formerly 
United States Commissioner of 
Education, has been reviewing 
all ttie division’s  programs in 
the last year, closing out some 
old ones and initiating some 
new.

The vice president, a  ciyar-

smokiHg 6-(foot-tall man who 
regards himself as a  "pragmatic 
persuader," was a hey figure In 
the decision to  start the new 
minorities program and, as an 
observer of Ford affairs re­
marked, he lias a long-time 
knowledge of Negro colleges.

Mr. Howe’s grandfather, 
Samuel Chapman Armstrong, 
founded Hampton Institute; his 
father the Rev. Arthur Howe, 
was president of the institute 
in the nineteen thirties; and his 
brother, Arthur, is currently 
chairrhan of the institute’s 
trustees.

Mr. Howe said in an inter­
view yesterday that the advent 
of the minorities program had 
been helped by the "fortuitous” 
ending dr winding down of 
some other programs sponsored 
by  the division. These included 
a $41-million program for re­
ducing the length of time in­
volved in obtaining Ph.D. de­
gree, a management education 
program in Europe, aid for so­
cial science faculty fellowships 
and support for educational or­
ganizations.

“When you put all these 
things together we’ve loosened 
up some money,” said Mr. 
Howe, noting that the founda­
tion’s total budget was declin­
ing. "We faced options about 
what is important and minority 
concerns still have the priority 
demand.” .

In,the immediate future, Mr. 
Howe said, his division will be 
concerned with developing the 
teaching capabilities of profes­
sors, exploring the feasibility 
obrvarious student loan plans, 
promoting modem educational 
management techniques and en­
hancing ways to apply social 
research to public policy issues.

These kinds of ventures, he 
explained, "may be more influ- 
entia! than our trying to pay 
for people’s deficits. But toere’s 
really no way to give money 
away and have everybody hap­
py. The ones you give it to 
want mqre; the other guys are 
unlvenally aggriavad,’̂



College Aid
For Needy
Is Urged

Report Reveals 
Dollar Barrier

WASHINGTON — (AP) — 
The dominating factor in 
awaring financial aid to col­
lege students would be need 
rather than academic or ath­
letic achievement under wide 
changes recommended by a 
committee of educators from 
private and public institu­
tions.

An 18-member committee 
headed by Chanecellor Allan 
M. Cartter of New York Uni­
versity released Sunday a 43- 
page report entitled the “Pos­
sible Dream” prepared for 
the College Scholarship, an 
agency of the College En­
trance Examination Board.

Primary among the sug­
gested changes is to “use es­
timated future (parent) life­
time earnings as well as cur­
rent income to determine the 
parents’ ability to contribute 
toward coiiege costs.”

CARTTER, in an inter­
view, conceded this would 
mean that many middle-in­
come famiiies would be re­
quired to put up more money

i

EDUCATION
or their sons and daughters, 
wen to the extent of having 
o borrow on future income.

The study disciosed. Cart­
e r  said, that the neediest 
itudent is often fotgotten be- 
:ause his financial; needs are 

so great. '
“Among students who 

were accepted,” the report 
showed, “the proportion of 
need met by the aid package 
declined as the need itself in­
creased.” C art*  s a i d  this 
“was found to Ijie true in pub­
lic as w e l l  as private 
schools.”

REFERRING to racial mi­
norities, the report added 
that “for many blacks the ra­
cial barrier has tumbled only 
to reveal the dollar barrier 
beyond.”

As an example, a hypo­
thetical financial aid officer 
who has $2,000 in aid money 
and four finalists competing 
for the fund is cited. One 
needs the whole $2,000 to en­
roll, one $1,000 and two $500 
each.

In all likelihood, Cartter 
said, the money would be 
distributed to the three rath­
er than to the one needing 
the most money.

For the school it would 
mean three students instead 
of one, plus another $4,000 
from the three students from 
their own resources.

LOOKfNG to the future, 
the committee said the time 
is approaching when there 
will be/ excessive capacity. 
The mbre costly private uni­
versities will find it difficult 
to recriiit enough students.

The massive expansion of 
many public systems, Cartter 
said, “will place unbearable 
strains on the dual system of 
higher education.”

But the study predicted 
that pressures from overbur­
dened taxpayers and the 
need to provide aid for low- 
income students will force 
public institution tuition and 
fees higher.

The committee predicted 
for the next 15 years: com­
munity colleges will continue 
to charge relatively low tu­
ition; universities and four- 
year colleges will charge tu­
ition approaching the direct 
costs of undergraduate in­
struction; and students from 
out of state will be charged 
tuition comparable to that of 
private schools.

