City of Danville, VA School Board v. Medley Brief in Opposition to Certiorari

    N o.

In  T h e

Supreme Court of ttjc BnttctJ States
\ O c t o b e r  T e r m , 1993

League of United Latin American Citizens, Houston 
Lawyers’ Association, Jesse Oliver, et al.,

Petitioners,
v.

Attorney General of Texas, et al,
Respondents.

On Petition for a Writ of Certiorari to the 
United States Court o f Appeals 

for the Fifth Circuit

SUPPLEMENTAL APPENDIX TO THE PETITION 
FOR A WRIT OF CERTIORARI

Elaine R. Jones 
Director-Counsel 

Theodore M. Shaw 
Norman J. Chachkin 

* Charles Stephen Ralston 
Gailon W. McGowen, Jr. 
NAACP Legal Defense & 

Educational Fund, Inc.
99 Hudson Street 
Sixteenth Floor 
New York, N.Y. 10013 
(212) 219-1900

Sherrilyn A. Ifill 
University of Maryland 
School of Law 
500 W. Baltimore 
Baltimore, MD 21201 
(410) 706-8391

E. Brice Cunningham 
777 S. R.L. Thornton Frwy. 
Suite 121 
Dallas, TX 75203 
(214) 428-3793

Gabrielle K. McDonald 
Walker & Satterthwaite 
7800 N. Mopac 
Suite 215
Austin, Texas 78759 
(512) 346-6801

W illiam L. Garrett 
Brenda Hull Thompson 

8300 Douglas, Suite 800 
Dallas, TX 75225 
(214) 369-1952

Rolando L. Rios 
Milam Building, Suite 1024 
115 E. Travis Street 
San Antonio. TX 78205 
(512) 222-2102

Edward B. Cloutman, III 
Mullinax, WTells, Baab 
& Cloutman, P.C.
3301 Elm St.
Dallas, TX 75226 
(214) 939-9222

* Counsel of Record
Attorneys for Petitioners

PRESS OF BYRON S. ADAMS, WASHINGTON, D.C. (202) 347-8203



The Tables included in this Supplemental Appendix to 

the Petition for a Writ o f Certiorari in this case are those 

referred to in the opinion o f  the United States District Court 

for the Western District o f Texas set out in the Appendix to 

the Petition for Writ o f Certiorari at pp 487a-549a.



APPENDIX "A
Plaintiffs' & Plaintiff-Intervenors' 

Statistical Analysis

**- *



RACIAL DIFFERENCES IN CANDIDATE PREFERENCES IN DISTRICT JUDGE 
ELECTIONS IN HARRIS COUNTY. TEXAS 

GENERAL ELECTIONS, 1980-1988
Prepared by Richard L. Bngetroa, Ph.D

I

HOMOGENEOUS PRECINCTS ------------BIVARIATE REGRESSION- WITH CONTROL FOR HISPANICS

Year Black
Candidate
(Party)

% of Non-Black 
Votee

X of Black 
Vot«u

CorreUt Ion 
Coefficient

% of Non-Black 
Votee

X of
Black Votee

Partial
Correlation

X of Black 
Votee VeW'

1080 Bonner
(Deaocretlc)

38.6 06.0 0.B22 37.8 103 0.909 98.4
-J

1082 Jaaea
(Deaocretlc)

33.6 07.5 0.799 34.8 104.2 0.895 99.3

19112 Routt (W)
(Deaocretlc)

38.3 98.1 0.798 37.7 104.6 0.896 99.9

1082 Ward
(Democratic)

34.7 97.7 0.801 33.8 104.2 0.893 99.3
V-/

1084 Berry
(Deaocretlc)

34 07.3 0.883 32.8 102.7 0.922 100

1084 Jackeon
(Deaocretlc)

30.6 97.7 0.880 29.3 103.5 0.942 100.3

1084 Lee
(Deaocretlc)

36.4 07.8 0.881 33.2 103.2 0.938 100.5
N-/

1088 Berry
(Deaocretlc)

38.3 07.7 0.831
\

34.2 103 0.916 99.4

1086 Pluaaer
(Deaocretlc)

37 97.0 0.847 36 103.1 0.912 99.6
w

1088
«

Proctor
(Republican)

32.8 4.6 -0.836 53.6 1 . 1 -0.899 3.9
V

1086 Welker (W) 
(Deaocretlc)

40 98.2 0.847 39.1 103.3 0.882 99.9

1088 Berry
(Deaocretlc)

32.6 97.3 0.860 31.1 103.1 0.897 99.4

1088 Fitch
(Democratic)

36.0 97.7 0.849 35.4 103.4 0.686 99.7
W

1066 Jackeon 33.4 08 0.B56 31.8 103.9 0.928 100.1
(Democratic)

PLAINTIFF'S

IwflfflU.
Ur x ]



A . .
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i

- I oox i.16’0 r t o i B'9C

/*\ X OOl »26’0 6 ‘COI 9 * 2C

c o o x 2 6 0 8 ' COX L '  LC

4

\

z t  o * o 86 C' 8C
(3U*-l30Ma)

jvouvds 886X

090 0 6 * 26 C ‘»C
(DI4*JDO«i»a ) 

jaavnid 886X

6 * 0 0 c e o 2*6C
(3I)aj3oa*a)

••T 8861

I ' A



BLACK JUDICIAL CANDIDATES IN HARRIS
YEARS 1080 - 1088

Year Election Name Outccam

1060Primary Judclml Election Alice Bonner Unopposed

James Mildrow Won

Fred Reynolds Irst

lOBOGeneral Judicial Election Alice Bonner Lost

Jamas Muldrow Lost

1082 Primary Judicial Election John James tkmppoaed

James Muldrow Unopposed

John Paavwy Unopposed

Thomas Routt Unopposed

Clark Gable Ward Unopposed

1082 General Judicial Election John James Lost

Jamas Muldrow boat

John Peevy Unopposed

TV*mas Routt Vtan

Clark Gable Hard Lost

1084 Primary Judicial Election Weldon Berry Unopposed

Carolyn D. Hobson made runoff

Freddie Jackson made runoff

Shelia J. Lee Won

Kenneth Levi Lost

Jin Muldrow Lost

1084 Rimoff Election Carolyn D. Hobson Win

Freddie Jackson Won

1064 General Election Weldon Berry hat

TEXAS

Sect lcm Notes

BOth State District Court (civil) ran as an lncimfcant

Coimty Criminal Court No. 6

County Criminal Court No. 10

80th State Dlatrlct Court

BOth County Criminal Court No.6

262nd State Dlatrlct Court (criminal court)

