Title I - Ohio Clippings (Folder)

    T IT L E  I :  COLUMBUS, OHIO



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I
Business SECTION J

Cox, GE Merger: What Now?

Cross-Ownership Rules 
Put Cox in FCC’s Arena

By DICK WILLUMS
Journal Staff Wr»t«r

Cox Broadcasting Corp. is the result of an 
era in which newspapers were encouraged by 
the government to start broadcasting compa­
nies.

But when the directors of Cox decided to 
accept General Electric’s merger offer in 
1978, the principal reason given was the gov­
ernment's change in its original position on 
ownership of broadcast properties by news­
paper publishers in the same city.

Cox properties such as WSB radio in 
Atlanta and WHIG radio in Dayton, Ohio, were 
pioneering efforts and the TV stations that 
grew out of those facilities continue to domi­
nate their cities.

Cox Broadcasting rose to leadership in 
television, radio and cable television while Cox 
Enterprises Inc. concentrated on publishing 
newspapers, including The Atlanta Journal and 
The Atlanta Constitution.

In the same way, publishers such as the 
Chicago Tribune-New 'Sfork Daily News and 
the Washington Post Co. became leaders in 
Imadcasting.

Bat for years, members of the Federal 
Communications Commission and citizens’

groups have battled to break up what became 
known as cross-ownerships.

Cox Eiiterprises Inc., by virtue of its 
ownership of 40 percent of the stock of Cox 
Broadcasting, was vulnerable to newspaper 
cross-ownership problems in Dayton and 
Atlanta.

Challenges to station licenses and accusa­
tions of monopoly control of the media have 
troubled newspaper editors and broadcast 
operators in every city in which newspaper 
and broadcast ownership was the same or 
related.

As communications law has evolved, all 
but a few cross-ownerships in smaller cities 
have been allowed to continue. But the FCC 
has prohibited any new cross-ownerships of ei­
ther a newspaper, radio, television or cable 
outlet.

"Our principal motivation for the merger 
(with GE) was our cross-ownership problem in 
Dayton and Atlanta," said Gamer Anthony, 
chairman of the executive committee of Cox 
Broadcasting and chairman of Cox Enter­
prises, in a discussion of what Cox plans to do 
with its broadcast holdings if there is no

See RULES, 5J Garner Anthony



lies Continued from 1J

merger with GE. “We are grandfathered in both cases and we 
intend to keep the status quo.”

But if the status quo is maintained; Cox Broadcasting and 
Anthony will find renewed opposition from their critics. Groups 
such as the American Civil'Liberties Union that challenged the 
license of WSB-TV, then worked out an agreement with GE for 
more minority programming and hiring, say they will see to 
the reinstatement of their petitions before the FCC and will ask 
even greater minority programming and hiring concessions 
from Cox Broadcasting, if it remains the licensee.

Last year, the NAACP and the ACLU announced that the 
groups had agreed to withdraw their license challenge in return 
for guarantees that hiring of minorities would reflect the per­
centages of minorities in the metropolitan area, a minority af­
fairs program would be broadcast each week in prime time, $9 
million would be set aside from the sales of stations to be used 
for a national foundation to aid minorities in broadcasting and 
a sizable grant would be made to the school of communications 
at Clark College, part of the predominantly black Atlanta 
University Center.

Said Anthony, “We will honor the programming and em­
ployment aspects of the (GE) agreement and we certainly want 
to keep the lines of communication open."

Anthony has met with the petitioners to make those assur­
ances. He said he intends to fulfill the promise of grants to 
Clark College.

“If the merger definitely falls through, we’ll just refile to 
oppose Cox’s (WSB-TV) license and we’ll ask for a lot more,” 
said Clint Deveaux, president of the Georgia chapter of the 
American Civil Liberties Union. “Our major concern was the 
monopolistic practice in this city. If there is to be no break up 
of the monopoly. I’d look to win much stronger provisions on 
hiring and programming.

His view was echc^  by a fellow petitioner, Steve Suitts of 
the Southern Regional Council. ]

“One of the ameliorating aspects of the merger was that 
the concentration would be broken up here,” Suitts said. “If it 
isn’t, that escalates what in our minds would be the remedy.”

In the broadcasting industry, regulated because stations 
use the public airwaves, pressure groups can wring significant 
concessions from stations by delaying renewals of the three- 
year b road(^ ip fg ffi^T eriT ee«K rteN fe^

, „a,^„i§Hitts maintains that Cox remains vulnerable to a mono­
poly challenge because the U.S. Supreme Court has only af­
firmed FCC rules, but has not ruled on an individual concentra­
tion of media ownership.

Cox officials point out that the FCC, in its preliminary 
approval of the GE merger, took note of the outstanding peti­
tion to deny WSB-TV its license.

“We find that the allegations do not raise a substantial or 
material question of fact,” the commissioners wrote, adding 
that if there were no merger, the FCC would “take whatever 
action is appropriate to resolve the foregoing matter.”

Anthony said Cox, if there is no merger, has given no 
thought to selling the stations in question or continuing with i 
any of the minority purchase agreements made by GE.

“That’s just speculation,” he said. “There’s been no 
thought given to it. I’d like to see it remain intact the way it is. 
We have some very good properties.”

Many other broadcasters don’t see it that way. They con­
tend that Cox Broadcasting, with no merger plans, will sell its 
stations in cities where Cox Enterprises has newspapers.

The most commonly advanced scenario has Cox Broad­
casting selling almost all of its heavily regulated over-the-air 
radio and television stations and concentrating on the cable 
business. With 40 systems in operation, 13 under development 
and 746,655 subscribers, Cox Broadcasting is the fourth or fifth 
largest cable firm in the nation.

A source close to Cox Broadcasting confirmed that regula­
tory j^nditions weigh heavily and that the future of broadcast 
holdings for the next decade is difficult to predict.

“A lot of people feel there will have to be some separa-
1.”  hf* Sfliri “ R n t  u rh o n ?  F t tro  i ra o re  1Ation,” he said. “But when? Five years, 10 years?’

He and others said different methods of solving the cross- 
ownership problems are available, such as exchanges of sta­
tions with other newspaper publishers who own broadcast sta­
tions.

The Washington Post Co., which once owned WTOF-TV in 
Washington, ex ^ n g e d  it for the station in D ^ o it owned by 
the Evening New' Association.



TITLE I; AKRON, OHIO





1? -
{ A -



THE NEW YORK TIMES. SUNDAY, JUNE 11, 1978 F o

A  Backlash in the Workplace
By M ORRIS STONE

The fem ale Invasion o f such tradi­
tionally male bastions as machine 
shops and assembly lines, under the 
aegis o f equal employment laws, con­
tinues to roil the workplace.

Lawsuits, union grievances and arbi­
trations, based upon Title V II of the 
C ivil Rights Act o f 1964, reveal these 
patterns:

•  A  kind of “ male backlash”  ev i­
denced by lack of cooperation and even 
hostility.

•  A confusion over job descriptions 
and promotion requirements for the 
newly integrated workforce.

•  A  feeling on the part of companies 
o f being caught in the middle between 
warring m ale and female workers on 
one side and Federal law on the other.

The extent to which some men w ill go 
to prove that the -shop is no place for a 
woman was demonstrated at a manu­
facturing company, where a woman 
was hired for the bottom spot on a six- 
member crew  that operated a heavy 
piece o f machinery.

Instead of offering her the customary 
advice and on-the-job tutoring, the men 
found ways to harass her, such as over- 
tightening bolts, forcing her to call the 
foreman when they had to be loosened. 
They looked on as she tried to m ove a 
heavy steel roller, neglecting to tell her 
there was special equipment for the 
purpose. As a result, she wrenched her 
back; the tim e she spent on sick leave 
recovering from the injury was proof, 
they claimed, that she should never 
have been hired.

A fte r  a few  months, the woman ex­
pected that her job would be upgraded 
routinely. Management refused on the 
ground that she had not demonstrated 
competence at the initial level. The 
union took the m atter to arbitration. 
The outcome was a reprimand to man­
agement for failing in its obligation to 
halt the men’s sabotage of equal em ­
ployment opportunity rules.

Problems in adjusting old practices 
to the requirements o f the equal em­
ployment law  and union contracts have 
only just begun, according to managers 
and labor leaders.

The head o f a large East Coast union, 
who asked not to be identified, said he 
now is getting “ flack”  from  women 
who question job requirements and 
classification systems that were long 
taken for granted— at least by men.

“ It used to be,”  he said, “ that a man 
would work his way up to the top job in 
a classification by spending some time 
at every  job along the way. Some of 
these jobs would be clean, and others 
would be so sm elly that a man had to

take a shower before he could go home. 
But it wouldn’t make that much differ­
ence to him. Now, everybody wants the 
top job. and some of the women want to 
get there by leapfrogging the bad 
ones.”

Ruth G. Blumrosen, a  professor at 
the Rutgers University Graduate 
School of Business Administration and 
a form er staff member and consultant 
to the Equal Employment Opportunity 
Commission, agrees that the restruc­
turing o f jobs is one o f the big problems 
that lies ahead.

She cites the oil industry as an exam­
ple, where workers commonly “ pay 
their dues”  by serving a period o f time 
at bottom-rung laboring jobs before 
earning the privilege of moving up the 
promotional ladder.

On one hand, she points out, prevail­
ing law requires the abolition of tradi­
tional practices that have a disparate 
effect on the employment of women. On 
the other, to change the sequence of 
jobs m ay perpetuate some men in 
menial jobs with fewer opportunities 
for advancement.

One job description case arose at a 
plumbing supply company. An opening 
was posted for the shipping depart­
ment, and the successful applicant was 
a young woman, who said she would lift 
no packages heavier than 25 pounds. 
That suited the employer, who appar­
ently was not quite sure it would be 
legal under state and Federal laws to 
disqualify her. But the men in the same 
classification objected to the work lim i­
tation, and the union filed a grievance 
on their behalf.

A t this point, the woman relented. 
She would do all the work in her new 
classification, she said. But the union 
wanted a ruling on the principle in­
volved and refused to withdraw the 
grievance. When the matter reached 
arbitration, the original complaint was 
moot, because the woman was doing 
the full job. But the arbitrator obliged 
the union with a decision ordering the 
company not to g ive  preferential treat­
ment to women in the future.

' One case —  adm ittedly extreme —  
didn’t go to arbitration at all, because 
the union refused to process the griev­
ance. The facts came to light when the 
complainant sued the union for not g iv ­
ing her fa ir  representation.

She had been hired to do janitorial 
work and, after a short time, was as­
signed to the night shift, where one of 
her duties was to clean the men’s rest­
room. She complained that it embar­
rassed her that men were deliberately 
using the urinals during the tim e she 
was in the lavatory, and that they were 
making unwelcome, vulgar, sexual ad­
vances. She asked that a lock be putt

the door for her convenience. Manage­
ment refused to do so. The uni on appar­
ently didn’t support the issue and re­
fused to pursue it. When the worker 
sued the union, the court held that the 
union had the right to decide which 
grievances to process and which to let 
pass.

Grievances often arise because 
women may be as guilty as men are of 
“ stereotype thinking.”  The transition 
from  the age of chivalry to the age of 
equality is not easy for either sex.

A t a metal fabricating company in 
Ohio, an arbitrator upheld the dis­
charge of two women who refused to 
work with men on two-member teams 
loading boxes weighing over 100 pounds

Convention Dies Hard
Many of the equal opportunity 

cases brought to arbitration are over 
work situations that are Seen as of­
fending conventional mores.

Late last year, for qxample, a 
Rhode Island state agency was told 
that it erred in refusing to assign 
women correction officers to work at 
a drug rehabilitation center on the 
ground that “ maleness”  was a “ bona 
fide occupational qualification.”  The 
state based its argument on the re­
quirement that officers • “ strip and 
search male inmates”  afld “ observe 
them in an undressed state.”  Not a 
valid reason, the hearing Officer said, 
citing an earlier ruling by Rhode Is­
land’s Human Rights Commission 
that female correctional officers 
could supervise adolescent boys 
swimming nude in a pool.

Those cases were brought to arbi­
tration at the request of women. 
Often, however, the employer’s reli­
ance on social conventions in con­
tract questions has had the effect of 
treating men adversely. Some typi­
cal questions faced by arbitrators:

Can a hospital bar a male licensed' 
practical nurse from performing 
“ intimate personal care”  for women 
patients who, according to manage­
ment, preferred to be attended by fe­
male nurses? The arbitrator hedged. 
He said the man had to be given the

pay that goes with an LP N  license, 
but he didn’t have to be given the 
work.

Does management have the right 
to cut across classification lines, to 
the disadvantage of a man, to trans­
fer a woman to the night shift to pro­
vide “ companionship and protec­
tion”  to another woman who other­
wise would be the only female work­
ing through the night with 400 men? 
The arbitrator said the company’s 
good intentions were overridden by 
the man’s contractual rights.

In assigning a teacher to a sewing 
class for welfare mothers, can a 
man’s seniority claim  be ignored on 
the ground that the women might 
drop out of the federally funded pro­
gram  unless they were taught by a 
woman? The school’s chief argument 
was that teaching involved making 
garments for the women, and the in­
structor would have to do some 
touching and fitting. The arbitrator 
.said since there was no hint that the 
man might abuse his function, his 
contract rights had to be observed.

Can a school board insist that only 
women teach gymnastics and hy­
giene to girls? The arbitrator said 
that the man who complained had no 
case because the teacher also would 

‘  have to supervise the locker and 
shower room.

The NewYorkTimes/Doug Wilson
The influx of women in blue-collar jobs has inspired a rash of arbitration cases.

onto trucks. They had asked to be clas­
sified as “ heavy fabricators”  because 
the upgrading brought them a 25-cent- 
an-hour' increase, but they were 
warned in advance that the work was 
hard. Management m ight have let 
them get by without doing the heavy 
lifting, but their coworkers wouldn’t.

“ No one conspired to get rid o f the 
women,”  the arbitrator held. “ For rea­
sons personal to themselves they could 
not lift heavy weights and had to go. ”  

Because a strict application of 
“ equal pay for equal work”  rules some­
times works hardships on women, arbi­
trators often look for some basis, either

in union contract language or in past 
practice, to soften the impact.

A fte r  the enactment o f the Civil 
Rights Act, the management of a salt 
processing company decided it had to 
abolish two classifications —  one for 
men, another for women —  and estab­
lish a single “ utility”  classification 
staffed by both sexes. Under the union 
contract, employees in that classifica­
tion could be assigned to outside work 
on the “ yard gang”  as an alternative to 
layoffs during periods o f production 
cutbacks. The job involved heavy 
labor.

During the recent recession, it be­
came necessary to transfer two utility 
workers to the yard gang. The two with 
the lowest seniority were women, who, 
some years earlier, w ere unable to 
stand more than an hour o f yard gang 
work. Under the circumstances, man­
agement decided to transfer two men 
outside, sparking a formal protest.

The arbitrator agreed with manage­
ment, citing the fact that on some past 
occasions, decisions on outside work 
assignments did not rest on seniority 
alone.

This case illustrates a fact about fac­
tory life  that is overlooked in the equal 
pay conflict: not all employees do 
every  detail of a job.

It is not uncommon for a young husky 
fellow  to perform  some chore that calls 
for muscle, easing the burden on an

elderly or more slightly built fellow. 
Some of this unequal sharing o f work 
m ay be accounted for by seniority. But 
regardless o f seniority, reasonable ac­
commodation for individuals has a l­
ways been made. The only d ifference 
now is that men and women are self- 
conscious about it.

Companies and their executives have 
found themselves caught in the middle, 
between coworker disputes and the re­
quirements of T itle  V II. Managers say 
the law focuses on hiring and promo­
tion policies, casting companies as v il­
lains when most of the difficulties seem 
to come from  other employees.

But their complaints have not re- 
ceived sympathy in all quarters. Judith ’ 
P . Vladeck, a N ew  York  labor attorney, 
who is pressing individual and class ac­
tions against Chase Manhattan Bank 
and Western E lectric Company, does 
not agree that the law  is misdirected.

“ I have no patience,”  she says, “ with ,  
an employer’s defense that it is only the 
fellow  workers who mistreat women 
entering the work force. An employer 
is responsible for the maintenance ,of a 
nondiscriminatory working atm os-, 
phere. Employers know that their most • 
pious statements mean nothing qnless 
they set the tone.”  /
--------------------------- -------------------__ ,i-------- -

Morris Stone, now retired, w is  vice 
president and editorial director o f the 
Am erican Arbitration Association.

I >.



THURSDAY, JUNE 22, 197S
Copfrttht o ivn Tbt Kew TwK Timm

About New York
Cleaning Women: W hy Sit and Cry?

By FRANCIS
Geraldine Miller remembers the old 

days when women had to shape up 
like dockworkers, standing and waiting 
with their shopping bags oh Burnside 
Avenue in the Bronx, to get jobs clean­
ing other people’s houses.

“Sometimes they’d ask to see your 
knees and the women with the worst- 
scarred knees were hired first because 
they looked like they worked hardest,”  
says Mrs. Miller. She did 40 years o f 
household work after being raised into 
it by her mother and grandmother, two 
strong women who were descended 
from a slave and who survived on 
household work.

More than most people in this coun­
try, Mrs. M iller is o f a special labor 
dynasty, and her experience cannot be 
trifled with, especially in such crucial ; 
areas as terminology. Never refer to 
her as a “ domestic.”

“ I  can’t tolerate that word,”  she says.
" I t  makes me think of a court or some­
thing. I  can take ‘housemaid,’ but not 
‘domestic.’ ”  Likewise, she talks very 
carefully and very proudly o f “ the 
profession”  and the fine women she 
has known over the years and traveled 
with in the daily polishing o f material­
ly  elegant places.

X. CLINES
you don’t like her for some o f her feel­
ings and her ways.”

Mrs. Miller tells o f times o f grieving 
with a family in New  Rochelle over 
a loss o f someone, o f worrying over 
an illness in Riverdale, almost like, her 
own flesh and blood. Then again, she 
has felt quite-alone in places like Mar­
gate. “ Pretty damned lonely,”  she says. 
“ Sundays and Thursday afternoons off, 
and the ocean to look at.”

But she managed to keep a favorable 
outlook. ‘T o u  keep your sanity with 
a little time off, and maybe a visit 
to the race track.”

She was bom In Sabetha, Kan., and 
her memories are filled with strong 
women, especially her grandmother, 
mother and Aunt Retta, all o f whom 
worked at the Bums Hotel in Atchison, 
doing the sheets and the dishes, the 
floors and the Windows. “ I  remember 
when I  was 6 years old,”  she says, 
“ I  was put in the kitchen one day to 
help with the berries.”

By the age o f 12 she had learned 
all the housework arts. “ Aunt Retta 
gave me a sense o f dignity about the 
profession,”  she says. “ She taught me 
the value o f the finishing touch, o f

Mrs. M iller says she is careful with 
words because she received a good 
high school education back in Kansas. 
And, she says, when the personally his­
toric day came to speak up to a woman 
employer, “ I  did not use the foul talk 
she might have expected— Î bombarded 
the woman with Webster’s and told 
her just what was wrong.”

The confrontation took place in Mar­
gate, N.J., after Mrs. Miller was at­
tracted east by the promise o f better 
money. “ It is not easy learning to  talk 
with the woman,”  she says. More vital 
vocabulary; “ the woman.’’

Mrs. Miller recalls speaking back to 
the woman when one task too many 
was piled onto the meals-clothing- 
scrabblng routine o f a sleep-in maid. 
She does not recall what that final 
straw was. It was not her nanny tasks, 
especially not the woman’s order to 
speak to the baby all day so it would 
leam words.

“ The baby’s name was Mark and he 
was beautiful,”  she says, explaining 
how there is no way to  avoid mixing 
the emotions when housework is your 
profession. “Women are nurturing 
types, you know. You become attached 
to the woman and her family even if

saying, ‘H iis house is mine until I  fin­
ish cleaning i t ’ ”

The admiration was mutual, fo r  Aunt 
Retta saved some money to put her 
niece through college. “ I t  was my fault 
that didn’t happen,”  Mrs. Miller says. 
There is a certain lyric strength in her 
regret: “ My idea back then was to run 
down the road and dance.”

That the road has been mundane 
seems undeniable. For years d ie  was 
one of the daily legion o f women who 
board the empty morning trains in Har­
lem, against the commuter grain, and 
go up to places like Crestwood and 
take cabs to houses where they take 
aprons and soft dippers from the bags 
they carry and go to work.

Aunt Retta’s hope is not lost, for 
Mrs. MUler evolved from that willing­
ness to speak up to  the woman to a 
decision to try to organize the profes­
sion. She founded the Household Tech­
nicians o f the State o f N ew  York, and 
for the last seven years has gone 
around the city proselsding housework 
hirelings into speaking up for legal 
rights often ignored, and even into 
seeking fringe benefits like a bit o f 
vacation. She keeps telling the women 
that even if there are a few  extra 
short-run dollars for them when their 
employers ignore participation in So­
cial Security and unemployment funds, 
in the long run the workers ■ Will be 
alone and w ill need old-age protection.

Tlw Naw York TlmtVNtncr Monn

“ Join the U.S. society,”  I  tell them. 
“ W e’re not even a statisde now.”

Mrs. Miller runs an office in the 
Bronx (telephone 992-2073) in associa­
tion with the National Congress o f 
Neighborhood Women, and her task 
may be the most difficult and lowest- 
rated in the labor movement, organiz­
ing mostly black, female, menial work­
ers. The women are shy about their 
rights, and decent jobs are scarce.

Her-idea is not to  confront, but to 
. introduce standards o f honest work 

and fair wages, she says. She would 
like older veterans to teach a new gen­
eration bn-the-job household work and 
the vital intangibles of morale that 
Aunt Retta taught Mrs. Miller.

“ You can do this profession with 
dignity,”  Mrs. Miller says, “ or you can 
sit and cry.”

Dressed handsomely in a pants suit, 
Mrs. Miller seems a thorough business- 
person' at her desk in the Bronx. She 
is in touch with the National Commit­
tee on Household Employment in 
Washington, and she tells o f several 
hundred other women around the coun­
try who, like her. have risen up from 
Other people’s kitchens.

She wears soft slippers at her desk, 
dressed for a hard day's work.

s



Problems 
Of Safety and Sexism 
Face Women Travelers

Continued From  First Page 
nior vice president for J. Walter Thompson, 
the big advertising agency, “ sometimes 1 
get distinctly second-class treatment be­
cause I ’m a woman alone. I get a bad table 
or I can’t get any attention.’ ’ “ They put you 
next to the kitchen,”  complains Lucinda Sei- 
gel, the management consultant.

What to do? Jane Smerglla, who until re­
cently was a traveling saleswoman for a 
market-research firm, says that at airport 
car rentals “ I had to learn to be abrasive 
and pushy like everybody else or I would 
end up waiting an hour tor a car Instead of 
10 minutes and maybe be late for an ap­
pointment.”  Denise Petty, a 24-year-old rep­
resentative for a Dayton, Ohio, travel firm 
says she has little trouble on the road be­
cause ‘T m  probably pretty bold.”

But there is a fear voiced by many 
women of appearing to be too aggressive. “ I 
don’t want to be known as a traveling 
bitch,”  admits Jessie Cox, pension sales di­
rector for General American Life Insurance. 
Brenda J. Goodman, a production manager 
for D. H. Sawyer & Associates, a political 
advertising and promotion concern, agrees 
that “ there’s a question of whether a woman 
is being a bitch or is just trying to do her 
job.”

Aggressiveness may be all very well at 
car rentals, but it seems to fail many 
women at the entrance to the restaurant or 
bar. “ Eating alone makes me feel uncom­
fortable. It gives the impression I want to be 
picked up,”  says Laurie Kohler, the public- 
relations consultant. And Bonnie A. MacAl- 
lister, who is president of My Nalls Inc. in 
Columbus, Ohio, says she “ was raised when 
nice girls never called boys on the phone,’ 
and it’s still difficult for her to sit alone in a 
restaurant. But she will make the attempt, 
scouting out the restaurant first. “ Even 
though you know you’re a big girl, you still 
chicken out sometimes,”  says the 37-year- 
old executive.

Bars are even more intimidating, proba­
bly because “ they’re so seductlve-they look 
like brothels,”  says psychologist Backman. 
“ I just don't go to bars alone,”  says Judy 
Androlewicz, a staff consultant with Ralston 
Purina. “ It leaves an impression I don’t 
want to g ive-you  can feel the stares.”  A 
New York woman remembers the time she 
finally plucked up courage to walk into a ho­
tel bar. “ A creepy old man with a cigar”  of­
fered her $50.

Many women who travel alone are, not 
surprisingly, furious when they suddenly 
find themselves accused of being prosti­
tutes. Kathleen Riley, a manager of busi­
ness planning for FMC Corp. in Philadel­
phia, recalls having to convince the woman 
manager of a small hotel in California that 
she was traveling alone on business and that 
“ I wasn’t a prostitute.”  Charlotte Rush, 
manager of planning and policy analysis at 
Gulf Oil, describes an even more distasteful 
incident. She says she was “ shocked”  and 
“ embarrassed”  when the doorman at her 
Washington, D.C., hotel Implied that she 
was a prostitute and “ stopped me at the 
door and demanded to see my room key. 
When I refused, he grabbed my arm and 
physically held me back from entering the 
hotel.”

Grabbing the Check
Some hotels are becoming aware of such 

problems and are trying to make life easier 
for the traveling woman. Denver’s Brown 
Palace Hotel! for example, has a policy that 
an unaccompanied woman can’t be ap­
proached by a man in its bar or restaurant. 
The rule can cause problems, and even 
some women object to it, says William 
Sweet, the resident manager. Western Inter­
national Hotels teaches its bar employes to 
judge whether a woman is being harassed 
and to help “ discreetly.”  And the Ramada 
Inns chain is turning its hotel lobbies into 
well-lighted areas where a woman can feel 
comfortable over a drink.

Restaurants have a particular predica­
ment in an age in which women regularly 
entertain male business clients: Who gets 
the bill? Ramada Inns tell its waiters to 
place the dinner check halfway between a 
man and a woman dining together. Stouffer 
Corp., the Cleveland hotel, restaurant and 
food company, is training its restaurant peo­
ple to help mem figure out who is paying. 
One way to tell: Find out who made the din 
ner reservations.

But restaurants can’t do a darned thing 
about the male dinner guest who, in a burst 
of chivalry, grabs the check before the 
woman can get her hand on it. That’s a real 
problem, says Cheryl Hodges, a former 
commercial lending officer for BancOhio 
Corp. When she turned in her expense ac­
counts after visiting potential clients in 
other cities, her boss was always unhappy 
because the expenses were too low. "He 
said to me, ’Obviously you should be enter­
taining these people. Aren’t you taking them 
out to lunch?’ ”

A number of women say they have devel­
oped all sorts of tactics for this situation. 
Joan Krga, 36, an account supervisor with 
Hill & Knowlton, arranges before the meal 
to have the bill sent to her office. Jessie Cox, 
the official with General American Life In­
surance, says she simply beats the man to 
the punch by saying, “ Are you going to let 
Generous American buy you supper?”

Women tend to get very irritated with 
male business executives who lean over 
backward to be “ gentlemen.”  “ Men don’t 
have to show gallantry by carrying my 
bags,”  says Judy Lorenson, a vice president 
for Chromalloy American Corp. Despite her 
protests, “ Off they go with my bags. But I 
pack something I ’m capable of carrying my­
self.”  Jane Hall, vice president of corporate 
relations for Transamerica Corp.. also dis­
likes those bag grabbers. “ Every now and 
then there's someone who doesn’t think 
you’re capable of carrying your briefcase,” 
she says.

An Embarrassed Partner

For some curious reason, many women 
say, when they travel they find themselves 
being patronized by men. Jessie Cox of Gen­
eral American recalls an executive who 
called her "honey.”  She retaliated by call­
ing him “ sonny.”

One thing that women on the road often 
talk about is whether it’s realty downright 
upright to invite male business colleagues to 
a hotel room for a meeting. It’s “ psycho­
logically tricky”  for a woman because it’s 
akin to asking men into her bedroom, says 
psychologist Backman. Chicago’s Drake Ho­
tel deals with the problem by offering spe­
cial executive suites in which the bed folds 
into the wall in the style of a Murphy bed.

Some women say it’s best to be brazen

about it. Jane Hall of Transamerica says 
that one of her most successful business 
meetings was held over breakfast in her 
suite at the Waldorf Astoria in New York 
After breakfast, she says, she even invited 
the men to inspect her “ sumptuous”  mar­
bled bathroom

Sometimes it isn't the woman but the 
man who is embarrassed by situations on 
the road. A woman lawyer with a major 
Cleveland law firm remembers staying at 
Manhattan’s Pierre Hotel with a male part­
ner of the firm. The two were given adjoin­
ing rooms, which “ didn’t bother me much, 
but he was very embarrassed,”  she says. 
“ He made the point of saying this hadn’t 
ever happened to him before.”  (The Pierre 
says the situation was “ surprising”  because 
it doesn’t usually assign adjoining rooms.)

Having male colleagues along can be a 
plain nuisance for a woman. Diane Savage, 
an adviser on sproial programs at Gulf Oil 
talks of one trip'when she “ had a line of 
Gulf men outside my room borrowing my 
hair diyer, my face cream and my hair 
spray,

But when it comes to hotel rooms, 
women's ^eatest concern is safety. And 
there is wide agreement that money spent 
on better hotels can assure peaceful sleep. 
“ If $10 or $15 a night more means I ’ll go to 
bed peacefully instead of having to push fur­
niture against the door, Mellon Bank isn’t 
going to quibble,”  says Sandra Pulley, a 
loan officer at Mellon Bank in Pittsburgh. 
Suzanne Pederson, a vice president of Sea- 
train Lines Inc., doesn’t recommend motel 
chains or hotels near airports. “ The better 
the hotel, the less problem the woman has,” 
she sqys.

Some employers won’t pay the cost of 
first-class hotel. Ilene Cohen, a lawyer with 
the National Labor Relations Board in Pitts­
burgh, receives “ only $35-a-day allowance to 
cover everything, meals and hotel,”  when 
she travels. The result is that “ a lot of times 
I have to pay out of my own pocket to get a 
decent room to stay in a decent place,”  she 
says.

To reassure women guests, a number of 
hotels and motels are taking extra security 
precautions. A Minneapolis hotel, which 
asks not to be named, says, it puts women 
traveling alone on certain floors that are pa­
trolled more frequently by its security peo­
ple. And American Motor Inns has a fool­
proof method of forcing guests to use the 
dead-bolt locks on room doors: The lights 
won’t go on until the bolt is locked.

But possibly the safest hotel of all for 
women is the Barbizon Hotel for Women in 
Manhattan, described by one woman as 
“ run-down”  and with the feeling of “ an old 
folks’ home.”  But no men are allowed above 
the mezzanine level, and all elevators are 
manually operated. “ Even models making 
$75,000 or $100,000 a year stay here in these 
little cubbyholes,”  says general manager 
Barry Mann.



iW a  i  rtps , '

Women Travelers Find 
Safety and Harassment 
Can Be Major Problems

Business Road Often Strewn 

With 111 Service, Sexism; 

Alone With the T V  Set

‘Creepy Old Man’ Offers $50

A Wa ll  St reet  Journal Neu;.s Roundup
You are, let us suppose, a woman travel­

ing on business, and you want to have your 
shoes polished at the airport. But you find 
that in order to reach the bootblack, you 
have to go into the men’s room-which is, 
you decide, taking equality a little too far.

"Even if you do find one, you have to 
climb up into a chair and by the time you 
get your feet into the stirrups, you've ex­
posed your underwear to the world, and then 
the man gets nervous,”  says Bernestine Sin- 
gley, who travels as a senior analyst for 
ABT Associates, a Cambridge, Mass., so­
cial-policy research firm.

That’s one problem faced by women busi­
ness travelers. Here’s another: You’re in 
the middle of a business meeting with a 
male executive who suddenly interrupts the 
market data to make a sales pitch of his 
own. “ In two cases, it was the middle of the 
afternoon and I was asked it I ’d like to get a 
room right now-not later, but right now,” 
says an Indignant Marcia Bystrom, general 
manager of Bystrom Bros., a Minneapolis 
metal-products concern.

M isguided Acts
As more women take to the air and to the 

road for their companies, they are discover­
ing that the woman alone faces problems 
that she never encountered in the past when 
she was more likely to be traveling with the 
family on vacation or accompanjdng her 
husband to a convention. After talking with 
scores of women business travelers across 
the country, Journal reporters found that 
the major problem on their minds is their 
personal safety in hotels and particularly in 
motels. They are generally reluctant to eat 
alone in restaurants or to drink alone in 
bars, and too often, they say, their evenings 
are spent alone with room service in front of 
the television set.

They complain about hostile flight atten­
dants, bad restaurant service and male 
clients who insist on grabbing the dinner 
check even though the woman is doing the 
entertaining.' And they simply detest the 
man who, in a misguided act of chivalry, in­
sists on carrying a woman’s briefcase.

"Sexism, amorous male colleagues, fear 
for personal sa fety-it’s all out there. It just 
depends on how ‘available’ you want to be 
and how brave you want to be,”  says Ada- 
lene Ross, vice president of Joseph Magnin, 
the women’s specialty-apparel concern.

The unwanted attention of males who be­
lieve that alone means available is fairly 
easily dealt with. Many businesswomen sim­
ply pull out their calculators and start tap­
ping out higher math, others haul out their 
briefcases (“ like a badge,”  says one 
woman); some pore over business maga­
zines, others chat amiably about their fami­
lies. Elly Pick Jacobs, an account executive 
with Hill & Knowlton, the public-relations 
firm, advises the flashing of a wedding ring 
because “ it sort of wards off evil spirits.” 

R ising Numbers
A more extreme tactic for dealing with 

the gleam in men’s eyes is offered by 
Lynne, an attractive woman lawyer who 
travels frequently for her Chicago law firm. 
Fairly often, she says, she finds herself sit­
ting on a plane next to a man who immedi­
ately launches into a smooth line of amorous 
banter. How to get rid of him? Lynne says 
she simply turns her head and starts picking 
her nose. It works every time, she says.

The number of women traveling alone 
has risen markedly since the early 1960s. 
Eastern Airlines says that last year, women 
made 28 million business trips, which ac­
counted for 17%, or $2 billion, of the airline 
Industry’s revenues from all business travel­
ers, up from 13% in 1977 and from only 1% 
in 1974. Women accounted for 24% of East­
ern’s business travelers last year, for 17% of 
United Airlines’ and for 12% of Trans World 
Airlines’ domestic business.

These figures translate into a great many 
women who every day are using airlines, 
hotels and restaurants. For example. West­
ern International Hotels says that last year, 
three million businesswomen spent 32 mil­
lion nights at hotels in the U.S. and Canada.

Many of these women say that coping 
with travel is all a matter of attitude. “ The 
trick is tp be resourceful,”  says Lucinda Sei- 
gel, who'has traveled extensively as a New 
York management consultant. “ If you act 
like a business person, people will treat you 
that way.” Indeed, some women’s problems 
don’t differ very much from those faced by 
men, Many men also find eating and drink­
ing alone unpleasant. Women, like men, find 
they sometimes have to be pushy to get ser­
vice.

“ Second-Class T reatm ent”
The big difference is the ways in which 

employes at restaurants, hotels and airlines 
react to men and women traveling alone, 
says Margaret E. Backman, a New York 
psychologist who holds seminars for women 
travelers. Women alone often feel vulnera­
ble, she says, and this feeling can be rein­
forced by the way restaurant help, for ex­
ample, “ relates to women by giving them a 
poor table and poor service and making 
them wait.”

Women generally say they view female 
flight attendants and restaurant help with 
some antipathy. “ My pet peeve is that stew­
ardesses treat me like a second-class citi­
zen,”  says Laurie Kohler, a public-relations 
consultant with the St. Louis firm of Fleish- 
man-Hillard. Lona Jupiter, a vice president 
of Wells Fargo & Co., doesn’t think that 
stewardesses “ are as nice to females as to 
male executives.”

In restaurants, says Rena Bartos, a se-
Please Turn to Page S2, Column 3



46 THE WALL STREET JOURNAL, Wednesday, May 31, 1978

Lad ies  o f the B a r

Women Attorneys, Now Over 9%  
Keep Making Gains in A ll  Areas

of Profession, 
of Legal Work

By Jim  Dr in k h a l i
Sta/f Reporter o} THE Wa ll  Street  journal

U.S. Supreme Court Justice Joseph P. 
Bradley declared in a 1873 opinion that "the 
paramount destiny and mission of woman 
are to fulfill the noble and benign offices of 
wife and mother. This is the law of the Crea­
tor.”

The court thereupon upheld Illinois’s re 
fusal to grant a license to practice law to 
Myra Bradwell because she was a woman.

Almost a hundred years later, the Ameri­
can Bar Association Journal portrayed the 
status of women lawyers almost as bleakly, 
noting in a 1969 article that there is 
'.‘widespread discrimination in the legal 
world against women lawyers.”  And even in 
1975 Ms. Magazine asserted that the “ law 
lias been and still is a bastion of white male 
power.”

Be that as it may, women have made 
some  ̂ significant strides in this decade. 
Some observers now predict that law may 
become the first traditionally male profes­
sion to achieve fuil sexuai integration. About 
41,000, or 9.3%, of the nation's 441,000 prac­
ticing lawyers are women, recent data 
show, whereas in 1970 only 2,8% of the law­
yers were women. The percentage is contin­
uing to grow, and about 25% of all law- 
school students nowadays are women. 

“ Over M y Dead Body”
One woman lawyer recalls how the se­

nior partner of a law firm told her in a job 
interview a number of years ago, "W e ’ll 
hire a woman over my dead body.”  The 
woman adds. "Well, he was right.”  She was 
hired by the firm in 1973, after the man had 
died.

Women are gaining, too, as law-firm 
partners. One of them. Brooksley Landau, 
senior partner in the Washington, D.C., firm 
of Arnold & Porter, says, " I t ’s only a matter 
of time before there’s a significant change”  
in the number of women partners in large 
metropolitan law firms, at least. Partner­
ships, which usually aren’t offered until the 
lawyer has been employed by a firm for six 
years or so, traditionally are stepping-stones 
to business and political power.

Although there still hasn’t been a woman 
on the Supreme Court, Judge Shirley Huf- 
stedler of Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals in 
the West is the second woman to reach the 
federal appellate level. (The late Florence 
Allen was appointed to the Sixth Circuit in 
Cincinnati in 1934.1 Of the 394 permanently 
appointed U.S. district-court judges, five are 
women.

Some women lawyers have made spec­
tacular achievements, particularly in gov­
ernment service. Jill Wine Volner, 35 years 
old.frose from a Justice Department prose- 
cutjr'To a top post in the Watergate special 
prosecutor’s office. Now. she is the first 
woman to become general counsel to the De­
partment of the Army. Rose Bird, 41, was 
the first woman to become a chief justice of 
the California Supreme Court.

Five years ago, the Manhattan district 
attorney’s office had 14 women prosecutors 
out of a total of 166; currently, 55 of the 229 
prosecutors are women. The Justice Depart­
ment says that, as of January 1977, there 
were 163 women among its 1,600 assistant 
U.S. attorneys, up from 43 out of 1,170 in Oc­
tober 1971. For the current U.S. Supreme 
Court term, seven out of the 33 sought-after 
clerkships have been filled by women.

On law-school faculties, the gains have 
been slower. Only three of the 66 full-time 
teaching positions at Harvard Law School 
are women. And at Stanford Law School, 
which has 35 permanent teaching positions, 
only one woman is on the staff, although an­
other is to be added this tall.

Discrimination against women lawyers in 
the past was also reflected in income levels. 
In 1967, a Michigan Law Review study 
showed that 9% of men lawyers and 1% of 
women lawyers earned over $20,000. 

Lawsuit Settlements
Today, women law partners who have ac­

cess to income data maintain that there isn’t 
any disparity between men and women of 
equal experience.

Women attorneys took a big step toward 
parity with men when a group of female law 
students in New York in the early 1970s be­
gan a concerted attack against the large 
New York law firms by filing about a dozen 
lawsuits alleging discrimination. The suits 
were filed by the Employment Rights Proj­
ect, a federally funded program at New 
York’s Columbia University, on behalf of 
students and graduates.

The suits led to some substantial 
changes. In 1976, for instance, the firm of 
Rogers & Wells (of which former Secretary 
of State William Rogers is a senior partner! 
settled one suit by agreeing to a complex 
formula that guarantees, among other 
things, that the firm will offer over 25% of 
its positions each year to female graduates. 
Last year, the Wall Street law firip of Sulli­
van & Cromwell settled a case on similar 
terms.

Attitude of Clients

"In  the larger law firms,”  says Ann G. 
Miller, a partner in the San Francisco firm 
of Lillick, McHose & Charles, “ I think the 
blatant discrimination of 10 years ago has 
disappeared. What you (a  female lawyer! 
may find is a subtle attitude you’re uncom­
fortable w ith -a subconscious resistance you 
can’t put your linger on because men aren’t 
yet used to women in business situations. 
It’s their social upbringing. All their lives, 
they’ve dealt with women as wives, girl­
friends and the like: Suddenly they have to 
face a woman as a hardnosed adversary.”

"You can’t try to be one of the guys,” 
adds Maryellen Cattani, a partner at Orrick. 
Herrington, Rowley & Sutcliffe in San Fran­
cisco. "You have to establish an asexual 
working relationship,”  she says, "and that 
is difficult.”

A number of women lawyers recall being 
turned down by law firms on the ground 
that “ our clients wouldn’t deal with a

woman.”  Nowadays, female attorneys say 
that isn’t often a problem. Lawyer Cattani 
says she’s had resistance from clients on 
one or two occasions, but she adds, “ The 
more sophisticated the transaction, the less 
likely you are to have a problem.”

In the past, female lawyers generally 
found themselves shunted off into such fields 
as family law and probate work. Nowadays, 
women can be found in every phase of law, 
but increasingly in areas such as corporate 
securities, real estate and tax work. Ellene 
Winn, a partner since 1957 in Bradley, Ar- 
ant. Rose & White in Birmingham, Ala., is 
regarded as a municipal-bond expert by fel­
low lawyers. Unlike most other women law­
yers, she says, ‘ T v e  never seen any dis­
crimination. No one ever gave me the feel­
ing they were doing anything but listening to 
my legal argument.”

Lawyer Winn’s self-confidence is echoed 
by some other women attorneys. Joanne 
Garvey, a tax specialist and partner in San 
Francisco’s Cotton, Seiigman & Ray, says 
“ I never had any doubts that if I tried any­
thing, I ’d succe^.”

Nearly all the women lawyers who made 
it into a partnership in a big firm were in 
the upper 10% of their class, and their asso­
ciates rate them top-notch lawyers. As the 
ranks of lawyers grow more crowded, most 
men and women lawyers find their job op­
tions are restricted to joining smaller firms, 
going into government work or trying to set 
up a practice on their own. As one lawyer 
puts it, “ If you’re only in the mid-range in 
law school grades, you’re going to have a 
real problem finding a job.”

Indeed, a degree of unemployment in the 
legal profession has been acknowledged re­
cently, providing a potential new obstacle 
for aspiring women lawyers-and men law­
yers too, for that matter. California offers 
figures on what it portends for the future of 
lawyers. The state bar says the state’s popu­
lation is expected to rise from 22 million in 
December 1977 to about 24.3 million by 1984. 
During the same period, officials say, the 
number of lawyers is expected' to almost 
double, from 58,000 to 90.000. Put another 
way, instead of the current ratio of one law­
yer for every 380 people, 1984 will see one



h O V E M B E R  27, 1977

Poll Finds More Liberal Beliefs on Marriage and Sex Roles, Especially Amon^ the Younj
3y RICHARD J. MEISLIN

■Americans are more likely to believe 
that narriages in which the partners 
share the tasks o f breadwinner and home­
maker are a more “ satisfying way o f life” 
than they are to prefer the traditional 
marriage in which the husband is exclu­
sively a provider and the w ife  exclusively 
a homemaker and mother, according to 
a New York Times-CBS News poll.

That was one o f several findings in 
t i »  -pea Shat *ugstested a  progressive 
liberalization o f views toward marriage 
and sex roles. The overall results were 
a synthesis o f wide disparities In the 
views o f flvfe young and the old, a sign 
that more liberal positions are likely to 
become more prominent over time.

For example, o f those Interviewed, 48 
percent said they preferred the idea of 
shared marriage roles and 43 percent the 
“ traditional”  marriage. But among the 
youngest age group, 18- to  29-year-olds, 
only 27 percent preferred the traditional 
marriage; among the next age bracket, 
30- to  44-yearrOlds, '44 percent chose the 
traditional marriage; and among those 
over 45 years old, 59 percent chose the 
traditional marriage.

Equally Divided

Similarly, while those interviewed were 
almost evenly split on the question of 
whether couples should live together out­
side marriage, that result arose because 
nearly three-fourths o f those over 65 be­
lieved it was "always wrong”  and an 
equal proportion of those under 30 be­
lieved it was “ okay”  or did not matter. 
The middle age; groups fe ll in between.

The survey was conducted by The 
Times and CBS News between Oct. 23 
and 26, in telephone interviews with 
1,603 adult Americans from all parts of 
the nation and representing different 
races, religions, ages and occupations^

I C br iN'rUi y  ork  C in u g

I CBS NBVSPOLL
Opinions on Mothers and Wives 
Who Hold Outside Employment

What kind o f  nrnrrtsga do 
you think makes tha mom  
satisfying way of life?

Oo working maka b etter or worse mother&than nonworking women?
Men Better Equal Worse ^
■veponded-' 21% 20%

Nonworking 
women responded:

Better 1 Equal Worse ^
14% 129% 44% 1

Working
women
responded:

Better 1 Equal Worse ^
43% 127% 24% ■

l l l l f c i B i i

The survey also detected sharp differ­
ences based on age in answers regarding 
whether a woman should work “ even if 
she has a husiband capable o f supporting 
her.”  Overall, 54 percent of those inter­
viewed said yes and 40 percent said no, 
with 50 percent o f the men in favor and 
58 percent o f the women.

Once again, fully three-quarters o f 
those aged 18 to 29 believed a  woman 
should work, while “ yes”  answers were 
given by 57 percent o f those aged 30 
to 44, 48 percent o f those aged 45 to 
64 and just 28 percent of those over 65.

Working Mothers Favored

In a related question, toe survey found 
some warming to the idea of working 
women as mothers. In the current poll, 
40 percent o f those interviewed— 45 per­
cent o f  the men and 36 percent o f the 
women— ^believed working women were 
worse mothers than those who devote

all their time to the home, cmnpared to 
48 percent o f those sampled by CBS News 
in September 1970. More than half o f 
the women interviewed now said working 
mothers were equal to or better than 
their nonworking counterparts; among 
women who worked, fully 43 percent said 
they were or would be better mothers, 
compared to 24 percent o f  the public at 
large.