ASKED IF the report were 
not an indirect cirticism of 
the way schools were han­
dling student financial aid, 
Cartter termed it as a “slap 
on the wrist” and then 
added, “Better yet, most are 
doing one hell of a job.

“We’re alerting them to 
the fact that the system is 
not working as well as they 
thought.”

Probably one of the most 
nntroversial suggestions of 

the Cartter committee is that 
financial aid for athletes, 
band members and other ser­
vice awardees be based on fi- 
ancial need.

AMONG OTHER things, 
the study recommends that 
institutions:

•  Limit aid to the amount 
of need in each case and allo­
cate so as to provide equal 
access to higher education 
for students with the great­
est financial need.

•  Disseminate materials 
explaining the financial aid 
system to school and college 
counselors.



Junior Colleges Now Are Major Force
Continued FWm Page 1. Col. 4
70, their intelligence from sub­
normal to genius, their--dili­
gence, from full-time prepara­
tion for senior college to a sin­
gle one-hour course , before 
Christmas in .fancy giftwrap 
ping. ..

And their, interests apan the 
seven stages , of man,, from 
“Maternal' and Child , Health 
Nursing’ to “Marriage, and the 
Family" to ‘Advanced Embalm­
ing-”. .. : , .Miaml-Dade, serving the city 
and county is named for, is 
now the largest of 840 public 
two-year colleges in the coun­
try, -435 of Which are less 
than 10 years old- Called com­
munity colleges or junior col­
leges, they are tax-supported 
institutions open at little or 
no cost (Miami-Dade’s fees to­
tal $125 a term) to virtually 
any resident who wants to 
enter.

Thus to some they are the 
“open-door colleges,” the lead­
ing edge of universal higher 
education.

Physically, the impact of 
their development is strikingly 
evident everywhere. In the 
Southern suburbs of ’Washing­
ton, “Novacoco”—Northern Vir- 
;inia Community College—now 
las overflowed onto a second- 
campus. In Cleveland, acres of 
inner city slums have been re­
placed by the handsome .Cuya­
hoga Community College. In 
Los Angeles, some 100,000 stu­
dents attend eight public junior 
colleges. 3

The social impact of the fl^o- 
year colleges is just as.,.evident 
as the fiysical. Miami-Dadei 
like its sister schools elsewhere, 
is far .more than a traditional 
academic training ground ;-for 
receritThigh school graduates. 
It is a  broad social institution 
that tffUehSs almost every, 
facet of metropolitan life.

Thousands of its students 
take such '  public - service 
oonrses as firei science and 
waste water- disposal. Miami- 
Dade now trains policemen for 
its entire-area.

Thousands of other students 
have learned’skills mielBctronic 

processing, -aerospace 
technoiogy and freight rate 
structures, thus suppSting. —- 
and helping to attract to the 
area --- businesses that require 
a skilled labor market.

And most students, even' 
those indifferent to qualifying 
for a degree or a  skilled job, 
have won a new sense of ac­
complishment, personal worth 
and ambition.

It Began as Fun 
“It began only as fun,” sayS 

Mrs, Betty -Morow, who shyly 
enrolled for a night course in; 
English composition after 25 
years of marriage. Now aftefi 
writing 40 short papers and 
taking several other courses, 
she says: “ I’m really serious 
about going after a bachelor’s 
degree."

The students reflect the 
sus Bureau’s national statistical 
portrait.: They are more likely 
to be older, to work, to be m ar­
ried, to come from families 
without any college education 
and to have lower incomes 
than are students in four-year 
colleges.

Only half of the students 
here are pursuing a traditional 
academic course. A young 
mother brings her baby with 
her to a computer laboratory.
A day maid studies at night to 
become a secretary. A grand­
mother discovers that: “Baroque 
music is really terrific, once 
you understand it.!’

These experiences only sug­
gest the reasons for the ex­
plosive growth of public junior 
co llies . (There is a  small and 
declining number of prwnte 
junior colleges.). The most obyi- 
bus il  the presence- of sweHihg 
numiiers of jioung high school 
;raduates, says Jack C. Gern- 
rart, an official of the Arheri- 
can Association of Junior Col 
leges, in Washington. “The kid 
market is at its peak right 
now,” he says, referring to the 
postwar baby boom.