County Criminal Court No. 6 had bean appointed; ran aa Incumbent

246th State Dlatrlct Oourt (family law)

208th State Dlatrlct Court

281at State Dlatrlct Court (civil court)

262nd State Dlatrlct Court (criminal court)

County Criminal Court No. 6 had bean appointed, ran aa Incumbent

246th State Dlatrlct Court (faadly lam)

208th State Dlatrlct Court (criminal court)

2Blat State Dlatrlct Court (civil court 

BOth State District Court (civil)

County Civil Court at lew • 3 

178th State Dlatrlct Court (crhalnml)

215th State Dlatrlct Court (civil)

333rd State Dlatrlct Court (civil)

351th State Dlatrlct Oourt (criminal)

County Civil Court * 3 

178th State Dlatrlct Court (criminal)

Both State Dlatrlct Oourt (civil)



IBM Primary E le ct io n

IBM R u n-off

1«M  J u d ic ia l E le ct ion s

Carolyn D. Hobson Ioa t

Fraddla Jackson Lost

S t a l ls  J .  Laa Ioa t

Barry Haitian (D) Ikuppomad

Freddie Jackacn (D) Ioa t

Chary 1 K. I rv in  (R) U n w o u d

Rsymcnd T lshar (D) Han

Bennie F itch  (D) U Tc(paad

Hobacn, Carolyn (D) UhOKpcaad

S t la la  L . Jackacn (D) Han

J o in  Pamvy (D) lh \ | ia a 1

Matthew Pluamar, S r. (D) Uhoppoaad

Maala P roctor  (R) Uhopponsd

Rsyno Ida, Frad (D)

Ttanaa H. Routt (D) Ubqp(poaad

Carl H alkar, J r . (D)

Francis N lllla n s  (D) I h f p s a d

Frad Reynolds (D) Ioa t

Carl H alkar, J r . (D) Han

C arl H alkar, J r . (D) Won

Carolyn D. Hutmon (D) Han

M»tthma Pluamar S r. (D) Ioa t

B cm la  F itch  (D) Io a t

Raymond Flahsr (D) Ioa t

Ualdon Barry (D) Lost

County Civil Court at U u  9 3 

178th Stats District Court (criminal) 

213th Stmta District Court (civil)

281 Civil District

283 Civil District 

County Criminal Court 9 3

Lost lo Frank 0. Molt a

County Crlmlnsl Court 9 14 vain ovsr Hls|«nlc, Angel Frags

Ocavtty Crlmlnsl Court 9 13 

County Civil Court • 3 

Probata 9 «

lnomfcant

Stats Family Court 246 lncimbant

133 Ststs Civil 

Stats Family 9 243

lnoabant

County Criminal Court No. 11 mala It to runoff, one of flue candldeti 
runnlrg for County Crlm. Ct. No. 11.

Stats Criminal Court 208 Incumbent

Ststs Criminal 83 mads It to run-off

County Criminal Court 9 4 lncuatmnt

County Crlmlivlal Court No. 11 Lost to David Mandooa In run-off; 
Mandcua svantually won.

Stmts Crlmlnlsl 85 Wun against lajjps Ssllnsa

Ststs Crlmlnsl Court 183 Hun over Gmorga Godtln

County Civil Court 3 Hon over Allan Hughes

133 Ststs Civil Incumbent

County Criminal Court 13
Let to f nmir MuCorkle 
Incumbent
Lost to Mark Atkinson

County Criminal Court 14 tost to Jim Barklay

281 State Civil Lost to Iouls Moors



I M S  Primary Election

l H I O n n l  Election

Francla HI 11 luma (D) Lout

9halU J. Lae (D) [oat

Mem la Proctor (R) [oat

Cheryl 1. Irvin [oat

IhoaM H. Routt (D) Ohcfpoaad

John W. Paavy (D) tkoppoaad

Ban Durant [oat

Bonnie Fitch Uhoppoead

Ray aond Flahar [oat

Matthew M. "l i aim Dnoppoaad

Maiden Barry □hoppoaad

BaMarly Spancer Mon

Fraddla Jackaon Hen

Bonnie Fitch [oat

Sheila J. Laa [oat

Matthew W. Pliaaaer [oat

Malden Barry [oat

Beverly Spanoer [oat

Fraddla Jackaon [oat

*a

County Criminal Court 4 lncimbant
Lout to Jaaaa R. Andaracn

Probata 1 4 tout to Bill McCulloch
State Paally Court 245 [oat to Henry Schubla

County Crlmlrml Court 3 [oat to J lamia Duncan

Stata Criminal Court 206 Incumbent

State Family Court 246 Incumbent

174th Civil Dlatrlct Court 

132nd Civil Dlatrlct Court

ran agalnat Crag Glaaa

177th Criminal Dlatrlct Court 

133rd Civil Dlatrlct Court 

80th Civil Dlatrlct Court 

333rd Civil Dlatrlct Court 

213 Civil Dlatrlct Court

ran agalnat Ml run lorn

152nd Civil Dlatrlct Court ran agalnat Jack O'nall

293th Civil Dlatrlct Court ran agalnat Dan Downey

133rd Civil Dlatrlct Court ran agalnat Umar KjCorkla

80th Civil Dlatrlct Court ran agalnat HI 11 lam R. Powell

333rd Civil Dlatrlct Court ran agalnat Davia Wllaon

213 Civil Dlatrlct Court ran agalnat Cana Omahara



•

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I
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i

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(UNJO)

2*001 116* £*701 6*9£ 798* £*84 6 *Z£ j »a ) io 8861

8*2 916*-

J • | ,

S I -  Z*IZ
l

i

2 / 8 *- £*7 9*0Z
(d»»)

9841

9*001 126* 9*701 1 9*9£ 119 ’ ' ' r *86 S*Z£
(e«a)

/ a | s u | i 9861

1*64 *76* l* £ 0 l 9*0£ 206*

'1 ,

S*Z6

\

6 *1 £
(uaa)
o»|Mrt 7861

2*64 176*

■ :»

2 *£0 l  m

1

2C6*

'i ■ •

7*Z6 0*0£
(waa)

X a j s u j j 7861

8*2 2W - S O -  8*19 768’ * S*£
i

9*09 '
(dan)

7861

2 / 4 216*
i

1

S*00t 9*8£ S98* 1*86 Z*6£

i

(uiaa)
u u ja 0861

saiOA
>P«|9 |<> x

uo) ivi j j j  J03 33JOA 34JO,\
>PO|8  jo  x  V « l f l - u o .1 jo  *

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uo j m j a j j b ]

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V « 1 8  jo  X

s o »oa

X30|8-LOf| jo  x
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V « |8

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c

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S N O iiD JU  lV lD ic n r  jo  s i s n m 4 • 1

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1 • 11
.*n i ; 1 ’ • ■ : ■ ’ , • ;

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* • • I

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1• . ; C, • . : • .