Opposition Still Exists
But acceptance o f woiking women still 

goes just so fa r  Sixty percent o f those 
interviewed still balked at the Idea o f 
uprooting a family in which both spouses 
worked in order to allow the woman to 
accept a promotion in another part o f 
the country, w ith 11 percent in favor of 
the move and 14 percent holding that 
it would depend upon their respective 
posts.

Asked whether the women's movement 
had been a “major cause o f family break­

down," those surveyed were more Ukely 
— b̂ut only slightly— td attribute a posi­
tive effect or no effect at all to the move­
ment than they were to agree. But fully 
40 percent did agree, without significant 
regard to whether the respondent was 
male or female but with a strong relation­
ship to age. Only 16 percent said toe 
movement had created a better family 
structure and 34 percent said that the 
women’s movement bad made no differ­
ence to fam ily life. Men and women aged 
45 to 64 were most likely to say that 
the women’s movement had had a delete­
rious effect, while women aged 18 to 29 
were most likely to praise it.

Nevertheless, those surveyed dismissed 
by a 2-to-l ratio the idea that outside 
pressures had contributed to the nation’s 
rising divorce rate. Instead, they tended 
to blame “couples not trying hard enough 
to stay together”  fo r  the growing num­
bers of marriages that end in divorce.

AV Vav UAV  7a 
Percentage of Mothers 
Holding or Looking For 
Outside Employment
(tnaecti eaiegcfy, wHti tiuaboKts ptMwitl

WWi 
chikirM 
under 
1»

With wmi
children cMIdren
ttot7 tmderd

r ~ n  / —

52%
(1975)

45%
(1975) 37%

i (1975)

J : i i
/ 20%

/•y'
W ' A  •

12%

Source: Bureau of (he Census



14 .yamily/style T H E  N E W  Y O R K  T IM E S , S A T U R D A Y , J A N U A R Y  2S, 1978

Women and Success: Why Some Find It So Painful
She was «  successful professional 

wontan, but she was depressed, and 
she went into therapy. One night she 
had a dream: She was hanging out of 
a  window, desperately holding on by 
her fingernails. Inside, her, husband 
walked through the room— and all she 
could do was whisper inaudibly, 
"Help!”

That patient, according to Dr. A lex­
andra Symonds, is a good example of 
certain problems encountered by suc­
cess-oriented women. Dr. Symonds ad­
dressed the topic the week in present­
ing a paper to the Association for the 
Advancement of Psychoanalysis at the 
Karen Hom ey Center, o f wh idi she is 
past president. A  training and supervis­
ing analyst at the Center’s American 
Institute o f Psychoanalysis, Dr. Sy­
monds is also assistant clinical profes- 
MT o f psychiatry at the New York Uni- 
VIBrity Codege o f  Medicine, as well 
as chairman o f the Committee on Psy­
choanalysis and Women for the Ameri­
can Academy o f Psychoanalysis, and a 
specialist on the problems of sutcess- 
ful professional women.

Dr. Symonds characterized these 
women with the phrase “ expansive,” 
originated by Karen Homey, a noted 
psychoanalyst. “ Homey described 
three main character types; self-effac­
ing or dependent, detached and etman- 
sive,”  Dr. Symonds explained. “ Each 
can occur in either men or women, 
but tremendous otfltu-ral pressures have

traditionally assigned women to  the 
self-effacing role, and men to the de­
tached or the expansive. But there have 
always been women who didn’t  devel­
op in the traditional way, who defied 
the pressures o f society and family to 
achieve other things. And many have 
paid a heavy price.”

These more aggressive women fall 
into the category labeled “ expansive,”  
which refers to the person who 
strives to excel, to overcome every ob­
stacle. He or she is oriented toward 
success and achievement. They work 
hard and often avoid tender feelings, 
having a taboo against being depend­
ent. They may exploit and triumph 
over others. For them the appeal of 
life lies in its mastery.”

Expansiveness is not inherently un­
desirable, noted Dr. Symonds, who is 
59 years old and is married to another 
psychoanalyst. “ I  see it as part o f  the 
self-actualizing process o f healthy 
growth and autonomy,”  she said. But 
among women who have pursued ca­
reers in traditionally male-dominated 
fields. Dr, Symonds has found that 
often the ones who develop problems 
consciously rejected the typical female 
role early in childhood; they didn’t 
want to  be like their own mothers, 
whom they perceived as passive^ de­
pendent, dominated second-olaiss citi­
zens.

"Eventually they identified th® moth­

er’s personality with what Homey 
called ‘the despised self,’ ”  Dr.. Sy­
monds continued. “ They rejected most 
‘girl’ activities and attitudes, cultivat­
ing the qualities o f strength, courage 
and intellectual achievement. They 
strove to  be self-sufficient.”

Meanwhile, even when the mother 
didn’t  actively disapprove o f her 
daughter’s choice, her, impact frequent­
ly  remained negative. “ The self-rffac- 
ing, silently suffering niother— even if 
she says to  her daughter, ‘Don’t get

by these women, th is  rejection o f  the 
mother, according to  Dr, Symonds, 
characteristically produces three neu­
rotic patterns^

“ One is chronic depression, whlph 
, doesn’t  have acute symptoms and does­

n’ t start a ll Of a sudden, but is like 
an undercurrent! o f sadness or depriva- 
ton that the person lives with ^  the 
time. She usually gets totally involved 
with work and giving to  craers, but. 
she is malnourished emotionally.”  . , 

The second syndrome is confusion

‘There is a large group of career women 

who don’t ever seem to be fulfilled.’

caught like me, amount to something,’ 
— may still f6ei resentful. and threat­
ened by the fact that h e r ' daughter 
doesn’t emulate .the same role model.

“ I f  the mother becomes hostile, the 
alienation is tiiat much more severe,”  
Dr. Symonds said. The result is that 
the early emotional separation from 
the mother then becomes the crux o f 
problems. suffered decades afterward

in feminine identity, in  Dr. Symonds’ 
view. “ I ’ve been struck by the panic, 
een terror, that these womeii .feei, at 
aspects of their personalities they con­
sider masculine;”  she' said, because' 
from childhood their culture, has given 
them so little support for their striv­
ings after autonomy,;

In addition, behind their facade o f ' 
self-sufficiency, these women usually

needs”  they may have been denying for 
years, and often find excruciatingly 
difficult to ejqjress— hence such power­
fully symbolic dreams as the one where 
a woman in danger o f  her life  is unable 
to ask even her husband for help, ex- 

, cept in a whisper that can’t be heard.
“ Often the woman is totally unaware 

o f these unresolved needs,”  added Dr. 
Symonds. “ There is a large group of 

, career women who don’t  ever seem to 
be fulfilled, although they work hard at 
their jobs and at taking care of their 
families. Usually they are nurturing in­
dividuals with a compulsive need to 
be supemom as well as a super suc­
cess. in their careers.

The need to be supermom. Dr. Sy­
monds added in an interview, springs 
from ‘ !the feeling that they have to 
prove their femininity by overcompen­
sating in their roles as w ife  and moth­
er.”  She cited several studies as exam­
ples, including a survey o f doctors that 
found that women psychiatrists had 
more children than male psychiatrists. 
Another, a recent study done in De­
troit, revealed .that 87 percent o f  the 
female doctors questioned did all their 
own housework, despite their full-time 
professional commitments. .

Their reasons were similar to those 
o f a patient o f Dr. Symonds, a 'woman 
.who married a medical school class­
mate. During their initernishipSi the w ife  
did all the housiework and cooking as 
w ell ^  entertaining, although she nad

the same professional responsibilities 
as her husband. But she fe lt guilty 
■when her husband helped home, and 
never asked him to  do anythii^. “ She 
was shocked when I  suggested they 
get a housekeeper to clean; she thought 
this was extravagant,”  recalled Dr. Sy­
monds. The unshared burdens took 
their toll in depression, repressed rage, 
severe insomnia and sexual problems.

“Women doctors are alsb statistically 
more d^ressed than inen doctors, even 
'though doctors as a group are more 
depressed than other people,”  Dr. Sy­
monds added.

As for what to  do about these neu­
rotic patterns. Dr. Symonds admitted 
that the solution, like most substantive 
therapy, can take a long time. “ First 
you have to  help these women realize 
the answer is not going to come from 
the outside, from finding the right man 
or theTight job,”  she said. “ They have 
to face up to their own inner feelings 
before they’ll start to  feel better. A  
lot o f these women don’t  want to  look 
into their childhoods and recognize 
some o f the negative factors there. In 
order to help them, therapists have to 
realize how much these women are 
denying their own dependency needs. 
You can’t  live without these tJiings; 
you have to have intimacy and Close­
ness. You just can’t handle everything 
and do everything by yourself. Nobody 
can."



The F ^ ily  in Transition; 
A Challenge From Within

Experts Debate Social Implications of Upheaval! 
That Is Reshaping American Society

By JON NORDHEnVIER
Special to The New York Times

MISSION, Kan.— Westbound motorists 
moving along Route 50. the old Santa 
Fe Trail, pass a large green sign on the 
outskirts of Mission that reads: “ Welcome 
to Kansas— ^Midway U.S.A."

This is the heartland, the regional cen­

Li vlng Arrangem ents 
For Children Under 18

w ith  tw o  Q M he
paren ts. rem a in ing  33%,
b o th m a rr ie d  th e to ilo w in g  
once . tive w ith . . .

/ Mother oniy: 16%

Other
custodians': 3%

Two parents, 
but not both 
naturai 
parents: 13%

♦Re la tives  o r  nonre la tiva*

Sotirc0:Pf^ufatip̂ ^1sienc  ̂Sureau

ter of the United States, where for gen- j 
erations, traditions and institutions were 
rooted in a value system that honored 
pioneer pluck and the enduring American 
family.

Solemn monuments still stand here in 
homage to the frontiersmen and farm­
ers who used the Santa Fe Trail to chal- 
le^l^ the horizon. But the American fam­
ily, even In conservative Kansas, is as 
embattled as an old wagon train under 
attack on all sides.

Few doubt the family’ s capacity to sur­
vive; it has withstood the challenges of a 
changing society since the Industrial Rev­
olution first took people from the isola­
tion and self-sufficiency of the farm. It 
w ill no doubt do so again, and indeed 
some scholars believe it has already be­
gun to revive, with the divorce rate sta-

M en  and W o m e n
F irst o f  a Series

bilizing and women beginning to  doubt 
the wisdom o f dalaying further the start 
o f th ar families.

Still, as American men and women 
attempt to shape new relationships, the 
family is being challenged as never be­
fore, from within as well as from without. 
Experts intensely debate the social im­
plications o f this dual challenge, with 
some envisioning the dawn o f an enlight­
ened, creative society while others are 
deeply disturbed by what they see as a 
loss of values, a burgeoning instability 
that may have dire consequences for 
democratic institutions.

The new challenge and the new rela­
tionships that have spawned it have made 
this the age of the fragile family, the 
family in transition.

It is an upheaval that is changing the 
canvas of American society, and nowhere
is the impact more intense, the confusion. 
greater, than in the family, wTiefc'^tress

V York Times/Nov. 27, 1?77 Continued on Page 74. Column 3



T H U  T IM E S , S U N D A Y , N O V E M B E R  27, 1917

The Family in Transition: Challenge From Within
Continued From Page 1

sends repercussions throughout society, 
from the games children play, to educa­
tion, courtship and the labor market.

“Married couples come to us with 
specific complaints about each other,”  
said Michael Kelso, a therapist working 
with married couples at the Johnson 
County Mental Health Clinic here. "A fte r  
a while, you begin to sense that their 
real problem js  that they feel lost, con­
fused and alienated because the roles of 
being a husband or a w ife or a parent 
have changed so much from the days 
when they were kids.

"They no longer know what the stand­
ards and values o f family life  are today. 
They don’t know what to tell their kids.”  

Dynamic Trends Evident 
The statistics of basic change within 

the family show dynamic trends regard­
less o f what interpretations are drawn 
from them:

flThe divorce rate has doubled in the 
last 10 years.

flit  is estimated that two out of every 
five children bom in this decade w ill live 
in single-parent homes for at least part 
o f their youth.

flThe number of households headed by 
women has increased by more than a 
third in this decade, has more than dou­
bled in one generation.

flMore than half o f all mothers with 
school-age children now work outside the 
home, as do more than a third o f mothers 
with children under the age of 3.

flOne .out of every three schoolchildren 
lives in a home headed by only one parent 
or relative.

flDay care o f irregular quality is re­
placing the parental role in many working 
families. Similarly, there has been ex­
traordinary growth in the classifications 
that sociologists call “ latchkey children”  
— children unsupervised for portions o f 
the day, usually in the period between 
the end o f school and a working parent’s 
return home.

flThe average number o f  children per 
family has dropped from a recent high 
o f 3.8 in 1957 to 2.04 today, meaning 
a further constriction o f the natural nu­
clear family, but an expansion o f legal 
kinships through divorce and remarriage. 

The Specialists Disagree 
Experts disagree about the social impli­

cations of all this. Some, like Dr. U r ie ; 
Bronfenbrenner o f Cornell University, 
cite divorce statistics, the number o f sin- 1 
gie-parent families, working mothers, the ! 
rise o f juvenile delinquency and illegiti-1 
mate births js  evidence that the family | 
is in desperate decline.

Other analysts take an upbeat view  that i 
a changing world mandates changing in - , 
stitutions, and that the family is respond­
ing positively to a period o f experimenta­
tion, surviving the assaults on it by devel- 

i oping new forms within the basic struc- 
Iture.I  Dr. Alayne Haynes, a child psychiatrist 
at the Loma Linda University Medical 
Center in California, said that i f  single 
parents were healthy and well-adjusted, 
children would be resilient enough to 
handle the emotional impact o f changing 
family structures. But the situation rarely 
goes as smoothly as anticipated by the 
parent before divorce splits a family.

"It is tough for a single parent to come 
home from work and then have to do 
housework.”  she said in an in terview .! 
“ They feel they are not doing enough I 
for the child and they bend over back­
ward. The result is they are not exercis­
ing control over the child that they! 
should.

"When the divorced father comes to 1 
take the child,”  she continued, "he feels | 
guilty and becomes a Santa Claus instead 
o f being a daddy. He doesn’t do too much i 
to teach or train the child and he doesn’t 
exercise the control he should.”

Other problems arise when single par- : 
ents marry other single parents, she! 
added. The children of each are “ possses-1 
sive” o f their natural parent and exert' 
all forms o f pressure to maintain that I 
relationship. i

" It  takes parents with clear heads to |
: manage this,”  she concluded, "and I ’ve  ̂
seen marriages like this crumble.”  j

Working Mother at the Crux | 
Kenneth Thompson, a minister in San 1 

Bernardino, Calif., said that, based on his  ̂
experience with his congregation, he did 
not think single parents were doing well. 
Approximately 70 percent o f his congre­
gation, which he describes as liberal, is 
composed o f single parents, and he him­
self is the single parent o f an 11-year-old 
daughter.

“Most of the mothers are occupied with 
boyfriends and changing men in the 
home,”  he said. "This Is traumatic for 
parents and children. It is a constant 
state o f turmoil.”  I

"The kids start coming in for the day 1 
at our church school at 6:30 A.M. fo r i 
breakfast,”  he said. “W e have them until: 
early evening and some o f the kids don’t ' 
want to go home.”  1

No matter which side o f the question - 
the specialists are on, there is agreement \ 
about the speed at which the basic social 1 
institution' is now expected to adapt. 
"Changes in our society are occurring 
so rapidly,”  said KriStin A. Moore, a so­
cial scientist with the Urban Institute in 
Washington, "that the experts Can't gath­
er information on the fam ily fast enough, 
put it on computer tape and analyze it I

. Th» New York Times/Kenneth Paik
Michael Kelso, standing, a counsellor working w ith  fam ilies at the Johnson County Medical Health Clinic, leading a 

group therapy session fo r  married couples in  Kansas C ity, Mo.

before things change again and the infor­
mation is out of date.”

“ And of all these variations. It Is the 
working mother who has had the most 
impact of all.”

‘Women who enter the marketplace 
gain greater confidence, expand their so­
cial circles independent o f their husbands’ 
friends, taste independence and are less 
easy to satisfy, and more likely to divorce 
later,”  said Paul C. Click of the Bureau 
of the Census, one o f the most highly 
respected demographers in the country.

This new social and economic status 
seems generally to be looked upon by 
women as a positive element in their 
lives. In fact, there is increased societal 
pressure on housewives to find work, not 
to be dependent upon their husbands.

“ I feel guilty when people ask me what 
I do.”  w.as tne, way Brenda Collins, 25 
years old, o f Olathe, Kan. recently de­
scribed her decision to stop work as a 
nurse. " I ’m almost embarrassed to say 
I stay home with my children.”

Mrs. Collins, previously divorced, and 
her second husband, Vince, a meatcutter 
at a local supermarket, discussed some 
o ' the tensions in their lives while attend­
ing a marriage enrichment clinic spon­
sored by the Johnson County Mental 
Health Clinic. The workshop, called 
"Back Talk to Pillow Talk,”  involved 12 
to 15 couples in two three-hour sessions 
held at a local motel— one of several pro­
grams offered by the county to local resi­
dents seeking guidance on how to im­
prove or save a marriage.

Mrs. Collins expressed her own con­
flicts over the choice to remain at home 
with her three young children instead of 
working. The decision, she said, was real­
ly prompted by her inability to locate 
affordable day care for her children.

“Kids are not a popular commodity to 
take of these days,”  she said. “ Day-care 
centers and baby-sitting people don’t do 
it because they like kids. They like the 
money. Half my check was going to baby 
sitters.”

She decided, with some display of re­
gret, to stay at home until her youngest 
child, now 2 years old, entered the first 
grade. ‘Tm  really resentful about staying 
home,”  she added aftarthe session ended.

"Tm  a much better nurse than I am 
a mother. I really enjoyed working, 1 did 
it for me. When I stopped I was so incre- 
dibily exhausted at home, both mentally 
and physically, doing the same thing day 
in and day out. When I was working 
Vince and I had a real good understand­
ing about sharing the housework. He’s 
now getting used to me being home, and 
I think he really likes it. It's gotten so 
he doesn’t even flush the toilet. He’s be­
come a real big chauvinist.”

She said many of her friends shared 
her attitude and planned to develop ca­
reers after their children were in school. 
" I ’m looking forward to the future,”  said 
Mrs. Collins. “ATler sll; my kids w ill be 
gone when I  am 45.”

Reasons Other Than Money 
The reasons propelling mothers 

business and industry are complli 
Family finances are usually a nmjor 
sideration, especially among lower- 
middle-income groups under Inci 
inflationary pressure. These womi 
usually cite specific material goals 
reason they work, in addition to s 
mentlng “ inadequate”  wage* bi 
home by a husband.

Yet more and more women will mi

an unwillingness to remain at home with 
children and the housework— “ trapped” 
seems to be the word they use most often. 
They have greater sophistication and un­
derstanding, as education levels rise, that 
whatever the satisfaction, of raising chil­
dren, most of the personal sacrifices are 
borne by women, and this means that 
mothers do not “ grow”  as individuals 
during this period of nurturing.

There is also increased recognition that 
with longer life expectancies, couples 
who stay married w ill spend a longer 
segment of their marriage without chil­
dren in the house to care for; consequent­
ly, women seek to develop careers before 
confronting the anguish and pain o f the 
“ empty nest”  syndrome. Jobs not only 
bring in more money to a family, but 
also enlarge a woman’s social horizons 
and mental stimulation.

This year Sharon Headley o f East Peo­
ria, III., took a job as a sales clerk at 
a local Sears, Roebuck store and became 
the first woman in her family to work 
outside the home. Her husband, Jim, a 
union worker at the local Caterpillar 
Tractor Company plant, was a little 
uncomfortable with her decision at first, 
but felt the family needed the extra in­
come.

This was the chief motivation men­
tioned in an interview, but Mrs. Headley 
had other reasons, too.

“ I sometimes feel there’s a pinwheel 
out there and Tm in the middle of it, 
and Jim and kids are just turning around 
o ff me,”  the 33-year-old woman ex­
plained.

“ It’s to the point now that I want to 
get out there and go around with them.
I want to share some of those things. 
Jim comes home from the factory and 
he has a hundred things to tell me, and 
I feel I have nothing to say. A  housewife 
gets a total feeling of seclusion.”  '

An Explosion o f Advice |
That feeling is but one manifestation of j 

the frustration, confusion and guilt tB a t; 
result from the transformation in rela­
tions between men and women. Antidotes 
are offered by publishing houses, marri­
age counselors, encounter groups and 
therapists and lecturers who teach every­
thing from assertiveness training to 
handling the emotional impact o f divorce.

On every side o f e v e ^  issue, there is 
an army o f social scientists, behaviorists, 
psychologists and Government agency 
experts competing for grants, collecting 
data from limited surveys and postu­
lating conclusions on the basis o f their 
special evidence.

“A  lot o f the reports are untrustworthy 
and the statistics are turned inside out, ’ 
said Norman Lobsenz, a California-based 
magazine writer who specializes in the 
evolving American family. “You can say 
almost anything you want to in this field 
and it’s just as true for some people as 
it’s false for others.”

Despite the tumult o f change and the 
rising indexes of instability associated 
with this decade, it is perhaps safe to 
say that traditional forms o f  marriages 
not only remain acceptable but also con­
tinue to constitute a majority in Ameri­
can life.

There is a body of thought that the 
divorce binge, with the resultant" single­
parent-family surge, was an inevitable re­
sult o f the post-World War II baby, boom 
years, when the age in marriage dropped 
considerably, thereby increasing the risk 
of divorce. Changing attitudes brought 
liberalized divorce laws, making it possi­
ble for thousands of unhappy married 
couples to obtain a  divorce that in the 
past had been economically or socially 
unfeasible.

Whenever social systems open up, 
whether they concern divorces, different 
living arrangements or length of hair,'fhe 
rate o f participation is maximized in its 
early phases and then a flattening o f the 
rate sets in. In many social movements, 
such as the baby boom itself, the cycle 
is completed within two decades.

The latest figures indicate a leveling 
o ff o f the divorce rate in the past year, 
which may or may not mean that the 
breathless rush to split has stopped .accel­
erating.

“Our society,”  said Carl' Broderick of 
the University of Southern California, “has 
increased tolerance for pluralism enor­
mously over the past two decades, but 
the new moralism has never had the im­
pact of the old Puritanism, simply be­
cause of its nature: There was never 
enough power centrally controlled to en­
force its value. I  feel confident that op­
pressive uniformity ascribed to the new 
morality w ill not develop, that each per­
son w ill have the freedom to commute 
to his own value nesf.”

An illustration of how things have 
changed struck David Goslin of the Na­
tional Academy of Science at a. forum 
on the family health at Tulane University. 
After a long discussion of alternative 
family styles, a young woman tentatively 
asked the panel: “ I just want to get 
married and have children. Is that still 
O.K.?”

Surveys today show a marked decrease 
in the number o f women who say they 
w ill never have children. And there is 
even a suspicion in some quarters that 
the pendulum’s swing has already re­
versed, perhaps with enough energy to 
move beyond its original starting point.

One significant test w ill be the attitudes 
toward marriage and children accepted 
by the later stage of the baby boom popu­
lation now moving into the age of mar­
riage and parenthood. “ What we may be 
seeing,”  said Sheila Kamerman o f Colum­
bia University, “ is that the declining birth 
rate may not last because o f deferred 
births.”  More and more career women, 
who have already entered and survived 
in the job market, are now opting to have 
children before they are too old to bear 
healthy offspring.

She and a Columbia colleague, Alfred 
Kahn, cited three trends among contem­
porary American women: deferred en t^  
into the labor market after bearing chil­
dren; a generation of women “ doing Cheir 
own thing”  as formerly closed doors are 
opened to them in industry, and women 
who feel the battle has been won— or 
at least significant advances have been 
achieved outside the home— and now the 
fight is to win agreement that working 
women can also be mothers.



Vast Changes in Society Traced 
To the Rise of Working Women

45% -

¥  35
i1

30

s
25

; Percent Percent
Of All 1 Of All
Women 1 Full-Time
Who Are I Workers
Full-Time Who Are
Workers Women

V
t9S0 1977 1950 1977

Bureau of Labor Sfat/sfiGs:

By GEORGIA DULLEA
Women who once drew only whistles 

on the construction site are now drawing 
union pay. Corporation men are turning 
down promotions rather than move and 
lose their wives’ incomes. Executives with 
newly militant secretaries find them­
selves lining up for the coffee wagon.

And husbands like Richmond Trapp, a

M en  and W o m e n
Third  o f  a Series

New York City police officer, are switch­
ing to night shifts so they can care for 
the children while their wives work days. 
“ Mary’s a good, sharp woman,”  he was 
saying the other day. "Good women are 
in demand now.”

These changes in the work place are 
but one manifestation of the influx of 
women into the labor force. It is an influx 
that has had a major impact in the home 
as well as the factory and office, for ex­
perts suggest that divorce seems not only 
more possible but even more likely in 
a family with two incomes, and a working 
woman frequently means that child care_ 
is delegated to adults outside the family.

The impact has spread to the courts, 
where men are beginning to find support 
in their challenges of affirmative action 
plans that favor women, and to other 
public forums where women complain of 
sexual harassment on the job, a phenome-

Continued on Page 28, Column 1



lats believe he may 
to  persuade the 

i » i e  to g ive back 
o f the island

irception, Clark M.
Carter's special 

ive, is ^ e c t e d  to 
mission to the 

d ie  the disputants, 
the Turkish and 

nmunities cm the 
andate o f the Unit­
iz in g  force expires

IS Down 
on Bill

m  law  suffered a 
ow defeat in the 
week, prolonging 

political issue that 
one government a 
-dizing the delicate 
between Christian 

nmunists. 
ristian Democrats, 
d o f the Vatican, 

the abortion re- 
■otes. The party’s 
iderated, however, 
on from  the Coin- 
cooperation keeps 
rats in power. The 
nunist Party o f f t  
of a clash among

ould have author- 
on demand— ĥad 

>y the Chamber o f 
lek’s action means 
:ervai must elapse 
ure can come be- 
iioso favoring re- 

nearly a ndllion 
performed yearly, 
:ollect the 500,000 
tional referendum 
was the route by 

divorce reform, 
Christian D »n o- 

1 Catholic church, 
d  in 1974.

—oroohortiOn

Som e of Mao*s Ideas, H ow ever, A re  Getting Compromised

The Chinese 
Economy 
Is Playing 
Catch-up

By FOX BUTTERFIELD

HONG KONG— ^After years o f  divisive debate over 
the course o f China's economic development, the 
successors to Mao Tse-tung have initiated an ambi­
tious program that may ooozrom ise many o f Mao’s 
revolutionary ideals in the interest o f  economic 
progress. Although it is far too early to gauge long­
term results, there is already evidence that China 
is recovering from  last year, when it  experienced 
its worst economic performamoe in a decade.

Under the new program, wiJtch is being heralded, 
metaphorically at least, ais another “ great leap for­
ward,”  industrial production it  to  double by 1980. 
Then, by early in the next century, China w ill at­
tempt to realize one o f Mao’s goals, to catch up 
with the United States. Curiously, the goal was never 
disclosed during Mao's lifetime. Perhaps he had sec­
ond thoughts about its desirability or attainaibility. 
Whatever the case, the revelation o f the aim now 
reflects the new order o f business in China, and 
from the fertile plains o f Liaoning province in the 
north to  the mountains o f Yunnan in the south, 
millions o f Chinese have been hearmg about the new 
program at a series o f mass meetings over the last 
few  weeks.

Mao’s words are still being quoted, but they are 
being reinterpreted to  justify policies which would 
have been heresy to the Chairman. Mao, while yearn­
ing to see China become a  powerful modem state, 
always insisted that priority must be given to main­
taining revolutionary values— egalitarianism and 
mass participation. Under the new program, these 
priorities may be reversed. Factory managers, who

since the Cultural Revolution o f the late 1960’s had 
been forced to share authority with workers, have 
been given control over their plants again. The work­
ers themselves are to be more disciplined, and the 
factories are to operate at a profit. Those workers 
who labor hardest w ill get wage raises for  the first 
time since Mao outlawed material incentives during 
the Cultural Revolution.

In addition, imports o f foreign technology to  speed 
fodustrial growth, which only a year ago had been 
under attack by Mao’s followers as servility to things 
foreign, are to be increased. T h ^  are to be paid 
fo r  by greatly expanded exports o f China’s oil and 
coal, another policy that at least Mao’s wife, Chiang 
Ching, disapproved o f as a sellout to foreigners.

The full impact o f all these changes in policy can­
not be known for some time. But already there ap­
pear to be some favorable results. After last year’s 
dismal record, the Chinese press has reported a 
steady rise in the country’s industrial output in the 
first months o f  1977. The total value o f industrial 
production in April, the last month for which figures 
are available, was up 7.9 percent over March and 
10.8 percent over April, 1976. In one important steel 
mill, a source o f particular trouble over the last 
few  years, production was said to  have risen 90 
percent over the first quarter o f last year. Foreign 
businessmen at the ^ r in g  session o f the Canton 
trade fair, where China conducts a large part o f 
its buying and selling, sudderdy found maktog deals 
much easier than in previous sessions. They reported 
a total o f $1 billion in transactions, a record.

In agriculture too, foreigners travelling around 
China have noted that the year’ s first crops seem 
to be growing well, despite persistent i z o r t s  from 
Peking that much of China is suffering from its worst 
drought since the Communists came to power in 
1949. Analysts in Hong Kong who follow  China are 
at a  loss to explain the contradiction. Some believe, 
however, that the Chinese may have deliberately 
exaggerated the severity o f  the drought to  prevent 
their people from ext>ectmg too much improvement 
in their standard o f living too soon. Last fall’s anrest 
o f Miss Chiang and other so-called radical leaders 
touched o ff an outburst o f  popular feeling, much 
o f which seemed to reflect long pent up hopes for 
a better life.

Whatever the explanartioni China has spent a pre­
cious $700 jtiillion in foreign exchange so far this 
year to purchase wheat from Canada and Australia, 
the largest amount in four years. It may be because 
o f a below average harvest last year, the drought, 
or simply to take advantage o f the current low  world 
prices for grain.

Despite the rise in industrial production, the diffi­
culties Peking faces in overcoming the effects of 
previous economic policies on China’s factories are 
dez-seated. A  plant in the central city o f Nanchang, 
visited by a group o f foreigners last week, illustrates 
the situation. The factory, which normally produces 
small tractors, was closed for 21 months in 1974-1976 
because o f factional fighting. According to the plant’s 
deputy manager, some workers who were "misled”  
by Miss Chiang’s group attacked others with bottles 
trf sulphuric acid, stones and wooden clubs. They 
also besieged the manager in his office 50 times 
during that period, once fo r  80 hours at a stretch. 
A t Other times they shut o f f  the factory’s supply 
o f water and electricity. Y et the factory’s 5,000 work­
ers had to be kept on the payroll the entire time, 
because, as the deputy manager explained, China’s 
social system guarantees the workers a livelihood. 
Altogether the closedown z s t  the factory— and ulti­
mately the country— $60 million.

A t least 10 other factories in Nanchang, the rite 
of the first Communist armed upriring 50 years ago, 
were affected by similar disorders. The deputy man­
ager did not say it, o f course, but the disruptions 
were part o f the heritage o f Mao that the country’s 
new leaders are trying to rapidly erase.

Analysts in Hong Kong believe China may well 
resume a long-term growth rate o f about 10 percent 
a year in industry and 3 percent a year in agriculture, 
an excellent record for a basically undeveloped coun­
try  with a p zu lation  o f 900 million. But ^ e re  may 
be limits to China’s growth. W ill the new leaders, 
for example, be able to overcome Mao’s legacy of 
timid management and what appears to  be a growing 
welfare state psychology? And in agriculture, where 
there is little land for expansion, w ill China be able, 
to keep enough ahead of its population growth of 
nearly 2 percent a  year simply %  zR lym g  greater 
and greater doses of fertilizer?

China’s new leaders, led by party Chairman Hua 
Kuo-feng, seem to be in basic agreement on the 
urgency of economic development. But they may 
fall to arguing among themselves about what sector 
o f the economy should be stressed— new factories 
for industry, more guns for the army, higher wages 
for workers, more fertilizer for the farmers. It may 
be on such pragmatic matters, mo r̂e mundane than 
the ideological quarrels Mao provoked, that Peking 
will divide in the future.

Fox Butterfield, a correspondent based in Hong 
Kong, covers China for The New York Times.



TheTrend Toward Sexual Equality: 
Depth of Transformation Uncertain

By ROBERT REINHOLD
Special to The New York Times

NORTHAMPTON, Mass.— As recently 
as 1955, Adlai E. Stevenson told the 
graduating women at Smith College that 
their role in life  was to “ influence us, 
man and boy,”  their task to “ restore 
valid, meaningful purpose to life in your 
home,”  and to keep their husbands “ truly 
purposeful.”

Twenty-two years later those graduates 
— “you girls,”  Mr. Stevenson called them 
— live in a different world. Many are di­
vorced, and nearly all have broken loose 
in some way from the constricted roles 
once set out for educated young wo-men 
and have gone through the kind of crisis

reflected in the words o f one of those 
graduates, which pointedly contrast her 
situation with what she perceived her 
husband’s to be:

“ I am incredibly alone. 1 am positively 
jealous of his travels and the interesting 
people he is seeing and meeting. I  am

M en  and W o m e n
Last o f a Series

raging at being brought up to he a lady, 
to ‘cope’ with a woman’s role and feeling 
the tremendous inequality o f it all. [M y 
husband] does try  to understand. But 
I ’m hard to  live with these days, and 
can’t^seem to find the wholeness.”  i 
. What are the forces that led to  tfiis^ 
upheaval in the way men and women^ 
relate to each other? And how far is Jit 
likely to go? W ill a day come when men 
and women share equally and fully In 
life ’s pursuits? ‘

The experts have some answers to d ie 
first question. They cite a variety o f com­
plex demographic, economic and Ideologi. 
cal trends that seem to have converged 
in the last decade to crystallize ch an ts  
that have been building at least sime 
World W ar II. :

But the outlook is a matter o f debate. 
I f  the functions of men and women eva i- 
tually merge fully— and many doubt that ' 
they w ill— it seems likely that almost 
every facet o f American life w ill have to  
change: child rearing, housing patterns, 
business practices, tax rules, recreation.

Continued on Page B4, Column 1 J

*



B4 THk: NICW xOKn. WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 30, 1977

The Trend Toward Sexual Equality: Depth of Transformation Still Uncertain
I ; Continued Frtmi Page A1

net student o f  the subject envisions a 
"fragmentation and reconfiguration”  

f aWult roles and the emergence of "neo- 
*SEllies”  in which both spouses work full 

and unrelated people play a larger 
)laf in the fam ily’s affairs and in raising 
aildren.
V|hether or not such a vision seems 

pppaling, sociologists believe that 
ogjen w ill continue fo r  some years to 
Bldeve greater parity with men, both in 
l•■:work jJace and in the home. But an 
nedsy sense o f  frustration and pessi- 
liajh is growing among some advocates 
f  ftill female equality in the face o f 
wwnting conservative opposition. More- 
vet, even some staunch feminists are 
tl)|Ctantly reaching the conclusion that 
tfgien’s aginations may ultimately be 
m^ed by inherent biological differences 
lat w ill forever leave men the dominant 
« :
Much has changed and not changed 

( EO years. A  woman may no longer 
atk to  choose between being “ a loved 
Sjiot”  and an “ achieving individual,”  as 
leMnthropologist Margaret Mead once 
B lithe dilemma facing the ambitious 
■ojian. But relationships between men 
a4women remain distant from the ideal 
raressed over a century ago by John 
tugrt Mill, who called for “ a principle 
f perfect equality, admitting no power 
r privilege on the one side, nor disability 
tt Idle other.”
I Decline in Birth Rate Cited
( Scholars maintain that the present up- 
^ y a i is rooted in something more than 
istth e arguments o f the women’s move- 
leftt, however persuasive. It is due as 
luch, they say, to such trends as the 
reoipitous decline in the birth rate and 
>e emergence o f inexpensive, effective 
irth-controi measures. The size o f the 
verage fam ily dropped from  nearly four 
hildren in 1957 to  less than two by 1976. 
I’This, combined with increased longevity 
nd a drop in infant mortality, has meant 
Pat millions o f well-educated women 
'ere finding that less and less o f their 
toie was being taken up by childbearing 
nd rearing. In the view  o f  Tamara K. 
iarevan, a historian of the family affiliat- 
d with Harvard and Clark Universities,

Use of Contraception 
By Married Women ,

15-24 25-34' 35-44
years old years old years old

For the purpose of this study, alt 
msthods of contraception, includ- 
Inp those used exclusively by the
husband, ere considered.
Source: Nsllonal Center tor I '*a#li StaUatlcs

Declining Birth Rate
(Live births per 1,000 population)

College in North Carolina, “ provided the 
indispensable condition for middle-class 
life  for  miliions.”

This influx was a turning point, said 
Professor Rossi. “ You have to have 
enough sisters out there to have home­
makers compare themselves to someone 
else.”  She added that these comparisons 
led to “ frustrations of expectations in the 
reality o f the American working place.” 

'ding to these forces, in the viewAd
o f many,'were the civil rights movement, 
the .'Vietnam W ar protests and the youth 
rebellion of the 60’s, all o f which aroused 
the Sensibilities of deprived groups.

Still subordinate at Homs
If lull equality of the sexes is ttie goal—  

and not everyone would agree that it is—  
then what are the prospects fo r  the fu­
ture? And i f  equality in the work piace 
is achieved, w ill it follow  in the home, 
where most experts agree women are still 
subordinate? As Mary Jo Bane o f the W el­
lesley Women’ s Research Center put it, 
“ Eyerybody’s in favor o f equal pay, but 
nobody’s in favor o f doing the dishes.”

One of the more optimistic is Professor 
Giele o f Brandeis, who believes that 
women stand to benefit from the narrow­
ing of environmental limits, which she 
says w ill put a premium on feminine 
characteristics. “ W e represent certain 
ways of getting things done that are less 
conerned with mastery over than harmo­
nizing with,”  she said. “ The women’s 
movement w ill get blended into a much 
larger shift in society and women will 
find themselves moving into important 
positions.

But for a variety o f reasons, pessimism 
is growing among many others. Dr. Judith 
Bardwick, a psychologist, feminist and 
a dean at the University o f Michigan, 
is now saying things that she herself does 
not want to believe and that are anathe­
ma to the very movement she supports. 
From recent scientific data on steroids 
and the centra! nervous system, she said, 
she is beginning to believe there may be 
some powerful underlying biological rea­
sons that w ill place a ceiling on feminine 
aspirations.

“ I f  you define dominance as who occu­
pies formal roles of responsibility,- then 
there is no society -where males are not 
dominant,” sbe said. “ When something is 
so universal, the. probability is— as reluc­
tant as I am to say it— that there is some 
quality of the organism that leads to this 
condition. So women may achieve greater 
parity, but w ill they achieve full parity? 
I don’t know.”

Dr. Bardwick’s conclusion is one that 
Professor Rossi, a founder of the National 
Organization for Women, is reaching 
also. It may mean, she says, that there 
never w ill be full parity in jobs, that 
women w ill always predominate in the 
caring tasks like teaching and social work 
and in the life sciences, while men w ill 
prevail in those requiring more aggres­
sion— business and politics, for example 
— and in the “ dead”  sciences like physics. 
“ I  don’t think parity necessarily means 
identicality,”  Mrs. Rossi said.

This argument does not sit well with

1820 1840 1860 1880 1 9 0 0  1920 1940 1960 1980* 2 0 0 0 *2 0 2 0 *

*Tlt«n  f lg iirM  ar* from Um  Cenwi* Biiraau’a Sarin II pngeeltont, band on certain aa- 
aumpttona about future fertittty, mortality and immtsration ratadi Set tea 11 ia the middle one 
of three distinct projectlona made by the bureau, and It used here becauM It employe the 
laatl extrenw aet of aeaumptlona. Source: Bureau of the Cantus.

Ttn New YorkTImes/Nov. 30,1077

V York TImes/Nov. 30,1777

for example, a woman who bears the last 
o f tw o children when 25 years old will 
still be under 40, with two-thirds. o f her 
adult life still ahead o f her, by the time 
the youngest child is fa irly  self-sufficient.

“ In the past the age spread of children 
was wider,”  said Professor Harevan. 
“ N ow  by the time people reach middle 
age, the children are gone. I t  means the 
growing isolation of older people.”

This and other trends, many o f them 
economic, have combined to provide a 
constituency for the modem women’s 
movement that previous ones lacked, ac­
cording to  William H. Chafe, a historian 
at Duke and author o f “ Women and 
Equality.”

“ As long as the day-to-day structure 
o f most women’s lives reinforced the ex­
isting distribution of sex roles, there was 
little possibility o f developing a feminist 
constituency committed to far-reachin-g 
change,”  he writes. “ The feminism o f  the 
1960’s.and 1970’s differed from previous 
women’s movements precisely because it 
grew out of and built upon prevailing 
social trends. For the first time ideologi­
cal protests and underlying social and 
economic changes -appeared to be moving 
in a similar direction.

“The social and economic trends had 
killed the reality underlying conventional 
ideas,”  said Professor Chafe, who cooks 
most of the meals in his home.

Roots in the 19th Century

Historians and economists trace what 
is happening today at least back to the 
latter part o f the 19th century, when 
growing industrialization put an end to 
the family as the chief economic unit of 
production. The year 1890 was the last 
time more than haif the population lived 
on farms.

Industrialization -swelled the middle 
classes, and the accompanying affluence 
made it possible for women to remain 
at home. Most working-class women con­
tinued to work and still do. Most experts 
seem to agree that the turning point came 
with World War II, when millions of 
women were called into industry. They 
responded, and - what is more, they 
showed they could grease locomotives 
and do many other jobs that men tradi­
tionally had held.

While women were encouraged to re­
turn to homemaking after the war, some 
important economic shifts were occur­
ring. Carolyn Shaw Bell, an economist

at W ellesley College, notes that the ex­
panding American economy began to 
shift rapidly from manufacturing to serv­
ice industries. This created many techni­
cal and office jobs in which brute 
strength was not a prerequisite and in 
whioh white middle-ciass women could 
feel comfortable.

Janet Z. Giele a sociologist at Brandeis 
and author of a forthcoming book, 
“ Women and the Future: Changing Sex 
Roles,”  traces the sudden rise in con­
sciousness about sex roles to changes 
that were taking place during the youth 
of people born in the 1930’s like the 
Smith College class o f  ’55. “ People began 
to get educations, there were changes in 
birth control, the possibility of delaying 
marriages, a differing view  o f mother­
hood,”  she said. “ Many jobs were no 
longer sex-determined. When they got to 
their 20’s and 30’s the whole nature of 
their roles had to be redefined.”

In the view  o f Alice Rossi, a sociologist 
at the University of Massachusetts, the 
transformation began long before the 
women’s movement. When large families 
were the rule 15 or 20 years ago, she 
■argues, married women with children 
started back to work because of rising 
costs. They went, she said, not out of 
some romantic pursuit o f  self-fulfillment, 
but simply to help out, to supplement 
family income, to be "cake winners.”

Working wives. Professor Chafe of 
Duke told a recent conference at Salem

MV UAV L/aV 

Enrollm ent 
In H igher Education

(Percentages of 
al| students;

1950 1976
SoHroft- Naliiyial Center lor Heailh StaBslIcs

The New York Tlmes/Nov. 30, 1977

many feminists, who have long argued 
that men behave the way they do because 
o f the subtle and not so subtle differences 
in the ways boys and girls are brought 
up. I f  only girls were not steered away 
from mathematics and business in school, 
they say, women gould indeed do well 
in such endeavors,

Permanent W ave in Labor Force
This matter aside, what are the pros­

pects for the immediate future? Professor 
Bell sees a “ new w ave”  of young women 
Who w ill never drop out o f the labor mar­
ket and hold full-time permanent jobs like 
men. She predicts that this change in the 
labor force w ill lead to a shift in the 
focus of public policy from the (arnily 
to the individual. For example, she specu­
lates that some day income taxes will 
be levied without regard to marital 
status.

Like many backers o f  equality for

women. Professor Bell believes that 
women will not achieve full status un)ii 
men are “ liberated”  from the societal 
pressures to achieve and dominate. “ I am 
convinced we need a revolution to make 
men able to support and- approve the kind 
o f development women are seeking,”  she 
said. “ I f  we have had a revolution ip 
the growth of women at work, we have 
not yet had a revolution putting men 
back in the household sharing tasks.”

I f  women do fully abandon their old 
roles in the community, Charles Franljel, 
the philosopher who heads the National 
Humanities Center in North Carolina, is 
tearful that the societal price w ill be high 
While he told the Salem College audience 
that he supported women’s rights, he 
asked what would replace the “ individual 
actions that^ make our communities so 
good,”  meaning the charity work, parent- 
teacher meetings, child care and other 
functions that housewives have tradition­
ally performed “ for free.”

“ What are the institutions w e are going 
to create to have the kind o f  world that 
w ill be tolerable under these new condi­
tions?”  he asked, much to the irritation 
of his mostly feminine audience.

What if full equality between the sexes 
is achieved? What w ill the country look 
like? Jean Lipman-Blumen, director of the 
Women’s Research Program at the Na­
tional Institute o f  Education, has exairt- 
ined that question and seen a rather dif-' 
ferent world. She foresees a further ero­
sion in the nuclear family,' marked by 
increased sexual activity in and out of 
marriage, a growth o f  communal living 
patterns to substitute for spouses in sin­
gle-parent famiies, a shortened work­
week that w ill allow fathers to emerge 
from their “ shadowy symbolic role.”

She talks of “ neo-families”  in which 
“ non-blood kin could assume the genera- 
tonal roles,”  and maintains that “ it no 
longer w ill be taken for granted that the 
husband’s economic role dominates the 
fam ily’s life, in terms o f its time schedule, 

.its geographic mobility, and its ieisure 
activities.”

Not a few  observers are doubtful that 
institutions w ill adapt sufficiently to per­
mit such a transformation. “ It is very 
difficuit to speculate about equal access 

.unless w e come to some conclusions 
about child care and working hours,”  said 
Jill Gonway, a historian who now heads 
Smith College. “ I am not very optimstic 
abut the future.”

Others note, too, that so far, benefits 
of the changes have accrued largely to 
middle - and upper - class women, that 
.black and working-class women generally 
work at jobs that are often dreary and de­
meaning because they have to, not be­
cause they want to.