But that population change 
can account for no more than 
half of the total growth, Mr. 
Gernhart gives a series of ad­
ditional explanations:

"There’s an increasing desire 
on the part of a lot of parents 
that their children should have 
better opportunity. There is the 
demand of industry for increas­
ingly skilled labor. There is the 
development of a whole- new 
demand for paraprofessioUal la 
bor in public service fields like 
computer mapping or medical 
technology,” which require 
more than high school and'less 
than college.

Then, too,.there is the factor 
of increased leisure time. When 
the work week is short and the 
college is both close and in­
expensive, Mr. Gernhart says, 
“the opportunity for advance­
ment and for enrichment is 
often irresistible.” He himself 
looks forward to taking a 
course in cabinetmaking this 
spring.

Still further expianations for 
the growth are offered here by 
Peter Masikos' Jr., the restless, 
silver-haired president of Miami- 
Dade. The population of the

a r^ ,  he observes, has grown 
40 percent since 1960. The ad­
dition of campusbs—now span­
ning a 25-mile radius — has 
■brought Miami Dade within 
reach of most of those people.

Weekend College
And he and. his staff, not 

content simply to keep up with 
the demand, are working to in­
crease it. In 1965 a “Weekend 
College” was begun, permitting 
people to earn an Associate in 
Arts degree after studying on 
Saturdays for three and a half 
years. ; ■

Individual courses have been 
taken out to the students— 
at, for example, meeting rooms 
in Miami Beach condominium 
apartments.

Such outreach creates prob­
lems beyond the problems of 
volume. For with volume come

students with the widest range 
of intellectual ability.

Miami - Dade offers courses 
that are varied not only by 
subject but also by difficulty. 
Beginning English, for example, 
now is taught in 15 different 
ways ranging from the reme­
dial “bonehead” approach to 
completel)! individual instruc­
tion.

“It would be easier to pre 
select our students, or flunk 
out a lot of them the first 
termi” says Robert H. McCabe, 
the executive vice president 

But we don’t  think that’s our 
role. Our original admissions 
requirement was the ability to 
turn left off 27th Avenue. 
We're still pretty close to that 
and we’re glad. There’s value in 
education — to the individual 
and to society—-outside a B.A. 
degree.”



A

9 STATES WARNED I 
OVER INTEGRATION
Face a Federal Fund Cut-off 
on Public College Systems

By LIISnJA CHARLTON
SpKial to The New York Times

WASHINGTON, Nov. 13- 
The Department of Health, Ed­
ucation and Welfare rejected 
today as “far short of being 
acceptable” the court-ordered 
racial desegregation plans for 
public college and university 
systems submitted by nine 
states.

The department’s call for the 
plans grew out of a Federal 
district court ruling last Febru­
ary ordering the Nixon Admin­
istration to begin enforcement 
proceedings that could lead ul­
timately to a  cutoff of Federal 
funds against the allegedly seg­
regated colleges in these states.

The nine states—Arkansas, 
Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, 
Mississippi, North Carolina, 
Oklahoma, Pennsylvania and 

Virginia—^were given 90 days 
additional to submit revised 
plans that would be acceptable.

The fault with most of the 
plans, according to a spokes­
man for the department’s Civil 
Rights Division, is a lack of 
specifics; “They set out goals 
but they didn’t  tell us enough 
about how they are to be ac­
complished—how much it will 
cost, where they will get the 
money, to what extent minor­
ities will be involved, how black 
colleges will be upgraded to at­
tract whites.”

Department Disagrees 
Two of the states, Louisiana 

and Mississippi, submitted doc­
uments that “fall short of being 
plans,” and take the position 
that they are already in com­
pliance. The department dis­
agrees, and . has given these 
states until Nov. 30 to make a 
“commitment to comply,” to be 
followed by acceptable plans.

The 10th state covered by 
the court’s order was Maryland, 
which has submitted only a par­
tial desegregation plan thus far. 
But Peter Holmes, the director 
of H.E.W.’s Office for Civil 
Rights, said today:

‘Over the last several months 
we have met on, a number of 
occasions with Maryland higher 
education officials and we are 
confident that they are pro­
ceeding in a positive and con­
structive way to develop a de­
segregation proposal.”

“The other seven states have 
recognized that they’re going 
to have to do something about 
this,” Mr. Holmes said. “The 
main problem is a lack of de­
tail and specificity as to the 
desegregation impact of the 
action they propose.” They are 
being told to submit “more de­
tailed, comprehensive proposals 
that can secure court approval.” 