V f '  ' [ i  i • «Vl " v " • i i



.1.1. I M i '

ESTIMATES O r EiHNIC GROUP VQTNG IN BEXAR COUNTY DISTRICT COURT ELECTIONS:

1982 General Election
District Court #144 

Barrera (Hispanic) 
Slohlhandski 
Tolal

District Court if 290 
Delgado (Hispanic) 
Berchelman 
Total

1384 General Election
District Court #37  

Davila (Hispanic)
Cornyn
Total

1906 General Election
District Court #265 

Cisneros (Hispanic) 
Peeples 

Tolal
1903 General Election
District Court #73 

Mireles (Hispanic) 
Bowles 

Tolal
District Court #225 

Serraia (Hispanic)
Specia 

Tolal 
— ?\

Bivariate Regression Analysis 
Pearson rj Estimates lor: ' 

Siq. |Hispanics|NonHispanics

Homogeneous Precincl Esl. 
90-1007.1  9 0 - 1 0 0 7 .  
Hispanic I Non-Hispanic

Are ethnic 
groups 

polarized?

Does 
Hispanic 

choice win?

- . 8 0
i

1 i

4

t YES ND
. 0000 1 7 77 24 74

83 23 i 7 6 26
' 1 0 0  ;• 1 00 1 00 . 1 00 ,

• 87
i. !

1
YES ND

. 0000 103 1 8 92 21
- 3 82 8 79

• 100 1 00 100 " 1 00

.67 ll 1
YES ND

. 0000 104 26 73 35
- 4 74 27 65

100 1 00 100 1 00

.68 '
YES ND

. 0000 95 1 2 I 88 22
5 88 ' 1 2 78

100 1 00 100 1 00

.67 YES YES
. 0000 106 35 9 3 37

- 6 6 5 ; 7 63
100 100 , 1 00 1 00

.86 ( YES ND
.0000 103 28 ! 9 1 33

- 3 72 9 67
100 100 100 1 00

HnUb r i

i » r: -
! ?  -  -J

:
i/»



I
I •-

ESTIMATES OF ETHNIC GROUP VOTING IN TARRAKT COUNTY ELECTIONS 1906-1908

1986 General Election
Cruet. V r r f .  C rt. P i  4  
Sal vent (Block)
Drago

Total
Crist, tr is t. C rt. P i  f  ' 
Slums (Block) i
Goldsmith 

Total
1988 Deto Primary
P re s id e n t  
Jackson (Black)
Gore ♦Simon ri. aijRouche af(ar 

TolaJ
1938 General Electio^
Crict. P rs t. C rt . P i  2  . 
Davis (Black)

. Dsnphinot 
Total

| Partial r Repression Estimate s 
Black Anglo

Hoiiiogen*
Elsck

:Ous Estimates 
Anglo

Are e'hmc groups polamedv 
B/A

Does Black 
choice win?

.87
7 46 6 41 HO HO

93 54 94 59
too 100 100 100

-.80
15 49 11 44 HO NO
85 51 89 56
100 too 100 100

.93 ' 1
1

l) r'» :• M • ! YES YES
99 14 93 16

fOukakis 1 e6 7 84
100 100 100 100

.90 !
r-'i i J

■' r \ \ YES NO
too 42 98 50
0 58 2 50 '

100 100 100 100

r

I



/

ESTIMATES OF ETHNIC GROUP VOTING IN TARRANT CO. ELECTIONS 1982-1988

Bivariate Regression Analysis Are ethnic Does *
Pearson r Estimates for: groups polarized? Black

SlQ Blacks I wnites B/A choice win?
1982 Democratic Primary 
Co. Criminal Crt. P I / .82 YES NO
Hicks (Black) .0000 87 38
Coffee 13 62 -

Total 100 100 ►

1986 Democratic Primary 
Co Criminal Crt. P I / .76 YES NO
Ross .0000 57 11 -

Go I ̂ feather-* Ross-* Pounds* Cl ark 43 89 » -  •

Total 100 100 • **

1986 General Election . . .

Crlm. Dtst. Crt. P I 4 -.63 - .  •

Salvant (Black) - R 0000 3 55 YES YES
Drago 97 45

Total -100 100 - -  ■
-  -

Crlm. D lst Crt P I /

'lO*01 • L -

Stums (Black) -  R .0000 9 57 YES NO - 7

Goldsmith - D 91 43 *

Total
1988 General Election

100 100 ! > ::.

Criminal D ist C rt P i 2 .62 YES NO r ;
C. Davis(Black)-  D .0000 103 40 —

Dauphlnot -  R -3 60 . .

Total 100 100

Source: Numbers are from analyses Conducted by Delbert Teecel, Department of urban Studies, 
Univ of Texas at Arlington

f .
Z i 1 .. r i
1 s::i.iUT
• '"A * '
; _ i l l s '  ^

v



ESTIMATES OFETK.'^C C-r^U? VOTCG I.T TTUVIS COU:7P/ ELECTIONS: iOCG

,
Pw ii-J r

s s ;
IvliKipl* Regression E.rt. 
H ifp w iic s . l Anglo

H-'h'iOg^lil-OUS f fc d liC li 
Hispfrnics | Anglo ,

A is  ethnic gioups 
polarized? .

Do*:S HlSprliiO 
choice win?