“ The question is to what extent are 
we realiy witnessing real social change, 
or just fads in which only a small per­
centage are involved,”  observed Professor 
Harevan. “ I wonder if people studying 
our era 50 years from now w ill really 
accept the claim that this is a turning 
pomt.” ’



A18 T H E  N E W  y O E K  TIM ES, T H U R S i

%\it iSeUr Jlork Simejs
Founded in 1851

ADOLPH S. OCHS, Publisher 1896-1935 
ARTHUR HAYS SULZBERGER, Publisher 1935-1961 

ORVILE. DRYFOOS, Publisher 1961-1963

A. M. ROSENTHAL, Executive Editor 
SEYMOUR TOPPING, Managing Editor 

ARTHUR GELB, Deputy Managing Editor 
JAMES L. GREENFIELD, Assistant Managing Editor 

PETER MILLONES, Assistant Managing Editor 
LOUIS SILVERbTEIN, Managing Editor

•
MAX PRANKEL, Editorial Page Editor 

JACK ROSENTHAL, Deputy Editorial Page Editor 
CHARLOTTE CURTIS, Associate Editor 

•
TOM WICKER, Associate Editor

Let

Social Security and Sex Discrimination
F ou r decades ago, when Social S ecurity  benefits 

w e re  f irs t  paid , on ly  one m a rr ia g e , in  s ix  ended in di­
v o r c e  and on ly  one m arried  w om an  in  six w orked  out­
s id e th e hom e. Today, h a lf o f  a ll m a rr ia g e s  break  up 
and h a lf o f  a ll m arried  w om en  w ork . Y e t  Social Se­
cu r ity  benefits  a re  still ta ilo red  to  the trad ition  that 
each  fa m ily  has one b readw in ner and that e v e r y  m ar­
r ia g e  w il l  endure.

T h e  resu lt is  a  system  that is ne ith er fa ir  nor com ­
p le te ly  successfu l as basic  soc ia l insurance; and 
w om en  b ea r  m ost o f  the burden o f  d iscrim ination . Con­
g ress  recogn izes  the prob lem  but has not y e t  attem pted 
to  le g is la te  rem edies. Instead , it  ca lled  fo r  refo rm  
proposa ls  fro m  the D epartm ent o f  H ealth , Education 
and W e lfa re . In  a  recent report, th e d epa ijm en t o ff­
e red  tw o  m a jo r  refo rm s. E ith e r  w ou ld  m ee t the issue 
squ are ly , but there a re  advan tages to  w hat the depart­
m en t ca lls  th e “ tw o-tier”  approach.

Soc ia l Security  benefits a re  based on th e assump­
tion  th at one m arr iage  partner is  fin tm c ia lly  dependent 
on  the other. The dependent p a rtn er is not requ ired  to 
con tribu te  to  Social Security  and the benefits  fo r  both 
a re  k ey ed  to  the w ork ing p a rtn e r ’s taxab le  incom e.

S om e accom m odation  is m ade  fo r  tw o-w orker 
fa m ilie s , but it is aw kw ard  and inequ itab le. M arried  
w om en  w orkers , fo r  exam ple , g e t  pension cred its  in re­
turn fo r  th e ir  Social Security  ta x  paym ents. But these 
a r e  o ften  worth less. T h e ir  pension r igh ts  as dependents 
frequ en tly  exceed  their r igh ts  as w a ge  earners . T h e  
husband and w ife  who each earn  a  m odest incom e often  
g e t  sm a lle r  pensions than couples w ith  one w ell-paid  
w o rk er. T h is  fo llow s fro m  the fa c t that benefits  are 
la r g e ly  based  on earnings o f  th e better-pa id  partner. 
D iv o rc e , too, creates prob lem s o f  fa irness. A ftf^r the 
breakup  o f  a  long m arriage , hom em akers do tak e  w ith 
th em  h a lf o f  the w ork ing p a rtn er ’s benefits., B c i tw o

can l iv e  cheaper than one, and th is a rrangem ent 
c rea tes  fin an c ia l hardships fo r  both. W hen the m ar­
r ia g e  lasts less than ten yea rs , m oreover, the d ivorced  
h om em aker rece ives  no protection .

T h e  Adm in is tra tion  proposes tw o solu tions:
•  Sharing Earnings. F a m ily  earn ings would be 

poo led  and each  partn er would be cred ited  w ith  h a lf the 
to ta l in  com puting benefits. A ll d ivorced  w om en  would 
be cove red . T w o -ea m er  and on e-eam er fam ilies  w ith  
id en tica l incom es wou ld  rece ive  id en tica l protection .

•  Tw o-Tier Benefits. A ll current Socia l Security  re ­
c ip ien ts  wou ld  b e  en titled  to a  m in im um  personal bene­
fit ,  r ega rd less  o f  incom e or fa m ily  ro le . Th is  wou ld  be 
supplem ented  in proportion  to  contributions. D ivorced  
h om em akers wou ld  sp lit these second-tier benefits 
earned  during m arr iag e . Survivors wou ld  inherit sec­
ond-tier benefits  fro m  deceased  spouses. T h e  firs t tie r  
w ou ld  rep resen t stripped-down soc ia l insurance, soci­
e ty ’s no-strings ob liga tion  to everyone. T h e  second tie r  
wou ld  equ itab ly  rew ard  financial e ffo rt.

E ith e r  approach  would b reak  the trad itiona l link  to 
fa m ily  status and e ith er  could be pa id  fo r  out o f  
p ro je c ted  p ay ro ll-tax  revenues. But the tw o-tier ap­
proach  is m uch preferab le . I t  goes fa r  beyond Con­
g re s s ’ s n a rrow  m andate m ere ly  to  d ev ise  w ays  to 
e lim in a te  sex  d iscr im in ation ..

Socia l S ecurity  has becom e a  con fusing m elange o f 
soc ia l en tit lem en t and pension, w ith  $9 b illion  a  m onth 
shu ffled  in  seem in g ly  haphazard fashion fro m  w age  
earners , r ich  and poor, to ret irees , r ich  and poor. R e­
cip ien ts b itte r ly  res is t e v e ry  proposed benefit cut, no 
m a tte r  how  justified  o r  well-intentioned. W a ge  earners  
how l —  fo r  the m om ent, in e ffectu a lly  —  as pay ro ll 
taxes go  up. T h e  tw o -tie r  approach wou ld  m ake a  ra ­
tiona l deba te  possib le. Social change could be ad­
dressed  w ithout im perilin g  w hat everyon e  does a g re e  
m ; th e need  to  r-v e secu rity  and d ign ity  o f  the
old  and disab led .

•key a Hand
tigh ten ing  p ro gram  that P r im e  M in ister E c ev it  has 
been res is tin g  fo r  months. W ith  20 percen t unem ploy- 
tient, 50 p ercen t in flation , industry w ork ing  at 55 per- 

j :a p a c lt y  and mounting po litica l v io lence, M r. 
^hls n a rrow  p a rliam en tary  m a jo r ity  fea r  

g te r ity  would increase unrest, b rin g down ■ 
ht and endanger d em ocracy . M r. E ce- 

^m idoubtedly justified . M oreover, 
ortance, betw een  the Soviet 

^is too g rea t fo r  its future to  , 
^ ju d gm en ts .

g ll p art o f  the b illion 
1 be obta ins 
iv a te

G ive
Back*
To the Ed 

T h eF J  
dude th i 
D.C., f r  
of unduel 

Your i 
than one 
resident! 
em m entl 
ch ildren ! 
lobbyist! 
the bus! 
interestf 
spendii 
caused] 
ingtonj 
change!

In th f 
lation 
black., 
is the i  
ence.

tion’s, 
lande 
by V l  
ginia-1 
Fedq 
land



Stress and the Executive Woman
By ROSALIND FORBES

Executive women w ill invariably en­
counter stress. However, there are cer­
tain techniques they can use when 
trying to reduce the strain o f working 
and interacting in a man’s world. 
These rules should help reduce the 
strain for women at the top:

Do not criticize a man in public. If 
you do, you w ill probably create feel­
ings o f resentment and hostility that 
m ay hurt your working relationship. 
Avoiding public criticism  does not 
mean you should not confront the prob­
lem. Instead, find a private place to 
discuss what it is about his perform­
ance that is unacceptable. You will be 
respected i f  you are firm  and fair, al­
though you still m ay not necessarily be 
liked. Adopt a new personal motto; 
“ I ’d rather be respected than liked.’ ’

Avoid sitting behind a formidable 
desk during one-to-one interactions. 
Most men are threatened by power in a 
woman, and avoiding physical remind­
ers o f this power w ill help reduce some 
o f their discomfort.

Refrain from becoming defensive 
about being a female manager. While 
remaining aware of the difficulties 
men have in relating to a fem ale boss, 
do not permit or reward behavior that 
is personally offensive to you.

Consciously work against your past 
conditioning of wanting to be liked by 
males. You w ill deliberately have to 
work on your handicap of wanting male 
approval. Succumbing to these desires 
may be destructive to you as a man­
ager and lim it your personal effective­
ness on the job.

Avoid setting up a win-or-lose situa­
tion in which the issue is his manhood 
versus your womanhood. Deal with 
tangible facts. Go d irectly to the prob­
lem and avoid being thrown o ff guard 
by statements such as, "Y ou  are a cas­
trating, abrasive bitch e tc . . .  ’ ’ I f  an in­
dividual says that to you, calm ly reply, 
“ That has no relevancy to the problem 
at hand. We are discussing this prob­
lem, and that behavior w ill not be re­
warded.”

Keep your relations with males on a 
professional and business level. Avoid 
falling into the trap o f becoming “ one 
of the guys. ”  Emphasize your compe­
tence rather than your personality.

Carefully study the informal systems 
of behavior among male managers in 
your company. Know your hierarchy 
and the unwritten rules and games that 
affect personal relationships and influ­
ence promotions and decision-making.

Establish friendships with other top- 
level women in your company. Make a 
commitment to help and support one 
another professionally and personally. 
Track down and inform one another of 
job opportunities within the company 
as well as outside of it.

Decide whether vou really want a ca­
reer in management. What do you want 
out of your job? What things are impor­
tant to you in your life right now? How 
long do you expect to continue work­
ing? Where do you want to be five years 
from now? Realistically evaluate your 
chances of achieving those objectives.

Try to find yourself a mentor. Seek 
out someone who can advise you at 
critical times in your career. A  mentor 
is usually an older executive with ex­
perience and good judgment who can 
act as a sounding board for your ideas. 
He or she should be someone to whom 
you can go for advice before making 
important decisions.

Make yourself and your work visible 
to the right people. I f  you have under­
taken any extra projects or special re-

Am ong the rules: 
save your criticism 

of male employees 

for private talks.

ports, be certain that this is brought to 
the attention o f upper management.

The Working Mother
In a society in which few adults have 

been conditioned to divide household 
chores equally, marriages are rare in 
which both spouses participate in the 
day-to-day jobs of running a house and 
caring fo ra  family. While guilt, resent­
ment, self-depreciation, work overload 
and conflicting demands catch most 

i

Robert Neubecker

working mothers in a double bind, the 
situation is not hopeless. Techniques to 
reduce the physical effects of stress 
may help com ^nsate when the source 
0 stress itself can’t be eliminated;

Stop trying to be a superwoman. 
Recognize that you simply cannot do 
everything. Decide what is important, 
then set your priorities. The kitchen 
floor may never be immaculate enough 
to eat from, but your are likely to save 
yourself from exhaustion if  you are not 
compulsive about house cleaning.

Organize. Arrange segments of time 
when you can be with your spouse or 
children. Remember, the quality of 
time spent together is more important 
than the quantity.

Plan ahead. T ry  to get as much done 
at home as you can before leaving for 
work in the morning. Make beds, wash 
dishes and even start dinner. Some 
women find crock-pot cooking the an­
swer to their needs. By planning ahead, 
you will be more likely to have time for 
relaxing when you get home after a tir­
ing day.

Soak in a warm bubble bath. A  long, 
warm  bath at the end of the day can re­
lieve much of the tension and pick up 
your spirits. When you finish, splash on 
some after-bath lotion. You w ill feel 
like a new person.

Occupational Hazards
Stress does not discrim inate between 

the sexes. But the dynamics of the way 
pressure situations are carried out 
may differ. And certain occupations 
are measurably more stressful than

others. --
For policemen, a m ajor tension is the j 

community demand that they rem ain! 
calm in spite o f whatever they m ayl 
face. Firemen and a ir  traffic control-1 
lers face sim ilarly tense, life-and-death ] 
situations every  day. I

When a policeman is called to the I 
scene of a fatal accident, he is not per-1 
mitted to show his emotions. And when' 
the result o f some violence requires 
him to advise someone of the deathsof a 
spouse, he is looked to for stability. ,i 

The high degree of job stress makes 
policemen especially vulnerable to 
temptations like alcohol and driigs::The 
availability o f prostitutes is a factor 
that worries manjt police wives. When 
it is so hard to find someone to unbur­
den your troubles to, prostitutes can 
seem especially inviting to a lonely po­
liceman.

Professional football coaches, bn the

You will deliberately 

have to work oh your 

handicap of wanting 

approval from men.

other hand, say their stress is often 
caused by their inability to do anything 
once a game starts. Once the players 
are on the field, the coach is faced with 
a situation in which he has responsibil­
ity for the outcome yet doesnT have full 
and direct control over the, factors af­
fecting that outcome. i

When the Dow Jones goes, down, his 
stress goes up —  the stock broker, that 
is. Stock broker stress is caused pri­
marily by the need to make a  sale. The 
highly paced environment he works in 
also causes stress. The most successful 
tool for eliminating that:-tension is 
knowledge. The more knowledge a 
stock broker can obtain cowceming the 
stocks he is dealing with, the less risk 
w ill be involved in his decisions and the 
more confidence he can d i^ la y  in mak­
ing a sale.

Operating room nurses also face 
high-impact pressure on the job. Para­
mount to an their success is the ability 
to maintain inner controhat all times. 
Consequently, vehicles outside the op­
erating room must be usedfor venting 
stress. Some nurses compimsate by ex­
pressing anger to their peers or subor­
dinates. Others m ight take out their 
frustrations on their famiGes.

The anticipation of crisis is an ever­
present pressure; therefore nurses 
have to be constantly geared up to act. 
The members of this piofession live 
continually under a cloud of anxiety 
that is both anticipated and real.

Rosalind Forbes is the author of the 
book "Corporate Stress,V Doubleday/ 
Dolphiri, 1379, from which this article is 
excerpted



Champion of the Woman Miner
By ERNIE BEAZLEY

OAK RIDGE, Tenn. —  Tradition dies 
hard in the hills o f Appalachia. A  woman in 
a coal mine, so A e  superstition goes, 
brings bad luck. No women mined coal. No 
women went underground. But all that 
began to change two years ago after a coal 
operator in Tennessee wouldn’t let a 
woman member of a local public-interest 
group join a tour of the mine.

“ That one incident really started us 
thinking,”  says Betty Jean Hall, a 33-year- 
old lawyer whose heavy Kentucky accent 
has become a rallying point for women in 
Appalachian coal fields. “ I f  men won’t 
even let a woman tour a mine, how does 
she go about finding a Job in one?”

Thanks largely to.a legal and grass-roots 
campaign against sex discrimination 
waged by Miss Hall, women are mining 
coal alongside men. Miss Hall’s Coal Em­
ployment Project, based in Oak Ridge, has 
brought historic change to the industry. 
Last month, in the latest development, two 
Wyoming coal companies agreed to a 
Labor Department settlement providing 
186 women with about $200,000 in back pay.

Miss Hall’s  campaign got under way in 
earnest in May 1978, when the organization 
charged 153 coal companies with blatant 
sexual bias.

The Labor Department three weeks 
later announced it had chosen the compa­
nies for a concentrated review of job op­
portunities for women and minorities. The 
mines owned by those companies repre­
sent more than half the nation’s produc­
tion, and the review was the first for a blue- 
collar industry and only the third ever by 
the Federal Government.

Last December, the first o f what was ex­
pected to be a series of settlements provid­
ing back pay and commitments to hire 
women was reached. In addition to paying 
$370,000 to 70 women denied jobs because 
they are women, the Consolidation Coal 
Company of Pittsburgh, second largest in 
the nation, agreed to hire one woman for 
every four men.

At least two other huge companies, the 
Island Creek Coal Company of Lexin^on, 
Ky., and the St. Louis-based Peabody Coal 
Company, largest in the nation, are pow 
under investigation as a result o f the com­
plaint by Miss Hall’s organization.

“ Sure, coal mining is hard work,”  says 
Miss Hall, “ but so is house work and so is 
working in sewing factories for minimum 
wages. Just about ali the women I ’ve 
talked to agree that i f  they have to choose 
between making $6,000 a year in a factory 
and mining coal for $60 or more a day, 
they’ll go into the mines. ’ ’

Women now fill 2,600 jobs in the industry 
but coal mining commands a national work 
force of more than 200,000, and the ranks of 
women are unlikely to swell overnight. 
Still, women are entering the male-domi­
nated world in increasing numbers, •

Despite her apparent success. Miss Hall 
says matters could be better. “ We know 
we’re in for a lopg haul,”  she says. “ We 
know it ’s going to take some time. But they 
say the only people getting hired today are 
women and biacks, and if you just look at 
the numbers for thiŝ  year, you’ll see that

The New York Times/Emle Beazley

Betty Jean Hall

women are just about 1 percent of the work 
force.”  But she adds: “ We have had an im­
pact. Six years ago there were no women 
miners and when we got started in 1977 
there were only 992. We are breaking the 
barriers, and after that is done it w ill be 
easier. I t ’s like being the first woman on a 

- ship. Nobody wants you on their crew.”
For Miss Hall, who a few  years ago 

would have seemed an unlikely general for 
a campaign against the coal industry, 
what is now a  full-time cause began rather 
routinely in the spring of 1977. She had 
begun a general law practice in Washing­
ton when she was asked to research 
women’s rights in coal mining by the Ten­
nessee public-interest group whose mem­
ber had been refused entry to the mine. “ It 
occurred to me that even though I had 
grown up in Kentucky, I  didn’t know a sin­
gle woman miner, ’ ’ she says.

After she was assured there was no dis­
crimination in the industry by the Depart­
ment of Interior, which at that time main­
tained only a 20-member staff to regulate 
affirmative-action programs in four major 
industries. Miss Hall continued asking 
questions. She found Federal statistics 
showing that 99.8 percent of all coal miners 
were men, and that 97.8 percent o f all in­
dustry employees —  including file clerks 
(and secretaries— were also men.

More importantly, she also found the in­
strument her group would use to force 
change within the industry —  a 1965 execu­
tive order signed by President Lyndon B. 
Johnson that in many ways, she says, was 
more useful than the landmark Civil 
Rights Act of 1964. Like the law, the execu­
tive order outlined opposition to race and 
sex discrimination, but it also required 
businesses holding Federal contracts to de­
velop affirm ative action plans for minori­
ties and women.

After a two-day fund-raiser in New York 
netted a $5,000 grant from the Ms. Founda­
tion, Miss Hall’s organization was formed. 
St^l, she admits, she had doubts. “ So what j

if we had a great legal case?”  she says. “ I 
didn’t know how many women really 
wanted to do this kind of work. Fortunately 
the answer came real quick.”  

Nevertheless, Miss Hall’s group faced 
problems from the beginning —  sexual 
harassment, superstition and estrange- 
“ment by families. In addition, there was 
the simple fact that many women trainees 
possessed neither the physical strength nor 
the mechanical knowledge developed natu­
rally by men. Some of the problems, she 
says, have been solved through training.

“ A  lot o f the women aren’t fam iliar with 
tools,”  says Miss Hall, a woman who 
stands a little more than 5 feet tall. “ Guys 
here grow up working on cars and know the 
difference between a vice grip  and a Phil­
lips head screwdriver. Women here grow 
up baking cookies and cleaning house.”  

Although difficulties such as these can 
be erased through a training program of­
fered by Miss Hall’s organization, sexual 
harassment Tis a severe day-to-day prob­
lem for women miners. In one incident, 
two women miners were stripped and 
greased as part of the sudden revival o f an 
initiation rite that died long ago. In an­
other, a divorced mother was nearly raped 
by a miner who had repeatedly exposed 
himself to her when other workers had left 
the mine shaft. Although events like these 
are more rare, verbal abuse or subtle pres­
sure from foremen to extend sexual favors 
in exchange for. keeping their jobs is 
“ really widfespread,”  says Miss Hall.

Miss Hall grew up in the towns of Buck- 
horn tmd Berea, Ky. Her father taught in­
dustrial arts in a local high school and her 
mother was a housewife. A fter graduating 
from Berea College in 1968 with a degree in 
history, she spent three years at the Appa­
lachian Regional Commission, then en­
tered Antioch Law School in Washington, 
where she first experienced two incidents 
that “ pointed out to me for the first time 
that sex discrimination is a fact o f life.

“ When I was at liberated Antioch, home 
of all the dispossessed women and minori­
ties of the world,”  she says, “ I had a law 
professor who supervised me and the guy I 
was teamed up with in a legal clinic. It was 
pretty obvious from the start that the pro­
fessor assumed the guy would do the inter­
views, make the decisions, develop the 
strategy and write the memos. “ I think 
that was the first time it really hit me.”  

While Miss Hall’s group is o ff to a quick 
start, the immediate prospects for a 
sharper upturn in jobs for women miners 
are not good. Production has leveled off 
sharply this year; miners are out of work 
from Pennsylvania to Alabama. Still, Miss 
Hall is optimistic, pointing to government 
and industry studies that forecast hun­
dreds of thousands of new mining jo te  be­
fore the end of the century.

“ There’s always re^ntm ent at first,”  
she says, “ but after the first couple of 
women have been in there for a while the 
men learn to accept it. That’s why I think if 
we ever reach a point where we have 10 or 
15 percent women in these mines, we might 
be able to go out o f business and feel good 
about it.”

Ernie Beazley writes on energy and busi­
ness topics from Knoxville, Tenrt



Self-Fulfillment:Independence vs. Intimacj
By AN NA  QUINDLEN

At night in the Greenpoint section of 
Brooklyn, the deep voices of men, hoarse 
from liquor and the loading dock, drift 
to the street from gritty neighborhood 
bars. The taverns’ rear entrances are 
guarded by the neon legend "Ladies 
Only.”

The lights of Manhattan are only 
minutes away. But Greenpoint might be 
any small, conservative American indus­
trial town, any town where the people 
are working class poor, where the girls 
still marry in their teens, where change 
is a synonym for upset.

It was a bad place for  Linda and Jimmy 
Fox to try to alter the relationship be-

M en  and W o m e n
Second of a Series

tween man and woman, a relationship 
established many, many years ago and 
now as much a part of Greenpoint as 
a day’s hard work.

But the Foxes did try to change their 
relationship, for  even Greenpoint— ^where 
cohabitation is something rich kids do 
in “ The City”  and where the words 
“ women’ s lib”  are always good for a 
laugh— reverberates to the forces that are 
transforming life in America.

The Foxes feel pain, frustration, be­
wilderment, even guilt, when Linda goes 
o ff to the job she loves while Jimmy 
meets their daughter at school, when she 
becomes active in community organizing 
while he does the vacuuming..

They are confused and sometimes al­
most resentful over this reversal o f roles

aV ™

20% I 40% I 60% I 80% i

Percentages of 
Young People Who Have 
Never Married
(By age and sex)

gjjjjjjj Percentage in 1960
Increase from 1960 to 1976

Btfreauofthe Cen$os •

The New York Times/Nov. 28, W7

— " I  take a lot o f kidding,”  Jimmy says-— 
but they are determined to remain togeth­
er, and in both their confusion and their 
determination the Foxes mirror millions 
of others across the nation.

They are millions caught in an age of 
self-fulfillment, when best-seller lists are 
filled with titles that promise instruction 
in how to say no without guilt, how to 
be your own best friend, how to get

power and use it. In such times, especial­
ly  for women bombarded with assurances 
that they’ve “ come a long way baby,” 
the traditional life bounded by the kitch­
en and the front yard is hardly enough.

The changes are having a profound 
effect not only upon the men and women 
searching for new, more vital relation-

continued on Page 36, Column 1



W elfare reform should focus on women
President Carter is a President who 

lik e s  to be a p p re c ia te d . H is  
con versa tion  w ith  V ern on  Jordan 
suggests th at he fe e ls  he is n o t 
appreciated enough, so it is a welcome 
change of pace to be able to join, 
moderately, in the widespread hailing 
of the w elfare reform plan as a step in 
the right direction.

An income support plan is a step in 
the right direction toward including 
the poor in the general economic 
s o c ie ty .  T w e lv e  p e rc e n t o f  the 
population lives below the poverty 
level, and .Carter —  in calling for a new 
system o f income distribution — has 
acknowledged that they are not poor 
enough through their own fault but 
because of some fault in the old system.

T h e  P r e s id e n t ’ s m essage  to 
Congress acknowledges certain other 
facts about poverty. The poor wish to 
work. The providers of w elfare cheat 
Day care is necessary and desirable. 
The definitions o f fam ily and head of 
household are carefully enlarged. The 
working poor are included and the evil 
practice of denying benefits to a fam ily 
with a man in the household is to be 
abolished.

B u t in all the urgent meetings with 
mayors and governors, Cabinet and 
Congress, one crucial point has failed 
to be clarified. That is the matter of 
who is actually on welfare. N ipety 
percent of the people receiving A id  to 
Dependent Children are three million 
women taking care o f eight million 
children. There are only 70,000 men on 
ADC.

Welfare is a women’s issue. Not 
those “ other”  women — lazy, not quite 
bright enough to keep a man to support

JANE O ’REILLY

them. A l l  women. It can happen to any 
o f us. A  study by the Un iversity of 
M ichigan showed that a third of the 
women who were divorced and not 
remarried fe ll below the poverty line 
a fterw ard; even  counting alim ony, 
child support and welfare.

It is commendable to cease driving a 
man out of the home by denying 
benefits if he is there. But 18 states 
have programs of aid w ith  unemployed 
fathers at home, and in California, for 
example, there are 172,276 fam ilies on 
w elfare and only 40,687 with a father at 
home. A  man with a job does not solve 
welfare. The solution is to make women 
self-supporting.

G iven the facts of who is on welfare, 
it would seem d ifficu lt —  in a program 
of jobs and income — to avoid the 
problem o f day care. But until the 
T h u rs d a y  b e fo r e  C a r t e r ’ s 
announcem ent, day care was not 
mentioned in the plan. In the final 
v e rs io n , d a y  care  is s t i l l  o n ly  
mentioned, not provided for, but even a 
mention is reassuring indication that 
th e A d m in is t r a t io n  has lea rn ed  
something about poverty.

It has a lot to learn. As recently as 
last March, Assistant -Secretary of 
Labor Arnold H. Packer wrote a memo 
on w elfare reform which said: “ One can 
th ink o f the trad ition a l Am erican 
fam ily structure w ith two parents and 
children, in which the fam ily head goes 
out to work and makes enough o f a 
liv ing  to keep the fam ily  together. The 
major thrust o f any program ought to

be to support this as the predominant 
situation fo r  Americans. Secondly, for 
fam ilies  in  w h ich  there are small 
children, and on ly one parent, there 
should be enough support for  those 
fam ilies to live  a d ign ified life . The 
incentives should be arranged so that 
in d iv id u a ls  p re fe r  the tw o-paren t 
arrangement. The earnings at work 
should be sufficien tly greater than the 
dole on w elfare to encourage fam ilies to 
stay together or to encourage women 
who are single parents to remarry.”

As it happens, only 15.5 percent of 
a ll A m erican  fam ilies  are in the 
“ p red o m in a n t s itu a t io n ”  P a c k er  
blithely imagines. Furthermore, poor 
women do not fa il to remarry because 
they have more fun single on welfare. 
This sort o f ignorance and contempt for 
poor w om en  created  our present 
custodial, paternalistic w elfare system.

Even though people closer to reality 
—  notab ly the women inside and 
outside the Adm inistration — vastly 
im proved the fina l version of the 
reform  plan, Carter’s final product is 
far too firm ly  focused on jobs for 
fathers and the intact fam ily.

President Carter’s altitude toward 
poor women is more truly reflected in 
his insistence that they be denied 
Medicaid payment for  abortion. He 
cannot accept the notion of assisting 
poor women to control their own lives, 
either through control o f their bodies or 
through control o f their own economic 
destinies.

True w elfare reform  depends on 
training women for the best paying 
jobs, on a national day care program, 
and on an end to the idea that a man is 
the solution to the woman’s problems.



Women Gain Job Status, 
But Slowly, Study Says

Women are slowly moving up the 
corporate ladder into higher-powered, 
higher-paying jobs, hut they still have 
a long way to go before they reach 
parity with their male counterparts, ac­
cording to a study released yesterday 
by the Conference Board,.

The study, by the independent non­
profit business research organization, 
found that between 1972 and 1975, the 
number of women managers in corpo­
rations rose 22 percent, compared with 
an 8 percent increase in the number 
o f male managers. During the same 
period, the number of Women in profes­
sional and technical jobs grew by 24 
percent, compared with a 1 percent 
rise posted by men.

Despite these gains, women continue 
to be clustered in the “ traditionally 
female”  jobs such as retail and clerical 
work.

“ There has been a change, but not 
enough to make a marked difference 
in the overall configuration o f the jobs 
that women hold,”  Ruth Gilbert Shaf­
fer, co-author of the study with Helen 
Axel, said in a telephone interview. 
Private Sector Still Male-Dominated

The characteristic feature of the 
country’s female labor force “ has been 
— and continues to be— severe occupa­
tional segregation,”  the study found. 
“ Unlike men, most women workers are 
crowded into a relatively narrow range 
of lower-paying, less-desirable occupa­
tion.”

One result, it said, is that the corpo­
rate sector continues to be male-<k)mi- 
nated. Some 68 percent of all’ working 
men are now employed in the private 
sector, compared with only 50 percent 
o f all working women.

The Conference Board analyzed data 
from the Census Bureau, the Equal Em­
ployment Opportunity Commission, 
and its own survey of 111 “ very large”  
companies in the study.

It also rearranged industries into 
“ male intensive”  (those in which 70 
percent or more of the employees were 
men) such as construction, mining and 
transportation, and “ female intensive”  
(31 percent or more of female employ­

ees) &ch as publishingg, finance and 
retail trade.

“The overall story,”  according to the 
relative strength most significantly in 
the white-collar occupations,”  in both 
study, “ is that women improved their 
male and female intensive industries.

“ The greatest improvement was in 
female intensive industries such 
banking and insurance,”  Dr. Shaeffer 
noted.

Furthermore, she said, it appears that 
the biggest movement up the corporate 
ladder was made by women employed 
by the “ very large”  companies.

In the insurance industry, for exam­
ple, the proportion of women managers 
edged up to 18 percent from 17 per­
cent, while in large companies as a 
whole, there wais a jump to 10 percent 
from 6 percent.
Transportation Field Lags

Transportation was one field 
which women in big companies en­
countered difficulties in moving ahead. 
The study noted that female employ­
ment in that field dropped by more 
than 3 percent from 1970 to 1975.

The Conference Board said that 
major factors in women’s job progress 
for the period were new Federal anti­
discrimination laws as well as the far- 
reaching 1973 consent decree that the 
American Telephone and Telegraph 
Company signed with the Federal Gov­
ernment, in which the company pledged 
to increase employment opportunities 
for women in the Boll System.

“ The odds art that most o f the im­
provement occurred after the 1973 de­
cree,”  Dr. Shaeffer said, “ because a!t 
this point companies were forcefully 
alerted that they had an obligation to 
w'omen.”

As for the future, the Conference 
Board said that if the new hiring pat­
terns coiitinue, “ it is clear there will 
be significantly different occupational 
profiles for women.”  But it is likely 
to be “many decades”  before women 
and men share equally in the top deci- 
sion-malking roles in certain male- 
dominated industries, it added, noting 
that “ some doubt it w ill ever happen.” ;



RID AY, NOVEMBER 26, 1976

Letters to the Ei
Jobless Rate: The Female-Factor Fallacy
To the Editor:

It is typical for Administration o f­
ficials to point their fingers at women 
whenever unemployment rates remain 
unacceptably high. This past summer, 
increases in the unemployment rate 
juxtaposed with rapid employment 
growth once again directed official at­
tention toward female labor force 
growth. For example, at a news con­
ference on Sept. 3, Alan Greenspan, 
chairman of the President’s Council c f  
Economic Advisers, discussed the 
August increase in the unemployment 
rate in the context of the "extraor­
dinary”  pace of women’s entry into 
the labor force. While no doubt there 
are many women who would be de­
lighted to believe that they had played 
some role in Ford’s defeat, we do not 
think that women can take full credit 
for unsettling the Administration’s 
plans for a smooth economic recovery. 
The fact is that the majority o f re­
entrants into the labor force in 1976 
have been male.

There have been two significant and 
related errors of fact and interpreta­
tion in the explanation advanced for 
the recent increase in the unemploy­
ment rate. First, the long-run upward 
trend in the female labor force par­
ticipation rate has been confused with 
fluctuations in labor force participa­
tion rates over the business cycle. 
Second, there has been a failure to 
recognize the important ways in which

the unusually severe 1975 recession 
differed from previous recessions.

Our recent research indicates that 
the usual tendency for workers to be­
come discouraged, leaving the labor 
force when unemployment is high and 
re-entering when economic recovery 
begins, increased significantly in the 
recent recession. This was largely due 
to the increase in the responsiveness 
of the labor force participation of 
prime-age men to employment con­
ditions. Our estimates. show that in 
1975 over three-quarters of discour­
aged workers were male. These same 
men are now re-entering the lalbor 
force in record numbers, as evidenced 
by the increase in their labor force 
participation rate from 79.3 percent 
in March to 80.6 percent in October—  
a reversal o f the long-run downward 
trend. Over this same period, women’: 
labo^ force participation rates showed 
no significant change. The combinatio: 
o f an unusually sluggish recovery and 
an acceleration o f labor force growth, 
particularly among men, are the two 
chief causes o f recent unemployment 
increases. Government policy-makers 
might take these unemployment in­
creases more seriously if they would 
only recognize these basic facts.

Beth Niemi, Cynthia B. Lloyd 
New York, Nov. 19, 1976 

The writers are, respectively, associate 
professor of economics at Rutgers and 
assistant professor of economics at 
Barnard.



36 THE NEW YORK TIMES, MONDAY, NOVEMBER 28, 1977

Family Tensions: Independence vs: Intimacy
**■ ______  ___  1_____

Continued From Page I

ships among themselves but also upon 
their children, their colleagues in the 
workplace, virtually all o f society.

Nevertheless, the frenetic search for 
self-fulfillment has obscured something 
older and perhaps more basic: the need 
for intimacy. And m growittg numbers 
Americans appear to be turning back to 
if as a focus o f their lives.

a divorce rate that doubled in a dec­
ade attested to the drive for  independ­
ence, the leveling o ff o f that rate in the 
last year suggests the yearning for inti­
macy. Some 95 percent o f all Americans 
w ill some day marry, and o f those who 
divorce about 80 percent wilt marry 
again.

These unions may take new forms—  
they may be open marriages or long-dis­
tance marriages— and they may follow 
yeas o f living together in violation of 
the traditional rules. But Americans of 
every age and sociai level, however their 
values have changed, still view  marriage 
as the best way to achieve the conflict­
ing goals society has set them, the 
inalienable rights to intimacy and inde­
pendence.

“ People read all these things and hear 
41 these things and they begin to think 
they deserve more,”  says Sophie Freud 
Lbewenstein, a social worker and a 
professor at Simmons College in Boston. 
“Women who have taken it for granted 
that their sexual satisfaction was umm- 
iportant are now reading about women 
hw ing multiple orgasms. Many men real­
ize  that they’ve been ripped o ff by being 
iprogrammed to deny their expressive as­
pects. It becomes a possibility to throw 
out some o f the old sex roles and change 
drastically. "That change can be very 
frightening but the atmosphere makes it 
more permissible.”

Freedom Means Courage 
“ I counseled a group of women frOm 

the working classes at a Catholic center 
here.”  she added. “About 90 percent of 
them had alcoholic husbands. Twenty 
years ago they would have had alcoholic 
husbands, too, but it would have been 
their cross to bear, the only release being 
death. Now the spirit of the times, the 
Zeitgeist, gives them more courage to ter­
minate an impossible situation and to 
feel like they deserve better. They no 
longer feel they must lose their religion 
and they would not feel like they have 
to be parias. And I think they are be­
ginning to feel for  the first time that 
thesT have a right to happiness.”

Dr. Fred G. Humphreys, the president 
of the American Association of Marriage 
and Family Counselors, who recently pro­
claimed the institution of marriage alive 
and well at a national convention, never­
theless reports that he finds many of the 
same kinds of strains and expectations 
in his practice in Stores, Conn.

"When I started out, roles id society, 
particularly for women, were clearly de­
fined— wife and mother and, if they had 
extra time, volunteer work. That’s 
changed immeasurably, although there 
are still many women who do conform 
tq| that role. But a good many men are 
finding it hard to adjust to their ‘uppity’ 
wives, women who are saying for the 
first time, ‘I  have brains and ability and 
I want to use them.’ Even the ones who 
stay'home are telling their husbands in 
no uncertain terms what they can do with 
their demands for instant sex. Men are 
having to learn that they are not numero 
uno, and that’s very hard for a man who 
grew up with a father who played just 
that role. Women have rising needs and 
expectations and their husbands have had 
to revise their own.”

Perhaps nowhere else are those expec­
tations so clearly reflected, the yen for 
the best of both self and sharing mirrored 
so dramatically, as in the failed marriage, 
the institution especially designed to re­
flect dissatisfaction with a relationship 
that provides no intimacy and yet denies 
independence.

Together but Separate 
Perhaps they are just as well reflected 

In the words o f women at the Cente for 
Displaced Homemakers in Baltimore, a 
program financed by Maryland for 
womeo over 35 whose career was home­
making and who have had to adjust to 
a  radical change tiirough the death of 
a spouse or, more often divorce. Many 
o f them spkk  of living together but 
alone, dependent on the services each pro­
v id e — he financial, she domestic— ^with­
out ever really sharinng.

“ After 17 years we didn’t eat together, 
we didn’t talk together, we didn’t sleep 
together,”  said "Ellen Moyer, director of 
the -State Commission on Women and a 
resident of Annapolis.

“ i  was a fun wife,”  said Diana 
McLhughlin, a handsome woman married 
for 34 years to a merchant marine cap­
tain; " I  drank with him, I played with 
him„' I  jumped in and out o f b ^ ,  I  was 
a geod time. And when he was away 
at sda I raised four children with no help.
I  knew toward the end the marriage was 
disintegrating, but I  didn’t do anything 
because I didn’t know what to do with 
myself if I did. I was a very independent 
type, when I got married but after all 
those years I didn’ t feel that way. Then 
twoidays before Christmas a couple of 
years ago he came home and told me 
he -Ranted to  divorce me for another 
woman.”

And Barbara Tucker, a Bronx native 
w hojnow  lives in -Baltimore, said with 
a wry smile, “When my youngest child 
wen^ into kindergarten I realized that 
my husband didn’t even really know me 
and that I had been too busy with the 
kids 'to notice it until then. He was flab­
bergasted when I wanted to go back to 
school. And the church was becoming 
more open about divorce, everyone was, 
and ;so that was that. I  think a good 
marriage is a wonderful thing. I  just don’t 
know how possible it is.”

Unmarried 
Couples Living 
Together
(In thousands)

957>

Source: Pofujfation Reference Bureau

Sbr JJork SinuB 
ClkS NEWS POLL

Tolerance of Unmarried 
Couples Living Together

(Percent saying it is "o.k," or that 
it "doesn’t matter.” )

Respondents who 
know such cooples 
Respondents who 
do not kno w .: 
suoheouptes .

18-29 30-*4 45-64 65years
yearsold years old years old and oider

The New York TImes/Nov. 28, 1977

Trying to  Make Up
So these three women became single, 

tryingto make up for the seif-explo­
ration they missem as the archetypical 
American girls of the Eisenhower era, 
hopscotching from school to marriage to 
motherhood; trying to make do, too, on 
curtailed funds, with no alimony, and no 
job experience. Ail say that that has been 
difficult, frustrating and maddening, but 
that the independence, the self-reliance 
has ultimately been satisfying.

“ This whole atmosphere can be very 
exhilarating for women,”  said Jean Baker 
Miller, a psychoanalyst whose writings 
suggest that the constant exposure to 
rapidly changing children makes women 
more comfortable with, more open to­
ward radical change. “ The men have dif­
ferent problems. Some of them are adjust­
ing to the extent that they will be sup­
portive, help around the house, but when 
it means going that last step, staying 
home' whiie she works, taking paternity 
leave— that they w ill not do. Many of 
them feel that they are losing support

systems they expected to have as part 
of their lives.”

Some men have found that what lib­
erates women for a try at independence 
frees them for intimacy, for more ties 
to their emotional lives, for relationships 
in which they do not always have to be 
unwavering pillars of strength.

“Men are learning that they are peo­
ple,”  says Mel Krantzler, whose “ Creative 
Divorce”  was a best seller and who runs 
seminars on his techniques in San Rafael, 
Calif. “ And people have weaknesses as 
well as strengths. They have emotions 
and it ’s deadly if they don’ t use them. 
Men are finding that they have a fem­
inine side. It can be very freeing to 
realize that.”

But the male counterparts to the 
woimen at the Center for  Displaced 
Homemakers, are more often men dazed I 
with the speedy change in the schema/ 
of things, who wanted a girl just likg 
the girl who married dad, never expect-J 
inng her to want a doctoral degree or a«i 
assembly-line job. I

Take, for example, the quandary ofl 
Robert, 34, a Rochester lawyer who de-| 
Clines to have his last name in print. Hel 
might be a case history of the m 4e in the 
be a case history of the male in the 
1970’s, with a nice home, a good job, 
two small children, and a w ife  who felt 
unfulfilled.

“ I think I . was a victim of women’s 
liberation,”  he said. “ There’s an awful 
lot o f cultural support these days for 
doing your own thing. I  was what I 
thought was happily married in a .very  
conventional sense. I  was living with a 
woman who was going through the matu­
ration process and the final step in that 
process was to be alone, rather than to 
be protected and having someone look 
after her. What was happening was that 
I was supporting her in her great steps 
forward. I  was paying the shrink bills, 
being supportive in the things she was 
trying, taking on more o f the housework. 
And then one day she came home and 
said, ‘I don’t want to be married any­
more.’ ”

Robert was devastated. His response 
was a psychic see-sawing: No intimacy 
with anyone, then anonymous pickups—  
an attempt to say to his wife, (and to 
convince himself.) “ I don’t need you.”  
That was two years ago and foday he 
says, “Having someone special, about 
whom you can feel special, and to whom 
you are special— there’s nothing as nice 
as that.”

It is when that kind of intimacy is 
not an integral part of one relationship 
that attempts are made to integrate it 
into institutions. This is particularly true 
for single people, who have clubs, social 
events, bars and resorts all their own; 
for those who have never married or for 
those newly divorced( a group 43 million 
strong and— with a projected 40 percent 
divorce rate for couples under 35— still 
growing.

Stereotypical Generalities
The stereotypes o f the singles polar. 

On the one hand, the carefree people who 
date constantly, never have to  worry 
about sitters, spend all their money on 
creature comforts, and have effortless, 
guiltless, polygamous sexual encounters; 
on the other hand, the emotionally or­
phaned, style, unhappy misfits with low 
self-esteem who could disappear without 
being missed.

The reality often lies elsewhere, with 
individuals like Randy Gates, a professor 
of dentistry who recently bought 'himself 
a condominium in Huntington Beach, 
Calif., and is as independent as most 33- 
year-old upwardly mobile males who 
have never married. Dr. Gates hopes 
some day to have what he sees as the 
ultimate intimacy, marriage, but for 
now he deals with his needs for caring 
and sharing through a network o f close 
friends.

Such networks are increasingly the 
mark o f young professionals who find 
themselves single in their 20’s with the 
median age of marriage rising, o f divorced 
people who have felt isolated from close 
friendships by their marriages and o f 
many women who, influenced by the 
women’s movement and disgusted with

pressure sex, have cultivated female 
companionship.

Says Marie Edwards, a Los Angeles 
psychologist who started a course for 
single people seven years ago and has 
since seen 4,000 students. “ Loneliness was 
the No. 1 complaint seven years ago and 
it is still the same complaint, I  think the 
difference today is that singles'are han­
dling it better. They are develc^ing net­
works of friends who can come to their 
aid when they are sick or want someone 
to share the joys o f life. This is particular­
ly true of women.”

Friendships Are a Means 
Yet there are still many single people who 

see those friendship networks as a means 
to an end rather than an end in them­
selves. “ I  think a lot o f people keep up 
their friendships so that they can meet 
potential partners through the people 
they know,”  said Laraine Shields o f A t­
lanta, a freelance artist.

Is that the ideal, the brass ring so few  
people seem to  grab no matter how many 
times they go around? The fact does re­
main that marriage is still the option 
most men and women choose, whether 
they live together first, an increasingly 
accepted phenomenon, or remarry after 
a divorce. Both a random group o f  stu­
dents at Harvard College and a half- 
dozen Greenpoint High School graduates 
agree on at least one thing— all want to 
be married some day; all think it is the 
best and most satisfying w ay o f life. 
There are still bridal gowns, receptions, 
and honej'moons, but the bride’s name 
may remain the same, “ obey”  is rarely 
used in the ceremony, and the wedding 
night is often a mere formality. There 
are still silver anniversary celebrations,  ̂
but the children bring along fewer grand- * 
children than ever before and the lucky 
couple themselves often wonder how they 
ever made it.

Occasionally couples feel like two mag­
nets in a face-off, w ith life patterns and 
institutions that seem to throw them 
apart, emphasizing the parts rather than 
the partners. There was open marriage 
or, as Dr. Humphreys of the Association 
of Marriage and Family Counselors calls 
it, “ consensual adultery,”  meant to foster 
sexual independence but often leading to 
divorce. There is long-distance marriage, 
in which partners live in d ifferent cities 
because o f their career demands and see 
each other only on weekends. Even in 
traditional arrangements, the changes in 
our society seem to push people apart 
rather than bring them together.

Ann and Gene Owens may seem unlike­
ly in that role, but they have fe lt the 
push as much as anyone they know. He 
is pastor o f a large Baptist congregation 
in Charlotte, N.C.; she was simply and 
solely the minister’s wife, until she went 
back to school for a creative arts degree 
and became enthralled with amateur 
theater. The result,, they say, has been 
“ a loss o f marital innocence.”

Turns to the Theater 
Ann Owens is, like her husband, 47 

years old and was like many of her con­
temporaries, beginning to wonder what 
she had ever done with 'her life besides 
raise two children and fix  hundreds of 
thousands o f meals. Today she often 
stays out five or six nights a week acting 
in little-theater productions. For the first 
time since they began dating in high 
school, she has friends, male and female, 
whom her husband has never met. “ I  know 
I  took a risk,”  she says. .“ I know couples 
whose relationships* are terminating be­
cause the wives are do in g . what I ’m 
doing.”

And turning to her husband, she added, 
“Emotionally I  need you more than I ever 
have before, even i f  I seem less dependent 
iii other ways.”

i “ I know she is right,”  he replied, "but

The New York Ttmes/Marilynn K. Yee

Linda Fox and daughter. Shannon, helping Jinuny Fox set table fo r  dinner as he carves turkey at home in Brooklyn

in m y gut— well, I ’ve had such a good 
life style before it’s hard fo r  me.”