The over-all objective is the 
desegregation of the higher- 
education systems so that a 
student’s choice of institutions 
or campus henceforth will be 
based on other than racial 
criteria,” he said. “We’re telling 
the states that while they’re 
generally on the right track in 
dealing with the issue, their 
submissions so far fall far short 
of being acceptable.”

; ‘Anticipated Resuits’
:The revised plans, he said, 

should include specifics on the 
“anticipated results” of deseg­
regation, and should assure 
that minority institutions, fac­
ulty and students do not have 
a'.greater share of the burden 
than their white counterparts, 
and that minorities have a 
voice in. the planning.

‘Speaking of the Louisiana 
and Mississippi proposals, Mr. 
Holmes called them “clearly 
not adequate,” adding that 
“they submitted plans on what 
they’ve been doing.” If the two 
states do not commit them­
selves by Nov. 30 to submit de­
tailed desegregation plans for 
their state college and universi­
ty  systems, their cases will be 
referred to the Justice Depart- 
meni-for court action. 

jMTFO states must submit ac- 
cspfaffie plans by next April 
8 or face one of two actions; 
Either the department will 
hold administrative hearings 
leading to a cutoff of funds, 
or refer the matter to the 
Justice Department, which 

can then go into court to obtain 
a desegregation order.

Ruling in February 
Today’s announcement grows 

out of a ruling last February 
in a suit filed by the N.A.A.C.P. 
Legal Defense and Educational 
Fund, Inc., on behalf of about 
25 black students and parents. 
Federal District Judge John H. 
Pratt set a series of deadlines 
for the Government to start 
enforcing Title VI of the Civil 
Rights Act, which directs Fed­
eral agencies to act against dis­
crimination in program receiv­
ing Federal aid.

.'\bout 200 state colleges and 
universities are affected by the 
ruling, without counting state- 
operated, two-year colleges, ac­
cording to a department spokes-l 
mah. i



Cooling Courtship
Many Colleges Find , 
It’s Difficult to Recruit 
Minority Students Now

Some Don’t Try Very Hard; 
Uncei’tainty About Funds, 
Lack of Pressure Cited

Is ‘Qualified’ Pool Dried Up?

By H arry  B. A nderson
sta ff Reporter of T h e  W a l l  S t r e e t  J o u r n a l  

The nation’s colleges are finding it difficult 
to recruit blacks and others from minority 
groups. And a t least some schools aren't trying 
very hard.

Both these facts represent turnabouts from 
just a few years ago. Spurred by the civil- 
rights movement, predominantly white col­
leges and universities began scouring the coun­
try in the early 1960s in search of students 
from minority groups, and the schools met 
with much success. Between 1964 and 1970, for 
instance, the number of black students on 
mostly white campuses increased by 173%, to 
310,000 from 114,000.

But the courtship is cooling now. Educators 
and others cite several factors: an uncertainty 
about federal financial aid during much of the 
season for recruiting this year’s freshmen. A 
belief among some educators that the pool of 
“qualified” minority students is drying up. A 
lack of pressure on thr schools. And disappoint­
ment in some quarters after the recruiting ef­
fort failed to solve the nation’s'social problems.

Whatever the reason, the trend is clear' A 
Wall Street, Journal survey of some 40 colleges 
and universities discloses that 12 expect sizable 
drops in the number of minority students en­
rolled as freshmen this autumn. About 20 esti­
mate the number will be the same, and seven 
expect increases, albeit small ones. Nearly all 
of the institutions surveyed have had big gains 

their minority enrollments during the past 
five years.

And a recent conference of 33 minority-re­
cruiting specialists from prestigious campuses 
was dominated by “a feeling of anxiety” about 
a  “ trend away from commitment to civil 
rights,” one participant says.
Fierce Competition

There is still fierce competition among top 
colleges for top black students, however. Black 
twins from Philadelphia who ranked first and 
second in their high-school graduating class 
last year were swamped wdth scholarship of­
fers, including bids from Harvard, Yale, Co­
lumbia, and the University of Pennsylvania. In 
suburban Washington, a black giii who had top 
grades and was president of her high-sch(^ol 
class received 60 imsolicited invitations. ‘ 

But minority students with average or be- 
low-average grades aren’t so lucky. An official 

Minneapolis high school with a big enroll­
ment of minority students says that despite 
noteworthy efforts by some institutions “over­
all I don’t feel colleges are making the concen­
trated effort they made three years ago.” 

One reason is that educators weren’t sure 
until late April how much federal money they’d 
have this year for aid to minority students. 
Thus, they didn’t know what kind of commit­
ments they could make to these students, and 
by the time they found out, many of the stu­
dents had made other plans.