• S20 D « n  P r im a ry ! : i
0 ;s  i / i c t  Court' / V  < J .* c VES NO
Gsi:« Jo (Hispanic) .0000 03 3-1 00' r i•j %
l&Cown ‘ 7 00 14 63

Toij-J 100 1 1 100' 100 100 "
County C o u r t^ t-Z o c ,S4 1 VES NO
•iwci? (Hispw«io) .0000 Vj 33 Oij J • » ‘ •
M.::iips ; 5 07 10 63

lo lr j 100 . 100 100 100
C ounty C o u rT ^ f- /.*? vO \/cc• L *J NO
C'-.Mio iHi;p:-i^cj .0000 7 7 14 63 16
Kc.*«n*rdy (£i xclc)+Hu^hcS 23 46 '•->1 h%/i 04 1

lo it i 100 100 100 100

i •

I



• I

1 9 0 0  D em  P r i m a r y
D is tr ic t  Court * 3 4 5  
Gall ii du (Hispanic)
McCovn 

Total
County C o u rt-o t-L o v  
Garcia (Hispanic)
Phillips

Total
County C o u rt-o t-L o v  ■*7 
Castro ( Hispanic) ,9Q
Kennedy (Black)♦Hughes ,00()0 

Total y

GRQOP YOTNG IN TRAYIS C0UN1rY DISTRICT COURT ELECTIONS- f'onn
Bivariate 
Pearion r 

3ig

Regression Analysis 
Estimates) for: • 

HispanicslMon-Hispanics
1 !t

Homogeneous Precinct Fsf 
90-"t 0075 j 90- 100 
Hispanic | Hon-Hiananic

Ar e ethnic 
groups 

polarized?

Does
Hispanic 

choice vln?

• 8/6 
.0000

e'o
.0000

101 i 36' ■ B6 37- 1 I 64 14 63
100

oo

100 100

100 ! 36 ,90 ■r 7
0 1 64 10 63

100 : ioo 100 1 00

76 , : 16
2 d , 86 37 84

100 "  100 100 10 0

i . t
HH

YES

YE:

YES

NO

H O

NO

if,i,

y-TT“---- - . fl,

f < ."LAiNTifr'S 
j: l SXH I3IT

U



PLAIN
TIFF'S

EXH
IBIT

: . , t. .1.-.. « «• «'i . ; n « > 1 I ̂| m •
ESTIMATES OF ETHNIC GITOUP VOTING IK .lEFFEnSOKCOUNTY E lE tV lfrR S  1972-1980

1972 D e m o cra tic  P r in v y
•a * . r . ,  re t. t, r t. 2
Fre emon (Black) 
MilrelUTre/r.ei.eleibold+PsInui 

Toi*J
1972 D t n o c r t l i c  Runoff
2  *. r .,  re t. / ,  n . 2
freeman (Block)
Tremen

ToioJ
1974 D tn o c r a l ic  Prim ary
J. «. r . ,  re t. 2, r t. 2
Freeman (Black)
KarrsKnowles

ToloJ
, 1974 D e m o c ra tic  R unoff
J. e. r .,  re t. 2, n . 2
Freeman (Block)
Knowles

Toiol
1978 D e m o c ra tic  Prim ary  
C e im ty  C o u rt mt tee", 2 / 2  
Davis' (Block)
Slles'-sManes

Toiol
1982 D e m o c ra tic  Prim ary
j . e. r .,  re t. t, r t. 2
Connon (Block) 
hECasselltMcCoJI 

Total
1986 D e m o c ra tic  Prim ary
/  *. r ,  re t. tf rt. 2
Roberts (Block)
Robins onefvEGinnis «Davis -efvllle 

Toiol
1988 D e m o c ra tic  Prim ary
rneeit/ent 

'•Jockson (Block) 
ioreaSimon+L oRouche -tHort-rOi 

Toiol

Pertialr • Regression Estitnues 1 li Homogeneous Estio'isies Are t'hnic groups polsnied? Does Week
Block Anglo Block Anplo B/A choice win?

.70 1 ; • 1
-----1-----------------1------

YES NO
70 25 : 75 26
30 75 25 74
too 100 f| 100 100

66
65

l1
39 92 40

YES NO

15 62 8 60
100 too 100 100

.75
83 26 89 ',tr a J

YES NO

17 74 11 75
100 100 100 100

.72
93 - 41 95 42

YES NO

7 59 5 50 ’
100 100 100 100

.97
e« 10 93 13

YES NO

16 90 7 87
100 100 100 100

.97
53 7 51 6

VES NO

47 93 49 94
100 100 100 100

.93
47 2 40 3

HO NO

r 53 98 60 97
100 100 100 100

.97
101 6 96 7

YES YES

ik ok is -1 94 4 93
100 100 100 100

.. A -



tO
-L

••'I.'
.1 1.

I I

j  l -II. i t  .‘III. i. ,I K i i-i.-r uil. | I i
ESTIMATES OFi ETHNIC G R O U P  VOTING IN JEFFERSON 'COUNTY ELiECTIp^S'“l9V2-19B0

I I *' l •
i-l 1 'll

Partial r
Multiple Regression Analysis

Estimates lor: 
Black

Homogeneous Precincts 
90-100V. |90-100% 
Black

Are elhmc 
groups polarired'?

Ooos
Black

".980 Democratic Primary 
P r e s i d e n t  , .97

1 1 , ‘. . 1
l lit

j YES YESJackson (Block) .0000 101 6 I’ 96
< 4

7
Gore* Simon* LaRouche*Harw Dukakis-. -1 94 93 . i
Total l 100 100 'lOO ■! hoo |

,

*»
l . * ' i ' r* t f i • i

1

> 1

• j a.
1 l •. (l *1 •

i . J
*.f i'Th - . «



PLA
IN

TIFF'S
EXHIBIT
U

-O
iL

I I
?C;

‘ ■ ' •U ' ' i / ' | » • / . . .

ESTIMATES OF ETTIKIC CnOUP YOTWG IN LUDDOCK COUNTY ELECTIONS: 1986 -198$
l

i'i
i.i

Tvtihlr

1986 GenermJ Election
Supnene C t. P/. -4 .95/79 
Gonceler (Hispenic)
8nes (White)

ToitJ
1988 General Election
S txpm rt* C t. P /. 3  .93/.e8 
GonreJez (Hitpenic)
Howel!♦Scholr (While)

ToteJ

R*piessionEstim*(es lor 
Titponict Bleck Anglo Comb.Mrj*

99 
1

100

94
6
100

90
10
100

90
10
100

35
65
100

37
63
100

97
3
100

93
7
100

Hohiopeiitous Estimates 
Anplp Comb.Mn.*

39 ' 
61 
100

40
60
100

91
9

100

f-9
11
100

Are eihnic proups p o lic e d

Numbers.in these columns were derived from bivwinie enelyj «s, ell olhera from mukiveriele w .elyses.