Is it a life style gone forever? W ill 
the balance continue to tip, w ith women 
gaining more independence, men giving 
up some, and both t^ in g  to  deal with 
their intimate relations within that 
changing context? Right now many men 
seem discontented with the change, 
others only dazed. W ith the range of op­
tions growing for working-class women 
and swelling for those in the middle 
classes, the inevitable result has been 
that some women find themselves doing 
too much, others feel guilty about doing 
too little. Therapists hope fo r  a synthesis 
in the future. “ W e’re in a time when peo­
ple are told they can do anything and 
so they try  to do everything,”  said Sheila 
Berger, a feminist therapist in N ew  York. 
“ Hopefully we w ill soon see people ask­
ing themselves, ‘What is it I  want to  do?” ’

That is a question Linda Fox recognizes 
as w ell as she does the faces of unsympa­
thetic neighbors in the community where 
she was bom. Greenpoint’s working men 
get little enough; they are not happy 
about giving it up to women, particularly 
to women they have known since child­
hood.

“ Had w e been what w e are now five  
years ago, we would have been banned,”  
says Jimmy Fox, a big man with scars 
on his Chest and a tattoo on his arm 
who removes his shirt in the house. “ You 
ever watch ‘The Honeymooners’?”  he 
asks. “ That’s Greenpoint. A  man’s home 
is his castle. Women are slaves. It’ s real 
ancient.”

Pregnancy First
A t first Linda played by Greenpoint’s 

rules: She was married at 19 and while 
Jimmy went to work, she had a baby. 
She was pregnant when she married but 
she didn’t suspect it  until the elderly 
gynecologist told her soon after that she 
already had the best form  o f birth con­
trol. It was. nothing new; her parents had 
married when both were 16 because 
Linda was on the way.

But Linda was not happy as a w ife 
and a mother. She wept a good deal. 
She fe lt really happy only when she was 
doing things like picketing a neighbor­
hood furniture store that had sold her 
defective chairs. She channeled the rest 
of her ebullient energy into cleaning 
rooms already clpan and arguing with 
Jimmy about wheiSier he liked his dinner. 
Eventually they separated.

It is a different Linda and Jimmy Fox 
who live together now. She has rim for 
the school board, organized neighborhood 
protests and gone to a local community 
college. About a year ago Jimmy left a 
job he hated and, while Linda worked 
at the Congress of Neighborhood Women, 
a working class women’s group, he stayed 
home and kept touse for six_ months. “ I  
used to come home and the lights would 
be out,”  said Linda, “ and Shannon and 
Jimmy would be playing hide and seek. 
See, I  never enjoyed that stuff much. But 
Jimmy did.”

Psychologists might call that role 
reversal, but Greenpoint still calls it 
crazy. Even Linda’s father, Donald 
Clarke, an amiable man who drives a 
limousine and lives in a crowded railroad 
flat with his wife, Laurie, and four o f 
his seven children, thinks the daughter 
he is proud of is breaking a lo t o f God- 
given rules.

Putting a W ife  to W ork
“ It’ s just that way that men should 

do one thing I and women another,”  he 
said. “A  man isn’ t really built to take 
the time and understanding to take care 
o f the children and make the food. And 
I think a maii who stays home while his'

w ife  works is the same as, i f  you’ll excuse 
me for saying it, a pimp. He puts his 
w ife on the street to work for him.”  

Jimmy, now back at work for a hom^ 
improvement contractor, understands that 
attitude: his father feels much the same 
way. “ He freaks out when he sees m«i 
vacuuming. But I ’ve  learned that Linda 
has a life, too. When you get married; 
you figure it’s gonna be like one. Only; 
it’s always the husband’s one.”

Linda nodded. “ This is the first tim e 
in my life  I  feel like I chose this mar-: 
riage,”  she said.

Many men in Greenpoint have suggest­
ed to Jimmy what they think o f Linda’s 
choices, and to Linda what they would 
do i f  she were married to  one of them; 
But the fact is that while the bars are 
filled with working men and the houses! 
w ith women who work no less hard, 
Linda and Jimmy Fox are at home, to-, 
gether, staring over the rims o f their cof­
fee cups at their sleeping daughter, chart­
ing her future.

“ I ’d definitely like her to be some kind 
o f professional,”  said Jimmy. “ But not 
all career, you know? I ’d like her to 
get married and have children.”

“ I just want her to  feel that she has 
options,”  said Linda, “ that she can do 
anything she wants. Not necessarily to 
get married. I  do think that is a good 
thing sometimes, though. I think it’s good' 
to have one other person if you’re also ah 
individual yourself. j

But it’s hard,”  she said, shaking hei| 
head o f blond-gray curts. [

“ It’s hard.”



28 THE NEW YORK TIMES, TUESDAY NOVEMBER 2P, 1977

tChanges in Society Traced 
! To Rise in Working Women
‘ Continued From Page 1

^ o  they link to male fears about chang­
ing roles.
, Such fears may be well founded, In the 

I view  of some scholars. Eli Ginzberg, the 
(Jolumbia University economist who is 
(Siairman o f the National Commission for 
Ijlanpower Poiicy, describes what is hap­
pening as "a  revolution in the roles o f 
^om en” that “ w ill have an even greater 
impact than the rise o f Communism and 
t|ie development o f nuclear en e r^ .”

“ It is the single most outstanding phe­
nomenon o f this century," he said. “ It 
i i  a worldwide phenomenon, an integral 

■ part o f  a  changing economy and a ohang. 
ihg society. Its secondary and tertiary 
aonsequences are really unchartable.”
' One immediate consequence cited by 

Jrofessor Ginzberg is the revival o f cities 
like New York, now luring young profes­
sional couples with com b ing incomes in 
the $50,000 range.

" I f  you’re not going to  have four kids 
or three kids or even tw o kids, what’s 
Bie point o f  living in the suburbs?" he 
said, “ I t ’s very hard fo r  career women 
to find jobs out there.”

An Exploding Trend 
The trend toward women working out­

side the home began building in the 50’s 
and exploding in the 70’s. For the last 
eoupl^ o f years, American women have 
l)e»t) pouring into the nation’s offices, 
stores and factories at rates surpassing 
aq pfpjections made by the Department 
pf L ^ o r .
' A  year ago the Bureau o f Labor Statis­
tics issued new and higher projections 
showigg 48.4 percent of women over 16

years old in the work force by 1980. But 
by this September the proportion had al­
ready reached 48.9 percent. Within a 
year, nearly tw o million more women had 
slipped into the labor market, swelling 
their ranks to 40.5 million against 57.2 
million men in the work force.

'The reasons behind the trend are varied 
and complex. Essentially, economists say, 
a combination o f strong economic, demo­
graphic, technological and social forces 
seems to be pulling women into the world 
o f work.

Census figures tell part o f the story:
, Women are marrying later, having fewer 
' children, divorcing more often, living dec­

ades beyond the i i f e ^ n s  of their grand­
mothers. Hence, their work-life profiles 
are beginning to look more and more like 
those of men.

Easing Pressure on Husband
Then, too, there are the college enroll­

ment figures: Women now outnumber 
men on the undergraduate level; in law 
and medical schools, they occupy one in 
every four seats.

Other major factors cited by econo­
mists to explain the influx o f women into 
the work force include inflation, which 
gave rise to the two-paycheck family; the 
divorce rate, which made many mothers 
the family breadwinner; the women’s 
movement, which spurred housewives to 
economic independency, and the job mar­
ket, which has been generally favorable 
in the retail sales and services industries 
where the vast majority o f women work.

These are women like Delores Kay Lee, 
a 27-year-old clerk typist, who lives in 
Culver City, Calif., with her two children 
and her husband, Reginald, a truck driver.

Glancing up from her typewriter the

other day, Mrs. Lee noted that she hap­
pened to be married to “ a Southern gen­
tleman who does not approve o f working 
wives”  but that her husband’s attitude 
had softened a bit because not long after 
she got her full-time job he lost his.

“ I ’m taking some o f the pressure off 
my husband," she said with a big grin. 
“ I make $700 a month, about as much 
as he does when he works steady.”

According to  Ralph E. Smith, a labor 
economist with the Urban Institute, the 
reason such working women fared better 
than men in the 1974-75 recession was 
that the service industries were not so 
hard hit as the manufacturing and con­
struction industries, which employ mostly 
men.

Moreover, Dr. Smith said. Job prospects 
in the service sector look generally 
bright. For this reason, and a variety of 
others, economists expect that women 
w ill continue to account for  six in every 
10 net additions to the work force and 
that at least 50 percent o f  women over 
the age of 16 w ill be working or looking 
for work by the end o f  this decade.

Difficulties o f Change
While economists talk o f the future, 

others are struggling with present prob­
lems, trying to define new roles in a cul­
ture that remains largely rooted in old 
values and beliefs. In some cases, they 
themselves may not be quite ready to 
relinquish those beliefs.

For example, Richmond Trapp, who 
gave up watching the W orld Series to go 
to a dinner dance for his w ife ’s softball 
league, who walks his Broadway beat 
at night and minds the baby during the 
day, who calls his working w ife  "a  good, 
sharp woman” — even he repeats the ster­
eotypes about women on the police force.

"They’re good at domestic relations,” 
he acknowledged, “ and very good at un­
dercover. But you could never put two 
women working together. Most o f them 
are short and they have these squeaky 
voices.”

Then there are the men behind the 
United Banks o f Colorado, a holding com­
pany based in Denver. Not only did they 
hire Kathleen Cooper as corporate econo­
mist, they also switched the date o f the 
annual economic forecast meeting be­
cause she was expecting a baby.

The bankers display no overt signs of 
sexism, Mrs. Cooper says, e x c ^  for the 
one president who pwsists in asking, 
“ When are you going to quit and take 
care of that baby?”

“ Some men w ill never change,”  she 
said.

Challenging Stereotypes

Still, women are changing and chal­
lenging notions o f what constitutes 
“man’s work.”  Now that they hold 18 
percent of the nation’s blue-collar jobs, 
more and more women are lining up at 
the hiring gates. Once inside, they are j 
finding “ their niche,”  according to Joann 
LaSane, a 32-year-old steelworker and 
mother of three in Houston.

“The guys here are beautiful,”  she said 
while on her break at the Hughes Tool 
Company, a manufacturer o f earth drill­
ing tools. “ Some old timers showed me 
how to lift steel really easy. I f  you don’t 
know how, you can work yourself to 
death.”

Mrs. LaSane was hired at Hughes in 
1972, shortly after passage o f the Federal 
Equal Opportunity Act inspired waves of 
women, typically in the 18-to-35-year age 
group, to try for good paying factory 
jobs. Today she is among 400 female 
workers at the plant.

Male workers there grumble that some 
of these women are getting equal pay 
for easy work, the supervisors say. Fe­
male workers grumble in turn that they 
get the hard and dirty jobs. In the blue- 
collar trade, this is typical talk. What 
is new, say the supervisors, is that men 
are now beginning to complain about 
women using foul language.

In Detroit, men on the auto assembly 
line are now demanding forklifts for 
heavy jobs after seeing women use them. 
“The men resisted the women until they 
saw it was helping their lot. Now they 
say, ‘Hey, why should I break by back? 
Give me a forklift, too,” ’ said Carol;m 
Forrest, an aide in the United Automobile 
Workers.

And in Boston, a 27-year-old bricklayer 
apprentice named Helen Moreschi is 
changing the attitudes o f  fe llow  workers 
who have long argued that women should 
not take construction jobs needed by 
family men.

“ I’m a working woman, a wage earner,”  
she tells them. “ I have to pay rent, gas, 
electric and telephone like ever^od y  
else.”

Miss Moreschi Is among the rare 1.2 
percent o f her sex to invade the construc­
tion trades. Many more women in hard 
hats are expected to follow, however, 
now that the Department o f Labor is re­
quiring Federal contractors to  set goals 
and timetables for hiring women and to 
provide “harassmentjfree”  work sites.

Effect of Social Conditioning
By contrast, women have always been 

secretaries, typists, file clerks and sales 
clerks. Louise Kapp Howe calls them the 
“ pink-collar workers”  in her book o f the 

same name. Just as girl babies are given

Presence of W om en in Selected Occupations {As a percentage of totals. Figures in parentheses are numbers of such workers, in thousands.)

SERVICE

(12.005)

«0^0i®0OO
(15,558) (5,497) (13.329) (9.315)

5: Sdufce:

The New York T(mes/Nov. V. 1977

pink blankets at birth, she says, so they 
are "socialized”  to grow up wanting to 
be secretaries instead o f  bosses.

Those who subscribe to the theory of 
social conditioning by sex point to a  Con­
ference Board study of occupational pat­
terns as further proof. The study, which 
examined changes in occupations involv­
ing some skill but not necessarily a col­
lege degree, found that, while more 
women w ill be repairing television sets 
and driving buses 10 years from now, 
nearly three-fifths o f them w ill be em­
ployed in clerical and service jobs by 
1985.

In 1970, 97.6 percent o f secretaries and 
94.2 percent o f typists were women. By 
1985, 98.6 percent of secretaries and 93.2 
percent o f typists w ill still be women, 
according to the study.

So for every woman who goes on to 
direct films, perform brain surgery, run 
a university or win a seat on the stock 
exchange, many more w ill be sitting be­
hind typewriters.

“ They’re still being shunted Into those 
same low-paying, low-status, dead-end 
jobs,”  said Mary Tobin, a regional direc­
tor o f the Women’s Bureau o f  the Depart­
ment of Labor.

Nevertheless, these women are trying 
to upgrade their status. No longer are 
they working for "p in money,”  they say. 
No longer are they quitting the job when 
the baby arrives.

Deciding Who Makes the Coffee
One o f their goals is job descriptions 

that eliminate personal errands. Anoher 
is an end to coffee making— a symbol to 
some o f the hommnaking role they left 
behind. Said Judi Freeman o f Women 
Office Workers in Manhattan; “ They 
want to be viewed as professionals, not 
as office wives.”

Men seem to  be getting the message. 
William Blevins, a senior vice president 
of the National Bank o f Detroit, recently 
presented his staff w ith a shiny new cof­
fee maker and orders that all bands, male

and female, were to  share the coffee de­
tail. Everyone makes coffee at the Hub 
Mail Advertising Service in Boston’s 
South End. “W e have younger women 
managers here who would bristle on -that 
point,”  said W ally Burnheimer at Hub 
Mail.

Increasingly, the office rule seems to 
be “ first one in goes for coffee,”  but 
among the notable exceptions is the 
Waterloo, Iowa, Community School Dis­
trict’s administrative offices, where sec­
retaries ro'tate on .two-week coffee-mak­
ing stints. Diana Becker, a secretary there 
for 10 years, recently lost her job for 
refusing .to make coffee, a chore that “ has 
nothing to do w ith education.”

“A ll the years I made it, I  thought, 
this is not right,”  she said.

A  More Serious Concern

A  far more serious problem in the minds 
of some working women is sexual harass­
ment on the job. Not long ago women 
only whispered about this problem. Today 
they are speaking out at public forums 
and recounting personal experiences ot 
sexual intimidation by male bosses and 
co-workers.

The impetus is coming from organiza­
tions such as Working Women United 
Institute, whose founders, Karen Sau- 
vignd and Susan Meyer, began research­
ing the harassment issue two years ago. 
Although the women do not yet know 
how pervasive the problem may be, they 
insist that it is growing and affecting 
women o f  all ages and office ranks.

“ It can be as direct as saying, ‘I f  you 
don’ t go to bed with me, you’re not going 
to get the promotion,’ ”  Miss Meyer said. 
“ Then there are men who continually 
make sexual comments to  women, who 
touch them and talk about their breasts. 
This d's really common.”

Such scenes have always been a  part 
of office life, but. women theorize that 
they are becoming more frequent because 
women themselves are becoming more as­
sertive and hence Areatening to men.

Gloria Steinem, the feminist leader, calls 
harassment “ a reminder o f powerlessness 
— a status reminder.”

Judging by the complaints made to 
Working Women United, the most likely 
victims o f blatant physical harassment 
are women in low payin g jobs. The male 
aggressors are generally their superiors. 
In the executive echelons, women report 
more subtle forms o f  harassment, often 
from peers who perceive them as a threat.

No Apparent Solution
Mary Ann Lawlor, president o f Drake 

Business School Corporation, spoke o f the 
male associate outside her company who 
for years had been formal and polite. 
When they became adversaries at a re­
cent meeting, she said, he suddenly began 
calling her, “ sweetie.”

Dealing with such behavior without ap­
pearing “ foolishly sensitive”  is a vexing 
problem for the corporate woman, ac­
cording to Mrs. Lawlor. “ I  .must confess 
that though I sometimes find these little 
assaults irritating, I  haven’t yet found 
any practical way of stopping them,”  she 
said.

The whole question of sex and business 
is viewed as a thorny one by some. 
Would-be women executives are now 
being counseled in courses to  dress in 
a way that gives o f f  no sexual signals, 
neither overSy feminine nor masculine, 
and to emulate the traits o f successful 
male executives while not sublimating 
their own feminine traits.

Margaret Mead, the anthropologist, 
suggests .that modem corporations devel­
op sexual taboos to guard against exploi­
tation o f their workers, just as primitive 
families developed incest taboos to pro­
tect their children.

“ I f  w e ’re going t-o have men and women 
in business on an equal basis, w ith men 
over women and women over men, we 
have to develop decent sex mores,”  Dr. 
Mead told a gathering o f business execu­
tives recently. “W e’ve got to stop the 
kind o f exploitation that is usual, the

young men who prey on older women, 
the middle-aged men and younger women, 
the office w ife, the Christmas parties—  
we’re going to have to get rid o f this.”

In its place. Dr. Mead would substitute 
a new corporate world where “ you don’t 
make passes or sleep with people you 
work with, unless you’re married when 
you’re hired.”

Strains on Marriage

On the home front, there is some evi­
dence that divorce is more likely when 
a w ife  works, according to  researchers 
at the Urban Institute. One interpretation 
o f the finding is that women t ^ o  earn 
money no longer have to remain in bad 
marriages for  financial reasons. Another 
interpretation is that a w ife ’s working 
creates strains on traditional marriage.

“ In theory, my husband was the type- 
o f guy who said you should go out and 
work,”  a divorced mother in Los Angeles 
said. “ But, in practice he was somebody 
who didn’t like it emotionally.

“ As long as I was in a clerical position, 
we got along fine,”  she said. “The prob­
lems started when I moved up the ladder. 
I ’m not alone in this. I recently attended 
a seminar fo r  women in management. 
Every woman there was either divorced 
or never married.”

On the other band, more than 22 million 
wives are working, although an equal 
number o f husbands are not helping with 
the housework, according to all the sur­
veys.

But even that may be changing. Eliza­
beth Burkhart, an executive at Texas 
Commerce Bank was lundiing with col­
leagues the other day when a hot debate 
developed over the merits o f  Tu ffy  vs. 
Dobie scouring pads.

“M y first reaction was: How terrible, 
here w e are a group of men and women 
and the conversation goes to the kitchen.

“Then,”  she said, “ I began to see the 
other side. Here were the fellows saying 
quite candidly that they washed dishes 
and cooked,”



58 /amily/style THE NEW YORK TIMES. SUNDAY, MAY IS, 1977

Women Have Message for the Mails Males
By BARBARA GAMAREKIAN 

aptcU toTtlKtirYMUTIIMri

WASHINGTON —  Mary Valentino 
work* for  tfse United State* Postal 
Service. She is, in ftict. one o f its th rw  
top-ranking women.

She has a message for the Postal 
Service. I t  is being delivered through 
the courts. The message is: do more 
for women, and the 59-year-oId Mrs. 
Valentino is sending It by means M  
a  class action job discrimination suit 
on behalf o f ail 155,000 women in the 
Postal Service.

" I  was brought into the Postal Serv­
ice to do something for women,”  Mr*. 
Valentino said, "and I don’t want to 
walk away from it, I  want to do what 
Ihey brought me in to do—-open it up, 
change the patterns and opportunities 
for women.”

Mr*. Valentino came to the Postal 
Service in February 1974 to design and 
implement its first nationwide women’s 
program. During her 27 years of Gov­
ernment experience, she had served as 
director o f personnel for both the Equal 
Employment Opportunity Commission 
and the Consumer Product Safety Ccmi- 
mission, and had worked with the 
Bureau of the Census and the Com­
merce Department in recruitment and 
career-planning work.

But she soon learned, ahe said, that 
the office o f career planning, which 
she was brought in to head, had no 
authority to  implement plana that were 
deve lop^ .

“ In order to  do anything for women, 
you have to be able to  impact the 
whole system,”  she said. “You have 
to  get your finger on the whole thing, 
otherwise the system itself w ill beat 
you; the program we developed was 
only on paper.”

In June 1976, her office was reorgan­
ized. Mary Valentino was rejected for 
the tw o newly created positions, which 
were filled by  men, and she was trans­
ferred.

She won a Civil Service grievance 
complaint— ^which the Postal Service is 
appealing— and she has now decided 
to  bypass Civil Service and go directly 
to  the courts.

The Postal Service refuses to  talk 
about the case, except to say that the 
complaint has not yet been answered 
in court. “ W H le the case is in litiga­
tion, we cannot comment,”  said James 
Byrne, assistant postmaster for  public 
and employee communications.

In 1973, just before Mrs. Valentino 
arrived, women in the Postal Service 
had formed an action group to improve 
their status. The Postal Pulse, an em­
ployee newsletter that publicized the 
group's organizationai meeting, was 
suspended, and the women were told 
they could no longer meet at headquar­
ters. 1

In retrospect, Mrs, Valentino said.

Th« New York Times/Tefesa Zabala

Mary Valentino, who has filed a class action suit 
against the Postal Service, outside office

she felt that the Postal Service had 
no intention o f allowing her to do the 
job she had been told was wanted. 
“ They planned to use me as a front 
to quiet down the women.”

According to Janice Mendenhall, 
director of the Federal women’s pro­

grams, the portal employees may have 
a valid complaint.

“ O f ail white-collar posts in the Post­
al Service, 16.5 percent are held by 
women;— that Is the lowest o f any 
major Federal agency,”  she swid. Out 
of 3,031 job complaints filed ^ ith  the

Postal Service in the fiscal year 1976, 
a total o f 562 alleged sex discrimina­
tion against women. O f the 42 grade 
levels within the agency— ranging from 
janitor to Postmaster General— as of 
October 1975, nearly 98 percent of the 
women held job* no higher than grade 
19. And there was just one woman em­
ployee an grades 29 through 42.

Lillian Smith, a postmaster in Arizo­
na, recalled that she had been elated 
when she heard about Mrs. Valentino’s 
appointment. " I t  was Oct. 10, 1974,”  
she said. “ They set it up and announced 
it nationwide, that Mary Valentino was 
going to develop a women’s program 
with guidelines and deadlines.”

She fe lt that she was one who has 
benefited from that effort. " I t  made 
me realize that I  had a chance to leave 
the office and go  out into management, 
and a district manager took a chance 
on me.”  Mrs. Smith said, “ I  don’t want 
a promotion because o f my name, or 
my color, or my sex or to fill a quota, 
but the Postal Service is definitely a 
man’s world. W e have so few  women 
at the middle management level that 
we have to be just twice as good.”

The Postal Bulletin carried no word 
of Mary Valentino’s class-action suit. 
When Mrs. Smith did learn o f it, she 
was flabbergasted, she said. “ I never 
expected Mary to do it, I thought we 
would have a couple o f class actions 
down lower, but to have her go out 
on a limb at the top w ill really make 
a difference— she has brought suit at 
a level that w ill really be effective.”

She has been cautioned, she says, 
that “ it would be detrimental to my 
career to g ive anyone a bad time.”  But 
her husband, a printer, is printing 
handbills seeking contributions to 
Valentino legal defense fund, and Lil­
lian Smith is out there, she says, armed 
with statistics, speaking, and “ carrying 
the word.”

The litigation could drag on for years, 
and Mrs. Valentino has been told it 
may cost $200,000 to $400,000.

She said she has been amazed at 
the men and women who have rallied 
around her, offering their help in raising 
a legal war chest.

A  check for $75 arrived in the mail 
with a one-word notation, “ Thanks.”  
A  former male colleague who now 
works on Capitol Hill, sent $200 with 
a note that said, “ 1 figure this is an 
investment in Kelly ’s future.”  Kelly is 
his 2-year-old daughter.

“ There is a lot o f talent wasted in 
the Postal Service,”  Mary Valentino 
said, “ and a good share of it happens 
to be female.”

Meanwhile, she is reporting to work 
elsewhere. The Postal Service received 
a phone call from the White House ask­
ing that she he "lent for  a few  days, 
and she reported Monday, April 4, for 
a temporary detail.

The New York Tjmes/Sanfl/ Solmon

Mary Boudreau working aboard ferryboat

After a Suit in Court, 
There’s a Job on Deck

SAN FRANCISCO— Say 
and most people envision a burly sea­
man, grizzled by time and the sea.

But Mary Boudreau, 27 years old, 
standing tmohor watch aboard a sleek 
gas turbine ferry, the G. G. Marin, as 
it pulled away from Pier 7 here, isn’t 
grizzled.

Slight of build, in a light blue jump-- 
suit, Miss Boudreau nevertheless looks 
as though she has a job in hand, her 
eyes flitting back and forth as she does 
her job.

“ I have anchor watch today going 
In and out o f the channels, I  have to 
be prepared to drop anchor i f  some­
thing goes wrong,”  Miss Boudreau said. 
“ Other times I have to tie up bow or 
stem lines. I  also have to work the 
doors.”

Miss Boudreau shrugs o ff any role 
as a pioneer; but she and five other 
women had to go to court to get into

By LES LEDBETTER
apeclaS to Tht TSew York nmcai

deckhand the Inland Boatman’s Union here and 
be hired as deckhands on the Golden 
Gate fe r r ic  seven months ago.

“ It’s a good job, good pay, good 
work. I  api^ed for it three years ago,”  
said Miss Boudreau, telling how she 
had to register a formal complaint, file 
suit against all parties involved and 
then get an out-of-court settlement 

“ I had worked as a secretary, as a 
waitress, and this is so much better,”  
she said, adding, “ it’s working well and 
so are the unions and the company.”  

Her training for the job, she said 
was mostly “ show and tell”  w ith a 
“ lead deckhand assigning someone to 
show me the routine o f the whole boat 
until I had learned it.”

A  ferry  executive said that the 30 
deckhands on bay ferries earned about 
$6.50 a hour to take care of the ship’s 
equipment and passengers and that "a 
lot of people are trying to get a good 
job in the outdoors like this.”



TITLE I ;  CANTON, OHIO



n



THE NEW YORK TIMES, TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 28, 1978

- - w -

F v ! 3 -
V-A- îr*-.

B x i M ^ g ^ a

-■i ^ , - a '> ' & V ; . * - ‘ '
CopyrigM.© Boti Ad^man/Magnum

Poor Blacks’ Future
By William Julius Wilson

CHICAGO— One of the hidden con­
sequences of basic economic changes 
in the United States has been the 
decreasing significance of race, and, 
therefore, the growing importance of 
class in determining blacks’ chances 
in life.

In our advanced industrial society, 
access to higher-paying jobs is in­
creasingly based on educational cri­
teria, and nowhere are the implica­
tions of this change for different 
human experiences seen more clearly 
than in the black community.

In other words, a consequence of 
the rapid growth of the corporate and 
Government sectors has been the 
gradual development of a segmented 
labor market that currently provides 
significantly different job opportuni­
ties for different segments of the black 
population. '

On the one hand, the poorly trained 
and educationally limited blacks of the 
inner city, among them the growing 
number of black teen-agers and young

adults, see their job prospects in­
creasingly confined to the low-wage 
sector, their unemployment rates ris­
ing to record levels (which remain 
high despite swings in the business 
cycle), their participation rates in the 
labor force declining, their movement 
out of poverty slowing, and their wel­
fare roles expanding.

On the other hand, trained and 
educated blacks, especially the young­
er ones who have recently entered 
the labor market, are experiencing un­
precedented job opportunities that are 
at least comparable to those of whites 
with equivalent qualifications. The im­
proved job situation for the more 
privileged blacks is related both to the 
expansions of salaried white-collar 
positions in the corporate and Gov­
ernment sectors and to the pressures 
of state affirmative-action programs.

In view of these developments, we 
need to re-examine current explana­
tions of racial inequality in economic 
life. The plight of inner-city blacks 
cannot be understood by exclusively 
focusing on racial discrimination. For

in a very real sense, the current prob­
lems of poor blacks are substantially 
related to fundamental changes in the 
system of production.

A history of discrimination and op­
pression created a huge black under­
class, and the technological and eco­
nomic revolutions threaten to solidify 
its position in society. Moreover, the 
rapid economic improvement of the 
more privileged blacks would be dif­
ficult to explain if one held to the 
view that the traditional forms of 
racial segregation and discrimination 
still characterized the labor market in 
American industries.

The major problem for poor blacks 
in their search for higher-paying jobs 
is that our society is not organized 
to deal with the impersonal barriers 
imposed by structural changes in the 
economy.

With the passage of equal-employ­
ment legislation and the authorization 
of affirmative-action programs, the 
state has helped to clear the path for 
more privileged blacks who have the 
requisite training and education to 
enter the mainstream of American 
occupations.

However, such Government pro­
grams do not deal with the structural 
barriers confronting members of the 
black underclass, who have been ef­
fectively screened out of corporate 
and Government industries because 
of lack of training and education.

And the state's very attempts to 
eliminate traditional racial barriers 
through programs such as affirmative 
action have had the unintentional ef­
fect of contributing to the growing 
class divisions in the black community.

As the black miaoie class rides on 
the wave of political and economic 
changes, benefiting from the growth 
of employment opportunities ruid the 
application of affirmative-action pro­
grams in the growing corporate and 
Government sectors of the economy, 
the black underclass falls behind the 
larger society in every conceivable 
respect.

The United States’ political and 
economic systems have demonstrated 
remarkable flexibility in allowing edu­
cated blacks to fill positions of pres­
tige and influence at the same time 
that these systems have shown per­
sistent rigidity in providing meaning­
ful jobs for lower-class blacks.

Thus, as we begin the last quarter 
of the 20th century, a witlening eco­
nomic gap seems to be developing in 
the black community with the black 
poor falling further and further be­
hind the more privileged blacks.

As a result, for the first time in 
American history, class issues can 
meaningfully compete with race issues 
in the way individual blacks develop 
or sustain a sense of group position.

William Julius Wilson, professor of 
sociology at the University of Chicago, 
is author of the forthcoming book 
“The Declining Significance of Race."



“ The contempt we have been taught 
to entertain for the blacks makes us 
fancy many things that are founded 
neither in reason nor in experience,” 
Alexander Hamilton said nearly 200 
years ago. That remains true, especially 
in very mistaken ideas about the slave 
family and the generations of poor 
black families since Emancipation, in 
1865. Such myths inevitably affect how 
urban poverty is explairred and policies 
to control or abolish it are defined.

The litany defining the poor urban 
black family in 1976 is familiar; Sus­
tained by a "culture of poverty”  that 
emphasizes resignation and helpless­
ness, it is “deviant,” “matriarchal,” 
‘broken,” “ unstable,”  and “pathologi­
cal.” Relatively few households con­
tain nuclear families: a husband and 
wife and their children. Men are 
“ emasculated.” “ Illegitimacy” thrives 
among women. Rootless children ma­
ture without aspirations.

Such views often describe all, the 
poor, white and black. But for poor 
blacks this alleged “culture”  retains a 
tenacious hold because of the legacy of 
slavery. It all began with the supposed 
inability of slaves to sustain durable 
families.

The belief that slavery shattered the 
Afro-American family is not new but 
was widely popularized and invoked 
in public-policy discussions by Daniel 
Patrick Moynihan in “The Negro Fam­
ily: The Case for National Action” 
(1965). “ It was by destroying the Ne­
gro family under slavery,”  that report 
said, “ that white Americans broke the 
will of the Negro people.”  A “ tangle 
of pathology" with a disorganized fam­
ily life “ at its center”  began then, 
continued for more than two centuries, 
and bred a “ deviant culture.”

tiberals and conservatives, social 
scientists prominent among them, ac­
cepted this version of Afro-American 
lower-class history as fact. In part, 
that consensus rested upon E. Frank­
lin Frazier’s influential “The Negro 
Family irr the United States” (1939). 
Scattered evidence convinced Mr. Fra­
zier that enslavement destroyed all 
African family and kinship beliefs and 
that only privileged slaves ("the fa­
vored few” ) could sustain “ normal” 
family life. For the rest— mostly field 
hands and common laborers— the 
“matriarchal family” prevailed, accom­
panied them into freedom and rural 
poverty, and traveled with their mi­
grant children to Northern cities and 
urban poverty.

Fresh historical evidence is reason 
to discard this misreading of the low­
er-class Afro-American historical ex­
perience. Most slave field hands and 
common laborers did not live in “ ma­
ternal families.”  Evidence left by thou­
sands of ex-slaves in 1865 and 1866 
indicates the following:

THE BLACK FAMILY RECONSIDERED: I

Long- Together
By Herbert G. Gutman

• Depending upon their location, be­
tween three-fourths and five-sixths of 
ex-slave households contained either 
a married couple or two parents and 
their children.

• Among thousands of ex-slaves 
registering marriages, about one in 
four had lived with the same mate 
for 10 to 19 years, and another one 
in five for 20 or more years.

These were not the experiences of 
the “ favored few.”  About nine in ten 
describing their families and marriages 
had been slave field hands and com­
mon laborers.

Historical evidence always is sub­
ject to, misinterpretation. These ex­
slaves did not say they had merely 
imitated non-slave families and had 
been forced into long marriages by 
owners. Owners everywhere allowed 
slave spouses to separate at will. Nor 
did they say they had been decently 
treated.. Owners had broken up about 
one in six marriages by sale or force. 
And. the separation of children— usu­
ally teen-agers—had divided even 
more families.

Most important, this evidence does 
not explain why so many ordinary 
slaves lived in such families and so 
many slave marriages lasted so long.

But what they showed -demon­
strates that fhe origins of late-20th 
century urban black poverty and the 
suffering associated with it are not 
found in the inability of slave field 
hands and common laborers to main­
tain durable families. That is the mes­
sage from these thousands of ex­
slaves.

The slave Abream Scriven— sold 
from his Georgia rice plantation wife 
in 1858— illuminates its meaning. “My 
dear Wife,” he wrote her afterward 
“1 take the pleasure of writing you 
these few [lines] with much regret 
to inform you that I have been sold. 
Give my love to my dear father & 
mother and tell them good Bye for 
. me. . . .  My Dear Wife for you and. 
all my children my pen cannot ex­
press the griffe [grief] I feel to be 
parted from you. I remain your truly 
husband until Death.”

Scriven’s letter together with these 
data about slave families and mar­
riages direct attention to re-examining 
the adaptive processes by which the 
parents and grandparents (Africans 
among them) of ex-slaves had forged 
distinctive Afro-American domestic 
arrangements. This is what Frederick 
Douglass suggested in writing, “ To 
understand . . .  a man must stand 
under."

Herbert G. Gutman, visiting professor 
of history at the College of William 
and Mary, Williamsburg, Vo., is author 
of the forthcoming “The Black Family 
in Slavery & Freedom, 1750-1925." 

James Van Derz«a This is the first of three articles.



THL: n e w  YORK TIMES, MONDAY, JULY 11, 1977 25

The Systematic Distribution of Disadvantages

By Harry Eckstein

PRINCETON, N. J.— The central is­
sues in Regents of California v. Bakke 
have been discussed widely, and re­
cently were, argued in this newspaper. 
One pertinent consideration though 
has been overlooked, and deserves a 
sort of a footnote— maybe more. It 
concerns the element of uncertainty 
(chance, measurement error) in select­
ing strong applicants for post-gradu­
ate study.

The arguments about Bakke, pro and 
con, assume that correct judgments 
about applicants’ qualifications can be 
made. Probably they can —  but only 
within substantial limits. The margin 
for misjudgment is large, and this has 
implications for the issue of discrimi­
nation.

In any group of applicants there is, 
ineluctably, a large "gray area”  of 
people among whom selections might 
as well be made on one ground as an­
other, including reparation for,injus­
tices.

1 write from experience. Often in 
the past I have been a member of my 
department’s graduate admissions 
committee. The department is not a 
professional school, but that is besides

the point. The same sources of uncer­
tainty exist in all cases. If anything, 
they are probably magnified for profes­
sional schools; after all, applicants for 
postgraduate admission in regular de­
partments usually have a sizeable 
record in their fields already.

Our procedure for selecting among 
applicants is straightforward;

(a) Certain obvious items of infor­
mation are at hand, each in its own 
folder: transcripts, letters of recom­
mendation, scores on the Graduate 
Record Examination, statements about 
career-aspirations by applicants, some­
times a term paper or two.

(b) At the first stage of sorting, 
three faculty members read each folder 
and divide the pile into three. The first, 
graded one, consists of very strong 
applicants. The twos are possibles, and 
grade three is out from the start. Pluses 
and minuses may be added. A one-plus 
is a must: off the scale, so to speak. 
A minus attached to a one usually de­
notes some small grain doubt— a pro­
fessor known for bad judgment wrote 
glowingly; the student’s fine record is 
marred by a suspicious C in Introduc­
tory Calculus; the career-statement is 
inflated blah; the other neo-Marxists 
seemed better. Since nowadays there 
are usuaily more than enough ones 
to fill a class, a two is pretty much

disqualified—though occasionally a 
two-plus makes it for one reason or 
another (sometimes color or sex).

(c) Those to be offered admission are 
selected, usually leaving out a lot of 
one-minuses and most two-pluses. They 
are then arranged in an order of pre­
sumed excellence, chiefly for purposes 
of awarding money. This order has 
always been messed with a little; for 
instance, to obtain a class reasonably 
“ balanced”  as to special interests. But 
it basically remains a straight rank- 
order of presumed merit. Recently, the 
order has been juggled more, but not 
just to provide places for minorities 
and females. An important reason has 
been to save in a time of scarcity. No 
need to give support to those in no 
discernible need, except as a special 
sign of esteem. An egregious example 
is a recent applicant from an OPEC 
country whose government guaranteed 
tuition, a monthly allowance in four 
figures, and an annual thousand for 
winter clothing.

The results of the procedure are

what statisticians call "reliable.” 
Grades rarely differ and usually just 
by a plus or minus. As for rank-order- 
ings, ditto. But reliable is not valid. 
The procedure would be valid if ex­
pected and actual performances in 
graduate study corresponded closely.

A few years ago, 1 decided to run a 
simple check. An overall index of 
achievement was constructed, taking 
into account grades in seminars, the 
grade on the General Examination, 
whether the doctorate was in fact 
achieved, and within what time span. 
No need to claim perfect discrimina­
tion for the index. But it did measure 
pretty well— for instance, in light of 
subsequent professional achievements.

Here are the results of the check— 
and remember, the people involved 
were admitted before affirmative 
action:

(a) We would have done rather bet­
ter if we had reversed our rank-order.

(b) Still better would have been a 
random order— that is, making only 
rough judgments, and then using a lot­

tery to decide admission and fellow­
ships.

(c) The misjudgments leading to 
these results did not apply nearly as 
much to the top fifth of each class as 
to the rest. The really gifted are readily 
identified. But most people who have 
aptitude are not brilliant

Why these extreme misjudgments? 
If a reliable evaluative procedure is 
invalid, chances are that there is some­
thing wrong, or insufficient with in­
formation. Much of it, in fact is noise 
and misinformation. Examples;

(a) Grading in undergraduate courses 
varies enormously among colleges, de­
partments, and courses (and “ guts”  
usually are not notorious beyond one’s 
own college). The content of most 
courses also varies, as does quality of 
teaching. Add to that the grade infla­
tion which started quite a while ago.

(b) One rarely sees an honest letter 
of recommendation. For the most part, 
professors bitterly criticize only one 
another. Anyway, the students select 
those who write on their behalf. (I 
saw only one letter this year recom­
mending against admission— out of 
nearly ten thousand.)

(c) Scores on the Graduate Record 
Examination should be helpful since 
all take the same exams. But a good 
while ago they started to become less 
discriminating. Scores have been get­
ting higher and more uniform— and 
one doubts that people have been 
getting smarter, more equal, or better 
educated. (When I took the exams, 
they seemed tough. Now, one wonders. 
Recently, a bright senior told me they 
were “ Mickey Mouse”  exams that 
cheated really good students.)

(d) There is not much else to go on.
The implications for the Bakke case

ought to be evident. There is an area 
of literal chance in postgraduate ad­
missions once very broad judgments 
have been made. In my field, that area 
includes the great majority of appli­
cants. In other fields it may be smaller. 
But surely it exists in all—not least 
in law schools. And remember, Mr. 
Bakke was in, or close to, that chaotic 
area, where good judgments fail.

If using a random-sample method, 
disregarding academic information, has 
advantages in that area, why not 
stratify it somewhat for purposes 
of social justice, or even just assuaging 
guilt? I assume, of course, that in­
dubitable merit will still get prefereiice 
as it did in the Bakke case. But why 
reward dubious merit— often the larger 
number? Where doubt is unavoidable, 
why not give benefit of doubt, for any 
reason that seems morally justifiable?
I see no moral defect in repairing 
damage.

Of course, using “quota-sampling” 
n admissions will work to the dis­

advantage of particular individuals. 
The point is that any method will— not 
just that We have been pretty sys- 
temath about the distribution of 
disadvantages in the past.

Harry Eckstein is I.B.M. professor of 
international studies at Princeton.



Blacks’"College Gains
By Diane Ravitch

One of the most important findings 
of educational research is that educa­
tional attainment and income are 
closely related to each other. In other 
words, the more years of schooling a 
person has, the higher his income is* 
likely to be.

There are a lot of different theories 
on why this is so— some say that em­
ployers are paying for educational 
credentials or that those who stay in 
school longer are already from ad­
vantaged backgrounds or that those 
who get more schooling are brighter 
and more motivated to succeed. What­
ever the reason, the relationship 
between years of schooling and 
subsequent income is there.

This does not mean, obviously, that 
everyone with the same number of 
years of schooling will earn the same 
amount of money. Schooling is no 
guarantee of success or a good job, 
but it does seem to be increasingly 
necessary for getting ahead occupa­
tionally.

Because this relationship between 
education and occupational success 
exists, efforts to improve the status 
of blacks have included programs to 
increase college enrollment of blacks. 
Certainly; if blacks are to  play an 
equal role ,of leadership in the nation’s 
government and economy, it is im­
portant to kave a large pool of college- 
educated blacks.

During the last three years, there 
have been conflicting reports about 
whether these efforts have succeeded 
or not. A steady growth since 1965 
in the number o f black college students 
was interrupted in 1973, when there 
was an unexpected drop reported by 
the Census Bureau in its annual survey 
of school enrollment. This decline was 
well-publicized, because of concern 
that an important trend had been 
stopped or reversed. However, the 
subsequent increases in blacks’ college 
enrollment in 1974 and again in 1975 
have received little attention.

On the contrary, news reports have 
repeatedly (and inaccurately) declared 
during the last year that “ fewer blacks 
are now getting into college”  and that 
blacks are “ falling behind in college 
enrollment.”  The census survey for 
1975, which shows significant black 
gains, has received virtually no press 
coverage since it was released some 
weeks ago.

According to the Census Bureau, the 
decline in 1973 was a one-year phe­
nomenon. In 1974, blacks’ college en­
rollment jumped by nearly 20 percent, 
and again last fall grew by 16 percent 
over the previous year. Today, nearly 
a million blacks are in colleges across 
the nation, compared to 274,000 only 
ten years ^go. This represents an in­
crease of 246 percent, while the white

college enrollment grew by 60 percent 
during the same period.

The rapid expansion o f the blacks’ 
college population is a remarkable 
example of successful social change. 
In 1965, blacks constituted 5 percent 
of all college students. By 1975, blacks 
constituted 10 percent of all bollege 
students. The trend is still pointing up, 
since 12.3 percent o f all college fresh­
men in 1974 were black. Blacks form 
11.4 percent of the total population 
and 12 percent of all persons of college 
age (18 to 24 years old).

Over the last decade, there has been 
a significant narrowing o f the black- 
white college-enrollment gap. In 1965, 
10.3 percent of all blacks between the 
ages of 18 and 24 were enrolled in 
college, compared to 25.5 percent of 
whites. By 1975, 20.7 percent of blacks 
in this age group were in college, 
compared to 26.9 percent of whites.

The major difference between black 
and white college enrollment today is 
accounted for by the larger proportion

^These socially 
significant trends' 
reflect credit on 
the civil rights 
movement
of blacks who do not graduate from 
high school: In 1975, 27 percent of 
blacks 18 to 21 years old were not in 
school and had not graduated from 
high school, compared to 15 percent of 
whites of the same ages. But the col­
lege enrollment rate among high school 
graduates in that age group was nearly 
the same for blacks (41 percent) as 
for whites (43 percent).

This dramatic improvement in the 
number and proportion of blacks in 
college portends an expansion in the 
number and propoption of blacks in 
the professions and in managerial 
positions during the decades to come.

These socially significant trends re­
flect tremendous credit on the efforts 
of the civil rights movement, as well 
as the wisdom of governmental poli­
cies to expand the number of places 
in public colleges. But porhaps what is 
most important, the gains of the last 
ten years are due to the determination 
of ambitious black students to invest 
in their future and the willingness of 
their families to stand behind them 
even during a period o f economic 
recession.

Diane Ravitch is assistant professor of 
history and education at Teachers 
College, Columbia University, and 
author of "The Great School Wars'. 
New Yoftc City, 1S05-1973."



A I W  RIGHTS DRIVE 
PERPLEXES NATION

nbhi
Effort Seeks to Compensate Blacks 

fo r Past Discrimination

By DAVID E. ROSENBAUM
SpeclaJ to The New York Times

WASHINGTON, July 2—After two dec­
ades of legislation and court decisions, 
marches and riots, the laws of the nation 
are colorblind. Now, the country is faced 
with another pressing civil rights ques­
tion, more subtle, perhaps, but of enor­
mous social importance.

The question is this: To what extent 
must white Americans be inconvenienced 
and even themselves discriminated 
against so that blacks can have a better 
chance at good schools, good jobs and 
good housing?

All three branches of the Federal Gov­
ernment were immersed in the controver­
sy this week. f

The Supreme Court ruled on the extent 
of busing and remedial assistance re­
quired to eliminate the past effects of 
school segregation in important Northern 
cities.

Withholding of Aid Debated
The Senate spent a day debating 

whether Federal aid should be withheld 
from communities that refuse to intro­
duce busing, and whether the Govern­
ment’s money should be spent to enforce 
racial quotas designed to give blacks 
priority in jobs and school admissions.

And high officials in the Carter Admin­
istration were preoccupied with the 
development of policy on busing, quotas 
and housing integration.

In addition, local civil rights issues were 
coming to a climax in cities from coast 
to coast. They involved, for instance, bus­
ing in Los Angeles, the desegregation of 
public school faculties in Chicago, the 
promotion of black firemen in Detroit and 
the construction of a public housing 
project in, a white neighborhood in Phila­
delphia.

Some of the questions raised are of 
cosmic proportions, and the way they are 
answered is likely to have significant im­
pact for years to come.