As it turned out, the amount of federal aid 
finally decided upon for needy students of all 

ces for this year was $888.6 million, up 26.7% 
from last year, according to the U.S. Office of 
Education. The number of students of all races 
aided this year is expected to increase to about 
2 million from 1.4 million last year, but these 
figures can’t be interpreted to mean that the 
number of minority students on campuses are 
bounding up.

A more controversial reason for the waning 
of the recruitment programs is the feeling 
among some educators that they’ve already 
reached most of the minority students who can 
make it through college—that the level of mi­
nority students being recruited is ideal right 
now. This contention, however, seems to be 
contradicted by government figures showing 
that blacks constitute 12.1% of the college-age 
population in the U.S. but make up only 6% to 

of college enrollment. And the College En­
trance Examination Board, citing such things 
as the fact that white students with low grades 

almost three times as likely to go to college 
as are blacks with low grades, concludes that 
“minority students don’t have college oppor­
tunities equal to those of majority students.” 

Pious Rhetoric”
The University of Michigan has doubled its 

recruiting budget in the past two years, has 
opened recruiting centers in Detroit and Grand 
Rapids and has hired recruiters to visit 300 
high schools in the state in search of minority 
students, George Goodman, director of the pro­
gram, says. But, he says, the school won’t 
relax its academic standards, and as a result it 
hasn’t been able to meet it goal this year of a 
student body that is 10% black. The figure this 
fall is likely to be 8.6%.

Michigan may be trying harder than ever to 
recruit blacks and others from minority groups, 
but not every school is. “The riots are no more, 
and the pressure is off,” says an official of one 
school in Ohio. A recruiter at a prestigious 
Southern univeraity that recently vowed to 
shore up its efforts to attract minority students 
confides that the promise is hollow. “I talked 
to the administration about devoting hard 
money to the program,” he says bitterly, “and 
they told me their only commitment was to 
use government funds. They never had any 
real commitment.”

And in a study published last year, the Col­
lege Entrance Examination Board said i1 
“foresees the possibility of another decade of 
pious rhetoric on equality of opportunity elicit­
ing another decade of inadequate response.” 

Fred E. Crossland, an education expert 
the Ford Foundation, suggests one reason foi 
this apparent decline in recruiting efforti 
might be the disappointment that such pro­
grams haven’t had an immediate effect on so­
cial conditions.

“During the 1960s,” he says, “society was 
operating with premises which we now may 
consider to be arrogant, naive and unrealistic. 
We were intoxicated with our own expectations 
that through education we could solve all our 
problems. Now we realize that you can’t undo 
the problems of the past overnight. It’s . 
tough job, calling for sustained efforts."

)f



THE N E W  YORK TIMES, SUNDAY. DECEMBER 19,1971 \

Education
increasing Enrollments Plus Rising Costs—Tough Times for American Colleges and Universities

Average Annual Student ChargesEnrollment Average Annual
Faculty
Compensation

20 "Thousands o f doila

'^ F u ll Professor

10-

196-1.65 1966-67 1968-69 1 970-71

Mounting tuition costs at private colleges have led to  a swing of reason for the tuition jumps is the rise in faculty salaries (center),
students to publicly supported schools with little or no tuition The effect of inflation on over-all charges, at both public and private;
(left above), creating an imbalance of enrollments. A primary schools, is shown at right.

Colleges:

Another 
Cry for 
Help

With inflation hitting the stu­
dent’s pocketbook, the trend in 
higher education is toward the 
publicly supported colleges and 
universities. This has forced the 
private institutions into an increas­
ingly tighter fiscal bind, a problem 
that has prompted much study and 
investigation.

Last week, six university presi­
dents, warning that many private 
institutions were in danger of "fi­
nancial collapse,” called for emer­
gency action that included more 
state aid and increased fees at 
public institutions. The proposals, 
the group said, were designed to 
eliminate mounting deficits and 
assure future growth.

The presidents were speaking 
for New York State’s 106 private 
colleges and universities. Their 
own schools—^New York Univer­
sity, Syracuse, Columbia, Cornell, 
Fordham and Rochester—-this year 
registered deficits totaling almost 
.wn-miPien, despite «o«c $1,2-^L' 
lion IK state aid. Heavy bbrrowing 
and the sate of tangible assets to 
pay the bills heralded slow decline 
for most, and imminent disaster 
for some.