. Comb. Mn/Anplo

VE‘

VES

Are H.sp t  Blecl. p o e t C om b.M n
cohesive

VES

YES

choice v.-in?

NO

NO

muie>

l



' L
■ I • ) b.-;; i. . . j - .11 • • , ’Y i;. i c i .< .1 .

!i ' 1 1 1 •• •' I * j  i i • I Hum i|n

ESTIMATES OF ETHNIC GROUP VOTNG IN LUBBOCK COUNTY GENERAL ELECTIONS: 119HB -1908 
Bivariala Rpnfoction Anaiuci* n _____ •’ » _ .. — — — -------

1.1
. r i'

Pearson r
Stq,

1906 General Election  
Supreme Cl. PL 4 .96
Gonzalez (Hispanic) .0000
Bales 

Total
1988 General Election  
S u p n m t Cl. PI. 3 .94
Gonzalez (Hispanic) .0000
HowelUScholz 

Total

Bivariale Regression Analysis 
Estimates lor 

Anglo |Comb Mir

..i, It. 

. i

Multiple Regression Analysis 
Partial r-H/B Estimates lor 
i ?ig H/B Anglo| Hispqnic 1 Black

1
, .9 5 /7 9 i •

' it ■ 1

35 97 .oopo/.qpoo 35 99 90 39 91
65 3 ;t'ii' 65 : t 10 61 9

100 100 100 1QQ 100 1Q0 100

.9 3 /8 8
1 Pis. •I 1 i».l

37 93 .0 0 0 0 /0 0 0 0 37 9 4 ' 90 40 89
63 7 i*j. . ■ >. 63 § 10 60 1)100 100 (0 0 100 100 1()0 100

. i  . i
1 •• . i 1 J .

1 ■{K>.  . > J
» • 4.

Homogeneous Precincti 
90-100% I 80-100%  

Anglo | Comb Min

Are ethnic 
groups polarized? 
Comb. Mm/Anglo

Are Hisp 
A Black 

cohesive?

Does
Comb. Min. 
choice win?

YES

YES

YES

YES

NO

NO

- A -



I )

ESTIMATES OF ETHNIC GROUP VOTNG IN

1986 Ocm Primary 
Cl. Ciim. App. PL 1 
Martina/ (Hispanic) 
DiaUDuncan+Reagan 

Total
S u p rtm * Cl. PI. 4 
Gonzalaz (Hispanic) 
Ivy+GibsontHumphreys 

Total
1986 Dam Runoll 
S u p rtm t Cl. PI. 4 
Gonzalaz (Hispanic) 
Gibson 

Total
Cl. C r/m . App. PI. |  
Martinez (Hispanic) 
Duncan 

Total

J; I! i . t ii> ' I i I I -ir IVI
•! . . I . I.. ,1.1

. 11! ! . j ■ ii. :.
LUBBOCK COUNTlI PRIMARY

I II
I

Bivariate Regression Analysis 
Pearson r| Estimates lor 

Siq. | Anglo |Comb. Mir

Multi 
Partial r- H/B

Siq.'H/B::

>le Regression Analysis 
Estimates lor 

Anqlo| Hispanic | Black

Homogeneous Precinct* 
90-100% I 80-100%  

Anglo | Comb. Mm.

Are ethnic 
groups polarized? 
Comb. Min/Anqlo

Are Hisp. 
& Black 

cohesive?

Does
Comb Mm. 
choice win?

.97
16

.98 /80

1
l f  .. t 1 YES YES YES.0000 98 .0000/.0000 15 108 61 22 79

84 2 85 •a 39 78 21
100 100 100 10(j 100 100 100

.93
36

.9 5 /56 YES YES NO
.0000 97 .0000 /0015 35 106 86 41 89

64 3 65 -6 14 59 11
100 100 100 100 100 100 100

.87
36

.7 8 /66 YES YES YES.0000 97 .0000 /0002 36 97 96 46 94
64 3 64 3 4 54 6

.93
100 100 100 100 100 100 100

24
.8B/.77 YES YES NO

.0000 103 0000 /0000 24 105 98 32 95
76 -3 76 -5 2 68 5
100 100 100 1001 100 100 100

- 3 r



1 *•' 
II •'
i.H •

» r

; ii
] i . .

• i.

■’O K : .  I I : .
I’m  • i k ;

, i i i
i. ;.l> M  .

. I
I. .

ESTIMATES OF ETHNIC GROUP VOTNG IN ECTOR C O U \’TY PRIMARY ELECTIONS: 1986
Btvariale Regression Analysis 
Pearson r| Estimates lor 

Sin- 1 Anqlo |Comb. Min

Multi 
Partial r- M/B 

Siq -H/B

>le Regression Analysis 
Estimates lor 

Angloj Hispanic | Black

Homogeneous Precinct: 
90 1007. 1 80 1007. 

Anglo 1 Comb Min

Are ethnic 
groups polarized? 
Comb Min/Anqlo

AreHisp 
A Black 

cohesivo?

Does
Comb Mm 
choice win?

1986 Dem. Primary
Supreme Cl. PI. 4 .80 .46 /71 YES NO NO
Gonzalez (Hispanic) .0000 11 53 03 8 1 /0 0 0 2 13 42 65 14 50
Ivy .Gibson*Humphreys 89 47 87 58 35 86 50

Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
Cl. Cilm. App. PI. 1 .78 .5 0 /6 2 YES YES YES
Marline/ (Hispanic) .0000 15 74 .0178 /0019 15 68 81 19 68
DiaU Duncan* Reagan 85 2t> ' 85 32 ‘‘ 19 81 32

Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

I I i
* ■. 
I

•i l

( I.

m



;■ . i ' • . i : l* ‘ • j ;;l ■ i 'i n  i ,
- i • : Irj • } | '• • • • -I.- I
. i : i i , •. i.

ESTIMATES OF ETHNIC GROUP VOTN(a IN MIDLAND COUNTY ELECTIONS: 1986
Bivariate Regression Analysis Homogeneous Precinct Esl ' Are ethnic Does
Pearson | Estimates lor;. 90-100% 90-100% groups Comb Min.