Specifically, should white children, who 
never practiced discrimination them- 

Continued on Page 28, Column I



Nation Is Perplexed by New Rights Drive to Compensate Minorities for Discrimination in the Past
Continued From Page I ' What is left to be done Is to recompense The Supreme Court has set the follow-1 “ objective” criteria for hiring and promo- sale Or rental of living accommodations, 

for past discrimination ”  I '"g  f*'’® basic principles for school deseg- j tion were discriminatory and therefore and there is no indication of significant
selves, be transported to schools out o f . n„til recently the law permitted such negation; I  illegal if they resulted in a relative disad- violations of that law. Yet for the most
H..1,  . . .  iu .. .Kii . . . .  . . . . . ____  -k. ^School segregation is unconstitutional i ''antag® to minorities without “compel- 1 part, blacks and whites in the United

I if it results from intentional actions of | Hng business interest." ; States live in separate neighborhoods.
! state and local governments. Just a_s the j That case involved written examine-' _ Professor Pettigrew of Han'ard hasdren. whose parerts were forced to a t-i constitution seemed to require it. But 

tend inferior segregated schools, can gel court decisions and Congre.ssional action 
a better educations in the last few- years have left doubts

Should black wjorkers, who lack job about how much'w'hite Americarts must 
seniority because bf decades of discrimi- sacrifice to make amends for past prac- 
nation, be given promotions over whites, uces
who worked hard over the years to build “ Almost everything we're doing now

egally dual school systems of the South tionj fpr employment. Subsequent court j determined that in the nation’s central 
were considered intentional discrimina- rulings extended the concept to recruit-! cities S3 percent of black families would 
tion. so, the Court has ruled, are zoning! ment practices, job placement, transfers i have to move from an all-black block
designed to keep out blacks, the construe- j and promotions.
tion of schools in locations that further 
segregation and other sophisticated de-

, J ^  T . 1 .k ' vices employed outside the South. If seg-up their seniority? ; is defensive ’ said David S Tatel, the i negation is not th? result of official poli-
Should colleges and universities give; new head of the Office Rights py desegregation is not required,

black applicants preference over whites j Health. E duction . ^Busing is an acceptable, indeed often
order to create a generation of black n®=®=sar  ̂ remedy for unconstitutional
itors lawyers teachers and other' but we _must be i.gorous m segregation. The busing need not result 

1 . ^  ’ r protecting what we ve already gained, in ,k . came nrer.i.se nmnber nf hlaekc anddoctors, 
professionals?

Should public hqu-sing projects be con­
structed in white suburbs so that ,blacks 

, can afford to live near the booming job 
market outside the central cities?

Rifts Among Former Allies 
Such questions have opened enormous 

rifts among customary civil rights allies.
Labor unions, which provided the civil 

rights movement with much of its money 
and political acumen in the past, have 
opposed giving blacks additional job sen­
iority to make up for past discrimination. 
At the convention pf the National Associ­
ation for the Advancement of Colored 
People in St. Louis this week, Herbert 
Hill, the associatiwi’ s national labor 
director, called Organized labor the 
•nerny of black w'orkers.

Jewish leaders, !who marched arm-in­
arm with black activists in Selma and 
Jackson and St. Augustine, vigorously op­
pose attempts to giy'e blacks .preference 
in college adniissioifs.,' '

Liberal Democratic members of Con­
gress, who could be counted on in the 
past to support civil rights legislation, 
have become the leading Cortgressitmal 
opponents of businf, ffow that the schools 
in their own states, and districts are fac­
ing desegregation.

“ It is, of course, a case of whose ox 
is being gored,”  sgld William L. Taylor, 
a lawyer here who has long been active 
in civil rights litigation.

The gams in racial equality in the last 
decade were monun^ntal, resulting in 
one of the most significant social trans­
formations in the' nation’s history. The 
once-dual school systems in the South 
have been unified. Blacks are no longer 
systematically excluded ;from restaurants, 
hotels or other public accommodations.

Perhaps most important, blacks now I 
vote in such numbers that-they haye be­
come a major political force, and many 
hold office in communities across the 
country. .

Economiq Gap Remains f 
But the average jincome of black fami­

lies remains 40 nercent below that of 
whites. The gap Hosed slightly in the 
1960’s, but it has not changed sincel97Q, 
Moreover, segregation in education, jobs 
and housing is still widespread.

“What my generation did was to turn, 
the law upside down,”  said Joseph L. 
Rauh, Jr., a Washington lawyer, who has 
been in the forefront of the civil rights 
movement for nearly 40 years. “ The law 
segregated and discriminated, and we 
changed the law to make it colorblind.

protecting what we’ve already gained, in | same precise number of blacks and 
preventing things from backsliding. 1 in each school, but it must elimi-

According to polls, the American people; ^oss imbalance,
seen) to favor some backshding. A clear j Desegregation mav not normally be 
majority of Americans supports school! required across jurisdictional lines—be- 

ro ,  I 14=.. for in-

Huridreds of companies, including such 
giants as the American Telephone and 
Telegraph Company, Merrill Lynch & 
Company and United Airlines, are now 
operating under, court decrees that re­
quire them to hire and promote more 
blacks.

But statistics compiled this year by the 
Federal Equal Employment Opportunity 
Commission indicate that serious job dis­
crimination still exists. And court deci-

to a white one to achieve a random pat­
tern of housing. Year by year, the na­
tion’s cities are becoming increasingly 
black, as whites move to suburbs.

The problem is mostly economic. 
“There’s no middle-class black who can’t 
buy a house anywhere he wants,”  said 
Mr. Rauh, the veteran civil rights lawyer, 
“ But you’ ll never effect a major change 
in housing patterns without a major 
redistribution of wealth.”

The main effort of civil rights activists

desegregation, according to a Loui.s Har­
ris survey two years ago, but 75 percent 
oppose busing as a means toward that 
end. A Gallup Poll last spring show'ed 
that more than four-fifths of the Ameri­
can people objected to giving blacks 
preferential treatment in hiring and col­
lege admissions.

According to Thomas Pettigrew, profes­
sor of social psychology and sociology 
at Harvard, “about one-fourth to. two- 
fifths of white Americans, depending on 
the question you ask, still oppose the 
proposition that black families have a 
right to move into their area, and particu­
larly next door, even when you stipulate 
the same class and same education.”

Areas of Controversy
The contrtA'ersies in civil rights today 

are focused on schools, jobs and housing. 
There is also the divisive question of 
whether numerical quotas or goals should 
be established to give special privileges 
to black.*. In each case, the law and the 
Government's policy are in flux.

What follows is an examination of the 
current state of affairs in each of those 
issues:

Schools
In the last five years, the controversy 

over school desegregation has, for the 
most part, shifted from the South to the 
big cities elsewhere. In 1964, only 8 per­
cent of black schoolchildren in the South 
attended integrated schools. By 1972, 92 
percent did so, and, in most instances, 
the desegregation was accomplished by 
busing children av/ay from their neigh­
borhood schools.

While Southern schools are now gener­
ally desegregated, , well over half the 
black children outside thq South attend 
schools that are at least 90 percent black. 
There are sizable black majorities in the 
public schools in the' nation’s largest 
cities, a situation that makes desegrega­
tion politically difficult, if not logistically 
impossible.

In New York, the public schools are 
67 percent nonwhite. In Chicago, the fig­
ure is 70 percent; in Philadelphia, 62 per­
cent; in Detroit, 81 percent; in Baltimore, 
75 percent, and inr Washington, 96 per­
cent.’

Substantial busing is taking place in

stance. But busing may be ordered acro.s.s 
district lines in special cases—for exam­
ple, if boundaries were redrawn to per­
petuate segregation— in which districts 
acted together in a discriminatory way.

^Entire school districts must be deseg­
regated if proof of intentional desegrega­
tion is shown in just part of the district.

COnce a school district is desegregated, 
officials need not take further action, 
even if the schools should become reseg­
regated because of changes in housing 
patterns. ,

Rulings Last Week
The Supreme Court issued several 

school desegregation rulings this week, 
the most consequential of which held that 
no more desegregation was required 
under the Constitution than that neces­
sary to redress the segregation that re­
sulted from intentional policies.

However, according to Mr. Taylor, 
director o f the Center for National Policy 
Review, who is regarded as one of the 
most knowledgeable lawyers in the coun-

sions in the last two years could reverse | in this area is focused on making avail- 
some of the gains, according to some e x -, able in white areas housing that black.s 
perts, i can afford. They fee! that such an effort

Dr. Melvin Humphrey, the commission's i is important because, increasingly, large 
research director, who compiled the sta- j employers are moinng from cities to sub- 
tistics, calculated how many blacks held : urbs.
jobs in six different employment catego 
ries and compared that figure witli the 
number of blacks who were qualified for 
such jobs on the ba.sis of their education. 
What he found was a sizable gap between 
those who were qualified and mig.ht be 
expected to hold jobs on the basis of 
random hiring and promotion policies and 
those who actually held the jobs,

Mr. Humphrey said that his study 
show'ed that “ discrinvnation is vicious and 
intentional, and those who say that there 
are not enough qualified blacks for vari­
ous jobs are full of baloney.” He calculat­
ed that, at the current rate of progress, 
it would be “ w'el! into the next century”  
before blacks were hired and promoted 
on an equal basis with whites.

Setbacks Seen in Decisions
Civil rights leaders believe that the ef­

fort to end job discrimination was set
try on,civil rights matters, the decision
this week did not alter the five principles

More important, in the view of civil 
rights activists, was the Senate’s vote this 
week to prohibit the Government from 
withholding Federal aid from districts 
that refused to merge black and white 
schools to accomplish desegregation. The 
vote followed identical House action 
earlier last month and headed off a new 
policy of the Carter Administration be­
fore It could go into effect.

The civil rights activists are not fearful 
that the legislation w'ilJ actually stop bus­
ing. Virtually all busing now under way 
was ordered by the courts under the Con­
stitution. The executive bra'hch has rarely 
used its power in recent years to cut 
off funds

back seriously by two recent Court deci­
sions.

Last year, the Court held that tests 
and other procedures that had the effect 
of excluding.black,* from jobs were legal 
so Tong as the discrimination was not 
intentional.

Then last May, in a case that some 
blacks believe w'as even more damaging, 
the Court extended the concept of intent 
and held that seniority systems that per- 
potusted the effects of discrimination were 
not illegal as long as the systems them­
selves were not intentionally designed for 
discriminatory purposes.

Many iobs have become open to blacks 
only in the la.st few years, and the blacks 
who hold those mbs thus have less sen­
iority than their white co-workers. The

What they found disturbing, the ciiTl' Court’s ruling in May makes those blacks
ights advocates . said, was that the 

against-Clvilirights once their own cities 
became threatened by busing.

Empldyment

Housing

Considerable progress toward, ending 
job discrimination,has been made in re­
cent years! The’CtyiL Rights Act of 1964

---------------  —.....„  ........ ,, ,—  ̂ ... made siich diSCrlmiftatloh illegal.- and the
only one of those cities, Detroit, but many I law was strengthened markedly by subse- 
other Northern cities, including Boston, | qrent Supreme Court decisions.
Denver and San Francisco, have institut-1 In .perlxaps the .most significant ruling,;, rights problems. The Fair Housing Act 
ed busing under court order.______________ - the Court held in 197] that theoretically:' o f  ,1968 outlawed discrimination in the i argue that such

more vulnerable to layoffs and less likely 
to be promoted.

Labor leaders were delighted with the 
Court’s decision on seniority, and their 
political strength makes it unlikely that 
Congress will enact legislation to over­
come the ruling.

The 1974 Housing and Community 
Development Act requires communities 
that apply for grants for water and sewer 
systems, urban renewal, open space 
development and other capital construc­
tion projects to provide low-income hou.s- 
ing for poor people who want to work 
in the area.

Suburban communities across the coun­
try feel threatened by the law. For exam­
ple, in Livonia, Mich., outside Detroit, 
local officials are doggedly fighting a suit 
that would compel them to build federally 
subsidized rental housing as a condition 
for receiving the Federal money they 
want for paving and drainage projects.

Cautious Optimism Voiced
Civil rights leaders believe that the Ford 

Administration was lax in enforcing the 
law. But the advocates of bousing inte­
gration are, in the words of Edw'ard F. 
Holmgren, executive director of the Na­
tional Committee against Discrimination 
in Housing,'“ cautiously optimistic”  about 
the intention of the new Administration 
to enforce the law vigorously.

Patricia Roberts Harris, Secretary of 
Housing and Urban Development ordered 
the department’s field offices last spring 
to give priority when making grants to 
the question of low-income housing.

Mr. Holmgren and others believe that 
they must rely on the Administration, 
rather than the Federal courts, to pro­
mote their cause.

Last v/inter, the Supreme Court held 
that it was not inherently unconstitution­
al for a nearly all-white suburb of Chica­
go to refuse to change its zoning laws 
to permit housing for people of low and 
moderate incomes, even if one of the 
motivations for the zoning ordinance was 
racial discrimination.

Quotas
The most emotionally charged civil 

rights issue today involves whether 
blacks and other groups that have histori­
cally been discriminated against should 
now be given special preference in hiring,

termed quotas, goals, timetables or af­
firmative action, amounts to reverse dis­
crimination against white maies. One 
wrong, they say, should not be redressed 
by another.

On the other side are tho.se who con­
tend that discrimination of the past can 
never be righted unless some degree of 
opportunity is shifted from advantaged 
majorities to disadvantaged minorities. If 
blacks are not accorded preference, they 
say, it will be generations before they 
can catch up with whites.

The issue will be heard by the Supreme 
Court in its next term, in W'hat many 
lawyers believe is the most important 
civil rights case in several years.

The case, called the Regents of the'Uni- 
versity of California v. Allan Bakke, in­
volves W'hat appears on the surface to 
be a clear-cut example of how a white 
man was discriminated against because 
preference w'as given blacks.

Denied Medical School Admission 
Mr. Bakke sued the university after he 

ivas denied admission to medical school. 
A number of blacks with admissions 
scores lower than his w'ere admitted 
under a policy that reserved 16 places 
in the class specifically for "disadvan­
taged”  applicants.

While every major civil rights organ­
ization has entered a brief on the-side 
o f the university, the leaders of those 
organizations say privately tliat they 
wish the university had not appealed to 
the Supreme Court after Mr. Bakke w on  
in the California courts.

The difficulty, the leaders say, is that 
there is no evidence in the record before 
the Court showing that the university 
ever discriminated against blacks .and 
other minorities. Those favoring such.spe- 
cial admissions policies would have“p're- 
ferred that the Court rule on a case in 
which a university gave .prefercnca to 
blacks to make amends for having indis­
putably denied them opportunity in,, the 
past.

The position of the Carter .Administra­
tion is ambiguous. Joseph A. Califano'Jr,, 
the Secretary of Health, Education and 
Welfare, said in an intenTew in March 
that racial “ quotas”  were sometjjnes 
necessary. Later he backed off. and said 
he favored “ affirmative action” but: not 
"quotas.” Then, in a speech in New. York 
la.st month, he said, “The country rpust 
rely on numerical goals in hiring and,,ad- 
missions.”

Government Brief Awaited „
According to Admini.stration officials, 

several Government departments and 
agencies have recommended to the Jus­
tice Dmartraent that the Government file 
a brief in the Bakke case on the side 
of the university. The Government’s ,brief 
in the case w'as to have been filed’ by 
the middle of June, but it still has hot 
been submitted. Justice Department offi­
cials said that no conclusions should be 
drawn from the delay except that thev 
were experiencing difficulty drafting the 
brief.

Last month, the House o f Representa­
tives approved legislation that would 
prohibit the use of Federal funds tb"en- 
force “ ratios, quotas or other numerical

Housing segregation seems to be the j promotions, college admissions and other requirements”  in hiring or admissions 
most intractable _of the nation’s civ il; facets of American life. The Senate rejected the raeasurk h X -

On one side of the issue are those who ever, and there seems to be little’ likeli- 
preference, whether I hood that it will become law this year.



197^M ace Relations: 3 W id ely  Divergent Views
By JON NORDHEIMER
Special to The New Totrk Time*

KANSAS CITY, Mo.—Earl Howard is a 
lone black figure at a corner of Troost 
Avenue. An early morning snowfall dusts 
the cracked plates of ice on the sidewalk 
beneath his feet.

Ten years ago, when the Kemer com­
mission warned that racial isolation was 
creating two separate but unequal soci­
eties in the United States, Earl Howard 
was 18 years old and unemployed. On 
this cold morning, Earl Howard is nearly 
29 and unemployed. He is waiting to be 
picked up by a friend who thinks they 
can find a job moving equipment in a 
downtown office.

“ The truth,” Mr. Howard says, hunch­
ing his shoulders deeper into the warm 
chamber' o f a dressy imitation-French 
overcoat, “ is that black people ain’t no 
closer to catching up with whites than

they were before. A black man can work 
hard, if he can find wiork, but there’s 
no catching up with what the whites got 
already.”

At about the same time miles away 
in an upper-middle-cJass suburb on the 
South Side of the city, Andrew Stevenson 
is leaving his snug new house. His new

Two Societies
America Since the Kerner Report
Second of a Series I

car crunches over the carpet of snow 
to join the gathering procession of com­
muters.

“ I think most of the racial barriers 
have fallen,”  Mr. Stevenson says later 
in his office at Penn Valley Community 
College, where he is dean of student af­
fairs. “I feel Tm as good as anyone else

in this country.”  He is 44 years old and 
black.

And as he talks, an 18-year-old white 
girl in a southwestern suburb starts out 
for her part-time job in a law firm. “ I 
really don’t know any black people,”  she 
says in response to a question. “There 
were none in my neighborhood when I 
grew up, only a few in my high school, 
and the only time I see them is when 
I’m nding the city bus through the black 
section of town. And riding a city bus, 
looking out the window, doesn’t give you 
any great idea about who they are and 
what they want.”

The lack of unanimity on almost any 
aspect of the tangled relationship be­
tween the races was a significant finding 
in an informal survey in a number of 
cities where racial strife in the mid-1960’s 
led to violence and hatred. Gone was

Continued on Page A14, Column 1



.A 1 4 THE NEW YORK TIMES. MONDAY, FEBRUARY 27, 1978

The Races’ Relations; Three Widely Divergent Views of Integration’s Progress
Continued From Page A1

anything approacihing black solidarity on 
basic issues, or even on assessments of 
social, econmnio and political progress.

Virulent racism was expressed by 
members of both races, but most of those 
interviewed indicated that extremists, 
both black and white, had less influence 
today than they did 10 years ago when 
flie National Advisory Commission on 
^ i i  -Disorders issued its report.

But above anything else, the survey 
suggested that, rather than the two sepa­
rate societies predicted by the Keener 
commission, three separate societies 
have emergedrwhite, poor black and mid­
dle-class blacki

Attitudes within these three segments 
vary widely, but judging by the survey 
the majority views may be summarized 
in the following ways:

flWhite America: A decade of changing 
racial patterns, economic setbacks and 
other pressures has seen the eclipse of 
active white support for accelerated 
black social progress. While most whites 
do not want to turn back the dock, it 
is becoming an accepted maxim that 
rapid black advancement on a broad 
scale can only be achieved through “ re­
verse discrimination”  and white sacri­
fices. "Black progress now should be the 
product of black sweat and not white 
handouts,”  a building contractor in 
Miami told an interviewer.

flMiddle-Class Black America: This seg­
ment of society expanded greatly as 
those with natural gifts, tuck or training 
took advantage of the opportunities that 
the civil rights movement gave blacks. 
Their upward mobility has been in the 
classic American mold, concerned chiefly 
with material accumulation. “Young 
black middle-dass college kids don’t have ■ 
a social conscience today the way they 
did- back in the 60’s,”  observed John 
Lewis, a black who was appointed a top 
administrator in the ACTION program by 
the Carter Administration.

flPoor Black America: The growth of 
the middle class had the effect of moving 
many with' talent and leadership potential 
out of the ghetto, leaving it more bereft 
and powerless than before. The mass of 
black people mired in poverty describe 
the bleakness of ghetto conditions—

social fabric of this country.”  Today, he 
continued, he . was deeply pessimistic 
about the will of whites and middle-class 
blacks to help rescue the poor and ill- 
equippgd blacks from a social-economic 
morass.

“ Middle-class blacks have by ahd large 
forgotten their roots, and .this is the most 
heinous crime of all,”  he continued. 
“They can have a tremendous impact on 
the national scene, political and other­
wise. We have the potential to force 
change, and we’re wasting that poten­
tial.”

“We are all a little bit to blame,”  the 
physician concluded wearily. “ The way 
things are set up, it’s so easy to forget.”

One aspect of the middle-class blacks’ 
struggle to gain acceptance in a dominant 
white society is the ordeal of never being 
confident that they are being judged as 
individuals and not as blacks.

Such doubts can exist even in some 
of the most confident of middle-class 
blacks. Mr. Stevenson, the dean at Penn 
Valley College who said that he was not 
confronted by any “racial barriers,”  did 
reveal some nagging doubts under closer 
questioning. He had been turned down 
for the presidency of the college, h* said, 
and he has never Been entirely convinced

that his race was not an important factor 
in that decision.

“ Blacks have to work twice as hard 
at the same job because whites are ready 
to jump on blacks the first time a mistake 
is made,” said Vivian Malone Jones, head 
of the Voter Registration Project in At­
lanta and one of the first black students' 
to integrate the University' of Alabama,

William H. Andrews Jr. is a black man 
in his early 40’ s who grew up on welfare , 
in a public housing project. Now he 
makes $25,000 a year as president of the 
steelworkers’ Local 1010 in Gary.

He said he felt he was making a contri­
bution toward black progress by helping 
the poor find work and learn skills 
through the union. It was natural, how­
ever, he said, for blacks earning middle- 
class incomes after living in poverty for 
generations to concentrate on caring for 
their own families. “ I hqve two little 
girls,”  Mr. Andrews said. “ To show how 
differently they live compared to the way 
I was raised, one day I took a dress 
out cf the closet for ray 6-year-old to 
out of the closet for my 6-year-old to 
wear to school, and she said to me, 
‘Daddy, I’ve already worn that dress once 
this week.’ ”

In Poor Black America

The New York JImes/Don Hogan Charles
Dr. Vincent Collins examining ,i \oimg patient as the child’s mother looks on at Wyler Children’s Hospital in (Chicago. 

“Middle-class blacks have, by and large, forgotten their roots,*’ said the physician.

crime, drugs, bad housing, fatherless 
homes, poor schooling and unemployment 
— b̂ut a surprising number continue to 
talk hopefully, if not completely confi­
dently, about chances of improvement in 
the future. Thds attitude appears to be 
more widespread in the South than in 
Northern cities.

In White America
The material gains of the black middle- 

class have eased the pressure on white 
America, allowing many to cite prosper­
ing blacks as evidence that poverty arises 
from class differences rather than racial 
oppression.

“The blacks who have made efforts 
to get ahead have pretty much been ac- 

"cepted,”  commented Wayne Frank, who 
lives in 'a racially mixed neighborhood 
in a suburb of Rochester.

Nonetheless, in a decade of black ef­
forts to get ahead, many whites have 
become concerned over how far affirma­
tive action can be pursued without lower­
ing scholastic and professional standards. 
Many others are simply bitter that be­
cause of antidiscrimination laws, as they 
see it, blacks now have advantages they 
do not.
. John F. Deardorff, a white man in Ms 
mid-40’s, is the insurance representative 
for the integrated Local 1010 of the Unit­
ed Steel Workers Union in Gary, Ind.

“I’ll admit at first I resented all of the 
push for black rights,”  he said in an in­
terview, “but then I came around to un­
derstand it. But. now we have run that 
gantlet and we are aill the way over on 
the other side to reverse discrimination. 
We have oivil-righted so hard that now 
you are discriminating against me.”

Mary M. Hopper is a white-haired union 
member who said she was the only ■white 
woman who did not walk off the job 
in 1952, when her mill first hired black 
women. “People now feel more resent­
ment,”  Mrs, Hopper said. “I hear com­
ments like they’re being lazy, every­
body’s carrying them because they can’t 
handle it, stuff like that. I hear it from 
supervisors as well as fellow workers.” 

Though there are many instances of 
friendships between whites and members 
of the black middle class, the great ma­
jority of these are restricted to the office 
or factory. The separation of the races 
during childhood, particularly in the large

urban areas of the North, can cause ten­
sions and misunderstanding when, adults 
are thrown together. ,

For example, a liberal Kansas City ad­
vertising man and his wife agonized over 
what food to serve at a dinner party 
for his staff, which.included a black sec­
retary.

‘ ‘It was ^  warm day and if the group 
had been all white I could have served 
fried chicken and watermelon and no one 
would have given it a second thought,” 
the wife explained. “But that obviously 
was out. On the other hand, I felt I could­
n’t serve boeuf bourguignon and choco­
late mousse because someone might think 
that was a putdown.”

She settled on a neutral pot roast and 
apple' pie. “People might think I’m a 
lousy cook, but they don’t , think I’m a 
racist,”  she smiled limply.

Similarly, professional and educated 
blacks are often offended, and sometimes 
amused, by the whites who grope for

appropriate “ black” conversation gambits 
at cocktail parties or dinners.- "During 
the recent Muhammad Ali fight, you’d 
be surprised how many whites assumed 
I had an inordinate interest in boxing,” 
smiled M. Carl Holman, director of the 
National Urban Coalition, who is also an 
accomplished poet.

But the divisions run far deeper than 
social discomfort. Whites, even the liber­
als who used to put money or labor into 
the civil rights movement, -are unwilling 
to make a commitment to it today for 
a variety of reasons. Perhaps the most 
significant of these is a belief that Gov­
ernment programs to desegregate the 
public schools, create public housing and 
run the welfare system are failutes be­
yond their enormous financial and emo­
tional COiStS.
. Sandy Keats, a 31-year-old. black secre- 
lairy in Rochester, says, “ I see a growing 
.fiumber of white people very hostile, like 
they have given up on us.”

In Black Middle-Class America
Nearly every black community in 

America has its stories of blacks who, 
after clearing the economic hurdles,, 
vowed never to leave the ghetto and the' 
less fortunate but who finally despaired 
of their ability to change things and 
joined,the spiritual exodus.

Vincent Collins, a resident physician 
at Wyler’s Children’s Hospital at the Uni-

li'ersity of Chicago, is one black man still 
committed to staying. Haggard, with fa- 
jigue from overwork, standing in the hos- 
jiital’s emergency ward, he spoke bitterly, 
|4)is words full of scorn.
' _ “The Kerner report has proved horribly 
; .prpphqtic,” said Dr. Collins. “Ten years 
j-’agbT'naively thought that the white com- I  munity was interested in -changing the

The disintegration o f some inner cities 
has turned once peaceful black neighbor­
hoods into no-man’s-lands where neither 
blacks nor whites are safe, a condition 
that further alienates whites. The high 
unemployment rates among poor blacks, 
and the crime associated with this group, 
also forces older blacks to live in fear.

One black man who feels trapped in 
the house he has owned for 32 years 
is Mitchell Wood, a 61-year-oId retired 
repairman who lives in the Inner West 
neighborhood of Dayton, Ohio. “The old 
people have moved out and the people 
who move in are undesirable,”  Mr. Wood 
complained the other day.

“ It wasn’t like this 10 years ago,”  Mr. 
Wood said. “All the good people have 
gone.”

With the energies o f the civil rights 
movement dissipated, with the withdraw­
al of massive white support and with' 
black leadership cadres moving into Gov­
ernment jobs or into middle-class com­
munities, the poor black segment of 
America sees itself as powerless, ignored 
and lacking a strategy to challenge the 
status quo.

For some like Dean Lovelace, a former 
lathe operator in a factory who now 
heads the Ohio Black Political Assembly, 
the rage and anger of the black communi­
ty is as potentially volatile as it was 
10 years ago. “ I think we’re headed,for 
another period of turmoil,”  he said.

But for young blacks like a tall, gangly 
teen-ager in the lobby o f a Kansas City 
movie house who identified himself only 
as Claude, even violence seems unlikely 
to change things. “The cops got all the 
fire power they need to blow us away,” 
he said, pulling .a cap over hair braided

back in cornrows. “They’re just waiting 
for an excuse to get us out in the open 
with a stick inpur hand.”

Many see little ahead but a life of idle­
ness. Patricia Stantil quit school in Balti­
more when she got pregnant in the 11th 
grade; now, just turned 21, she is preg­
nant again.

Welfare gives her $260 a month; she 
spends $125 of that for rent and $38 
for food stamps. Once she entered the 
Job Corps for training as a nurse’s aide, 
but she dropped out, suffering from 
homesickness. Now she has no job, no 
skills and no drive to get either.

“ I’m not doing nothing,”  she said, “ but 
staying home and taking care of my 
daughter.”

For millions of blacks, the situation 
is like that of Earl Howard, standing on 
a cold street corner, stamping cheap Ital- 
ian-style shoes into thb swirls of snow 
eddying at his feet, waiting for a  ride 
that never came. '

“ I just came up from New Orleans 
looking for work,”  he explain®, about to 
give up on the friend who was to meet 
him. “ I need money to buy me some good 
work boots. I just ain’t ready for this 
cold weather.”

Tomorrow he would ask around again. 
Maybe something would turn, up.

“ It was the snow,”  he said after one 
last look for the friend’s car. “It must 
of been the snow what kept him home.”

Next: The -expansion of the black 
middle class and its relationship to 
those who failed to break'lbose from 
poverty.

The Kerner R eport o f 1968 Was One Element in a Year o f  Hope, Violence and Despair
By ROGER WILKINS

, The year 1968 was one nobody ex­
pected. By the time it was over, not even 
the 31,770,222 Americans who had just 
voted Richard M. Nixon into the Presi­
dency were sad to see it go..

In his history of the United States 
from ip32 to 1972, William 
Manchester calls it “ the year

Urban everything went wrong.”  It
Affairs was the year that the Rev.

- -  Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.
and Senator Robert F. Ken­

nedy were murdered, the Pueblo was 
captured, the Kerner commission warned 
that the nation was headed toward “ two 
societies, separate and unequal,”  the 
Aimerican Government said it had 
wrested a victory from the Tet offensive, 
Columbia University and the streets of 
Chicago around the Democratic National 
convention erupted and Spiro T. Agnew 
was elected 'Vice President of the United 
States.

Even from the vantage point of 1978, 
the only w4y to understand the events 
of 1968 fully is to remember the hopes 
that were leading up toward it. The civil 
rights movement had been moving apace 
for more than a decade and had made 
progress that seemed highly significapt. 
Young people, alarmed by the Vietnam 
War, had been galvanized into political 
action. Along with the rioting, there was 
great intellectual ferment in the black 
sections of Northern urban communities.

Though it was a time of uncertainty, 
many Americans who wanted a more just 
society believed that there was reason 
for hope.

Reason for Distress
Nevertheless, for each citizen who saw 

in the ferment reason for hope, there 
were others profoundly disturbed by it. 
Alongside the pesice movement, but 
comingled with it in many respects, there 
was a youth culture questioning Ameri­
can values with everything from new sex­
ual mores and large-scale use of drugs 
to desecration of such hallowed symbols 
as the nation’s flag.

Some young Americans were thrilled, 
by Che Guevera's vision of “ two, three, 
many Vietnams,”  -and others, most of 
them black, were emotionally drawn to 
the banner of the Black Panther Party, 
which had emerged the year before, in 
earnest and with guns, on the streets 
of Oakland.

President Johnson seemed to be devel­
oping a greater and greater obsession 
with the war, and at the same time he 
appeared to be less and less able 
to achieve the peace he said he wanted 
So fervently. He also appeared less and 
less* interested in the domestic social 
goals that many thought were his best 
dreams.

Then, in January, Senator Eugene J. 
McCarthy gave the President a scare in 
New Hampshire; later. Senator Kennedy 
entered the Presidential race. On March 
31, Mr..Johnson announced that he would 
not be a candidate for re-election.

One close observer of those days in 
Washington was William L. Taylor, direc- ] 
tor of the Center for National Policy Re­
view, who served as .staff director of the | 
United States Commission on Civil Rights ; 
in the last years of the Johnson Adminis-  ̂
tration. He recently recalled the mood ; 
in Washington then.

“In 1968, until everything crumbled, 
we had the feeling that the political ob­
stacles to progress were not overwhelm­
ing,” he said. “We thought we had com­
mitted leadership at the top to’ deal with 
problems of racism and poverty and that 
we had programs and, mechanisms for 
dealing with the problems and the obsta­
cles.

“Now, the political problems and the 
■lack of political will seem overwhelm­
ing.”

Alan Barth, who wrote editorials for 
The Washington Post for 29 years and 
was called “ the liberal conscience of 
Washington” by those -who knew his 
work, remembers the ferment of those 
years as something less than an unal­
loyed blessing. He, too, recently looked 
back at 1968 through the prism of the 
1978 America.

‘Forerunner for Change’
“Things are calmer now,”  he said, "an3 

there’s more of a sense of national unity. 
•It is true, however, that the sense of 
ferment and the sense of agitation is 
lacking, and I suppose that intense dissat­
isfaction is an essential forerunner for 
change.

“But though I recognize the utility of 
ferment, I didn’t think all of it was good. 
I thought a lot of it was excessive and 
very ugly, particularly on the college 
campuses.

“ And though that particular engirte of 
progress is lacking now, I have (he sense 
that we have recovered a sense of pride 
in the country. We are a united country 
and we stand for some things. We do 
have some standards of freedom, and 
that’s all to the good.”

In the early spring of 1968, several 
disparate movements were alive in the 
nation. Mr. Nixon was sweeping through 
Republican primairies and Senators Ken­
nedy and McCarthy seemed to be making 
it more and more clear that the left side 
of the Democratic Party would prevail 
in Chicago.

Rennie Davis was in Chicago, preparing 
for peace demonstrations at the conven­
tion, and at the Southern Christian Lead- 
rship Conference convention in Miami, 
Dr. King and his aides were planning 
a massive new movement.
A  Broader Appeal

A Broader Appeal
Roughly a month before his last visit 

to Memphis. Dr. King told two Federal 
officials of his conviction that the civil 
rights movement had to proceed to eco­
nomic issues and broaden its base to in­
clude all Americans mired in poverty. He 
planned to bring that poverty to 'Wash­
ington, he said, and put it on the Mall 
between the Lincoln Memorial and the 
Washington Monument “ for the whole 
American Government to see the misery 
from across the nation.”

Just a,s that conversation was taking 
place, the Commission on Civil Disorders, 
appointed by,President Johnson after the 
1967 Detroit riot and headed by Gov. 
Otto Kerner of Illinois, issued its report. 
' The commission concluded that racism 

was a major malady posing a fundamen­
tal threat to American society, and it 
proposed drastic; action, including the 
creation of two million new jobs within 
three years.

John V. Lindsay, who was then Mayor 
of New York, served as vice chairman 
of the commission. He 'remembers the

The Urban North;
How the Races V iew  One Another.
W h a t a b o u t o th e r  p e o p le  in yo u r c i t y -  
w h ite  a n d  b la c k ; D o you  th in k  on ly  a fe w  
w h ite  p e o p le  d is lik e  b la c k s , m an y  d is like  
b la c k s  o r a lm o s t a ll d is lik e  b lacks?

1 W H ITE S  1■ b l a c k s

1 9 6 8 ' 1978 1968 1978

46%

37%

51% _

23”b

ONLY A FEW
WHITES DISLIKE BLACKS

T h e  re verse : D o  you  th in k  only a  
fe w  b la c k s  in yo u r c ity  d is lik e  
w h ite s , m a n y  d is lik e  w h ite s  o r 
a lm o s t a ll d is lik e  w h ite s ?  .

i W H ITES
1968 1978  1978*

. 45%'

31‘ ..

MANY OR ALMOST ALL 
‘JVHITES DISLIKE BLACKS

18%
ONLY A FEW
BLACKS DISLIKE WHITES

MANY OR ALMOST ALL 
BLACKS DISLIKE WHITES

44*-

5'7.%

W H ITES
If  a  b lack  fa m ily  w ith  a b o u t th e  sam e incom e and education as you m o ved  n e x t  
door to  you, w o u ld  m rnd it a lo t, a little  o r no t a t a ll?

1978
WOULD NOT MIND AT ALL

^Question not asked Sources: 1968; Survey Research Center. University of Michtgan;
ot blacks m 1968 1 97*.Ttie New York Times/CBS News Poll

relief that all the com.missioners feltj 
after a long struggle, when they achieved 
a consensus despite the diversity of theit] 
views and backgrounds. But they antici-, 
pated another obstacle, and their concent 
turned out to be justified. f
‘ "Our second worry was that L.B.j' 
would view the report as a criticism of- 
him and his policies,” Mr. Lindsay saiti 
recently.

"We wanted action, but though Presi­
dent Johnson was very gracious when ha 
received the report, he never mentioned 
it again. It ended up on the shelf.”

The Memphis March
In April, Dr. King went to Memphis-, 

to support a strike by black garbage m en., 
Those humble men walked through Mem­
phis streets, large spaces separating I 
them, each virtually alone, wearing signs 
that read, “ I am a man.’.’ In the evening 
of April 4. on the balcony of the Lorraine i 
Motel, and assassin’s bullet tore through:

Dr. King’s neck and broke his spinal co l­
umn. Within hours he was dead, and 
within days, enraged blacks had burned 
and wasted portions of 168 communities 
across the nation.

Few could comprehend the nature ot 
the loss to the nation then, but M. Carl 
Holman, at that time deputy staff direc­
tor of the United States Commission on 
Civil Rights, now President of the Nation­
al Urban Coalition, remembers his feel­
ings on flying back into Washington from 
Memphis just after the murder.

“ When I was over Washington and saw 
that smoke and those flames, it was like 
coming over a bombed city,”  he said. 
“ I knew that there were all kinds of peo­
ple down there who didn’t even know 
that Martin had gotten into their blood­
stream, people who wouldn’t have 
marched with him, people who didn’t be­
lieve in nonviolence, who were so hurt 
that they had to go out and hurt some­
thing back.

“What we lost was not just Martin’s 
eloquence, but his bravery,” Mr. Holman 
continued. "He knew enough to be afraid 
and yet to go ahead and do the things 
he had to do anyway. And he was the 
last man we had who could teach us 
not to be ashamed to have a moral at­
tachment to a cause. Now, we’re smarter 
and cooler, passionless, really.”

After he attended Dr. King’s funeral. 
Senator Kennedy returned to the cam­
paign trail.

Two months later, having won in In­
diana and Nebraska and having lost in 
Oregon, Senator Kennedy beat Senator 
McCarthJi and 'Vice President Humphrey 
in the California primary. Then, as he 
was celebrating his victory, he was shot 
twice in a kitchen in toe Ambassador 
Hotel in Los Angeles. He died early the 
next morning.

‘A Tremendous Force’
Peter B. Edelman, director o f the New 

York State Division for Youth, who 
served as Senator Kennedy’s legislative 
assistant, recently summed his sense of 
that loss to the country.

“ I think he would have become Presi­
dent of the United States,”  Mr. Edelman 
said. “He was perfectly positioned to do 
great good for the nation because he had 
become a tremendous force for the 
powerless, but he could also evoke the 
breadth of confidence from others that 
would have enabled him to preside over 
a period of national reconciliation.

“ So, I think his death turned politics 
in this country around in ways we’re still 
feeling.”

Still, as planning for the Democratic 
National Convention continued. Senator 
George McGovern tried to keep the Ken­
nedy vote together and the peace move­
ment continued planning its demonstra­
tions.

Proposal for Daley
Rennie Davis, the leader of the antiwar 

group New Mobilization, asked the 
Federal Government to intercede with 
Mayor Richard Daley in an effort to 
forge a plan that would permit the dem­
onstrations to occur and at the same 
time assure that they would be peaceful. 
Federal officials said later that they 
were shocked at the virulence of the 
Mayor’s response to their suggestion 
that joint planning take place. His face 
went red as he thundered, “We know 
how to keep our people in line.”

One, of those officials reported to his 
superiors that, with some protesters plan­
ning to cause disruption, violence was 
likely if the Mayor kept to the hard line 
he was pursuing. The official predicted 
that that violence would be “ a national 
disaster and a national disgrace.”

The violence did erupt, and it 'was as 
ugly as the prediction. Grant Park and 
the Conrad Hilton became, for a time, 
names of battle zones. Though a com­
mission headed by -Daniel Walker, 
later to become Governor o f Illinois, 
termhd it a “police riot,”  seven of the 
demonstrators who were arrested were 
later tried on conspiracy charges in ! 
Federal court. i

One of-those defendants, Tom Hayden, I 
a former leader of the Students fo r ' 
Democratic Society, remembered h ow , 
1968 had been for him. ;

“ I guess I felt caught up and carried ■ 
along in extreme possibilities,” he said. '

“ I grew up in a society where certainty 
was taken for granted. It all came apart 
in ’67 and ’68. There was a possiliility 
for revolution or extreme repression and 
I thought repression was the greater pos­
sibility.

“ Great personal tension and paranoia 
was engendered by those times,” he said, 
“ and I don’t  apologize for my actions 
in those years. We felt under siege and 
that attitude promotes imbalance. The 
period brought out the worst lin all ot 
us and maybe some of the best.”

What Mr. Hayden sensed, but did not 
know, vyas that the F.B.I. had secretljt 
begun its “COINTELPRO” operations 
against the New Left, among other tar­
gets, and that just a few months before 
there had been a strong move in the 
Cabinet, on ly  beaten down by Attorney 
General Ramsay Clark’s fierce opposi­
tion, to make demonstrations in Wash­
ington illegal during wartime.

Mr. Nixon had already been nominated 
in Miami when the Democrats chose Mr. 
Humphrey. George C. Wallace of Ala­
bama ran as a third-party candidate and 
Eldridge Cleaver of the Black Panther 
Party ran on a string of obscenities.

A Quieter Summer
Black communities across the nation 

were quieter that summer than they had 
been in years. Dr. King’s dream of a poor 
people’s coalition had come apart in a sea 
of mud in Resurrection City, hard by the 
capital’s great statue of Lincoln.

Still, young, radical blacks across toei 
nation felt that they were under a state 
of siege and believed, more correctly than 
anyone then knew, that Federal agents 
were harassing and spying on them. 
There was great tension and profound 
bitterness, and the word revolution was 
on the lips of many young blacks.

Meanwhile, Mr. Nixon was running a 
“ law and order”  campaign. Mr. Hum­
phrey’s'campaign sputtered. He couldn’t 
seem to handle the question of 'Vietnam. 
Many liberals professed to be unable to 
distinguish between Mr. Humphrey and 
Mr. Nixon and washed their hands of 
the campaign.

Nixon by 500,000
Mr. Humphrey gained rapidly in the 

last weeks of the campaign, having ap­
parently overcome his Vietnam problem, 
but in the end, Mr. Nixon had an edge 
of 500,000 votes out of the more than 
63 million cast for the two men.

When he was asked about the liberals 
who sat on their hands in 1968, Alan 
Barth replied, “ I think that was the most 
tragic political mistake this country ever 
made. That was a choice that was in 
a true sense disastrous. You can’t tell 
what turns history would have made, hut 
at least America would have been spared 
the sense of shame and degradation that 
came out of the Nixon Administration.”

In December, when President-elect 
Nixon introduced an all-white, all-male 
cabinet that he said had “an extra dimen­
sion,” many politically attuned blacks 
were convinced that whatever promise 
the Kerner commission’s report might 
have held for the country had died in 
its cradle.

One thing did go as expected in 1968. 
Vince Lombardi’s Green Bay Packers took 
apart the Oakland Raiders with precision 
and power in Super Bowi. The score was 
33 to 14.

V



THE NEW YORK TIMES, MONDAY, FEBRUARY 27, W 8 A 13

COURr FOR THE NORTHERN

COMPANY, BANKHUPrCY No,

Governors Gather in Washington 
To Seek Roles in National Policies

' Tech , fn : . Joanne Owinnel; 
and Bertna Coler foundation, 
a'i other persons who are or

ing for specific perforn

hereby summoned AND

Special to The New Yoric Times
WASHINGTON, Feb, 26—^Mo$t of the, tion, with each side seeking he precious 

nation’s governors gathered In Washing- i tion, with each side seeking the precious 
ton today for their annual winter meeting ' commodity of political support for com- 
and, as usual, they were here to ask for ! plex positions of policy, 
expanded roles and authority over such i Seeing Carter Today on Energy 
problems as developent o f a new urban | The governors spent five and a half 
policy, fashioning of water policy and ! hours today in closed meetings on energy

ON OR BEFORE March 20, 1878, AND 
TO FILE THE MOTION OH ANSWER 
WITH THIS COURT not later Ihan Ihe 
second business day thereafter. <if you 
make a motion, as you may in accord> 
anca with Bankruptcy Rut# 712, that 
rule governs the lime within which your 
answer must be served } IF YOU FAIL 
TO DO. SO. JUDGMENT BY DEFAULT

YOU ARE HEREBY NOTIFIED THAT' 
PRE-TRIAL CONVERENCE IN THE

1;30 P.M. in Room 4-554, 
State Courthouse, Tulsa. Ok-

I WILLIAM E. RUTLEDGE 
Bankruptcy Judge

ADVERTISEMENT,

LAWN & WEED CONTROL 
CONTRACT PSE-271 
PROPOSAL «1261 

Sealed proposals for ti

World Trade Center, Room 73N, New 
York. New York 10048. until 3:00 P.M. 
Thursday. March 9. 1978. at which time 
and place said proposals will be opened

Contract documents may be ob­
tained at Ihe Office of the General Ser­
vices Department upon request. (Con­
tact S. W. Sullivan at 1212) 466-8203 or 
(201) 662-6600 Ext. 8203.)

the fields of energy and production of 
fuel.

Also as usual, the attention o f the press 
tended to wander from such weighty 
issues to the political personalities who 
might figure in future Presidential poli­
tics.

Gov. Edmund G. Brown Jr. of California 
was not saying that he would challenge 
President Carter for the 1980 Democratic 
nomination but neither was Mr. Brown 
ruling out such a long shot.

He announced last week that he would 
seek a second gubernatorial term this 
fall, and today he said in an appearance 
on the NBC-TV program “ Meet the Press” 
that his "present sincere intention”  was 
to serve a second term if elected.

Not Locking Any Doors
He added, however: “ I am not making 

any fnal commtments or lockng any 
doors on anything.”

Governor Brown refused to be enticed 
into any serious criticism o f Mr. Carter, 
saying that the President had been “ sad­
dled with some unpleasant realities”  such 
as the need to raise Social Security taxes, 
and "just happens to be the fail guy”  
for past neglect of that and other prob­
lems.

He said that many of the President’s 
initiatives that have met resistance in 
Congres “ are good ideas, and I think 
the country will come to appreciate 
them.”

The winter meeting of the National 
Governors’ Association is to continue 
through Tuesday. Most of it will be spent 
in exchanges between the state leaders 
and officials of the Carter Administra-

poiicy at the old Executive Office Build­
ing, just west of the White House, They 
are to meet with President Garter on that 
subject tomorrow.