Except for the fact that New 
York has an extraordinary number 
of private colleges—they enroll 43 
per cent of all the state’s students 
—the situation reflects a serious 
national problem. Inflation has 
sent tuition, room and board sky- 
high—and annual expenses for a 
student can easily exceed $4,000. 
Although costs in public institu­
tions have also risen, they are 
only a fraction of those in private 
schools. For example, tuition at 
N.Y.U. is now about $2,700, com­
pared with $500 at a state college 
and no charge for full-time under­
graduates at the City University 
of New York (CUNY).

Before World War II, about 60 
per cent of all students attended 
private universities. But the post­
war expansion of college-going

and the exploding birth rate made 
it  impossible for private institu­
tions to meet the new demand, 
and public institutions — state, 
city, community — assumed a 
larger role. Now, more than 70 
per cent of all students are in the 
public institutions.

The imbalance is aggravated by 
the fact that, this year, for the 
first time, the total number of 
freshmen has declined slightly— 
by an estimated one-half of one 
per cent. At the same time, many 
campuses are still completing their 
physical expansion. The Carnegie 
Commission last week reported 
110,000 unfilled freshman places— 
primarily a t private schools.

New York illustrates the kind of 
imbalance that can develop. The 
study presented by the six presi­
dents showed 15,000 unfilled fresh­
man places in the state; but at the 
same time, tuition-free CUNY, in 
its second year of open admission 
that permits any city high school 
graduate to enroll, is bursting at 
the seams.

In the face of these disloca­
tions, the six presidents proposed 
the following actions:

•The most dramatic was that 
the public colleges and universities 
be made to charge fees to “cover 
full educational and other student- 
related costs.” This would reduce 
the gap between tuitions at private 
and public institutions—and thus 
diminish the financial attractive­
ness of the public over the private 
—and perhaps make more state 

-,„aW»availabte tom e private’schools. 
While a t first view this proposal 
might seem unfeasible, there were 
those who noted that tuition at 
public institutions would ease the 
burden on the already squeezed 
budget in Albany—a prospect that 
state legislators would find ap­
pealing.

•  A short-term state sinking 
fund to bail out those colleges and 
universities in danger of imminent 
collapse.

•  Continuation of the present 
state aid program that distributes 
funds to private institutions in ac­
cordance with their enrollment.

that to let private institutions fail 
or to have the public ones absorb 
them will add greatly to the tax 
burden. As an example, they cited 
the fact that the six universities 
which presented the report took in 
$189-million in tuition and gifts 
last year and had an endowment 
income of $45.5-million. These pri­
vate funds would have to be re­
placed from the state budget. At 
present, these institutions get only 
$12.8-million in direct state aid.

In addition, the proposal 
stressed that, while total enroll­
ments have reached a temporary 
plateau, they will rise again sub­
stantially before the end of this 
decade. Undergraduate enrollments 
in the state have moved from 
209,200 a decade ago to 439,400 
last year, and education author­
ities estimate that over 600,000 
places will be needed by 1980. 
This mirrors the national picture— 
3.8 million 10 years ago; 7.9 mil­
lion now; 11 million anticipated in 
1980.

Dr. Ernest L. Boyer, president of 
the state university system, said 
that these proposals, by erecting 
tuition barriers to the poor, "ap­
pear to reduce educational oppor­
tunities rather than expand them.’

Dr. Robert J. Kibbee, chancellor 
of the City University, charged 
that the plan “calls for a new 
higher education user tax to be 
imposed on students a t public in­
stitutions for the purpose of cover­
ing deficits of private colleges and 
unive'rsities.’^

•  Continuation of aid to profes­
sional schools and for scholarship 
programs.

•  Students should be eligible, 
depending on need, for doubled or 
tripled state aid, currently called 
Scholar Incentive Awards. These 
are applicable to tuition at private 
and public institutions alike.

Proponents of the plan argued

"Would private institutions ac­
cept the same audit and control 
conditions that are mandatory for 
public colleges and universities?” 
Dr. Kibbee asked. Then he added; 
Would private institutions be will­
ing and able to  give up selective 
admission and join the City Uni­
versity’s open admission policy? j 

Predictably, the attack on free 
or low tuition shattered an uneasy 
truce between public and private 
institutions. Why then did the pri­
vate sector resort to this plan? 
Partly, the answer is panic. But it 
has also been suggested that some 
political leaders in Albany, who 
want to shift more of the higher 
education burden to the consumer, 
may have hinted support. Finally, 
it is possible that the controversy 
was considered essential to alert 
the public and to pry loose some 
less controversial form of increased 
direct state support.

—FRED M. HECHINGER