Siq. Ahqlo | i Comb Min. Anqlo •Comb Min. . polarized? choice win?
1986 General Election 
Supreme Cl. PI. 4 ' .96

j i 1i1
1. 1 |i

YES ND
Gonzalez (Hispanic) .0000 25 , 9Q 132 89 I
Bales 75 1 0 '68 1 1

Tolal 100 100 1 po 1 00
1986 General Election 
JP PI 1 .96 YES hO
Walson (Black) .0000 .1 9 9 1 l 26 90
Jobe. 81 ■ |9 7.4 , 1 6 ., 1

Tolal 100 100 1 00 1 00
1988 General Election 
Supreme Cl. PI. 3 .89

I
YES ND

Gonzalez .0006 34 85 37 9 1
HowelUScholz 66 1 5 63 9

Tolal 100 1 00 1 00 1 00

1 *1  ~  O  VL



*c
o

ES1IMATES O F ETHNIC GnOUP VOTHG IH M ID LA N D  COUNTY ELECTIONS: 190 6  -1 9 8 8
Begitsrion Analysij 

P t ir s o i. i l  E i'im t-lis  for 
Sin. | Anglo ICoir.b M i.

M iliipb i Rcgiession Analysis 
f *>ti>jr-H'B| i E s t im iit r  loi 

Sig -H‘B | Alible. | Hispsr.io | EjIk I;

Hoiiiog-ni
90-100a  

Anglo

OUS Piet IfiCIS
I 60-100 *>
| Cofi'ib. M il.

Are ethnic 
groups polarize!? 
Comb l»1n?Anglo

An Hisp 
8-Blsck 

cohesive?

Does
Comb. Mn. 
choice will?

198b G e n tru  Election
SvpneMte Ct. FI. 4 96 .86? 99 ! YES YES NO
Gooi h itr (Hispanic) .0000 24 •41) .0000? 0000 ! 24 106 78 23 86
BWfcj 76 19 76 -5 2> 72 15

TolfcJ 109 100 1100 100 100 100 100
198b General Election i * i
j f f i  t .96 87/81 i: YES YES NO
VVuson (Black) .0000 17 91 0000? 0000 17 106 79 21 85
Jobe 03 9 183 -6 21 79 15

loiaj 100 100 1100 100 luO 100 100
1988 General Election
S u p rerte  Ct. FI. J 96 84/.32 YES YES NO
Gonit-ltr .0000 34 91 0000/ 0000 34 99 06 37 86
Hovscll+Sclidz 66 9 66 1 14 63 14

JoiaJ 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

i
I

) r'



APPENDIX "B
Plaintiffs' Re-Evaluation of 

Defendants' Statistical Analysis



DALLAS COUNTY
PLAINTIFFS' RE-EVALUATION OF DR. TAEBEL'S REPORTS

Page # of 
Taebel 
Exhibit -

Judicial

Year

Elections

Did Whites & Blacks
Race - - Vote. Differently? 

With Black Candidates:

Did BlackChoice
Win?

General Elections:
District Court:
.1 1980 191st Dist Ct Yes No
21 1984 Cr. Dist. 2 Yes No
37 " 1984 - 301st Dist Ct Yes No
69 - - - 1986 256th Dist Ct Yes No
73 1984 195th Dist Ct. Yes No
89 1988 95th Dist Ct Yes No

County: court at Law: r ; • ----- -
17 1982 £0 .. Cr.. 6 Yes NO

Justice-.of--the Peace: Courtr:iJone 
Appellate. Court : Hone .•=

Primary Elections:
District Court:

81 1988 ..Cr. Dist 2 [RP] No -- Yes
County Court at Law: - ...... ;.
*13 1982 Co. Cr. 6 [RP] Yes No

Justice of the Peace Court: None 
Appellate Court: None

1



Judicial Elections Without Black Candidates:

General Elections: 
District Court:

5 1980 95th Dist Ct Yes No
9 1982 191st Dist Ct Yes No
25 1984 Cr. Dist 3 Yes No
33 1984 162nd Dist ct Yes No
77 1986 298tg Dist ct Yes.... No

County Court at Law:
Justice of the-.Peace'Court: None ' '
Appellate-Court:

65 i. ,6— 1986.-__ S-Ct. 4 Yes . . -- No
85 1988 S Ct 3 Yes Yes

Primary Elections:
District Court: None
County -Court Cat rLawreNone
Justice of the :Peace Court: None
Appellate Court •

•

29 1984 Ct Cr App [DP] Yes No
41 1986 S. Ct. 4 [DP] Yes Yes
45 1986 Ct Cr App [DP] Yes Yes
4 9 1986 S Ct. 4 [DP-RO] No Yes
53 1986 Ct Cr Ap[DP-RO] Yes Yes

Non-Judicial Elections With Black Candidates: None

2



Non-Judicial Elections Without Black Candidates:
57 1986 Lt Gov Yes Yes
61 1986 Atty Gen Yes No

Judicial Elections with Black Candidates
JudicialElections without Black Candidates
Non-Judicial 
Elections with Black Candidates

» Non-Judicial 
Elections without Black Candidates

SCORECARD
Whites/Blacks BlackVote Differently Choice Win

8 of 9 1 o f  9

i r o f  12 5 of 12-

r _ a. a t  a\ 0 of 0 .- - -

2 of 2 1 of 2

3



BEXAR COUNTY

Page f of Did Whites Did Hisp
Taebel & Hisps. ChoiceExhibit . Year Race ... .Vote .Differently? win?

Judicial Elections With Hisp. Candidates:
General Elections:

PLAINTIFFS' RE-EVALUATION OF DR. TAEBEL'S REPORTS

District Court: --  ... -- - r:~

5 1980 187st Dist Ct Yes ‘ Yes
15 1982 144th Dist Ct Yes No
16 1982 290th Dist Ct Yes No
18 1984 . 37th Dist.Ct Yes. No
19 1986 . 285th Dist .Ct.. Yes. No
25 1988 73rd Dist Ct Yes No
26 1988 '225th Dist Ct Yes No

County Court'at Law:
20 1986 •

4JUOU "Yes No
27 ' 1988 Co. C t 2 ' ~y I k Yes

Justice of the Peace'Court: None "- .