Such Federal officials as James R. 
Schlesinger, the Secretary of Energy; 
Cecil D. Andrus, the Secretary of the In­
terior, and Jack Watson, assistant to the 
President for intergovernmental. affairs, 
discussed future and present energy poli­
cies.

Mr. Schlsinger reportedly outlined the 
plans of' the Administration to draft a 
so-called second phase of national energy 
policy that would stress a dozen possible

ways o f developing such “ alternative”  
energy supplies as synthetic oil and natu­
ral gas produced from coal.

‘State Involvement’ Is Put First
The governors, on the other hand, em­

phasized that more attention should be 
paid to increased production of conven­
tional fuels such as oil and natural gas 
and that the states should be given a 
greater role in plans and policies concern­
ing production of energy.

In opening remarks, which were made 
public, the chairman of tlfe National 
Governors’ Association, William G. "Mil- 
liken. Republican of Michigan, said: 
“ State involvement in energy production 
policy must go beyond conservation," 
referring to conservation of fuel, “ and 
the handling of emergencies”  caused by 
fuel shortages, as in the coal strike.

Speaking to reporters this afternoon. 
Governor Milliken said that there “proba­
bly”  was a consensus among most of 
the governors that the prices of natural 
gas should be deregulated a “ little faster” 
than they would be in formulas now envi­
sioned to break a deadlock in Congress 
over President Carter’s proposed national 
energy policy.

COURT RULES BINGHAMTON  
CANNOT DISMISS WORKER

A municipal building superintendent 
in Binghamton, N. Y.,- accused of taking 
bribes cannot be discharged by that 
city after an arbitrator ruled he should 
keep his job, the New York State Court 
o f Appeals has ruled.

In a. 4-to-3 decision,- the court, ruled 
that once the city had agreed to binding 
arbitration, it could not discharge the 
man, who was accused o f accepting 
bribes from a salesman who did business 
with the city. ’The arbitrator suspended 
him for six months without pay.

The superintendent, Richard Cornwell, 
was given immunity from prosecution in 
exchange for his testimony against the 
salesman. The court said that if he ihad 
been convicted of accepting tl ê bribe, 
he could have been discharged from his 
civil-service job.

The majority opinion, written by Judge 
Lawrence H, Cooke, stated that the issue 
was not whether the punishment was 
sufficient, but whether the court could 
act after the city had committed itself 
to binding arbitration.

Dash Says He Wasn’t Told He Is No Longer Philadelphia Choice
Special to The New York Timea

WASHINGTON,. Feb. 26— Samuel Dash, 
the former chief counsel to the Senate 
Watergate committee, said today that he 
had not been told that he was no longer 
the Carter Administration’ s choice to be 
United States Attorney in Philadelphia.

“ I can’t comment on that,”  Mr. Dash 
said of a report in The New York Times 
this morning, “because nobody has told 
me anything.”

The Times quoted Senator Malcolm 
Wallop, Reiubican of Wyoming, who is 
a member o f the Senate Judiciary Com­
mittee, as saying that the Justice Depart­
ment had decided no to forward Mr. 
Dash’s name, to the committee for nomi­
nation.

Quoting Justice Department sources. 
The Times said that neither President 
Carter nor Attorney General Griffin B. 
BeU wanted to, risk further controversy

regarding the Philaeelphia office, from 
which David W. Marston was dismissed 
las month.

After Mr. Bell interviewed Mr. Dash, 
he learned that the former Watergate 
committee counsel had been a character 
witness three years ago for Morris Shenk- 
er, a one-time lawyer for James R. Hoffa, 
the former president o f the International 
Brotherhood of Teamsters, The Times re­
ported thatrin connection with the Shenk- 
er hearing,. Mr. Dash had said that it 
would be proper for criminal defense law­
yers to make loans to United States at­
torneys, a% Mr. Shdnker was alleged to 
have done.

Cites Nevada Testimony
Mr. Dash said today that a transcript 

of the testimony before the Nevada Sate 
Gaming Board showed that he had actu-

lly said that such payments would be 
“nappropriate.”

According to the transcript, Mr. Dash 
was asked by a member o f the gaming 
board, “ As a participant in the drafting 
of the code of ethics for'criminal defense 
attorneys, do you think it would be im­
proper for a criminal defense attorney 
to lend money to a person in a prosecuto- 
rial agency who exercised the discretion 
of whether cases should be prosecuted 
or declined?”

Mr. Dash’s response, according to the 
transcript, was: “ It would be my view 
today, how I would practice my own role 
as a defense lawyer, that it would be a 
inappropriate. I would think that a law­
yer who is constantly appearing before 
prosecutors should have that kind o f rela­
tionship which should not create an ap­
pearance o f irregularity, and I personally 
would not do it.”

LEGAL

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK

In t(i« Matter 
of
REA HOLDING CORPORATtON,

" No. 78 B 251 
NOTICE OF HEAR­
ING TO CONSIDER 
APPLICATIONS FOR

In tha Matter

THE EXPRESS COMPANY. INC.,

. REXCO SUPPLY CORPORATION,

Donetan. Cleary, Wood

C. Orvfe SoWerwJna. Trustee 
Wisehart. Friou A Koch, Ejqs.

Marcus & Angal, Eaqs.;
‘ •• Whitman A Ransom, Esqs.

il compensation (unless otherwis'

$ 85,774.00 
$ 6,907.00 
$ 24,950.20 
$ 48,425.24

Requested Allowance

Requested Allowance 
Disbursements • 
Requested Allowance

(Whitman A'Ransom) $ 1,933.60
NOTICE IS FURTHER GIVEN, that on the 21st day of March. 1978, In Room 234 of 
the United Stales Courthouse. Foley Square, Borough of Manhattan. Chy and State 
ol New York, at 2:00 o'clock in the afternoon of that day. or as soon thereafter as 
counsel can be heard, a hearing will be held before th* Court to consider the above- 
listed applications for compensation and reimbursement of expenses. All applica-

s for allowances of compensation a

York, during regular c 
NOTICE IS FURTHER GIVEN, that objections to each of the applications for the al­
lowance of compensation and reimbursement of expenses listed above. If any, shall 
be in writing and shall set forth the basis of the objection in the form prescribed by 
the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, and shall state whether the objectant is a 
creditor of the bankrupt estate and the amount of the objectant's claim, if 
objection must be served upon C- Orvis Sowerwine, as T 
.gel, 60 East 56lh Street, Now York, New York 10022, f 
and filed with the Court no later tharv five (5) day9 prior t‘
Ihe above listed applications.
NOTICE IF FURTHER GIVEN, that the hearing to consider Ihe above listed applica- 

f compensation and reimbursement of expenses may be i 
ime without notice to the bankrupt, credit 
a announcement of the adjourned date o

. NOTICE IS FURTHER GIVEN, that at the hearing set forth above, the Court will 
.further consider the applicetionof the Trustee for authorization to direct the Com­
mercial Union Assurance GomlJanles to make payment to persons, firms and/or In­
dividuals who have made claim egeinst Ihe bankrupt estate for-loss and damage.

tet forth. Payment from tt

BY ORDER OF THE COURT

N ew  Y o rk , N ew  Y o rk  10007

IN V IT A T IO N  T O  B ID  
F O O D  S E R V IC E  E Q U IP M E N T  

C O P A N -C E C -7 8 -5
The Organizing Committee of the VIII Pan American Games will be accepting seeled 
bids to lurnish, deliver, and set in place fixed and mobile kitchen equipment for food 
production and handling, refrigeration equipment, dining room furniture, and ancil­
lary equipment required to support the food service operation for approximately 
20,000 meals per day at the Pan American Village during the Game period lasting 
approximately three weeks in July. 1979.

i requirement of the bid specifications that ell prospective biddere repurchase 
iquipment from “
Therefore, the 

recuperation value.
Copies of the Food Service Equipment Specifications and Blueprints may be ob­
tained by sending a certified check for $200 to: Organizing Committee of ihe VIII 
Pan American Games, Q.P.O. Box COPAN-79, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00936. The 
payment will be refunded upon Ihe return to the Organizing Committee of the mater­
ials. in good condition, within 15 days after the dale the Board of Award of COPAN-.

» Beard of Award of the Organizing 
i-t. Annex-t, first floor, Miramar. San 
f Tims on March 31. 1978. or ad- 

jressed to: Secretary Board of Award COPAN-79. Q.P.O. Box COPAN-79. San 
'Juan, Puerto Rico 00936. Envelopes containing th^bid documents must be iden- 
‘ tified in the front, lower right corner as following: Formal bid No. CEC-78-5 COPAN- 
79. At that date end hour all bids will be opened in public session of the Board of 
Award.
A bid bond for 20% of the value of bid will be required with the submission of 
the bid. The successful bidder will be required to obtem a performance end payment 
bond, for the value of the contract.
Interested parties may contact Mrs. Nivea Menesses, Director of Food Services for

; (809) 725-1979 or 725-9207 for further 
Arturo L. Carrion

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Mi4dle-Class Gains Create 
Tension in Black Comm unity \

By PAUL
When it predicted the emergence of 

two separate societies, the National Advi­
sory Commission on Civil Disorders never 
foresaw two separate societies within 
the black community.

In its report 10 years ago, the commis­
sion mentioned the black middle class 
only in passing. “ A rapidly enlarging 
Negro middle class.”  its report predicted, 
would not “open up an escape hatch 
from the ghetto.”

That asses'sment has proved to be er­
roneous, at least for those blacks who

Two Societies
America Since the Kerner Report
ThirdofaSerics

entered the middle class. Indeed, one of 
the most striking developments in 
American society in the last decade has 
been the abandonment of the ghetto by 
millions of upwardly mobile blacks.

In some cases, they now Eve side by 
side with white families in similar eco­
nomic circumstances. More often, they 
have moved to middle-class black neigh­
borhoods, which have expanded in almost 
every American city. The houses and 
yards are indistinguishable from those in 
affluent white communities. And, in 
many instances, so are the attitudes of 
the residents.

The result has been tension between 
two elements of black society, a tension 
not unlike the kind the commission found 
between whites and blacks. And many 
who have followed the developments— 
and many who have lived them— are 
deeply troubled.

“There is growing estrangement,”  said 
Alfred D. Smith, a social worker who 
moved from inner-city Boston to Newton, 
an affluent suburb. “The ■ empathy is 
there, but there’s less contact between 
the middle class and poor blacks.”

Many see the new members of the 
black middle class ignoring their brothers 
still trapped in poverty, and some even 
fear class violence among black Ameri­
cans.

James W. Compton, executive director 
of the Chicago Urban League, noted that

i f .

DELANEY
“ when the lights failed in New York last 
summer, the fifth largest black business 
in this country was all but destroyed in 
a few hours,”

“ It certainly is a dilemma, and a lot 
of blacks don’t want to. even acknowl­
edge there are class differences,”  said 
Dr. Alvin F. Poussaint, a psychiatrist and 
dean of students at the Harvard Medical 
School.

“But they exist, and they’ve getting 
worse. By pretending there are no class 
distinctions, strategy to deal with the 
problem can’t evolve. Some blacks ignore 
it because to recognize it would show 
disunity, they feel. But the strains of the 
conflict are beginning to show.”

Dr. Poussaint said that a decade ago, 
“ middie-claiSB blacks I consulted and met 
with inevitably asked me what could they 
do to help their black brothers; now I’m 
rarely asked.”  Sociologists and psycholo­
gists find middle-class blacks “ digging 
in”  for themselves, believing that white 
Americans are not going to give much 
more to blacks, while low-income blacks

Continued on Page 22, Column 1

INSIDE

Coal Bargaining Caucus
Leaders of the miners’ union and the 
bituminous coal operators caucused 
in 'Washington on the terms of their 
proposed settlement. Page 56.

Rail Roadbeds Blamed
Transportation Secretary Brock Adams 
said deteriorating roadbeds were a 
primary cause in the 20 deaths in 
two railroad accidents. Page 18.

About New York 30 
Around Nation ..  18
Books .................31
Bridge .................30
Business . . .  .41-55
Crossword .........30
Editorials ...........34
Family/Style .38-39
Finance .........41-55
Going Out Guide 26 
Man in the News 56 

News Summary

Movies ...........26-29
Music .............26-29
Notes on People.63
Obituaries..........36
Op-Ed .................35
Sports ...........23-26
Theaters ____26-29
Transportation - -61 
TV and Radio. . .  63
U.N. Events........  7
Weather .............61

and Index, Page 33

C.\LL THIS TOLL-FREE NUMBER
ERY OF THE NEJW YORK TT̂  
NEW JERSEY: 800-932-0300.—ADVT,

; HOME DELIV-
YORK TIMES-8OO-631-250O. IN



BJiddle-Class Gains Create Tension and Estrangement Among Blacks
Continued From Page 1

perceive that they ore not going to get 
help from whites or blacks.

Lowrincome blacks feel that their pro­
tests {<nd rioting made possible the gains 
by the. middle classi which is now run­
ning f^om ghetto areas to “ live white,”  
Some experts, as well as many members 
of thej middle class, acknowledged that 
their lifestyle was closer to that of the 
white Imiddle class than to that of poor 
blacks.^

Various studies' have shown that mid- 
dle-claes blacks leave the inner city for 
the sahie reasons as middle-class whites; 
fear o|: crime, desire for better education 
for tl^ir children and better housing, 
amon^other things.

Dr. feeon Chestang, who teaches at the 
schools of social administration of the 
University of Chicago, .termed the widen­
ing gap “ frightening,” and Mr. Compton 
cbided^thO'se blacks “who have recently 
escaped from poverty.”

“Th '̂ rising black middle class, the few 
who have tasted the better life, is not 
nsang |o its full responsibilities. Our shar­
ing is |po often, casual rather than sacrifi. 
cial,” pe rem'arked in a recent address, 

‘Sharpening Contrast’
"Bu| as the gulf between haves a'nd 

have-rwts widens, as the comforts o f the 
well-off stand out in sharpening contrast 
to the discomforts of the poor, the threat 
of social disorder and disruption grows.”

Mr. Compton warned that if the “ black 
underdass”  revolts again, “ their rising 
will be against ctess as well as race.”  
He added:

“ If the black poor take to the streets 
again, and burn and loot because too few 
peoplej.,have too much, and too many to o ' 
little, there will be no safe place on either 
side o f  the barricades for middle-class 
blacks.”

On the other hand, William L. Taylor, 
director of the Center for National 
Policy^Review in Washington, questioned 
whether higher income blacks had an ul­
timate. obligation to uplift those still in 
the ghetto.

“ It is very wrong to single out the 
black yiiddle class and say that it has 
some s^pecial responsibility to do what 
other'ethnic groups don’t do,” he said. 
“ It’s flie responsibility of us all to help 
out the have-nots.”

'Means of Service
Mr. Taylor, former staff director of the 

United' States Commission on Civil 
Rights, agreed with others, including Dr. 
Poussdint, who said the black middle 
class continued to serve the poor through 
organizations such as the National As­
sociation for the Advancement of Colored 
People and the National Urban League.

Dr. Chestang said that middle-class 
blacks were often “ social intervenors” 
for poorer blacks— serving as mentors 
and ntodels, offering guidance and sup­
port, “exposing them to things they had 
no kntSwledge of,”

“ Such people are essential to survival,” 
he said, “ and now with the gap increas­
ing, spcial intervenors won’t be as avail­
able ks they used to be to the young 
poor, vdio need them more than ever.’

There has always been a small but in­
fluential black middle class that, in many 
cases, set itself apart—psychologically. 
If nc^‘ physically. Still, it produced the 
leaders and set the standards and some­
times the taste of the community. Now

Alfred D. Smith, standing, talking to friends in his home 
in Newton, Mass., a Boston suburb. They are, from left. 
Bob March, Florence and Sam Turner and Frank Ollivi-

Th« New York Times/Doua Bruc*
erre. Of his old inner-city neighborhood in Boston, Mr. 
Smith commented, “I’ve found it difficult to maintain 
close ties to two communities, as much as I want to.”

middJe-clas's enclaves, like Sheppard Park 
in Washington, “ Pill Hill” in Chicago, 
Laurelton in Queens and Loohmond Es­
tates outside Atlanta, appear at times to 
represent barriers rather than bridges 
among blacks.

Evergreens and Education
Suburban Newton, Mass., where Mr. 

Smith, 38 years old, lives with his wife, 
Carolyn, and their daughter and two 
sons, provides an example. They live in 
an imposing two-story white frame 
house with eight 30-foot evergreens lin-, 
ing the front. The 6-foot, 4-inch Mr. 
Smith, an administrative officer with the 
Social Security Administration who is 
pursuing a doctorate at Boston College, 
said that by getting an education he had 
equipped himself to make more money— 
“ which, of course is the bottom line on, 
how one lives.”

“My father was a steelworker who 
raised eight kids on $5,000 a year,”  he

said. "When I was a kid in Donora, Pa., 
I played basketball,, which was inexpen­
sive. Now middle-class black kids go 
skiing, which is expensive,”  he continued 
between martinis as a guest sipped 12- 
year-old scotch.

"And the diffcren'ce in the living in 
Newton and living in the ghetto is a mat­
ter of style and taste, related to econom­
ics. Fifteen years ago, I would drink Wild 
Irish from a bottle that friends passed 
around in a paper bag. Now, if I drank 
it I would do it over ise or in a wine 
glass. Fifteen years ago, I could hardly 
afford Cutty Sark; now I can afford 
Chivas Regal.”

Trying to Maintain Ties
Mr. Smith recalled that he once 

“ worked the streets” as a poverty work­
er, and when he moved to Newton nine 
years ago he made an effort to maintain 
his ties to the inner city, spending three 
and four nights a week there.

But while he still retains membership 
in the Boston N.A.A.C.P. branch, he has 
turned more of his time and attention 
to activities in Newton. He socializes 
with his white neighbors and participates 
in community activities. He is a founder 
and president of the girl’s softball league.

He also helped found the Black Com 
muni'ty Organization of Newton to deal 
with school. and police problems faced 
by the new black residents. Now Newton 
has two black elected public officials, one 
a member of the school committee, the 
other an alderman.

“I’ve found it difficult to maintain close 
ties to two communities, as much as I 
want to,”  Mr. Smith said.

“We’ve got to participate in Newton 
as a matter o f survival and so as not to 
be isolated. And we’ve got to be con­
cerned about the problems in the city.
I miss my old ties. It’s painful, damn^ 
painful.”

yeUr Jlork



Harlem’s Dreams Ha ve Died  
’In Last Decade, Leaders Say

Hold fast to dreams, for if dreams die/ 
life is a broken-winged bird that cannot 
fly—Langston Hughes.

By MICHAEL STERNE

“ 'Harlem is now that broken-winged 
bird. Its dreams are dead,, its people are 
despairing and worse off than they ever 
were, and all the high hopes of the 1960’s 
are gone.”

That view of Harlem, 10 years after 
the Kerner commission summoned the 
nation to an attack on racism and ghetto 
poverty, was given by the Rev. Robert

Two Societies
America Since the Kerner Report

I
Chapman, Archdeacon o f the Episcopal 
Diocese of New York, and it is shared 
broadly by other black leaders.

An array o f statistics indicates that 
no matter how Harlem is measured— by 
its infant mortality rate, its alcoholism, 
its unemployment, its housing abandon­
ment, its welfare dependency, its popula­
tion loss or its low level of school 
achievement—-this section of Manhattan 
less equal today than it was a decade 
ago.
. There also is the evidence of the 
streets: empty, boarded-up stores along 
the once-bustling 125th Street shopping 
corridor; bumed-out abandoned buildings 
demeaning almost every block o f Har­
lem’s broad avnues, from 110th Street 
north to 155th; hudreds of idle men clus­
tered at corners,' drowning empty days 
in wine and whiskey; younths barely in­
to their teens selling drugs as openly as 
other boys hawk newspapers.

In the last 10 years, an unkown number 
o f Harlem residents— experts belive the 
figure is comparatively small have clawed 
their way out of poverty, through their 
own efforts and through Govern­
ment programs inspired in part by the

Kerner commission’s report. Many of 
these moved to other neighborhoods, 
seeking safer streets, better schools and 
more attractive housing.

Those who remain constitute a double 
distillation of poverty, and for them Har­
lem is a less satisfactory home than it 
was in the 1960’s and offers fewer oppor­
tunities to get out.

“ It’s a bitter harvest after 10 years,” 
said Father Chapman. “ But looking back 
on them, we have no reason to expect 
anything else. The will for change, real 
change, never was there. It was the con­
stantly missing element in all the pro­
grams that were supposed to bring about 
equality.”

Basil A. Paterson, who grew up in Har­
lem, became its State Senator and now 
is Deputy Mayor for labor relations in 
the Koch Administration, endorses that 
view. He points out that President John­
son never adopted the recommednation of 
the Kerner commission for a vast pro­
gram of assistance for black people, and 
neither did President Nixon.

As a result, Mr. Paterson said, none 
of the programs that were enacted had



\>o
(N

V * *

Racial Outlook: 
Lack of Change 
Disturbs Blacks

By ROGER WILKING
Ten years after the Kerner commission 

described America in ways blacks under­
stood and agreed with, the nation still 
does not view itself as a multiracial 
society, according to a variety of experts 
in the race relations field.

Both the results of polling 
, and the personal views of a 

Urban number of white Americans
Affairs suggest that the bur^t of

compassion and generosity 
that marked the 1960’s is 

over. The New York T:'mes/CBS News 
polls on racial attitudes indicate that 
most whites believe either that the battle 
for racial justice in the United States has 
been won or that it is too costly in terms 
of the sacrifices white people have to 
make for the visions that the 60’s 
spawned to come true. Just as the word 
"revolution”  came quickly to the lips 
of young radical blacks in tlie 60’s, the 
words “ reverse discrimination”  and 
“ racial preference”  come to the tongues 
of many whites now when they talk 
about racial relations.

Among blacks, there is quiescence, but 
profound disappointment, according to 
the polls and the interviews done by 
Times reporters over the Iasi few weeks.

That disappointment flows from the 
failure of the momentum of the 1960;s 
to solve the problems of poor blacks 
more than 30 percent of black Americans 
are stuck in poverty— and to change in 
any apprecable way the psychological 
environment in which middle-class blacks 
still love.

‘Wc Shall Overcome’
The peak of the movement came in | 

April 196, When President Johnson went 
to  the House of Representatives, present­
ed legislation that led to the Voting 
Rights Act of 19 and, using the words 
of the civil rights anthem, told the nation, 
“We shall overcome.”

One white civil rights activist called 
a black friend that night and asked, ‘ ‘My 
God, what do you do when you’ve won 
it all?”  .

He was right at that moment. 655he 
President and Congress were committed 
to racial justice that night, and the politi­
cal sentiment in the nation supported 
their aims and their positions.

But not al‘ black Americans were swept 
along by the euphoria of the times. In 
the conclusion to its report, the Kerner 
commission quoted the testimony of Dr. 
Kenneth B. Clark, the black psychologist. 
In early testirhony before the commis­
sion, Dr. Clark said:

“ I read that report of the 1919 riot 
in'Chicago, and it is as if I were reading 
the report of the investigating committee 
on the Haarlem riot of 1935, the report 
of the investigating committee on the 
Harlem riot of 1943, the report of the 
McCone commission on the Watts riot. 

It’ s ‘Alice in Wonderland’
“ I must again in candor say to you 

members of this commission— it is a kind 
of Alice in “Wonderland, with the same 

moving picture reshown over and over 
again, the same analysis, the same recom­
mendations and the same inaction.” 

Though the statistics show their num­
bers growing and their incomes rising, 
conversations with members of the black 
middle class today suggest that the new 
experience of dealing with white America 
on a somewhat equal basis has left this 
group of black Americans feeling isolated, 
alienated and despairing.

Even honored veterans of the civil 
rights struggle who have believed deeply 
in America’s promise of justice are sad 
now.

Roy Wilkins, former executive director 
of the National Association for the Ad­
vancement of Colored People and a mem­
ber of the Kerner commission said, in a 
recent interview; “The attitude of whites 
toward blacks is basic in this country. 
And that attitude has changed for the 
worse. The change came during the 
Nixon Administration, when there was a 
long period of ignoring the rights of 
minorities under the. law. Only coura­
geous and decent national leadership can 
put us back on the right course.”



“All the News 
That’s Fit to Print”

VOL. C X X V II ....N o . 43,863 Copyright © 1978 The New 1

Black‘ White Split Persists 
A Decade After Warning

“Our nation is moving toward two societies, one black, one white—  
separate and unequal."—T he National A dvisory Commission on Civil D is­
orders, Feb. 29, 1968.

ST. LOUIS — The 
white and black Americans still exists, 
and the prospects of healing the rift may 
be more dismal today than they were 10 
years ago, when that warning was issued 
by the Presidential panel known as the 
Kemer commission.

As a whole, the nation’s 25 million 
blacks have gained enormously in the 
last decade, but many students of the

Two Societies
America Since the Kerner Report
Firstofa Series

By JOHN HERBERS
SpeclR'l to 'Rib New YorJt Times

division between But chronically high unemployment in 
black neighborhoods has raised fears 
that the nation may have acquired a per­
manent underclass, people who are wards 
of the Government living out unproduc­
tive lives under conditions that most 
Americans, if they think about them at 
all, consider unacceptable.

Former Mayor John V. Lindsay of New 
York City, who was vice chairman of 
the commission, believes that separation 
between races and among blacks them­
selves is a problem so difficult to resolve 
politically that the Federal Government 
can approach it only obliquely, not headI

nation’s racial struggles as well as black 
and white community leaders throughout 
the country see a bleak future for the 
millions remaining in the urban ghettos.

Outside the ghettos, most whites are 
•ven more insulated from the slums than, 
they were in 1968. And the, blacks who 
have left in substantial numbers for bet­
ter lives elsewhere are, for the most part, 
engrossed in middle-class concerns and 
no longer active in the cause of those 
left behind.

Many urban blacks, perhaps 30 per­
cent, have worked them way into the 
middle class and have moved to the 
suburbs or to better housing within the 
cities. Some of those still dependent on 
public assistance have received substan­
tial increases in real income through rent 
subsidies, a liberalized f o ^  stamp plan, 
an expanded welfare system and other 
benefits enacted since 1968.

"They would have to be almost too 
brave to bear the pain,’’ . he said in a 
telephone interview.

Considerable Gains Made
The number of black elected officials 

has increased dramatically, as has the 
education level of blacks. From the sterile 
downtown office buildings that still serve 
as the nerve center of commerce in most 
cities, it is a salt-and-pepper work force 
that pours into the streets at 5 P.M. 
Blacks are more visible on television and 
in sports. In a number of ways, it is 
an integrated society.

But the places that experienced urban 
riots in the 1960’s have, with a few ex­
ceptions, changed little, and the condi­
tions of poverty have spread in most 
cities.

Ten years ago, the South Bronx was

Continued on Page 28, Column I

The Urban North:

Shifting Perceptions of Black Gains
D o you th in k  d is tu rb an ces , such  as  
th o se  in D e tro it  an d  N e w a rk  in 
1 9 6 7 , h e ip e d  o r  h u rt th e  cau se  o f  
M a c k  rig h ts?

W HITES

1968  1978  1968  1978

35%

W o u ld  you s ay  th e re  has been  a lot of 
p rogress in  g e ttin g  rid  o f  rac ia l d iscrim i­
nation  o v e r  th e  la s t 1 0  o r 1 5  years?  Or 
w o u ld  you say  th e re  h a s n 't  been  m uch  
ch an g e  fo r  b lack  p eop le?

1968 1978

25%
t9%

HELPED THE

LOT
ftf

P806RESS
$3W

NOT"
SUbH'
CHNilGE
-

LOT
01

NOT
MUCH
CHMfBE
51%

HURT^HEaU^

23% 24%

33% D o you th in k  th e re  w ill a lw ays  b e  a  lot o f  
rac ia l p re ju d ic e  an d  d iscrim in a tio n  in the  
U n ited  S ta te s , o r is th e re  a re a l h ope o f  
end in g  it  in th e  long  run?

1968 1978

32% 31%

ia %

ftEAL
HOPE HKJUI^E

M »A n

DIFFERENCE

REM.
HOPE
3T%

PIKJffiHCE
ALWAYS-
si%

Th, v«r» IS, ms



By Alvin L. Schorr

D e sp ite  WIDESPSEADunemployment, Americans ap­
pear to be edgily engaged in trying to live it up. Moral 

outrage at the misery in our midst and the reformism of 
war on poverty are almost nowhere in evidence today. In­
stead we have created some comfortable slogans to help us 
forget about the poor, reassuring mjdhs that “government 
cannot make things work anyway” and “the poor are rip­
ping us off.”

Most presidential candidates this last time, for example, 
played to widespread disenchantment with government 
More and more, that disenchantment is being given profes­
sional and intellectual shape. In lectures at Harvard Univer­
sity a year ago, Charles L. Schultze, shortly to become chair­
man of the President’s Council of Economic Advisers, ex­
plained that legislation and government regulation have 
failed to achieve a wide variety of objectives. He proposed 
turning away from government attempts at “command and 
control” to rely on market incentives.

See POVERTY, Page C4

Schorr is a visiting professor at Catholic University and 
Zduthor ofJubU eefor Our Times: A Practical Program for  
f Income Equality."



■*
'

. T-K"'

Autb la The Philadelphia Inquirer

“ The problem o f the ghettos? The ghettos, my dear, are a solution, not a problenu*’

PO VERTY, From  Page C l ,
More sociological in tone is an American Enterprise Insti­

tute report on the role of “mediating structures” in society. 
These are the family, the church, the neighborhood and 
voluntary organizations — .institutions standing between 
the individual and “the large institutions of public life.” The 
report argues that big government and big business bleach 
meaning and identity from personal life. Therefore govern­
ment should stop trying to do its own work and, wherever 
possible, use these “mediating structures” for its social pur­
poses.

Such arguments call to deep feelings in all of us — disap­
pointed in one government program or another, weary at 
being regulated, distracted from private activities that 
should be the most satisfying. The very breadth of feelings 
evoked ought to be a warning: The solution of a return to 
laissez faire is fundamentally romantic. One does not have 
to dig into history for evidence; the past decade is filled 
with attempts to use the private sector for public purposes. 
It becomes clear that private and non-profit entrepreneurs 
are clever at exploiting'government incentives for private, 
purposes — more clever than those who would seduce them 
into fulfilling social purposes.
Government by Gesture
r|^ HE RECORD of Medicaid is one such example, having 

Li led to needless consultation, surgery and hospitaliza­
tion, as well as more conventional fraud and steadily rising 
costs. Tax incentives! intended to produce housing rehabili­
tation have bailed out mortgage holders and padded the 
.safety deposit boxes of investors and contractors rather 
more than they have produced standard housing. Once- 
touted experiments in having private industry take over 
classroom teaching have faded. And nursing homes under 
private auspices have led to widely publicized scandals.

It is an irony insufficiently appreciated that all the anti­
government arguments, whether economic or sociological, 
whether for private enterprise or volir.itarism, turn on the 
use of government money. For example, it is proposed that 
“mediating structures” arrange for day care or primary 
education with “vouchers”  — government money without 
government control. In place of the President’s proposed 1.4 
million public jobs, Sen. Howard Baker (R-Tenn.l proposes 
vouchers w’nich employers woulii cash ie retuni for provid­
ing work. The dubious argum.ent is that the government 
would provide dead-end “makework” with its own money 
but private enterprise v/ouid provide-career-oriented “real” 
work with someone eise’s money.

Po.ssibIy the most ironic claim for government money 
■ turned up in the 1975 report of the Commission on Private 

Philanthropy and -Public Needs. It proposed that lovv-and 
middle-income families be given income-tax deductions 
equivaiejit to 1;50 and 200 per cent of their c’naritab’e contri- 
hations. The errtra deduction might hmre.ise contributions 
by $S,8 biUion, of which $7.4 billion would be.revenue for­
gone by the government. Thus th-- government would 
undertake to foster the charitable inipi',,e by buying it — $3 
for $!.

In any event, tne argument tor passing government 
money thron.gh private hands to fulfill public purposes mis­
ses the heart of the problem. Programs fail and public af­
fairs get out of hand not because the government or private 
enterprise is categorically more effective in administering 
programs. The failure is more commonly that we are not 
willing to,deal with the complex and powerful forces that 
cause our problems. Programs may be mounted in the place 
of deeper measures that need-to be taken, and if so cannot 
but fail.

For example, housing in central cities is destroyed be­
cause of a suburban movement — segregated by class and 
color — that was fostered by quite successful government 
programs like the Federal Housing Administration and the 
federal highway program, by an interregional flow of jobs 
and by the decline of the economies of central cities. It 
trivializes these problems to argue that public housing or 
“model cities” go down because public authorities run 
them.

In these terms, the argument against government admin­
istration masks the fact that the government has chosen to 
make gestures rather than changes. Often gestures do not 
work. Who thinks they should? While we discover that ges­
tures administered by private enterprise will not work any 
better, profits will of course be made and institutional inter­
ests be served.
“ Easy Living” on Welfare

T h e r e  a r e  similar problems -with the argument that 
.“the poor are cheating us.” The target of first choice is 

welfare — the ease with which it may be secured, the easy 
living it makes possible.

The number of welfare recipients has increased slightly 
in the 1970s as the population has increased, and the aver­
age payment per recipient has been going up at about the 
rate of the cost of living. Yet, despite unemployment levels 
rising past 7 and 8 per cent, the proportion of recipients of 
family welfare has remained stable at 51 or 52 per thousand 
of population since 1971. In each of the last two years, 2.5 
million people used up both regular and special extended 
unemployment insurance without finding work.

None of this seems to have budged the recipient rate up­
ward. Those who are involved with welfare understand that 
it has in fact been made harder and harder to get — by law, 
by regulation, by bureaucratic delay and by extra-legal re­
fusal to provide assistance.

As for easy living on welfare, maximum attainable in­
come from welfare and food stamps together exceeds the 
poverty level in only six high-cost states, and generally by 
only a few dollars. The studies to which the public has now 
widely been exposed deal with hypothetical recipients who 
have food stamps, live in public housing, receive subsidized 
child care, benefit from incentive provisions intended to en­

courage work, and so on. One can construct a theoretical 
welfare family with cash and in-kind income taken together 
of ?10,000 or $12,000, but finding such families in the real 
world is another matter. ■

Commissioned to assess the actual income of welfare 
families in New York City, the Rand Corporation arrived at 
an average for 1974 of $4,482. Only a select number of wel­
fare families receive income from all the sources that may 
be counted, and larger families receive larger grants. The 
most favored welfare families with six or more members 
and income from every source averaged total annual in­
come a bit over $7,000— still less than the large-family pov­
erty level.

In that report, Rand introduced a technical innovation to 
the statistics of poverty; It calculated the total cost of Medi­
caid and averaged it as income among welfare recipients. 
That made their family income $1,600 higher and was in­
cluded in the figure that newspapers carried. By 1977 the- 
Congressional Budget Office (CBO) was issuing a revisionist 
count of poor people that credited them with various kinds 
of non-cash income, including Medicaid and now Medicare.

The CBO report acknowledges that it is technically argu­
able whether income like food stamps should be treated in 
this way: Economists regard goods that are not freely 
chosen as not equivalent to cash income. Counting Medicaid 
and Medicare is a more egregious error. That medical care 
costs more this year than last does not relieve a poor pa­
tient’s poverty, no matter how anyone sums up his income. 
Moreover, these large medical expenditures tend to be con­
centrated in a small portion of tlae poor population. Aver­
aged, they add substantially to apparent income for people 
who have not even had medical care.

An appreciation of irony, once again, might have given 
pause. As the last year of life absorbs a large part of Medi­
care expenditures, the effect of this Rand-CBO innovation 
may be that, however people live, they do not any longer die 
poor in the United States.
Robbing Peter to P a j Paul

D u bio u s  th ou g h  all the,se hypothetical cases and 
redefinitions of poverty are, they have lent a technical 

gloss to the view that the poor and those on welfare in par­
ticular are well off. The New York Times has asked, .“Has 
the United States almost abolished poverty and just failed to 
realize that r,,r;t?” The Kationa: G’os-i rvor rep-art.-D-i'the Ran.l 
and CBO studies under a single headline, “We’re 'Vt'inning- 
the War on Poverty.” It may be the first war won by stat­
isticians.

The view that the poor are living better than seems rea­
sonable is now widespread and is reflected in congressional j 
proceedings, p'ecentiy Reps. William M. Ketchum (R-Calif.) i 
and Andrew Jacobs (D-ind.) ased terms in the course of de- j 
bate like “ripoff,” “unjust enrichment” and “ro.bbing the : 
poor box.” They were discussing a proposal, now passed by 
Congres.s, to “ fr.^eze” the minimum social security benefit 
while other benefit levels rise with the cost of living. The ar­
gument is that the poor get more than they have paid for; ■ 
and the minimum benefit merely adds income for people : 
who have other pensions.

In fact, only 6 or 7 per cent of those who receive a mini­
mum benefit also get a federal or state annuity. Minimum 
beneficiaries are retired women workers, widows, and 
women and children dependent on retired and disabled 
workers. Fewer than 1 in 5 are men. It is a notably low-in­
come population and it was a women’s and poor people’s 
issue, but general assent to the proposition of “ripoff” kept 
anyone from noticing.

This co.st-saving measure is taken against the backgrmmd' 
of anxiety about the financing of social security, and the 
question remains whether people should get benefits for 
which they have not paid. It is therefore interestihg that 
Congress has undertaken to be more liberal with retired 
people who v/ork, giving them social security benefits for 
which they also have not paid.

Congress has now passed a measure that will ultimately 
increase the number of retirees who receive full benefits 
even though they earn more than $6,000 a year. It was intro­
duced by the same Rep. Ketchum who originally proposed 
to pay benefits without any limit on earnings. Who are the 
people who benefit? Of age<i men who worked in 1974,1 in 7 
earned over $6,000, and their average income from all sourc­
es exceeded $17,000.

Even in the welf.are program. Congress now takes from 
Peter to pay Paul. Peter in this matter is working welfare 
recipients, whose assistance levels are to be reduced despite 
the rising cost of living, for a saving of about $230 million 
each in federal and state funds. Such a provision has been 
passed by the Senate and awaits further congressional ac­
tion. Paul is the states: The Social Security bill just passed 
gives them $187 million to relieve their costs for welfare, 

i Taking the Paul and Peter transactions together — for they 
were conceived together — states will be getting fiscal re­
lief not from the federal government but from their own in- 

, digent residents.
i If this trade-off is ruthless with poor people, it may also 
j signal trouble for the President, for it will save by reducing 
; the amount of money that welfare recipients may retain 
I from earnings. That feature was once introduced into wel- 
j fare to provide an incentive to work. It is one of two or 

three key concepts of the President’s proposed welfare re­
form.

These idea.s about government not working and the poor 
cheating us accord with the self-seeking temper of the 
times, so professionals and academics do not deal critically 
with them. We taxpayers and non-poor are given license to 
live high, however others live. We dismantle programs that 
serve the poor; we reduce their benefits in the programs in 
which they participate. The money thus liberated goes into 
benefits for the rest of us or is funneled through private en­
terprise or voluntary institutions. In these pipelines, a hefty 
tax is paid. It is a new greed— technocratic model.



28 THE NEW YORK TIMES. SUNDAY, FEBRUARY 26, 1978

10 Years After the Kerner Report Division Between Blacks and Whites Still Exists
Continued From Page I 

in deep trouble; today, it is in ruins.
Stable neighborhoods in 1968— the i 

northwest section of St. Louis, for exam- i 
pie— are now undergoing housing aban-; 
donment.

Scars of the riots are still visible in i 
Washington, Detroit, Newark and other i 
cities. In most of them, blight has been ' 
even more devastating than the rioting.;

The troubled areas include desolate ex-1 
panses of New York, Newark, Chicago, i 
Washington, Philadelphia, Cleveland, De­
troit, St. Louis, Gary and Buffalo; the 
sprawling slums of Los Angeles, Houston 
and Memphis; crumbling old neighbor-, 
hoods of New Orleans, and hundreds o f ' 
other central city and suburban areas, i

A composite of them would be a land \

of several thousand square miles, of rub­
ble-strewn streets and vacant blocks, 
abandoned stores, stripped-down hulks of 
automobiles, bleak and compacted public 
and private housing projects, battered 
school buildings, old men with glazed 
eyes.

Residential boundaries for blacks have 
expanded, but not through the metropoli­
tan-wide integration that the commission 
recommended. Blacks have migrated out­
ward along well-defined corridors— the 
middle class leaving first tor safer neigh­
borhoods and better schools, with the 

: poor “ tailgating” them, 
j “ It is still mostly a segregated society,’’ 

said George S. Sternlieb, director of the 
Center of Urban Policy Research at Rut­
gers University.

How It Happened
On July 27, 1967, when President John­

son announced the appointment of a 
blue-ribbon panel to investigate the 
causes of the riots, Detroit was in flames 
and under Army occupation. Much of 
Newark was in ruins, and in that month 
alone 40 cities from Buffalo to San Fran­
cisco had been beset by burning, looting 
and warring with the police.

The 11 commission members Mr. John­
son chose were all known as moder­
ates. Gov. Otto Kerner of Illinois was 
the chairman. Only two members—Roy 
Wilkins, director of the National Associa­
tion for the Advancement of Colored Peo­
ple, and Senator Edward W. Brooke, 
Republican o f Massachusetts —  were 
black.

The others, in addition to Mr. Lindsay, 
were Senator Fred R. Harris, Democrat 
of Oklahoma; Representatives James C. 
Corman, Democrat of California, and Wil­
liam M. McCulloch, Republican of Ohio; 
I.W. Abel, president of the United Steel­
workers of America; Charles B. Thornton, 
chairman of Litton Industries Inc.; Kath­
erine Graham Peden. Kentucky’s Commis­
sioner of commerce, and Police Chief 
Herbert Jenkins of Atlanta.

A large staff, headed by David Gins- 
burg, a Washington lawyer, was drawn 
from the liberal establishment that had 
supported the civil rights movement, 
which was then at its peak, remaking 
the social order of the South.'

White Racism Blamed
The commission’s report was published 

before the snows had melted in some 
of the Northern ghettos. The report, 
which was hotly debated but unanimous­
ly voted, found that the riots were a 
form of social protest against harsh and 
degrading conditions forced on blacks, 
and that white racism was largely 
to blame:

“What white Americans have never 
fully understood, but what the Negro can 
never forget, is that white society is 
deeply implicated in the ghetto,” the re­
port said. “White institutions created it, 
white institutions maintain it and white 
society condones it.”

The report said the nation had three 
choices: a continuation of its existing 
policies, the enrichment o f the ghetto 
while abandoning integration, .or “ com­
bining ghetto enrichment with programs 
designed to encourage integration of a 
substantial number of Negroes into the 
society outside the ghetto.”

To avoid a segregated, unequal society, 
the report added, the third choice would 
have to be adopted. The commission sub­
mitted a long, costly list of recommenda­
tions, ranging from civil rights initiatives 
to the rebuilding of neighborhoods, to 
implement such a program.

The voluminous report became a best 
seller, just under 2 million copies at last 
count. White liberals huddled in suburbs 
and cities across the country to discuss 
what they could do.

Cool Reception From Johnson
But the chill of reaction was not long 

in setting in. President Johnson, peeved 
at the commission for not pointing out 
what he had done for blacks, treated it 
coolly and let it lie.

The conclusion about white racism was 
condemned, for a variety of reasons, by 
a wide spectrum of leaders, ranging from 
Richard M. Nixon, then on the Presiden­
tial campaign trail in New Hampshire, 
to Bayard Rustin, the black civil rights 
leader. Mr. Lindsay, among others, now 
agrees that the conclusion, while valid, 
needlessly aroused opposition to what the 
commission was trying to accomplish.

While the controversy raged, the Rev. 
Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was assassi­
nated on April 4, 1968, setting off an 
even worse wave of riots.
. From 1965 to 1969, when the disorders 

began to taper off, about 250 persons 
were killed, 12,000 injured and 83,000 
arrested. Property damage totaled several 
hundred million dollars,, according to 
some estimates.

The riots eventually stopped as the po­
lice became more sophisticated and 
learned how fo nip them in the bud and 
as local black leaders, seeing the enor­
mous damage that had ensued, called for 
an end to that form of social protest.

Meanwhile, national attention shifted 
to protests against the Vietnam War and 
riots on college campuses. Mr. Nixon was 
elected President, and his Administration 
began a policy of increasing aid to the 
cities but allowing local officials decide 
how to use it.

Skepticism grew about the effective­
ness of Government programs, a number 
of which had become corrupted by those 
appointed to run them. And civil rights 
laws intended to bring some blacks into 
the white suburbs were enforced laxly 
or not at all. The ghettos remained and 
festered.

THE KERNER COMMISSION: President Lyndon B. Johnson handing a pen 
to Mayor John V. Lindsay of New York after signing an order on July 29, 
1967 spelling out authority of the Advisoryi Commission on Civil Disorders. 
Members of the commission are, standing from left: Charles B. Thornton, 
chairman of Litton Industries; Representative James C. Corman of California; 
Representative Willian M. McCulloch of Ohio; Senator Fred R. Harris of

Associated Press
Oklahoma; Vice President Hubert H. Humphrey; Katherine Graham Peden, 
Kentucky Commissioner of Commerce; Herbert Jenkins, Atlanta Chief of 
Police; Senator Edward W. Brooke of Massachusetts; Cyrus R. Vance, spec- 
cial presidential deputy; and Attorney General Ramsey Clark. Seated, from 
left, are: Roy Wilkens, director of N.AA.C.P.; Gov. Otto Kerner of Illinois, 
Mr. Johnson; Mr. Lindsay, I.W. Abel, president of United Steelworkers.

The Picture Now
A check by The New York Times of 

representative cities and interviews with 
scores of people involved shows the fol­
lowing comparisons from 1968 to 1978: 

Population: Although the situation in 
each city varies, there are now fewer 
people in larger areas that could be de­
scribed as ghettos, except in Southern 
cities where the integration of blacks is 
still taking place. In central St. Louis, 
for example, children returning from

school one day last week picked their 
way past hundreds of abandoned houses 
to their homes. Ten years ago, those 
empty buildings were a bustling neigh­
borhood.

Employment; The unemployment rate 
for all blacks has doubled over the , 10- 
year period, and has been hovering re­
cently at around 14 percent. In the 
ghettos it is mudh higher— 40 to 50 per­
cent among black youths in many cities.

As factories have moved out and the 
economy has become more concentrated 
in technology and services, there are 
fewer opportunities in the manufacturing 
jobs that once provided the first step 
into the job market for the urban poor.

Education: There is a consensus that 
central city schools have declined in qual­
ity even as teachers’ salaries have risen. 
In most cities, the ghetto schools are vir­
tually all black or Hispanic as integration 
efforts have faltered.

Housing: Tens of thousands of deterio­
rated but structurally sound housing 
units have been abandoned. Some of the 
abandoned buildings were erected .since 
1968 in areas designated as “model 
cities” by the Federal Government. Reha­
bilitation and new construction have not 
kept up with the need in most areas. 
In New Orleans, there is a waiting list 
of 10,000 for units of dreary public hous­
ing. Blacks there are doubling up in 
shacks as whites line up old buildings 
tor renovation.

Crime: While the police statistics that 
measure serious crime are seldom de­
pendable, there appears to have been an 
increase over the 10-year pqriod. Typical­
ly, in New York, there were 304,000 felo­

ny complaints in 1966, as against 552,000 
in 1976. While New York and most other 
cities have reported some decline in the 
past year or so, it is believed to  reflect 
a decline in the number o f young, who 
commit most o f the crime, rather than 
better control over lawlessness.

Federal Aid: While the ghettos have 
remained unchanged, or have worsened. 
Federal aid to cities has increased enor­
mously. In 1967, direct Federal aid to 
St. Louis made up only 1 ;jercent of the 
general revdnue. This year. Federal aid 
is expected to constitute 54 percent.

Newark will have gone from less than 
2 percent to 55, Buffalo from 2 percent 
to 69, Cleveland from 8 percent to 68. 
Even Tulsa, Okla., a city not high on 
the Government’s crisis index, is depend­
ent on the Federal Government for about 
one-half of its total budget.

The money- has been such a windfall 
that Richard P. Nathan of the Brookings 
Institution recently told Congress that 
only a handful of cities. New York includ­
ed, now have a fiscal crisis. But, with 
few exceptions, the money has gone 
largely to supplant other sources of reve­
nue rather than to enrich the ghetto or 
other declining arteas. • .

St. Louis as an Example
St. Louis is not a typical city but, like 

a Eugene O’Neill play, it shows a general 
condition in stark and dramatic .form. The 
city itself,  ̂whose boundaries were estab­
lished i;i 1876, now makes up only a 
small part of the metropolitan area. Its 
population is half a million, down 42 per­
cent from 1950.

George D. Wendel, professor of political 
science and director o f the Center for 
Urban Program's at St. Louis University, 
recently described the current state of 
affairs to a Brookings Institution confer­
ence in Washington;

“ While we have lost 42 percent of the 
residents, we have also lost about the 
same percent of our residential housing. 
Great sections of St. Louis are simply 
abandoned. They are essentially flat­
tened. One-sixth of the residents are wel­
fare. The city is 41 percent black, but 
we are losing 5,000 to 7,000 blacks a 
year.

“The black politicians are showing the 
same concern about the loss o f constitu­
ents and doing the same things their 
white predecessors did to try to hold on 
to their folks.

“We are turning to tourism, like every­
body else,”  he continued. “Wendel’s rule 
is that 10 percent o f the nation must 
be on convention at all times to fill all 
those convention centers that are hap­
pening everywhere. Downtown seems to 
be booming. A lot of it is illusion, but, 
the doughnut hole gets large around 
downtown. It’s more and mbre just emp­
tying out.”

Most of the emptying out, he said, oc­
curred during the great growth of Federal 
aid.

“ Correlation, not cause and effect,” he 
added. “ We are obviously not going to 
turn down Federal money because of this 
correlation. We are hooked, 55 percent.

Poll Indicates More Tolerance, Less Hope
The Urban North:
Attitudes on 
Discrimination

O n th e  w h o le , do you th in k  m ost 
w h ite  peo p le  in your tow n w an t to  
see b lacks  g e t a b e tte r  b re a k , do  
they w a n t to  k e e p  b lacks  dow n, o r 
d o n ’t  th ey  c are?

1968 1978

28% KEEP BLACKS DOWN 17%

.....

m> WHITES DON’T CARE 44%

WANTBETTIR
29% BREAK FOR BU CKS  25%’

I WHITES_______________ I
D o you th in k  th a t  m any, som e or 
o n ly  a  fe w  b lacks  in yo u r c ity  m iss  
o u t on  jobs and  prom o tions be­
cause o f rac ia l d iscrim ination?

1968 1978

39% FEW OR NONE 43%,

34% SOME

MANY 17%

Sources; J968; S urvey  R e sea rch Center.
U n iv e rs ity  o t Michigan; 1978; The 
New Y ork  rimpi/CBS News P o ll

Til. Nw York Tlmos/Feo. 26, 1978

By ROBERT REINHOLD
Ten years after black youths ravaged 

many a Northern inner city, the whites 
who still inhabit those cities are more 
tolerant racially than they were before, 
far more likely to accept blqck neighbors 
and black friends for their children. They 
feel that blacks are making good progress 
and they seem to find little real urgency 

■in the black situation.
This perception of urban America, 

however, is not widely shared by black 
citizens.

The anger and smoldering resentment 
that fueled the riots seem to have reced­
ed, but so has optimism among blacks. 
If anything, they say they find the racial 
barriers to jobs, good housing and other 
necessities even higher than they were 
before. Nearly half today say they believe 
that whites do not care whether they get 
a better break. In sum, a sense of neglect, 
resignation, perhaps futility, seems to 
prevail among urban blacks.

This widened gulf between black and 
white perceptions of racial realities in 
1978 became apparent in a new survey 
conducted by The New York Times and 
CBS News. The survey was meant to rep­
licate, as closely as possible, a similar 
study of racial attitudes conducted in the 
winter of 1968 by the University of 
Michigan for the Kerner commission.

The new study was based on telephone 
interviews with 489 whites and 374 
blacks in 25 large Northeastern and Mid­
dle Western cities. About one o f every 
five surveyed was a New Yorker. Because 
of demographic changes in those cities 
in the last decade and differences in the 
ways the two surveys were conducted, 
some caution is needed in making strict 
comparisons.

The commission declared in 1968 that 
Americans would need "new attitudes, 
new understanding, and, above all, new 
will”  to avoid future racial discord. The 
evidence in the new survey suggests 
strongly that there are indeed new atti­
tudes about race relations and new un­
derstanding among whites, but perhaps 
not the new will to take the bitter medi­
cine the remedies may require.

Whites and blacks have long held 
divergent perceptions of racial prejudice 
and injustices; the events of the last dec­
ade appear to have done little to diminish 
the differences. The comparative findings 
include the following:

RWhites generally believe that blacks 
are doing better in getting hired and 
promoted than they were 10 years ago. 
Today 39 percent of whites agreed with 
the proposition that "only a few blacks 
miss out on jobs and promotions because 
of racial discrimination,”  as against 25 
percent in 1968. But blacks see it differ- 

.ently; 47 percent believe that manjj

blacks miss out on jobs because of race, 
as against 39 percent in 1968; 48 percent 
now and 38 percent in 1968 said many 
are missing out on promotions; 50 per­
cent now and 46 percent in 1968 said 
many miss out on housing.

^Whites are far more likely now to 
say that blacks should be able to “ live 
wherever they can afford to.”  Six of 10 
said that a decade ago and nearly nine 
out of 10 today. The proportion saying 
that they would mind “not at all”  if a 
black family o f similar social class moved 
in next door has risen dramatically, from 
46 to 66 percent. The reality, as seen 
by blacks, is different. While more than 
two-thirds of them say they would prefer 
a fully integrated neighborhood, only a 
fifth live in such areas, and two-thirds 
live in all or mostly black sections.

^Whites are largely convinced that 
things have markedly improved for 
blacks since the 60’s; blacks are not. 
Two-thirds of all whites today say that 
blacks have made “ a lot o f progress” 
in getting rid o f racial discrimination in 
the last 10 or 15 years. Less than half 
of the blacks agree with that; a majority.

489 Residents of Cities 
Questioned in Survey

The latest survey by The New York 
Times and CBS News was based on 
telephone interviews with 932 respond­
ents in Eastern and Midwestern cities 
with populations of 250,000 or more. 
Of the total, 489 respondents were 
white, 374 were black and 69 were 
other nonwhites.

The telephone survey was conducted 
from Feb. 16 to Feb. 19. It was de­
signed to be essentially comparable to 
a survey conducted for the Kerner 
commission in 1968 by the Survey Re­
search Center of the University of 
Michigan.

Chances of being selected for an 
interview varied on the basis of race 
and household size. The survey results 
were weighted to reflect these chances 
of selection and to adjust for variations 
in the sample related to region, race, 
sex and age.

Theoretically, the possible sampling 
error is about 5 percentage points, plus 
or minus, for questions answered by 
whites and about 6 percentage points 
for questions answered by blacks, A 
small margin of additional error is 
possible because of the various practi­
cal difficulties inherent in taking any 
survey of public opinion.

Assisting The Times in its 1978 sur­
vey coverage Is Dr. Michael R. Kagay 
of Princeton University. i

51 percent, say there has not been "much 
real change.”  A decade ago by contrast, 
two-thirds of the blacks in the Michigan 
study said ; there had been a lot of 
progress inlthe 10 to 15 years before 
the riots.

The increased pessimism of blacks has 
not, however, been translated into 
greater hostility toward or suspicion 

of whites.
They givef credit to whites generally 

for more sensitive and tolerant attitudes 
on race. Asked how many whites lin their 
city “ dislike”  blacks, 39 percent of the 
blacks surveyed this year say “many” 
or “ almost all”  do, down from 57 percent 
a decade ago'. Over half now say “ only 
a few” whites dislike their fellow black 
citizens.

This feeling seems to mirror changes 
in white attitudes. A third of all whites 
interviewed in 1968 asserted that whites, 
“have a right to keep blacks out of their 
neighborhoods if they want to.”  Today 
only one in 20 own up to such feelings.

The blacks seem to' sense neither hos­
tility nor encouragement from whites. 
They are less likely than before to feel 
whites want ter see blacks get a “ better 
break,”  or want to “ keep blacks down.” 
Rather, they are more likely now (44 per­
cent as compared with 33 percent in 
1968) to say whites “ don’t care one way 
or the other.”

To some extent the responses may be 
affected by the fact that the survey cov­
ered only residents of cities, not suburbs, 
meaning that many prosperous whites 
and blacks who have migrated to the 
suburbs in recent years were excluded. 
Blacks with higher income were found 
to be more likely than others to report 
experiencing bias personally and to be 
pessimistic about racial progress.

The 1968 study found that age ex­
plained many of the differences in atti­
tudes within the black community. The 
younger persons interviewed were more 
militant and dissatisfied with their lot 
than older blacks. Today those age differ­
ences seem to be smoothed out, perhaps 
a result of the fading of militant black 
leaders from the national scene and a 
greater emphasis on economic gains by 
the black leadership.

Among whites, however, considerable 
generational differences remain. Younger 
whites are still far more likely to be 
aware of black difficulties than are older 
ones, and they more readily concede the 
existence of prejudice. For example, only 
about half of whites under 30 felt blacks 
had made much progress against dis­
crimination in recent years, as opposed 
to nearly three-quarters of those over 45. 
It remains to be seen whether this more 
liberal attitude among the younger gen­
eration of white city dwellers portends 
better race relations in the future. 4

We know that we’re addicted and will 
go on.”

St. Louis has a strategy for abandon­
ment, Dr. Wendel continued. It is “ board 
and secure.” Because abandoned units are 
so quickly vandalized, the city must 
move fast to protect them/.

Bdt in many cities, boards are no longer 
sufficient, metal paneling is required. “ So 
strategy for neighborhoods may be no 
more than starting with boarding and 
securing and then going on to other kinds 
of more fundamental strategies,”  Dr. 
Wendel said.

A Distinct Triangle
In his office here, he pointed to a map 

to show where the blacks are moving— to 
the edge of St. Louis and outward to 
its suburbs, so that the black area now 
malkes a distinct triangle in the metro­
politan area.

With the blacks leaving, is not St. Louis 
becoming proportionately whiter and 
richer? No, Dr. Wendel said, it is becom­
ing a city of the poor and the old, and 
they are dying.

While the ghettos have remained, the 
public discussion o f the difficulty, which 
has begun again after several years of 
silence, is in a different context. Even 
the language of the Kerner commission’s 
report seems dated. Problem's are no 
longer discussed in terms of race, but 
of the urban poor.

Rather than a laundry list of recom­
mendations, a consensus has developed 
among blacks and whites, and liberals 
and conservatives, that offering a long 
list of recommendations is not the an­
swer, The first step toward solving the 
problems, they say, is better employment 
opportunities.

‘Cannot Afford’ to Hire Blacks
 ̂ M. Carl, Holman, president of the Na­

tional Urban Coalition, said in an inter­
view: “ I work with businessmen and 
when I ask them to find jobs for young 
blacks, they say, ‘No, we cannot afford 
to as long as there is a pool of better 
qualified whites to draw from.’ And 1 
say, ‘Well, what are we to do?’ And they 
say, ‘Nationalize welfare.’ ”

That, of course, while considered 
desirable in many ways, would perpetu­
ate the underclass if used as a substitute 
for jobs, so Mr. Ho-Iman takes a look 
at the array ot Federal programs on the 
books.

“ I find that it costs more to finance 
all those programs than it would to pro­
vide,jobs,”  he said. “What we are spend­
ing we are spending negatively. It seems 
to me that here in America we are run­
ning out of the creativity we used to 
have.”

In the black community, so many tac­
tics have been tried and have failed— 
demonstrations, Federal aid, black sepa­
ratism, black capitalism, coalitions with 
business interests. The National Urban 
League recently sent questionnaires to 
its affiliates, asking whether they thought 
“ a permanent class of people is being 
created who will never be productive 
members of society.” Seventy-eight per­
cent of the replies were affirmative.

Positive Attitude Developing
Although there is deep -skepticism that 

the Carter Administration’s proposed job 
programs or the emerging new urban

policy, to be announced by President 
Carter next month, will have much effect, 
people like Carl Holman believe a posi­
tive attitude toward the troubled ghettos 
is developing in the Administration, and 
so-me help may come o f this.

Reynolds Farley o f the Population 
Studies Center at the University of Michi­
gan recently wrote a paper on Detroit 
entitled “ Chocolate City, Vanilla Sub­
urbs.”  Using sophisticated polling tech­
niques, he determined that “ residential. 
segregation results largely from the 
preference of whites for segregated 
neighborhoods.”

Dr. Sternlieb of Rutgers suggested a 
reason that goes beyond racism. When 
a number of blacks move into open sub­
urbs, such as Plainfield, N.J. and New 
Rochelle, and buy homes, the real estate 
values go down because of the concentra­
tion of blacks.

“ It’s called greenlining,”  he said, "and 
the blacks are deprived of the forced sav­
ings that whites enjoy— the appreciation 
of real estate values.”

“The ultirnate answer is the metropoli- 
tan-\vide acceptance of black communi­
ties,”  Dr. Sternlieb said.

It is one o f the Kerner commission’s 
recommendations, and it has not been 
achieved anywhere.

M a n W h oG a ve  
Name to Report 
Faced Scandal

Special to The New Yoric Tini'es
WASHINGTON, Feb. 25— Everyone in 

Washington called it the Kerner commis­
sion, because that was much easier to 
say than the President’s National Adviso­
ry Commission on Civil Disorders.

Otto Kerner was the chairman, in E d i­
tion to being Governor of Illinois. In 1968 
he seemed the appropriate leader to tell 
American whites that their discrimination 
had created and maintained the black 
ghettoes that had been exploding with 
violence each summer.

His record as Governor had been solidly 
liberal with no hint of scandal; he had 
a good record on civil rights and came 
out of Chicago, one of the troubled cities 
that the commission was to examine. i

On the commission he aligned himself 
with the liberals, who included New 
York’s Mayor, John V. Lindsay, and Sena­
tors Fred R. Harris of Oklahoma and Ed­
ward W. Brooke of Massachusetts, in be­
half o f the frank language in the report 
that some Americans found disturbing.

When the commission’s work was done 
and Mr. Kerner’s term as Governor ex­
pired, President Johnson named him to 
the United States Court o f Appeals for 
the Seventh Circuit. He was serving there 
when he was indicted in 1972 for using 
his office as Governor to help a race 
track owner in return for racing stock 
sold to him below market value. He was 
convicted o f that charge, of lying to a 
grand jury and of income tax evasion.

He was serving a prison term when 
he developed lung cancer. He died on 
May 9, 1976, at the age o f 67.

. . .  , . , . unfiea Prow Inlernatlorw/
A national guardsman stood outside burning building in Detroit on July 

24, 1967, protecting firqlmen fighting blaze set by loiters.



THE NEW YORK TIMES, WEDNESDAY MARCH 1,1978 A13

Since the 1967 Riots, Detroit Has Moved Painfully Toward a Modest Renaissance
By WILLIAM K. STEVENS

' 8ped*l toTh«N«w York Time*
BBTROIT—THE other night, a throng 

of curious and perhaps prideful Detroit- 
ers,_jO percent of them black, ignored 
Me^fcrooks and Henry Winkler and 
flocked to the third movie playing at the 
three new theaters that have just opened 
in Detroit's gleaming downtown Renais­
sance Center.

The movie was "The Betsy,”  and it 
has been scathingly reviewed. No matter. 
It was made in Detroit, and purports to 
pot/iray life among the rich white folks 
wliD run the automobile industry. And 
v(fien Sir Laurence Olivier, as an auto 
teron, got decisively tough with those 
who were destroying his company, a 
young black woman in the audience 
grinned appreciatively.

"He’s a ba-a-a-d old man,”  she said 
with a chuckle. “ I like that old man.”

Detroit unquestionably has changed 
when the worst racial riot 

imjSaierican history sent entire blocks 
of the city up in flames, shocking the 
country as it had not been shocked by 
the !riots that preceded it, and prompting 
the Kemer commission investigation of 
the rglations between blacks and whites.

T^e social temperature has dropped 
cohslderably. The attitude of Detroit’s 
black* toward whites has softened. Some 
areas devastated by the riot are the scene 
of.huwfing, if modest, attempts to e*tal>- 
lislx new shopping centers. The Renais- 

saucl!Center, a glassy cluster of futuris­
tic skyscrapers that has brought to life 
eaffie'r imaginings about what the cities 
of the 21st century might look like, 
staitds as a towering symbol of the city’s 
effort-to emerge stronger and healthier, 
frqnji^e ashes of 1967.

Neighbors Are Still Segregated
But racially, the residential neighbor­

hoods of metropolitan Detroit are as 
segregated as ever, in line with the Kem­
er commission forecast that the races in 
America would become increasingly sepa- 
r^t-a

"Thb population of Detroit proper has 
shrunk from 1.5 million to 1.2 million 
smce J967. It has shifted from mostly 
vat££to  mostly black, and the city is 
n(?Jv% the firm political control of black 
o ffic^ lders , whose constituency largely 
dlspla^ a new sense of pride in Detroit.

JBut, they have inherited a city with 
an economy that is suffering from 
cfirbWfc anemia, and a sizable minority 
remains jobless, alienated and in a 
dangeitous, violent mood.

After the riot, black and white Detroit­
ers alike looked to the automobile execu- 
tweewwith faith, hoping that their deci- 
st^ S ction  would help restore the rav­
aged city. That faith helped spawn the 
first of the urban coalitions and one of 
the strongest Corporations, unions and 
C(^OTi)nity groups united,'fueled by cor­
porate power, to try to promote racial 
understanding and improve life in the 
poor sections of the city.

Today the Detroit coalition is stronger 
than.ever, made so by a firm personal 
alliance between such men as Henry Ford 
2d and Coleman A. Young, the city’s 
black Mayor. Recent surveys show that 
blacks’ confidence in business leadership 
has plummeted sharply since the hopeful 
dhjrs'of 1967 and 1968. But according 
to 'the same surveys, Mr. Young, as a 
•dian^rfon o f the majority black popula- 
tion,“ who is now solidly entrenched in 
hl^ggcond term as Mayor, has inherited 
that confidence overwhelmingly. The re-

Unitsd Press International
On July 25, 1967, buildings along 12th Street in Detroit were In flames near where rioting first broke out

suit Is that Mr. Young brings to the coali­
tion a political muscle that it did not have 
in its eanlier years.

Effort Is Now Showin_g Results
Despite all this, the effort to rebuild 

and revitalize Detroit is only now, after 
10 years of turmoil and struggle, showing 
results, testifying to the difficulty of the 
struggle.

“After ’67, we went downhill rather 
steadily,”  says Douglas A. Fraser, presi­
dent of the United Automobile Workers, 
who has long been close to the situation. 
“I really believe that in the last two years 
it’s turned around a bit, but we’re not 
out of the woods yet.”

Crime and violence constitute one 
measure of the difficulty. Crime is down 
from its high peaks of the mid-1970’s. 
The murder rate in 1977 was at its lowest 
level since 1969, for example; but there 
were, neverthlless, 60 percent more 
homicides last year than in the year of 
the riot.

And last fall, a sdentofic survey by 
The Detroit Free Press determined that 
as many as one-quarter of Detroit’s black 
residents were members of a poor, de­
prived underclass in the city’s most de­
pressed neighborhoods. The survey found 
that unlike the working-class black ma­
jority, this underclass continued to shun 
whites, felt alienated and exploited, and 
wais more inclined toward violence..

Such people have “regressed” to “a 
life style worse than in ’67,” in the view 
of the Rev. William Cunningham, the 
director o f Focus Hope, a Detroit civil 
rights and antipoverty group, who has 
spent many years working among them. 
“There is growing anger and disenchant­
ment in this segment. Father Cunning­
ham believes, “because they have a sense

of nothing to gain or lose. The situation 
is rife with violence and could blow at 
any time.’

The continued existence of this under­
class is traceable largely to Detroit* eco­
nomic position. The city is the victim 
of a changing industrial world in which 
manufajcturing is no longer as important 
as it was, in which economic momentum 
and power are shifting to the South and 
in which money and commercial activity 
have moved to clusters of shopping cen­
ters in the suburbs.

“ The biggest improvement in race rela­
tions since the riots is in the Police De- 
partmept,”  Mayor Young says flatly, and 
the attitude surveys tend to bear him 
out. “Police brutality is down. Assaults 
by citizens on police officers is ’way 
down.”

Police Were Key Symbols
In the late 1960’s and early i970’s, 

there was no more volatile, visible or 
heavily symbolic area o f race relations 
than the interplay between white police 
and black citizens. In fact, it was a police 
raid on a “ blind pig,”  or speakeasy, that 
touched off the 1967 riot.

Under Mayor Young, a vigorous affirm­
ative-action program in police recruiting 
and promotions has antagonized many 
whites and stimulated numerous lawsuits 
charging so-called reverse discrimination, 
but it has also raised the proportion o f  
blacks on the force to 40 percent.

Of all the unforeseen developments, 
perhaps the one most unthinkable 10, 
years ago was the emergence of a man 
like Mr. Young as the element that would 
give the coalition new vitality. He 'was 
a street politician, a tough-talking man 
who carried a gun and was perceived 
as Mr. Black Militant, a man who loudly 
attacked “blackjack rule”  by the police

and had carried an anti-establishment 
aura all his adult life.

Today, it is widely said by skeptics 
of yesteryear that Mr. Young happened 
to comie along, at the right time.

To Mr. Fraser of the auto workers, 
whose imion supported one of Mr. 
Young’s opponents when he ran for 
Mayor in the 1973 primary, Mr. Young’s 
re-election to a second four-year term 
last November was "absolutely crucial.”

Mr, Young and the coalition, by every 
analysis, nevertheless face potentially 
overwhelming problems. Most o f them 
are economic, and that is where Mr. 
Young’s chief priorities lie.

Detroit grew up as a 'bedroom for the 
people who worked in the auto industry, 
and the blacks are the latest o f a long 
line o f ethnic groups who migrated here 
for jobs. But economic activity has 
steadily been drained from the city. The 
unemployment rate in Detroit proper has 
dropped to just under 10 percent, after 
soaring to 21 percent in the depths of 
the 1974-75 recession.

But after each recession, the auto in­
dustry work force never comes back to 
its previous level. There has been a 
steady contraction over the years, so that 
between 1945 and 1977, manufacturing 
as a generator of wages and salaries 
droppM from 46 percent of the total to 
33 percent.

At the same time, other businesses in­
creasingly fled to the suburbs. In 1956, 
83 'Percent of all money issued in pay- 
checks in the three-county Detroit area 
was issued in Wayne County, which is 
mostly Detroit. By last year the figure 
had dropped, to 65 percent. In 1963, 
metropolitan 'Consumers spent 41 cents 
of every dollar in Detroit proper. In 1976 
they spent 26 cents.

Last year, the value of Detroit real

Harlem’s Dreams Have Died in Last Decade, Leaders Say
 ̂ Continued From Page A1

enough money to make the-m work. “Har- 
lem-canmot be revived on a picemeal 
basis,” he said.

Nevertheless, $100 million was spent 
in ^^lem  over 10 years through the 
Model Cities Administration in what was 
supposed to be a broad attack on the 
areagf major problems. Job training, 
edeational grants, preventative health 
c a » J  public safety, legal aid, sanitation 
sfuji^es, housing maintenance and other 
programs were started.

Programs Were Reduced 
“ When you add it all up, that seems 

like a lot of money,”  said Henry R. Wil- 
liams,'director o f the Harlem Model Cities 
officer “But we started out at $12 million 

and that was hardly enough to 
aiaht an impression on Harlem. Later, 
wf®u,.lhe Government reduced the fund­
ing, we dropped back to $8 million a 
y«P im d the 30 programs we started with 
became only 14.”

Other money was pumped into Harlem 
by the welfare system and by Federal 
liqijaipg, education and antipoverty pro­
grams, but to  Mr. Williams and others, 

efforts were slight compared to 
what was being taken out of Harlem by 
the depression that hit the city economy 
in 1969 and has hung on ever since.

In the last eight and a half years. New 
ifiji^has lost more than 650,000 jobs. 
Even-in last year’s boom, when the na- 
tloV^* economy expanded by 4 million 
jobs, 40,000 disappeared from the city. 

oAs a result, many of the job training 
pro^ams initiated in Harlem became a 
cW ® ' joke to the people who entered 
them. Some never got jobs. Others were 
lurftd and then dismissed.

Those who entered Government service 
t j jp l^ e  expectation of stable jobs found, 
w & i,th e  city’s fiscal crisis erupted in 
1974 ,. that as the last hired they were 
tharfirst to be fired under seniority rules 

into municipal contracts.
•W.W Burden Fell on Blacks 
,~*fBfeck people were prepared to share 

th S m rd ty , but the way things worked 
OBL; the burden of the economic and f is- 
oaU crises fell disproportionately on 
t h ^ ,”  said Carl H. McCall, the State 
Senator who represents Harlem.
'»«*rrftose guys you see hanging around 
I îSSifn street corners aren’t waiting 
gjOTOd for a parade,” Mr. McCall said! 
‘3 3 ^  are waiting for a fair shot at jobs.” 
"•Movements in unemployment rates are 
OBltSlndication of how severely New 
York’s economic troubles have hurt its 
black residents. Historically, the black 
jobless rate for New York City 'has been 
lower than the rate for blacks in the 
nallbn as a whole. In 1968, for example, 
the'Iftitional rate was 6.7 percent while 
thiexity rate was 4 percent. By 1976, 
however, the national black jobless rate 
had not quite doubled to 13.1 percent, 
while the same rate in thecity more than 
t l^ r e  to 12.8 percent.
*t*Mfare statistics also show a worsen­

ing of conditions for Harlem’s blacks. In

S as in 1969, 24 percent of the popu- 
of Central Harlem was living on 

■e payments. But in the meantime, 
in 1974, the aged, the disabled and the 

bliniwere removed from the welfare sys- 
tem.’TTiis should have resulted in a drop 
in welfare dependency in Harlem but did

Death Rates 
In Harlem:
Far Above 
New York City’s 
Average

Infant
m o rta lity

Harlem

43 ' ‘-''7D ea ths from  average
a ll c a u se s  Ciiy « «

average
City Harlem 

,average

C irrh o s is  o f  
the  liv e r

Hariem

1 2 7

T raum a
(M u rd e r, s u ic id e ,  
a c c id e n t)

Harlem

1 3 4

City
average

61

10 ■ 14 1/2
19

Deaths cer Deaths cer Deaths cer
1,000popuiation 1,000 live births 100,000pof

Harlem defined as the Central Harlem Health Disiricl. Source: New Vork City Health Department.

Deaths per 
100,000population

The New York Tlmes/Harch '1, WB

not, indicating that a larger proportion 
of the population than ever before was 
getting home relief or aid to families with 
dependent children.

Nowhere is the hea-vy toll of poverty 
on Harlem’s people shown more dramati­
cally than in the records kept by the 
Health Department. Those records indi­
cate that its infant mortality rates, a 
generally recognized index of the overall 
health of a community, have been wors­
ening.

In 1968, when the infant mortality rate 
for the city was 23.1 for each 1,000 live 
births, it was 37 in Harlem, higher than 
in any part of New York. By 1976, the 
city’s rate had fallen to 19 while Harlem’s 
had zoomed to 42,8.

For other age groups as well, Harlem 
has much higher death rates. The 1976 
city death rate for all ages was 10,2 for 
each 1,000 people; in Harlem it was 14.5. 
The rate for deaths caused by accidents, 
homicides and suicides was 61.2 for 
each 100,000 people in the city, 134 in 
Harlem. The rate for cirrhosis of the liver, 
a disease of alcoholics, was 30.3 per 
100,000 in the city, 127 in Harlem.

To Dr. Moran Weston, rector of St, 
Philip’s Church on West 134th Street, the 
most worrisome development of the late 
decade has been the recruitment of ohil- 
dren into the ranks of organized crime. 
Harlem has had numbers rackets and 
drug rings for many years, but the in­
volvement of large numbers of 12-, 13- 
and 14-year-old children is a relatively 
recent development.

“This is the worst failure of govern­
ment that I know of,” Dr. Weston said. 
"The law enforcement services did not 

"I

protect our children. ’They^turned the 
other way, and too many of them are 
growing up with no respect for the law.”

Dr. Weston, who celebrated his 20th 
year at St. Philip’s last year, also; de­
plored what he called “ the erosion of 
professional standards”  in Harlem 
schools. “A generation ago,”  he said, 
“ teachers believed in what they were 
doing and tried to teach the children. 
Now they don’t believe in the children, 
they don’t believe in themselves, and they 
don’t teach.”  »

In the reading tests given to New York 
City school children last spring, the two 
districts that cover Central and East Har­
lem had most children reading at levels 
well below national norms in 27 of the 
32 elementary schools.

For Harlem’s older youths, the.last dec­
ade has brought both gains and losses. 
The coming of open enrollment to the 
City University made it possible for the 
first time for many of them to get a 
college education. But the imposition of 
tuition on fulltime students, a step the 
city took during its fiscal crisis, has 
forced some of them to drop out. Without 
the stipends provided by the Model Cities 
program to 500 Harlem youths, many of 
them would have had to leave school.

In the years since the Kerner report, 
Harlem has lost some of the symbolic 
institutions that once allowed its. resi­
dents to boast that their city within New 
York City was the capital of black Ameri­
ca. The Apollo Theater, for generations 
a showcase of the best black talent, is 
shuttered and empty. Frank’s Restaurant, 
a gathering place for black business and 
political leaders, closed, reopened under

new management and now is closed 
again by a fire.

The Theresa Hotel, formerly Harlem’s 
largest and grandest, is now an office 
building. And Lewis W. Michaux’s Na­
tional Memorial African Bookstore, a gen­
erator of black literary and historical 
scholarship for 44 years, is gone, as is 
its frail but determined owner, who died 
in 1976.

The loss of these landmarks, along with 
a decline in Harlem’s night life, has also 
brought economic losses. Fewer visitors 
now come to Harlem and the shops and 
restaurants that line the street are doing 
less business.

There have been a few gains, as well, 
however. James H. Dowdy, president of 
the Harlem Commonwealth Council, 
points out that in the 1960’s, only 2 per­
cent of the businesses along 125th Street 
were owned by blacks. Today blacks own 
more than 35 percent of the shops, and 
the council Itself, which was formed in 
1967 to foster the economic development 
of Harlem, is the major property owner.

The council has been buying properties 
to create a large shopping mall includ­
ing a major department store. It already 
has erected an office building on 125th 
Street and renovated another. It has also 
bought a lumberyard, a foundry, a store 
fixture factory, a wire works and othM' 
enterprises that together employed 365 
people and generated a payroll of $2.3 
million last year.

Private Capital is Sought
“ Our goal is to use the seed money 

we get from the Federal Government to 
attract private capital to Harlem busi­
nesses,”  Mr. Dowdy said. “We want those 
enterprises to create jobs for Harlem peo­
ple and to generate profits we can invest 
m medical facilities, housing and other 
things Harlem needs.”

Housing has been and remains the most 
obvious need for Harlem. According to 
Donald J. Cogsville, president of the Har­
lem Urban Development Corporation, the 
section has been losing about 3,000 apart­
ments a year to decay, arson and aban­
donment since the beginning of the 
1970’s. Until 1974, new construction was 
replacing about 2,000 units a year, but 
the moratorium on Federal building pro­
grams in that year stopped all construc­
tion in Harlem and none of the losses 
are now being offset.

Those housing losses are generally 
considered to be the principal reason for 
the decline in Harlem’s population. Since 
1976, the population of Central Harlem 
has fallen by 74,000 to 159,000, and that 
of East Harlem by 50,000 to 133,000. 
Most of those who moved are believed 
to have resettled in Brooklyn and the 
Bronx.

The population that remains is, accord­
ing to Father Chapman, “ a time bomb, 
real social dynamite,” Deputy Mayor 
Paterson eschews those words, but he 
does express a growing concern that the 
city’s government has no ties, as it did 
in the administration of Mayor John V. 
Lindsay, with the youths and street peo­
ple of Harlem.

“Those people are unconnected, and 
the city has no money to hire anyone 
to build some links with them,”  Mr. 
Pateirson said. “ This is something we *11 
ought to worry about.”

Mure Than a decade later, federally-subsidized townhouses are now rising 
on the lots left vacant along 12th Street, renamed Rosa Parks Boulevard, 

north of the intersection with Clairmont Avenue.

estate slipped below $10 billion for the 
first time in years. With the 'tax base 
steadily shrinking, the city has become 
dependent on 'the state and Federal Gov­
ernments for the revenues it needs to 
provide basic services within a balanced 
budget. Few analysts think that is going 
to change soon.

The city has embarked on a program 
of tax relief for industries that stay in 
Detroit'-'and expand, and there is some 
evidence this has stanched the outward 
flow. But “ progress has 'been slow,”  in 
the view of William J. Beckham, a 'black

man who was Deputy Mayor for three 
years under Mr. Young and is now an 
Assistant Treasury Secretary in Washing­
ton.

Economic expansion is what built De­
troit in the first place, and Mr. Beckham 
and others believe that economic redevel­
opment, particularly the building of a 
more diversified economy, is the biggest 
job ahead. Detroit’s urban coalition is 
just beginning work on that task, Mr. ■ 
Beckham said. "A  stabilized social climate 
was necessary," he 'went on, but econom­
ic development is “ the next plateau.”

OFFER ENDS THURSDAY MARCH END 
A T M IDNITE. DON’T  MISS O U T!

Come In 
out of 

the cold.
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JACK LALANNE’S SAYS:
This is i t . . .  but you can still 

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Swim, Sauna, Steam, Jog.

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YOUR MEMBERSHIP IS GOODlAT OUR 16 
JACK UUNNE HEALTH SPAS*

In Manhattan
Winslow Hotel 55 St. & Mad. Ave. 688-6630 
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Rockvilta Centre 60 Merrick Rd. 887-7500 
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N an u e t— R oute  5 9 — K o fv e fte  
S h o p p in g  C en te r— 6 23-8662



A 14 THE NEW YORK TIMES, WEDNESDAY MARCH I, 1978

8-YE A R P.O .W .STU D Y V̂anderbiltU.IsTornbyIssue 
CITES LONG-TERM ILLS Of the Davis CupandRacism

Solitary Confinement by Vietnamese 
Found to Leave Deepest Scars 

— Readjustment Called Swift

By WAYNE KING
Sp«rl»t to The New Ttoe*

By BERNARD WEINRAUB
.■ipedel to Ttfce New York Time*

SAN DIEGO, Feb. 25— Five years after 
their return, Americans who were prison­
ers of war in Vietnam have an unusuaiiy 
high divorce rate and suffer from contin­
uing physical problems but appear to 
have readjusted to military life with sur-; 
prising speed,

A research group set up by the Army, 
Navy and Marine Corps to study the 566 - 
prisoners of war and their families has i 
also found that solitary confinement was . 
the "most psychologically devastating: 
treatment" the prisoners endured and 
that many P.O.W.’s had "stressful”  reun­
ions with their families.

"Many of the families had to renegoti­
ate their marriages,” said Dr. Edna Hun­
ter. a clinical research psychologist and 
an' assistant director at the Center for 
Prisoner of War Studies in San Diego.,

There have been more than twdce as 
many divorces among the prisoners, 
studied than among other servicemen. , 
Two men committed suicide soon after | 
they returned home, and there were some 
cases of depression. Even two or three i 
years after their release, the center’s | 
studies suggested, the prolonged absence 
of the men had had “ a profound and; 
generally negative effect”  on their chil­
dren.

Behavior Was Changed
Wives often found that their husbands’ i 

behavior had been changed by the five-  ̂
or six-year prison experience. The men ; 
tended to be rigid and compulsively o r - ; 
ganized as a result of the mental •habits  ̂
formed in years of isolation. Moreover, | 
because the prisoners were punished se -; 
verely for communicating with one 
another and were forced to keep a tight i 
lid on their emotions, the men who re -; 
turned were often unable to express 
anger or even show personal feelings, | 
especially in the first year of freedom.

"You can’t go through this kind of ex­
perience without some residual effect,” : 
said Dr. Hunter. “ But the surprising thing ; 
is how invulnerable many of these fami­
lies were, how the men and their families 
coped so well.”  .

The center, in a World War II barraclra 
near the tip of San Diego’s Point Loma 
peninsula, was set up five years ago 
under the Naval Health Research Center. 
The detailed study projects were designed 
to develop information for military sur- 
\ ival training and to determine the needs 
of repatriated prisoners of war and their 
families.

Previous Government studies after 
World War II and Korea dealt largely, 
with the medical problems of returned 
prisoners. The Air Force opted to set up j  
its own program, which is largely a medi-1 
cal follow-up on the 325 captured airmen. |

Longer Imprisonment
The average duration of imprisonment, 

four years in South Vietnam, where most 
of the Army and Marine Corps prisoners 
were held, and six years itr North Viet-' 
nam, was much longer in the Vietnam 
War than in earlier wars.

Moreover, solitary confinement was 
used far more extensively by the North 
Vietnamese than by previous enemies. 
Prisoners were kept in solitaiy confine­
ment for periods ranging from a few 
weeks to four years, and 20 percent of 
them spent one to two years in solitary 
confinement.

Physically, the men who had spent ex­
tensive time in solitary confinement ap­
peared older than their chronological age. 
Psychologically, the experience left se­
vere scars because many of them were 
the toughest to begin with, had the high­
est expectations of themselves and subse- 
quentlv were “very guilty and ambiva­
lent”  about their behavior under duress.

"Some of the men, under torture, went 
beyond the military code of conduct, 
signed things, and did not perform upAwvA/tfAtsAMe ’* fisiH Arte HAPfrar

NASHVILLE— Dr. Sallie McFague, the Games: Don't Play Ball With South Afri- 
tweedy, soft-spoken dean of the Divinity ca.”
School at Vanderbilt University, is strong Eighty - five faculty members have 
in her convictions but normally reserved signed a petition saying that Vanderbilt’s 
in her actions. i participation in the matches placed it ‘ in

So it was with some feeling of dis- ‘ the jrosition of appearing to sanction 
placement that she found herself on e : apartheid.” A majority of the department 
chilly morning not long ago parading in : of economics and business administration 
front of Kirkland Hall, the university’s j also approved the statement, 
stately administration building. She i The faculties of the divinity school and 
carried a picket sign that urged Alexan- j  the philosophy department and the Black 
der G. Heard, the chancellor of the uni-1 Faculty and Administrators’ Association 
versity, and Emmett Fields, its president, i have also opposed the university’s par- 
to withdraw Vanderbilt as host next tiicpation.
month to the Davis Cup tennis matches 
between the United States and the consti­
tutionally racist state of South Africa.

Dr. McFague’s joining the picket line 
of Students Protesting Apartheid for a 
symbolic hour of protest against a univer­
sity administration for which she pro­
fesses deep respect indicates the severity 
of fhe moral and intellectual clash that 
has thrust this century-old Southern uni­
versity into the center of turmoil over 
the explosive question of race.

A Reversal Sought

However, 200 faculty members have 
signed a petition supporting the deci.sion 
"while abhoring apartheid and all denials 
of human rights.”

The petition endorsed “open forum” 
and said: ‘-‘The folly of mixing politics 
and athletics would seem to be self-evi­
dent. Those who protest t he tennis 
matches assert that the principle does 
not apply because questioning and debate 
cannot take place. If they were right, 
then a Russian ballet company or a musi­
cian from Cuba wouldfa 11 in the same 
category.”

“ It‘s difficult, profoundly difficult,”  Dr. 
McFague said. "It is very painful for me, i 
very painful for the university. We don’t !

Free Speech Cited
It is because of the ‘ ‘symbolic contend’ 

of the matches— t̂he association of the 
South African team with the racist policy 
of apartheid —  that the university’s 
chancellor and, president say that they 
cannot cancel them, because free speech 
cannot be abrogated at the university.

Both men feel strongly about the issue. 
After the controversy began to unfold 
in early February, the NLT Corporation, 
a Nashville company that had agreed to 
underwrite $88,000 of the cost of the 
matches, withdrew it? backing. Rather 
than use the withdrawal as a reason to 
cancel the matches and thus skirt the 
issue, the university obtained other fi­
nancing and vowed to go on with them.

To do otherwise. Mr' Fields, the univer­
sity’s president, said in an interview, 
would be "to cop out on principle.”

The university was founded 10 years 
bbacking of Cornelius Vanderbilt. A statue 
of Mr. Vanderbilt stands on the lawn 
in front of the Administration Building 
where the protesters picket each day and 
bears the following quotation: 

“ IfVander.bilt University shall, through 
its influence, contribute to strengthening 
the ties which should exist between all 
sections of our country, I shall feel that 
it has accomplished one of the objects 
that ledme to take an interest in it.” 

University Desegregated 
Although the university cannot be said 

want an adversary situation. The faculty to have been in the forefronto f racial 
of the Divinity School has a great con -' progress, it has not had a history of. seri- 
cern for the university. We hope simply: ous racial conflict. It was desegregated 
to turn it around, so that it will not in 1952 by a black minister who i.s now 
make a terrible mistake.”  a member of the university’s governing

The mistake, as Dr. McFague, a number body, the Board of Trust, 
of faculty members, student groups and, Chancellor Heard, moreoever, has a 
organizations like the National Urban | reputation to c ommitment to social 
League and the National Association for | progress, and his position on academic
the Advancement o f Colored People see i freedom, is by no means new.
it, is the refusal o f the university admin- In 1967, when Stokely Carmichael, the 
istration to cancel the match. The refusal, I former head of the Student Nonviolent 
these critics contend, places the univeisi-1 Coordinating Committee and prime 
ty in the position of endorsing racism "

The New York Times/MIke Keza
Pickets keep vigil outside Kirkiand Hali, the administration building

Around
the

Nation

Dr. Sallie McFague in her office

versity must face up to the fact that 
fundamental principles may -be in con-' 
flict, that open forum when extended to 
include a. politicized sporting event be­
comes dubious and that a commitment 
to elemental human Justice must prevail.” 

The furor here appears to have 
wrenched a modest concession from the 
South Africans. Peter Lamb, a' “ colored” 
South African who is a student at Van­
derbilt, has been added to the South Afri­
can Davis Gup squad. He calls the conces­
sion “ah honor,”  but the N.A.A.C.P. and 
others.call it tokenism.

Tuesday, Ray Moore, South Africa’s 
most prominent tennis professional and 
sn outspoken op-poinent of a,partheid, 
withdrew from the match to protest "the 
interference of politics in the Davis Cup.” 

The debate on campus has been meas­
ured, but there have been ugly turns. 
Dr. Richard Lapchick, a member of the 
political sdence faculty at Virginia Wes­
leyan, who has been among the chief 
critics of Vanderbilt’s sponsorship of the 
matches, reported to the police at Virgin- 
iai Beach, Va., that he was viciously at­

tacked by two men in his office the night 
of Feb. 14.

Charges Are Repeated
In a recent Interview here, he, reiterated 

that two men wearing stockings over 
their faces, one o f them calling him “nig 
ger lover,” had beaten him unconscious, 
then 'cut the letters “ N-I-G-E-R” into his 
aibdomen with a pair o f scissors.

However, Dr. Farouk Presswalla, a 
medical examiner at Tidewater, Va., said 
that examination of the cuts led him to 
"the firm opinion that it was an une­
quivocally. self-inflicted wound.”

Dr. Lapcbick denied the allegation, but 
said that he would not take a polygraph 
test because he believed that assault vic­
tims should not become the accused.

The shock waves from that incident 
have net subsided here, and Dr. McFague 
and others now fear that the contest of 
principle will be obscured. “I simply hope 
Uiat this does not corrupt the real 
issues,”  she said. “We are for open 
forum, too; it is difficult to be against 
apple pie and motherhood. But we must 
reiioe, the argument to account for 
human rights.”

On the other side are Mr. Heard and 
Mr. Fields, who are supported by a num­
ber o f faculty members and other people, 
who say that to yield to the pressure 
to cancel would be to repudiate the uni­
versity’s long-held policy of “ open 
forum”— the right of visitors to the uni­
versity to hold and espouse their views.

Benjamin Hooks, the executive director 
o f the N.A.A.C.P., has endorsed the “ big­
gest demonstrations we’ve seen in this 
country since the 60’s”  if the matches 
go on as planned. All 1,700 chapters of 
file association have been alerted and 
asked to join the march of Vanderbilt on 
Capitol to the gates of Vanerbilt on 
March 18. The matches are scheduled to 
run from March 17 through March 19.

Placards Denounce Racism 
Daily, students and some faculty mem­

bers march for two hours outsie the 
administration building. Their placards 
say ‘things like “Adolf Would Be Proud 
of You” and “ Racism Is Not Fun and

minister of the Black Panther Party, was 
invited, to speak at the campus, the visit 
vva.S denounced by the American Legion, 
the Tennessee Senate the .John Birch 
Society, the Tennessee House of Repre­
sentatives and The Nashvill Banner, 
Chancellor Heard stood firm on the invi­
tation.

But many of the opponents, of the uni­
versity’s stand on the tennis matches 
think ‘ that they are a different matter 
from Mr. Carmichael’s visit.

Dr. Peter C. Hodgson, chairman of the 
graduate department of religion, for

Environmental Unit Urges Merger 
Of Opposing Energy Strategies

example, said that “a sporting event 
dearly does not represent an open articu­
lation of a point of view in a forum that 
permits questions, discussions and de­
bates.”  Moreover, he asked, “What hap­
pens when 'applioaltions of the principle 
of open forum under such circumstances 
bring it into conflict with equally funda­
mental principles of the university,, its 
historic commitment to justice, equal op­
portunity and human rights?”