Appellate Court:
4 1980 Ct App Yes Yes
28 1988 Ct App Yes NO

Primary
District

2

Elections: 
Court:
... 1980 131 Dist-Ct[DP] Yes No

3 , 198 0 187 Dist Ct[DP] Yes No

1



7 1982 285 Dist Ct[DP] Yes No
9 1982 285 Dist Ct[DP] Yes Yes
10 1982 288 Dist Ct[DP] Yes Yes
11 1982 289 Dist Ct[DP] Yes No
12 1982 290 Dist Ct[DP] Yes Yes
17 1984 37 1Dist Ct [DP] Yes Yes
22 1986 150 Dist Ct[RP] Yes No

1980 187 Dist Ct[DP] No No
1980 131 Dist Ct[DP] Yes No

County Court at Lawj . , x » • . i •
13 1982 Co. Cr. 3 [DP] Yes No
14 1982 Co. Ct. 4 [DP] Yes No
23 1988 Co. Ct. 2 [DP] Yes Yes

Justice of the Peace Court: None 
Appellate Court.:

1 . 1980 Ct App [DP] Yes—  . — _ ?es
6 .... 1382 Ct App [DP-RO] Yes No
8 L - 1~9 8 2 jCt. App [DP] Yes - - No
24 .1988 Ct App [DP] Yes No

Judicial Elections Without Hisp. Candidates:

General Elections: :
District .Court:
County Court at Law:
Justice of the Peace Court:
Appellate Court:

2



District Court:
County Court at Law:

21 1986 Co. Ct. 5 [DP] Yes Yes
Justice of the Peace Court:
Appellate Court: ___

Kon-Judicial Elections With Hisp. Candidates: None 

Non-Judicial Elections Without Hisp. Candidates: None

Primary Elections:

Judicial Elections with Hisp. Candidates
JudicialElections without 
Hisp. Candidates
Non-Judicial Elections with 
Hisp. Candidates
Non-Judicial 
Elections without 
Hisp. Candidates

SCORECARD
Whites/Hisps. Vote Differently

28  O f  2 9

1 O f  1

- 0 o f  0 —

0 of 0

Hisp.
Choice Win 

9 of 29 

1 of 1 

0 of 0 

0 of 0

3



PLAINTIFFS1 RE-EVALUATION OF DR. TAEBEL'S REPORTS
TARRANT COUNTY

Page # of
TaebelExhibit

Judicial

Did Whites 
& BlacksYear Race Vote Differently? 

Elections With Black Candidates:

Did Black
ChoiceWin?

General Elections:
District Court:

29 1986 Cr. Dist . _ 1 Yes No
33 1986 Cr. Dist . 4 Yes Yes
57 1988 Cr. Dist . 2 Yes No

County Court at Law: None
Justice of the Peace Court: None
Appellate Court:: None --- . . . --------- —

Primary "Elections:-
District Court: None
County-Court at Law:" :

1 - 1982 -^Co. Cr. 1 I DP] Yes . No
37 ■ 1986 - Co. Cr. 6 TDP] Yes No

Justice of the Peace Court: None
Appellate Court: None

Judicial Elections Without Black Candidates:

General Elections:-----  .....
District Court:

13 1982 233rd Dist Ct Yes Yes

1



17 1982 297th Dist Ct Yes Yes
21 1986 233rd Dist Ct Yes No
25 1986 325th Dist Ct Yes Yes
61 1988 17th Dist Ct Yes No

County Court at Lav:
9 1982 Co. Cr. 4 Yes Yes

Justice of the Peace Court: None - ■ -

Appellate Court:
49 198 6 S. Ct. 4 Yes Yes
65 198 8 S. Ct. 3 Yes Yes

Primary Elections:
District Court: None __ _

Countv Court at Law:
5 1982 Co. Cr. 4 [DP]t Yes Yes

Justice of the Peace Court: None -
Appellate Court:

41 1986 Ct.Cr.App. [DP] Yes Yes
49 1986 S. Ct. 4 [DP] Yes Yes

Non-Judicial Elections With Black Candidates: None

Non-Judicial Elections Without Black Candidates:
'45 1986 Atty Gen Yes No

2



Judicial Elections with 
Black Candidates

SCORECARD
Whites/Blacks Black 
Vote Differently Choice Win

5 of 5 1 of 5
Judicial
Elections withoutBlack Candidates .— l_. li of 11 8 of 11
Non-Judicial 
Elections with Black Candidates 0 of 0 0 of 0
Non-Judicial" —  _ .

Elections without
Black Candidates 1 of 1 0 of 1

3



PLAINTIFFS1 RE-EVALUATION OF DR. TAEBFL'S REPORTS
TRAVIS COUNTY

Page # of Did Whites Did Hisp
Taebel . . .  & Hisps. ChoiceExhibit Year Race Vote Differently? Win?

Judicial Elections With Hisp. Candidates; 
General Elections:
District Court:
County Court at Law:
Justice of the Peace Court:
Appellate 'Court:

29 1986 S Ct 4 No Yes
45 1988 S Ct 3 • • No Yes

Primary Elections:
District Court: . - . - -

- - -

37 1988 345 Di'St £t{DP] Yes No
- - “ t . v <, e rCounty Court at Lav:

33 1988 Co. Ct. 1~[DP]‘'y^s No
41 1988 Co. Ct. 7”[DP] 'Yes No

Justice of the :Peace Court:
Appellate Court :
-1 1984 Ct Cr A [DP] Yes No
9 1986 Ct cr A [DP] Yes No
21 1986 S Ct 4 [DP] No Ye-
25 1986 S Ct 4 [DP-RO] No Ye:

1



Judicial Elections Without Hisp. Candidates:

General Elections:
District'Court:
County Court at Law:
Justice of the Peace Court:
Appellate Court:

49 ” * "1988 "5 Ct 4 No Yes

Primary Elections:
District Court: - ---
County Court at Law:
Justice of the Peace Court:
Appellate -Court:_______

Non-Judicial Elections With Hisp. Candidates:
5 1984 St Sen 14 No Yes
13 1986 Atty Gen No • Yes

1984 St Sen [DP-RO] Yes Yes
1984 St Sen [DP] Yes Yes

Non-Judicial Elections Without Hiso. Candidates:

17 1986 Lt Gov No Yes

2



SCORECARD
Hisp.Choice WinWhites/Hisps. 

Vote Differently
Judicial Elections withHisp. Candidates 5 of 9
JudicialElections withoutHisp. Candidates 0 of 1
Non-Judiciai Elections withHisp. Candidates 2 of 4

Non-Judicial 
Elections- without-'-Hisp. Candidates 0 of 1

4 Of 9 

1 Of 1 

4 Of 4

1 of 1

3



PLAINTIFFS' RE-EVALUATION OF DR. TAEBEL'S REPORTS
JEFFERSON COUNTY

Page # of 
TaebelExhibit Year Race

Did Whites 
& BlacksVote Differently?

Did Black
ChoiceWin?

Judicial Elections With Black Candidates:
General Elections:
District Court: None 
County Court at Law: None 
Justice of the Peace Court: None 
Appellate Court: None

Primary Elections: r'~
District Court: None
County...Court at Law: N o n e _______ ... _________
Justice -of t h e  Peace Court: None 
Appellate Court: None

Judicial Elections Without Black Candidates: "r.v-.

General Elections:
District Court: None 
County Court at Law: None 
Justice of the Peace Court: None 
Appellate Court:

10 1986 S. Ct. 1 No Yes
17 . ,--1986 _ S. Ct. # 4  No Yes

1



District Court: None 
County Court at Law: None 
Justice of the Peace Court: None 
Appellate Court:

Primary Elections:

7 1986 Ct.Cr.App. [DP] Yes No
13 1986 S. Ct. 4 [DP] Yes Yes

Non-Judicial Elections With Black Candidates:
1 .. -1982- St.Rep 22 Yes Yes
4 : - - -198 4 "• -"■St:Rep 22 ” :iYes Yes

Non-Judicial Elections Without Black Candidates:
19 1986 Gov. Yes Yes
22 1986 Atty Gen NO Yes

SCORECARD
Whites/Blacks BlackVote:Oifferently Choice Win

Judicial... ^
Elections withBlack Candidates ____  .. 0 of 0 . 0 of 0
JudicialElections withoutBlack Candidates 2 of 4 3 of 4
Non-Judici’al~'Elections withBlack Candidates 2 of 2 2 of 2
Non-Judicial 
Elections withoutBlack Candidates - 1 of 2 -- 2 of 2

2



PLAINTIFFS' RE-EVALUATION OF DR. TAEBEL'S REPORTS
LUBBOCK COUNTY

Page # of 
Taebel
Exhibit Year Race

Did Whites 
6 Minorities Vote Differently?

Did MinorityChoiceWin?

Judicial Elections With Minority Candidates 
General Elections:' ' ”‘
District Court: None 
County Court at Law: None 
Justiceof the Peace Court:. None 
Appellate Court:

17 1986 S. Ct. # 4 Yes
25 ~19'88' S . Cfc. # 3*' *" ' Yes

Primary Elections: _ ' ' _ _ _ Z Z Z
District Court: None
County Court at Law: None r-.

Justice of the Peace Court: None ic 3,
V rv .-.r TV

Appellate Court: None

No
No

Judicial Elections Without Minority Candidates: 

General-Elections:
District Court:-None - - -- ■
County,.Court at Law:

1 • - * 1 9 8 2 ' • o U Ct. 1 Yes No
9 " "'1986 Co. Ct. 2 Yes No

1



Justice of the Peace Court: None 
Appellate Court:

2 1 1988 Ct. Cr. App. Yes No

Primary Elections: •
District Court: None 
County Court at Lav:

1 ^1982~ ' Co. Ct. 1 [DP] No Yes
Justice of the Peace Court: None 
Appellate Court: None

Non-Judicial-Elections With Minority Candidates:
1 3 1986 Atty Gen Yes No

Non-Judicial Elections Without Minority Candidates: None

SCORECARD
Whites/Minorities Minority
Vote Differently Choice Win

Judicialr----- . Elections with Minority Candidates
JudicialElections without 
Minority Candidates
Non-Judicial 
Elections with Minority Candidates
Non-Judicial 
Elections without Minority Candidates

2 of 2

3 Of 4 

1 of 1 

0 Of 0

0 of 2

1 Of 4 

0 of 1 

0 of 0

2



PLAINTIFFS1 RE-EVALUATION OF DR. TAEBEL'S REPORTS
ECTOR COUNTY

Page # of Did Whites Did MinorityTaebel & Minorities Choice
Exhibit Year Race Vote Differently? Win?

Judicial Elections With Minority Candidates;
General Elections:
District Court:
County'Court at Law:
Justice of the Peace Court:
Appellate Court:

21 1986 S Ct 4 Yes No
37 1988 S Ct 3 Yes No

Primary Elections:
District Court: --
County Court at Law:
Justice of—“the Peace Court:-----------
Appellate Court:

Judicial Elections Without Minority Candidates:

General Elections: 
District Court:
.5 1980 161 Dist Ct Yes No

County Court at Law:
9 1982 Co Jud No Yes
13 1982 Co Ct Law No Yes

1



Justice of the Peace Court:
Appellate Court:

29 1988 S Ct 4 Yes No
33 1988 Ct App Yes No

Primary Elections:
District Court:
County Court at Law:
Justice of-the-Peace--Court:
Appellate Court:

Non-Judicial Elections With Minority Candidates:
17 1986 Atty Gen Yes No

Non-Judicial Elections Without Minority Candidates:
1 1980 RR Com Yes No
25 1986 Lt Gov Yes No

2



SCORECARD
Whites/Minorities 
Vote Differently Minority 

Choice Win
Judicial Elections with Minority Candidates . 2 Of. 2 0 of .2
JudicialElections without Minority Candidates 3 Of 5 2 of 5
Non-Judicial Elections with * Minority Candidates 1 of 1 0 of 1
Non-Judicial
Elections without - -- Minority Candidates 2 of 2 0 O f  2

. ?  . - . v w .  ' 1

3



PLAINTIFFS' RE-EVALUATION OF DR. TAEBEL'S REPORTS
MIDLAND COUNTY

Page I of 
Taebel
Exhibit Year Race

Did Whites ---
& Minorities Vote Differently?

Did MinorityChoiceWin?

Judicial Elections With Minority Candidates:
General Elections:
District Court:
County Court at Law:
Justice of the Peace Court:
Appellate Court:

25 1986 S Ct 4 Yes ... No
29 1988 S Ct 3 Yes No

Primary Elections:
District Court: -------- ----
County Court-^ t Law:
Justice of the Peace Court:
Appellate Court:

9 1986 Ct Cr App [DP] “No"-. ;r- No
21 1986 S Ct 4 [DP] 'No ' - - — = -=No

Judicial Elections Without Minority Candidates:

General Elections:
District Court: -

1 1980 142 Dist Ct No Yes
County Court at Law: ~ •

1