“ In this case,”  he continued, “the uni-

,  However, the agency said it appeared 
that power requirements could be met 
by an adroit melding of the much-debated 
“hard’ ’ and “ soft”  energy strategies, em­
ploying respectively conventional and un- 
conventionM energy sources, along wiUi 
an attack on “ instiitutional barriers”  to 
efficient energy production, distribution 
and use.

These barriers were said to include 
utility companies’ pr^iidioe against 
“cogeneration”  of electricity and indus-

to” their expectations.”  said one doctor. 
“They fully expected to be court-mar­
tialed when they came home and were 
.ihocked to find ‘that they were heroes. 
There was a great deal of ^ !It.”

Codes Were Worked Out
On the other hand, the center found, 

“ perhaps the most continuously morale- 
boosting and most important aspect of 
captivity for survival was communica­
tions.”  The prisoners communicated in 
codes based on tapping fingers, coughing, 
clearing throats or, if one prisoner 
walked by another’s cell, dragging his 
sandals.

Dr. Hunter. Capt. R. C. Spaulding, the 
head of the center’s medical specialities 
branch, and Lieut. Cmdr. C. W. Hutchins, 
bead of the environmental stress branch, 
emphasized that the full physical and 
mental impact of the imprisonment will 
probably become evident over the next 
five to 10 years.

Several officers interviewed in San 
Diego, where numerous former P.O.W.’s 
are staUoned, agreed that adjustment had 
been difficult. One of them, Cmdr. Phillip 
Butler, a 40-year-old Navy pilot from 
Tulsa, Okla. who spent eight years in 
North Vietnam, said that he still had 
nightmares and still recoiled if anyone 
rattled a set o f keys.

“ You heard that day and night around 
prison camp,”  he said. "It’s a bad sound. 
You don’t know whose door will be 
opened and what will happen.”

Commander Butler, who now works at 
the Navy's Human Management Re­
sources Branch, recalled that he left the 
United States two days after his daughter 
was born and returned home when she 
was 8 years old. "I came home and there 
was an immediate divorce,”  he said "We 
were totally different people. It was, in 
the beginning, a little hard.”

"Learning to drive a car again, learning 
to use a telephone, keeping a checkbook,” 
h* said quietly. “ It was hard. You were 
so used to sitting and doing nothing, and 
suddenly you were back in the world 
and it was going very fast.

“ It took awhile to adjust but most of 
us have adjusted remarkably well. It was 
difficult at first, but let’s face it, it was 
heaven, absolute heaven, and we knew 
H ,”

By GLADWIN HILL
The nation has still not figured ou t: trial steam: their reluctance to buy sur- 

hpw to meet its future energy needs, oir | plus i»w er from industry, and the rarity 
“ revere shortages” of estaiblished fuels: of “ district heating,”  or the distribution 
eyen what those needs may be, although I  beat to clusters of buildings from a 
are certain, the Federal Council on Envi- i source,
ronmental Quality said yesterday. I seemed to— .  ̂  ̂ ! contrast with Carter Administration offi-

’ cials’ professions that they had a compre­
hensive energy supply program at .least 
blueprinited, were set forth in the agen­
cy’s annual report, the principal periodic 
assessment o f the nation’s environmental 
status.

Some Improvement Noted
The report said that the nation’s air 

quality was improving and that, while 
there were many perceptible improve­
ments in water quality, the achievement 
of the goal of “ fishable, swimmabie”  
water everywhere by 1983 was “a long 
way away."

“We have made important improve­
ments in our environment,”  the council 
said, “ and are realizing such economic 
benefits as lower expenditures for health 
maintenance and for protection, mainte­
nance and repair o f property as .well as 
such nonmonetary benefits as improved 
recreational opportunities, clearer views 
and other esthetic and psychological im­
provements.”

The council estimated, that the nation 
spent $40.6 billion for pollution control 
last year, about $187 for each person. 
Of this, it was stated, $18.1 billion repre­
sented outlays occasioned by environ- 
men'bal legislation. The rest was money 
that would halve been spent anyway for 
purposes as solid waste disposal.

Of the total, 38 percent went for water 
pollution control, 32 percent for air pollu­
tion and 23 percent for solid waste man- 
agement,_ with the rest representing ad­
ministrative costs. Industry paid half the 
total. Government 30 percent, and con­
sumers, in direct expenditures, 20 per­
cent.

The council cited as a noteworthy envi­
ronmental problem the provision of ade­
quate urban recreation areas Of 28 cities 
covered in a recent Federal survye, the 
council said, “Virtually ail appeared to 
have problems in providing urban recrea- 
tion/' New Ynrlr riKr wac r'{f.ixy4 _

Missouri Is Suing NOW 
On Conventions Boycott

JEFFERSON CHY, Mo., Feb. 28 (AP) 
The state of Missouri filed suif today 
against the National Organization for 
Women, accusing it of antitrust, viola­
tions for urging conventions to boycott 
the state because it had not ratified tne 
proposed equal rights amendment.

The merits of the proposed amendment 
“are not at issue,”  state Attorney General 
John Ashcroft said in' announcing tJiP suit 
filed in Federal District Court. “T l»issue  
is the intentional economic harm,,tft :our 
state and its citizens, and the inability 
of those harmed to defend themsMves.

Mr. Ashcroft said that the suit did not 
seek damages but asked the court to 
Issue an injunction ordering the w o m ^ s  
rights organization to end its boycott.

■There was no immediate comment from 
the group.

By the group’s figures, Mr. Ashcroft 
said Kansas City has lost $8 mllliflp |nd 
St Louis $10 million because of the boy­
cott, which has been joined by abiout.99 
organizations. * _

“That dollar loss will mean a 50sB or 
jobs and reduction in tax revenue to 
the- cities and the state.”  Mr. T^hcroft 
said. "These businesses and indiviauals 
cannot ratify the equal rights .Bpiend- 
ment. Only the Legislature ‘ ca irfo  so 
Consequently, the persons harme<i;b«|ne 
boycott can, of themselves, do nothing 
to keep from continuing to be harmed.

Paper Concern Accepts 
Negotiation With Indians

AUGUSTA, Me., Feb. 28 (AP)— Great 
Northern Paper Company, the largest 
landowner embroiled in the Maine In­
dian land case, is not opposed to a com­
promise settlement, the international 
corporation’s president said today.

“We wouldn’t rule out anything as a 
possible settlement,”  said the president, 
Robert Heilendale.

The statement at a news con^wgice 
was the first direct indication from-.one 
of Maine’s 14 largest landowners of a 
willingness to negotiate an end to the 
Indian claim to 60 percent o f the state s 
territorjf. . .

It came as Gov. James B. Longlbyand 
Attorney General Joseph Brennen were 
in Wshington for meetings on the rase 
w ’th the Maine Congressional delegation.

Mr. Longley and Mr. Brennen have 
sharply criticized the latest plan for-an 
out-of-court settlement and have publicly 
favored a court battle. , „

Under the la'test proposal, Great North­
ern and 13 others owning more t o n  
50 000 acres in the northern two-thirds 
o f ’ the state have been asked to sell a 
total cf 300,000 acres to the Indians for 
.$5 an acre. _

Akron Council Approves^ , 
Regulations on Abortions ,

AKRON, Ohio, Feb. 28 (AP)— A4 ordh 
nance regulating abortions was atyroved 
on a 7-to-6 vote by the City Council 
today as abortion opponents clapped, 
shouted approval and hugged one anoth-

The measure was adopted after rthe/ 
Council rejected, 8 to 5, an amendment 
to bar the use of city funds to detendf 
the ordinance from possible court 'ChaH 
Icn^ss.

Members o f a group called the Citizens 
for Informed Consent wrote the ordi­
nance and say they believe it to be con­
stitutional.

But William Spicer, assistant city law 
director, has said it is unconstitutional 
because of its “ informed consent”  sec­
tion. That part says a physician must 
tell the woman that the fetus is “ an un­
born human life from the moment of con­
ception”  and that the fetus may be capa­
ble of surviving outside the womb if it 
is more than 24 weeks old.

A group opposed to the ordinance, the 
Pro-Choice Coalition, invited council 
members to a private home to speak with 
several women who have undergone 
abortions.

Maine Court Upholds 
Adventist on Union Dues

tion. ’ New York City was cited asa n 
example of the problem of access to 
parks by inner-city resid'nts without 
cars.

The report said that "the proni-e r ' 
abundant, environmentally benign nu­
clear power in the lonq-tem future ie 
no more than a promise: un.solved techno­
logical, economic and socialp robiems ere 
formidable.”

Outlining contrasting energy strategies, 
the report said that the “ hard”  path 
opted for redoubled efforts to develop 
all current energy sources, with a highly 
centralized, highly electrified energy fu­
ture. “ For the near term this approach 
calls for more of the same thing we have 
now, for as long as we can make it last,” 
it said. “ If natural liquid petroleum and • 

HOSTAGES FREED. One o f  | gas are running out, then make more 
three men held at gunpoint shales.'
n.QRoe nnlirp release approach emphasizes:rusites past police a t t ^  release renewable, relatively nonpolluting, often 
in F ullerton, Calif. Hostages, decentralized and small-scale sources of 
held at real estate o ff ic e  fo r  un- energy, it said.
known reason, were released “Obviously the two side? represent .x

Sp«clal to The New York Times
ILAND, Me., Feb. 28— The Maine ’ ■ 

Supreme Court, in a 3-to-2 decision yes­
terday, overturned a 1975 lower court 
ruling that upheld the dismissal of a 
Seventh-day Adventist who had refused 
to join the United Paperworkers Union 
or pay union dues at the former Oxford 
Paper Company in Rumford.

The church is opposed to any type of 
union activity.

Justice Charles A, Pomeroy, speaking 
for the majority, ordered the case sent 
back to the state Superior Court for a 
hearing to determine whether the Adven­
tist, Clarita Michaud, 49 years old, of 
Dixfield, can pay the equivalent of union 
dues to a charity without causiiig “ undue 
hardship to either the company or the 
union.”

The ruling for Mrs. Michaud is an aca­
demic triumph. She had been allowed to 
continue working pending the outcome 
of the appeal, but was laid off in Septem­
ber 1976 when the company was sold.

‘This is a matter of principle, hot 
cash,”  said her lawyers, Gary 'W. Libby 
of Portland.

lice  identified  gunmen, bottom  the nation to adopt some elements of 
right, D erek W hitakeer, 24. ' both.”  I

Comedian Gets Jail Term 
For Trafficking Heroin

I.AS VEGAS. Feb. 28 (AP)—iSeorge 
Kirby the impressionist, has beeh .sen­
tenced to 10 years in prison for his con­
viction on heroin trafficking charges.

Federal District Judge Roger D. Foley 
ordered Mr. Kirby, 52 years erfd. taken 
into custody yesterday and placed in the 
Clark County Jail. He revoked, Mr. 
Kirby’s $10,000 bond and raised bail to 
$100,000 pending appeal.

The comedian received two concurrent 
10-year prison terms for his conviction 
on charges of distribution of a controlled 
substance, possession with intent to dis­
tribute, and aiding and abetting.

The maximum penalty for each of the 
felony drug charges is 15 years in prison 
and a $25,000 fine.

Mr. Kirby was convicted by a jury on 
Dec. 20 of selling two ounces of heroin 
to an undercover police agent and-trying 
to distribute another half pound. Both 
incidents allegedly occurred in mrd-l977.



NEW-YORK TIMES F r id a y . Marc:h 1.6-^-.l.-97a-----

Approaches to the Problem 
Of Jobs for Youn^ Blacks

^The unemployed young man took, a 
drag on a joints then passed it to a friend 
as he looked out from the roof of a tall 
huiiding in northern Harlem down across 
the valley ito the east and the broad Har­
lem plain to the south, down past mid- 
V.; V town, toward the World

Trade Center and beyond. 
Urban “ isn’t this fantastic?” he 

; Affairs asked. “And from up here, 
c Harlem looks beautiful. You 

can’t see all them dudes who 
rion’t haveany Jobs.”

He took back the joint then, drew 
.deeply and was silent lor a moment. Then 
hesaid:

“You know, this country’s killing us. 
-They don’t care if we live or die and they 
sure don’t want to give us work — and, I 
t̂on’t think: it’s ever going to change, as 
longas wefre black andthey're white.”

- i  Such views are often heard in- Ameri- 
rsi’s black, communities when the prob- 
-^ e m  of black youth unemployment is dis- 
<nssed. While economists and labor spe- 
.nialists do not exude optimism when the 
problem is put to them-, but they seem al­
most sanguine compared with most

' Ed Brown, director of the New Orleans 
Area Development Project and a founder 

■5f the Student Nonviolent Coordinating 
■ Committee during the 1960’s, spoke in a 
ffecent interview of the affliction that 
youth unemployment is on black com­
munities.
• ■ “ Right now, this deprivation has 

'brought almost fratricidal Warfare to the 
-black community, pitting those who have 
"against those w ^  don’t.” Mr. BroWn 
said. “Those who don’t take from those 

'Who have,'and justify it in the name of 
survival. And a lot of those who have live 

"in terror, and the white people really
- don’t care as long as it’s just black people 
--who are getting hurt. ”

■' The cynicism and despair of blacks and 
sthe^weary caution of manpower special­
ists, who have seen program after pro­
gram nibble at the problem without 

' cracking it, have led two important white
- thinkers to- seek new approaches to the 
’ problem.
 ̂ Though Gar Alperovltz and W. Willard 
Wirtr agree that ultimate solutions, if 

' any are to be found, will be rooted in pro- 
■'-grams developed and run at the local 

level, they approach the problem from 
-^very different perspectives.

By ROGER WILKINS
tlcism about CETA, the Comprehensive 
Employment Training Act, which he 
calls “ another form of kidding. our­
selves,” but he has a different view of 
“dead-end jobs.”

“If you leave out the four or five big­
gest cities,” he said in an interview, 
“there are an awful lot of jobs in the pri­
vate service industry. There are jobs, for 
example in the fast-food chains. We’ve 
got to change our attitudes about dead­
end jobs. If some people are really seri­
ous about going to work, they’ve got to 
change their attitudes about those jobs.” 

Rather than looking at what is. Dr. 
Alperovitz is looking at what he thinks 
can be. The only possibility lor attacking 
the problem successfully, in his view, is 
lor die economy to be jolted out of its cur­
rent doldrums.

They’re attacking inflation in the 
wrong way,” he said. “ Housing, energy, 
food and health care are contributing the 
most to inflaton. By putting a drag on the 
general economy, the Administration is 
just making more imemployment witoout 
doing anything significant about infla­
tion.

“What they ought to be doing,” he said, 
is attacking prices in those sectors 

where the prices are causing the infla­
tion.

You could do that in housing, for ex­
ample, by putting young people to work 
building new houses and building up the 
supply, thus easing inflationary pres­
sures. You’re making jobs and attacking 
inflation at the same time,” Dr. Alpero­
vitz said.

Mg Wirtz and Dr. Alperovitz both be­
lieve that the most hopeful answer lies in 
programs developed by local coalitions of 
educators, laborers, eniployers and com­
munity groups across the country.

You need to plan locally,” Dr. Alpero­
vitz said, “along the lines of America’s 
future economic needs and then make 
sure that the kids get a share of the jobs 
and the training, counseling and educa­
tion they need.”

“ I agree with the need for planning,” 
Ed Brown said, “but the real hurdle is 
that white Americans haven’t- demon­
strated that they have the political will 
needed to solve the problem either nation­
ally or locally. It’s a political problem 
with American racism right at the core of 
it.”

Traditional Opportunities Lost
_  Former r-abor Secretary "tirtz, who 

'  WT^ed" with the prohlem through the 
eight years of the Kennedy and Johnson 
administrations, has seen the cynicism of 
black youth fiisthand and believes that 
any proposed rolutlons must accommo­
date those feelings.

“We can’t kid t h ^  youngsters,” Mr. 
Wirtz said in an interview. “ And we’ll be 
kidding them if we tell them that there 
will be traditional kinds of employmenti 

"available. Employers- are constrained to 
hire women, the handicapped, Vietnam 
■veterans and all kinds of other people.

: The traditional kinds of opportunities are
dryingup.” '  ............

■ . Dr. Alperovitz, the co-director of the 
‘^'National Center for Economic Alterna­

tives, is as skeptical of traditional ap- 
proacheS as Mr. Wirtz. He concurs in the

■ view that the American economy, as now
■ structured, does not have the capacity to 

use all the labor generated by the popula-
■ tion and that', because of racism, the left 

over workers are-most likely to be young
' and non-white. .1 
; “ I don’t view this as a problem of black 

youth unemployment,” Dr. Alperovitz
• said in an interrtew. “It’s really a ques-
• tion of mismanagement of the economy ‘

He went on to explain that most eco- 
' nomic theorists view idle labor as a re- 
'■ source to be exploited, not as a problem.
' “You can’t solve this problem with pro-
• grams like CETA jobs and jobs for the 

summer,” he said, “ those are dead end 
jobs.Whatweneedareproductivejobs— 
jobs that are a real part of the economy.” 
He noted that the nation needed many

; things light rails for rapid transit, homes
■ for moderate income people and services 

to children and the elderly.
Mr. Wirtz shares Dr. Alperovitz’s skep-



W h o  S a y s  
W e ’ve  

M adelt?
By Lisle C. Carter Jr.

WASHINGTON — In an important 
sense, the case for substantial 
progress by blacks in recent years is a 
creation of neo-conservative intellec­
tuals who, radicalized to the right by 
the 1960’s, learned to make their new 
principles pay. Broadcast and print

journalists, receptive to these views, 
have packaged them for the general 
public. Inevitably, the emphasis of 
blacks on progress yet to be made has 
been discounted as a rhetorical tactic, 
if not self-interested propaganda.

The impression of substantial posi­
tive change is an amalgam of the real 
development of desegregation in the 
South and the ima^e of the ubiquity of 
blacks in new institutional roles, in­
cluding, one suspects, TV commer­
cials. The just publisheid United States 
Census report, “The Social and Eco­
nomic Study of the Black Population of 
the United States,” shows little for 
most black people to cheer about. The 
volatility of data in such areas as in­
come and poverty demonstrates the 
precariousnes.s of Ls-sumed progress.

The case for black progrrasEasrbeen 
made primarily by buttressing anec­
dotal achievements with two pieces of

economic data; first, the si^ificant 
increase in black families with rela­
tively high incomes and, second, the 
evidence that young black and white 
couples, outside the South, are at vir­
tual parity in initial income. Against 
this case are the high rates of black 
unemployment and the relative de­
cline and the stagnation, if not abso­
lute decline, in black family income.

While the proportion of black fami­
lies earning more than $15,000 a year 
has increased, the proportion of white 
families with such Income is almost 
twice as great as the proportion of 
black families. Even so, gains for 
some black families only makes 
clearer the extent of income loss for a

large number of other black families. 
Relative family incomes were dubious 
from the start. In effect, the income of 
multiple earners in black families was 
being compared with that of single 
earners in white families. As children 
and other relatives in black families 
increasingly have set up separate 
households and as white housewives 
have tended to go to work, genuine 
comparability has risen and the in­
come gap widened. Moreover, persis­
tency disastrous unemployment rates 
among black youth and relatively high 
unemployment rates among black 
women have meant additional loss of 
family income.

The important thing about the 
parity point is that it is over 10 years 
old and that it applies to only about 6 
percent of black families. There has 
been more than enough time to deter­
mine whether parity persists as the ca­
reers of these black and white couples 
advance. In the absence of studies to 
this end, continued Income differences 
between black and white families 
after their mid-30’s would suggest 
strongly that it does not. Unsurprising­
ly, then, for some blacks, the problem 
is not so much getting an entry-level 
job as it is getting promoted.

Nor should it be surprising that to 
date there has been far less progress 
by blacks than many would contend. 
After World War II, the Federal Gov­
ernment and other institutions spent 
enormous resources in ways that rein­
forced discrimination, segregation 
and exclusion. It is not likely that the 
detrimental results of that investment 
would be reversed by the appropria­
tion of far less money, time, energy 

^ d  commitment.
A statistical analysis done by the 

Urban Institute some years ago 
showed that if trends continued in 
many areas, blacks would never close 
the gap with whites.

Neither time nor circumstance is ah

ally. Thewonomy provides small 
margin for redistribution, and in those 
sectors where jobs have been growing, 
competition is becoming increasingly 
intense among blacks, Hispanics, 1 
white women, and handicapp^ and I 
older workers. In sum, the most vul­
nerable groups are being forced to 
struggle divisively over scarcity. 
Plainly, the situation demands the 
highest priority from our initiative, 
our intelligence, and our will.

Neo-conservatives, however, offer a 
more comfortable alternative. That is, 
the concept of the underclass: The no­
tion that there is a group of Americans 
so demoralized, inadequate and lack­
ing in ability as to be excluded from 
the broader community of opportunity 
and mobility; and that, therefore, lit­
tle can or should be done to improve 
their chances.

Inevitably, this lower category 
would be found to consist of a substan­
tial proportion of blacks and browns. 
Ironically, the career and income 
achievements of a significant number 
of blacks make it easier to slam the 
gates of opportunity on a much larger 
number of blacks and to diffuse the es­
sentially racist character of that ex­
clusion in the notion of an underclass.

On the question of racial progress, it 
is instructive that the first serious ad­
vocacy of class as a limit on oppor­
tunity and equality in our “ classless” 
society is suffused with class and 
color. The underclass, now perhaps a 
euphemism for discriminatory ne­
glect, invokes in its generality a broad 
repudiation of our basic values. In 
these circumstances, what we may be 
debating is not so much the extent of 
black progress as the beginning of the 
end of commitment to American ’ 
ideals.

Lisle C. Carter Jr. is president o f the 
University of the District o f Columbia, 
Washington, D.C.



THE NEW YORK TIMES, SUNDAY, APRIL 20, 1980 EDUC 25

The Educated Black: Caught in a Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
By SHEILA RULE

A S ever-growing numbers of 
blacks enter higher education, 
historically regarded as the

---------  thoroughfare to success, many
may find themselves on a dead-end 
street.

The reason is that, in a society in­
creasingly dependent on persons 
trained in the technically sophisticated 
growth fields, blacks largely continue 
to pursue the traditional majors. Some 
of these will offer excellent career op­
portunities, but many will provide lim­
ited advancement and economic gains,, 
according to education experts.

“ Blacks still tend to enroll in such 
fields as medicine, law, education and 
the social sciences,”  said Dr. Bernard 
C. Watson, vice president for academic 
administration of Temple University 
and author of "In Spite of the System: 
Individual and Educational Reform.” 

He cited some movement by blacks 
in recent years toward business disci­
plines, but said they were still under­
represented in almost all majors re­
lated to growth fields, including ap­
plied science, informational sciences 
and engineering.

“ Even if they are employed,”  Dr. 
Watson said, “ it will not be much of a 
career for them because there is no 
place to go in the areas they are going 
into,”

A major reason for this tendency to 
shy away from the newer growth fields 
of study, according to Dr. Watson and 
others, is economic. Poor youngsters, 
many of whom are black, often base 
their choice of colleges on their cost, 
rather than their curriculums. As a re­
sult, educators said, more than 50 per­
cent of black freshmen enter two-year

colleges only to find later that some of 
their credits are not easily transferra- 
ble to a four-year institution. Many 
come from inner-city schools that fail 
to offer adequate counseling or solid 
prerequisite courses for the technical 
disciplines. Therefore, educators said, 
they are unable to take degrees in the 
technically sophisticated fields.

In addition, aside from prelaw and 
premedical students, many blacks- 
aware of the stereotypes others may 
have of their abilities, lack the confi­
dence in what they are capable of at­
taining, according to Dr. Lorenzo Mor­
ris, a senior fellow at the Institute for 
the Study of Educational Policy at 
Howard University.

“ Black students are sensitive to what 
others think about them,”  said Dr. 
Morris, who is the author of “ Elusive 
Equality: The Status of Black Ameri­
cans in Higher Education.”  “ They fre­
quently come from families where 
their parents can’t tell them what 
higher education is like. Where and 
what to apply to may be directly tied to 
what a counselor says they can do. ”

Cheryl Smith, a college senior in 
Nashville, had such encouragement. 
She is enrolled in a dual-degree pro­
gram in which she can receive a degree 
in science from Fisk University and an­
other in engineering at nearby Vander­
bilt University. Her brothers and sis­
ters had gone to college and her mother 
impressed on her the importance of 
having a career.

“ 1 knew I had to go to college and I 
looked at the issues of money and ca­
reer advancement,”  said Miss Smith, 
who plans to be an electrical engineer. 
“ I took a look at a survey of various 
majors and how much money you could 
make. Doctors, lawyers and engineers 
rated high.

/ D octora l D e g rees  C o n fe rre d  by F ie ld  and R ace— 1977

SUBJECT Percent of total Percent of total
white recipients black recipients

Agriculture and
natural resources 2.2 .9

Biological sciences 10.3 4.2
Business and management 2.5 1.0
Education 24.7
Engineering 5.8 1.8

I ^ e  and applied arts 2.2 1.7
Foreign ianguagwi 2.3 1.1
HeaWifiefds 1.6 1.1
Letters-tnmianities 7.2 4.8
Math 2.3 .8
Physical sciences 9.8 3.6
Psychology 9.2 8.4
Social sclMices 11.5 9.3
Theology 35 1.7

“ Most members of the class I started 
college with are in the traditional 
fields. They don’t have anybody flush­
ing them to do anything else. ”

Also, Dr. Morris said, blacks often 
enter majors that will lead to the pro­
fessions of their closest role models. In 
the black community, those models 
have frequently been educators; but

The New York Times/April 20.1980

whites have access and familial ties to 
professionals in a wider variety of 
fields. Dr. Morris said.

“ Before the Brown decision, 55 per­
cent of the Ph.D.’s awarded to blacks 
were in education,”  he said, referring 
to the 1954 decision in Brown v. the 
Board of Education of Topeka, Kan., in 
which the United States Supreme Court

ruled that segregated schools were un­
constitutional.

“ Today it remains the same,”  Dr. 
Morris said. “ Twenty-five percent of 
all baccalaureate degrees awarded to 
blacks are in education. Many choose 
other fields of study but selective ad­
missions 'or lack of opportunity in 
graduate schools make them abandon 
other fields,”

Figures provided by the National Ad­
visory Committee on Black Higher 
Education and Black Colleges and Uni­
versities highlight the route many 
blacks take once they cross the thresh­
old to higher education.

According to a report the committee 
released last year, based on 1976 data, 
blacks are underrepresented in such 
growth fields as agriculture, biological 
sciences, engineering and physical sci­
ences.

The study showed that of the approxi­
mately 255,000 black freshmen in this 
country in the fall of 1976, 0.3 percent 
were enrolled in agriculture, 0.2 per­
cent in architecture, 1.5 percent in bio­
logical sciences, 11.5 percent in busi­
ness and management, 2.4 percent in 
engineering, 0.5 percent in physical sci­
ences and 83.6 percent in all other 
fields.

The breakdown for all entering fresh­
men was as follows: 1.2 percent in agri­
culture, 0.5 percent in architecture, 2.0 
percent in biological sciences, 10.7 per­
cent in business and management, 3.6 
percent in engineering, 2.0 percent in 
physical sciences and 80.3 percent in all 
other fields.

The pattern of ijiajoring in tradi­
tional fields is followed at Ohio State 
University, which the United Negro

College Fund honored this year for hav­
ing granted more doctorates to blacks 
in all fields than any other institution of 
higher education in the United States.

According to Sue Kindred, acting di­
rector of affirmative action at the 
school, eight blacks received doctor­
ates in education in the school quarter 
that ended last June. But none received 
doctorates in engineering and only one 
in agriculture.

Experts agree that, in order for more 
blacks to enter the growth fields, spe­
cial educational, recruitment and re­
tention efforts will have to be offered. 
But it is crucial that such programs 
begin long before blacks start college, 
they said.

Dr. Watson said there was no nation­
wide effort to turn this situation 
around, but that activities under way to 
attract blacks to other areas of study 
included those by the American Foun­
dation for Negro Affairs, in which high 
school students work with profession­
als in the science fields. In addition, he 
said that professional engineers had es­
tablished projects for high school stu­
dents that supported them through 
counseling and scholarships.

Ohio State University has under­
taken such efforts to acquaint inner- 
city youngsters with veterinary medi­
cine and “ mathphobia”  courses, so 
that persons who avoided math courses 
in the past could prepare for majors in 
the sciences.

“ We have to reach back into second­
ary schools,”  Dr. Watson said. "We 
have to require black high school stu­
dents to take courses that provide a 
basis for them to go into these growth 
fields.”  ■



U.S, Study Hints 
A t More Jobless 
In Youth Ranks

B y  PHILIP SHABECOFF
special to The New Yoric Times

WASHINGTON, Feb. 28 — An unpub- 
lish^ Government report indicates that 
unemployment among American youth is 
much higher than the official figures 
show euid that the unemployment gap be- 
t w ^  white and black young people is 
even wider than had been thought.

The report, based on a long-term Labor 
Department survey of youths, also ten* 
to refute the widely held (pinion that 
unemployment amraig young people, 
particularly those from minority groups, 
is high because they will not accept low- 
paying jobs or work considered menial. A 
summary of the report was obtained by 
The l^eiy York Times.

The official data published by the 
Labor Department's Bureau of Labor 
Statistics, based on a monthly survey of a 
sample of households, showed a 14.1 per­
cent jobless rate among all 16- to 21-year- 
old youths and a 28 percent rate among 
black youths of the same age in the spring 
of 1979. Magnitude of Problran

I But the unpublished long-term survey 
I of young people indicated that overall 
youth imemployment in the same period 
was 19.3 percent, while black youth 
unemployment was 38.8 percent. For 
young black people in school tot seeking 
work, the official Labor Department job­
less figure was 36.9 percent, while the 
long-term survey showed a rate of 55.4 
percent.

However, the survey suggests that the 
problem is of even greater magnitude 
than these rates indicate, because it 
shows a higher participation rate in the 

! labor market than the monthly Labor De- 
j  partment report and, therefore, a much 
higher absolute number of young people 
seeking work. According to the survey, 
there were 775,000 16- to 21-year-olds 
seeking jobs last spring, while the r ^ -

Continoedoo Pu||Aiyj|||mn4



UDAY, FEBRUARY 29, 1980

U,S, Report Indicates Higher Jobless Levels for Youths
Continued From Page A1

lar monthly report showed 478,000 young 
job-seekers.

The results of the survey suggest that 
youth unemployment in general and 
unemployment among minority youth in 
particular, already recognized as a 
major social and economic problem, is 
even more severe than generally be­
lieved.

According to a summary of the report, 
“Its major findings are of critical impor­
tance in the form&ation of youth policies 
forthel980’s.”

The report represents the first results 
of the Labor Department’s National Lon­
gitudinal Survey, which is following a 
representative sample of 12,693 youths 
over an extended period, with particular 
attention paid to their training and em­
ployment experiences.

The results directly challenge the con­
tention made by a number of manpower 
economists that the Labor Department’s 
monthly reports overstate unemploy­
ment among black teen-agers.

The unpublished report says that the 
disparity between the long-term survey 
results and the monthly household survey I 
used for the Bureau of Labor Statistics’s I 
regular reports on employment and j 
unemployment stems from the fact that | 
the youth involved in the long-term sur-i 
vey were Interviewed rather than the! 
head of a household. '■

The report states that “ it has been* 
documented’’ that responses differ sig­
nificantly when the youth is asked di­
rectly and that the evidence suggests that 
the (hrect youth interviews are more ac­
curate.

The survey indicates that the labor 
force participation rate — those who ei­
ther have jobs or are looking for them — 
for 16- to 21-year-olds is 11 percent higher 
than that reported by the monthly survey 
and that the participation rate for blacte 
is 27.5 percent higher.

It also said that while the racial differ­
entials in rates in employment and unem­
ployment are “massive,” they are “only 
the most visible dimensions of relative 
deprivation.”

“ In almost every aspect of their labor 
market experience, black and Hispanic 
youth are significantly worse off than 
white youth,” it added.

Other Impacts Cited
In addition to having higher unemploy­

ment rates, the survey indicated, black 
and Hispanic-American youths are con­
signed to lower-wage, lower-skill jote 
tlM  whites. Young minority group work­
ers must travel longer to rea^ their jote 
and derive less Satisfaction from their 
work. They silso tend to be laid off more 
often than their white counterparts.

Young women workers, regardless of 
color, tend to be laid off more often than 
their white counterparts. Young women 
workers, regardless of color, tend to lag 
well behind white males in most employ­
ment categories.

The report states that contentions that 
youths will not take available jobs be­

cause they demand higher wages, find 
the nature of the work unacceptable, or 
simply do not like to work are often ttsed 
“to gainsay the seriousness of youth 
labor market problems. ”

But such arguments are now “deflat­
ed” by the survey results, the report as­
serted.

The survey found that a majority of the 
young people would be willing to take 
low-paying jobs in such areas as fast-food 
restaurants, cleaning establishments, su­
permarkets as well as dishwashing. A 
substantial number of the young people 
surveyed said they would work at below 
the minimum wage.

The survey suggests that the younger 
the worker the lower the wage and level 
job he or she is willing to accept. It also 
indicates that young minority group 
workers will take lower level work than 
young white people.

“The evidence suggests that the ma­
jority of these young people are not un­
successful because of inflated expecta­
tions,” the report states.

Finally, the survey found that “em­
ployment and training programs are an 
im^rtant factor in mitigating the prob­
lems of disadvantaged and minority 
youth.”

The full report is 400 pages long. It was 
prepared for the Labor Department by 
the Center for Human Research of Ohio 
State University.



1
Youth Unrest All Over

By Sandy Close

SAN FRANCISCO —  Perhaps the 
most chilling aspect of the rioting in 
Miami — as in upheavals that have 
rocked Teheran, San Salvador, Mana­
gua, Capetown, and Kwangju, South 
Korea, recently — was that the first to 
kill and be kill^  were the young.

Was the Miami rioting just a momen­
tary nash of rebellion by the city’s 
young blacks, infuriated at inequitable 
law enforcement and endemic unem­
ployment? Or was Miami’s the first 
United States episode in a new era of 
urban turmoil across the globe that will 
gradually affect other United States 
cities as well?

With huge populations of youths now 
confronting limited opportunities that 
are being even further reduced by 
worldwide recession, widespread dis­
content of youth in bulging cities of the 
third world has become a conspicuous 
fact of international life.

In the United States, however, the be­
lief has taken hold that we will eventu­
ally eliminate the problem of our discon­
tented junth through the aging of our 
population and the steady decline in the 
number of our own young.

Fred Crossland, who heads the Ford 
Foundation’s division of education and 
public policy, cites Census Bureau data 
to predict that America’s population of 
18->’ear-oids, about 2 percent of the 
overall population in July 1979, will 
shrink at least 25 percent between now 
and 1994 to 1.3 percent of the popula­
tion— a trend that, most experts say, ■ 
would mean fewer demands on scarce 
resources, less competition for jobs,. 
and, especially, fewer juung criminals, 
on the streets. But a critical factor is 
missing in such projections; Through-, 
out the 1380’s, a recent Wall Street 
Journal news report estimated, nearly 
half of the expected population in­
crease in this country will come from 
soaring illegal immigration, mainly 
by young immigrants of child-bearing 
age. In fact, there is no way to sustain 
a modest rate of economic growth 
without substantial migration of labor, 
mainly from Hispanic and other Carib­
bean countries with very high birth 
rates, according to Clark Reynolds, a 
labor economist at Stanford Universi­
ty's Food Research Institute. The re? 
suit could be many more young people' 
in our cities in roming years than we 
now expect. . , -

If, in fact, w  are imdercounting' 
young and poor blacks as well as under­
estimating the flow of immigrants, we 
are blinding ourselves to the possibility 
that our cities, rather than coming to 
resemble European garden cities with 
their genteel oldsters, will look more 
and more like third-world cities, whose 
youth populations are not only growing 
poorer and less-educated Imt is o  larger 
as a result of higher ..birth rates and 
migration from even poorer countries, 
cities and villages.. .  2 

As a consequence, a growing propor­
tion of urban residents in this country 
will be foreign-bom, nonwhite and 
young. Already 44 percent of all people 
of Hispanic descent in the United States 
are under 18. Nonwhites account for 
three out of four children in the public 
schools of eight major United States 
cities. New York City amotrg them, and 
more than half the public-school enroll­
ment In 13 more cities. David R. Jones, 
special adviser to Mayor Edward I. 
Koch of New York City, believes that 
an accurate census count for his city 
would show that minority New York­

ers constitute nearly half of the popu­
lation and not 28 percent, as Census 
Bureau figures suggest.

Partly because of Americans’ legiti- 
' male concern with the aging of their 

population and with the many problems 
facing the elderly, this expanding popu­
lation of minority urban youth has b^n  
largely ignored. Yet as in the third 
world, these young people could repre­
sent the most important element shap- 

' ing the quality of life in urban America 
' in this decade.

Iran’s revolution began when half its 
population was under 17 years of age, ac­
cording to Michael Fisher, a Harvard 
anthropologist, and when Teheran w'as 
bursting with unemploj’ed and dissident.

young' workers and students. Nicara­
gua’s revolution was essentially carried 
out by youth, a fact underscored by re­
ports that 90 percent of the casualties 
were under 19 years of age. In South

Korea, according to Bruce Cumings, a 
specialist in Asia at the University of 
Washmgton, hundreds of thousands of 
students, shut out of universities by 

, martial law and out of labor markets by 
, global recession, provide ready bodies 
for an increasingly volatile opposition 
such as'the one that temporarily seized 
the city of Kwangju. In South Africa, 
where the majority of the black popula­
tion, as in the rest of the continent, is - 
under 15, black antTmixed-race students 
have mounted the most widespread

protests against the Government since 
the Soweto uprising in 1976.

Nowhere in the United States has the 
pol^riration between elderly and young, 
white and minority members, reached 
so wide a gulf as in Florida, already the 

' state with the nation’s highest percent­
age of elderly. By the year 2000, the Cen- 

i sus Bureau reported in 1979, Florida will 
have more people over 65 than under 14; 
further, one-third of the blacks and resi- 

j dents of Hispanic background will be 
I under 14 — a trend that ongoing immi­

gration from Latin America and the 
I Caribbean will accelerate. - 
I '- This polarization already manifests 

itself in the heightened hostility toward 
'  young people in Florida. As Rasa Gust- 
■ aitis reported earlier this year in The 

Saturday Review, this hostility is 
particularly apparent in Florida’s dls- 

 ̂ prtporticaiately small Investment in 
public education, ^though It is one of 
the country’s wealthiest states, Florida 
ranks 32d In expenditures on schools. 
The legislature has refused to enact any 
restrahits on bousing discrimination 
against children; much of the new 
urban housing is designed exclusively 
for retir^ . The state educational sys- 

' tem has adopted an unusually punitive 
, attitude toward young trouble-makers,
* with corporal punishment standard 

practice in almost all public schools.

l

Black youths feel the pressure of this 
punitive hand most acutely. More than 
half of Dade Cotffity’s black population 
of 200,000 is under 19. Although blacks 
form (Xily 15 percent of the county’s total 
residents, black jxiuths account for the 

' largest number of arrests, the highest 
percent of school expulsions and the 
highest number of dropouts.

If the cutting edge of swiths’ discon­
tent is to be found in third-world urban 
commumties abroad and in the United 
States, it is by no means limited to 
them: Eruptions of white youths in Am­
sterdam aixi Zurich arsl London and 
Hamburg uncierscore the extent to 
which the frustrations of the new gener­
ation in the I9SD’s apply to young people 
of all races and even classes.

No white-youth rcvoltsjiave erupted 
in the Uiiited States as tfiey have in Eu­
rope. But the rising indicators of the 
d ^ i y  felt sense of hav1r.g nowhere to 
go — rising suicide rates, high school 
dropouts, illegitimate pregnancies, 
among others — are clear. Many young 
people understand that for the first time, 
in American history, the new genera­
tion cannot hope,to match the standard 
of living of its parents, let alone surpass 
that standard. ' •

Like their third-world counterparts, 
white youths share combative asser­
tiveness, a refusal to be wished away, 
whether it takes the form expressed by 
fascist National Front youths in Lon­
don, street toughs in Hamburg, punk- 
rockers in New York City. Increasing­
ly, they must carve out their own op­
tions —  like the 20 million, largely 
young, largely noowhite global mi­
grants who now, wander across re­
gional and national frontiers looking 
for new, urban-based ways to survive.

Wherever officialdom thinks it can 
contain and control these new popula­
tions of urban youth with pre-emptive 
crackdowns, it will likely be met with 
protracted and bloody youth-led revolts 
— with more Teherans, Capetowns, 
Kwangjus, Managuas, and Miamis.

SoTtdy Close is editor o f the Pacific 
new sservice.



An Ohio City Excludes Blacks as a Policy, 
A U.S, Judge Finds in Possible Precedent

By M argakei' Ya»
Staff Reporter o f  T hk Wai.i. Strkkt Journal
CLEVELAND-A federal judge's ruling 

last week that the Cleveland suburb of 
Parma practiced housing discrimination 
against blacks marks a major and poten­
tially precedent-setting victory for civil- 
rights activists.

That's the assessment of some members 
of the legal community of Judge Frank H. 
Battisti's decision in the six-year-old case. 
He ruled that Parma "engaged in a pattern 
and practice of resistance" of the rights 
guaranteed in the 1968 Fair Housing Act 
largely through its opposition, partly stem­
ming from racial bias, to the construction of 
low income housing. The judge ordered 
Parma and the Justice Department, which 
brought the case, to propose "remedies" for 
Parma's unlawful practices within 60 days.

The ruling significantly strengthens the 
Justice Department's efforts to curtail the 
techniques that communities use to keep out 
minorities, according to Robert Reinstein, 
chief of the general litigation section of the 
Civil Rights Division of the Justice Depart­
ment, who was in charge of the case.

The Parma decision, Mr, Reinstein said, 
moves the Justice Department toward the 
goal articulated a few months ago by Drew 
Days, Assistant Attorney General in charge 
of the Civil Rights Division, of "building one 

'case on another" in an effort "to strengthen 
the law in regard to . . .  the illegality of ex­
clusionary land-use practices." Mr. Day 
said his division seeks to have as many as 
15 cases of this sort pending by mid-1981. 
Parma Case Different

Mr. Reinstein said the Parma case is dif­
ferent from previous cases, which focused 
on single acts of discrimination. The Parma 
rase, he said, was the first to charge that a 
broad policy of excluding minorities existed 
in a community and that several acts of dis­
crimination were part of that policy.

"There's never been a litigated case in 
the past where the overall pattern was 
used" as the basis for a ruling of discrimi­
nation, he said.

Avery S. Friedman, a housing lawyer in 
Cleveland with a national reputation in the 
field, said: "It is the most comprehensive 
fair-housing opinion I've read, not only in 
the general principles but in the reach of the 
Fair Housing Act.

Mr. Reinstein said the Parma case is ex­
pected to have immediate impact on four 
pending land-use-and housing discrimination 
cases. They involve Manchester, Conn., a 
suburb of Hartford; Dunkirk, N.Y., about 50 
miles from Buffalo; the state of Washington, 
and Birmingham, Mich., a suburb of De­
troit.

"Everybody has been waiting to see what 
would happen with the Parma case," Mr, 
Friedman said.
Case Will Drag On

The Parma case itself undoubtedly will 
drag on. Andrew Boyko, Parma's law direc­
tor, has vowed to appeal the decision. He 
s;iid he expects to do so after each party 
submits proposals to "remedy" Parma's vi­
olations and the judge makes a final order 
regarding them.

Parma, Cleveland's largest suburb, is 
also the largest community involved in a

housing discrimination case so tar. It's a 
heavily working-class city of more than 
100,000 of whom "well over 99.5%" are 
white, according to the judge's opinion. By 
contrast, Cleveland has a minority popula­
tion of

The court determined that Parma vio­
lated the legal standards of racially discrim­
inatory intent and effect through a series of 
five actions by Parma officials that oc­
curred between 1968 and 1975.

Specifically, the court found, among 
other things, that Parma officials opposed 
any form of public or low-income housing; 
denied a building perinit for Parmatown 
Woods, a low-rent housing development, and 
passed certain ordinances that were moti­
vated by discrimipatory intent. 
Discriminatory Intent

The ordinances included a 35-foot restric­
tion on the height of apartment buildings 
and another requiring voter approval of low- 
income housing projects.

The court determined that these actions 
were motivated by racial discriminatory in­
tent by referring to public statements of city 
officials. Earlier in the 96-page opinion, the 
judge noted; "It takes little education or 
sensitivity to perceive the attitude reflected 
by City Council President (KennethI Ku- 
ezma when he stated, ‘I do not want Ne­
groes in the city of Parma.' "

"These elected officials were opposed to 
any action which could change the virtually 
all-white composition of Parma's neighbor­
hoods," Judge Battisti ruled. "Their public 
statements clearly establish that they 
equated public and low-income housing with 
housing for blacks."

Of the effect of Parma's actions. Judge 
Battisti said:

"The city of Parma consistently has 
made decisions which have perpetuated and 
reinforced its image as a city where blacks 
are not welcome. This is the very essence of 
a pattern and practice of racial discrimina­
tion."

Beyond the decision itself. Judge Battis­
ti's solicitation of remedies to bring Parma 
into compliance with the Fair Housing Act 
may prove "even more interesting," accord­
ing to Mr. Friedman, the Cleveland housing, 
attorney. Both Messrs. Friedman and 
Boyko, the Parma law director, predicted 
several possible avenues the court might fa­
vor, including:

-The establishment of a fair housing of­
fice in the community;

-A  public relations plan to attract mi­
norities. "in effect, laying out the welcome 
mat," Mr. Friedman said;

-Incentives for developers to build low- 
income housing.



NEW-YORK TIMES F r i d a y ,  Mari-h 1Q7Q

Approaches to the Problem 
Of Jobs for Young Blacks

Urban
Affairs

By ROGER WILKINS
•The unemployed young man took a 

drag on a joint, then passed it to a friend 
as he looked out from the roof of a tall 
building in northem Harlem down across 
the valley to the east and the broad Har­
lem plain to the south, down past mid­

town, toward the World 
Trade Center and beyond.

“ Isn’t this fantastic?” he 
asked. “And from up here,
Harlem looks beautiftil. You 
can’t see all them dudes who 

don’t have any jobs.”
He took back the joint then, drew 

.deeply and was silent for a moment. Then 
be said:
• “You know, this country’s killing us.

They don’t care if we live or die and they 
sure don’t want to give us work — and, I 
.don’t think it’s ever going to change, as 
long as we’re black and they’re white. ’ ’
; Such views are often heard in Ameri- 

t;a’s black communities when the prob­
lem of black youth unemployment is dis­
cussed. White economists and labor spe­
cialists do not exude optimism when the 
problem is put to them , but they seem al­
most sanguine compared with most 
blacks.
■ Ed Brown, director of the New Orleans 
Area Development Project and a founder 
Bf the Student Nonviolent Coordinating

• Committee during the 1960’s, spoke in a 
recent interview of the affliction that 
youth unemployment is on black com­
munities.

“ Right now, this deprivation has
■ brought almost fratricidal Warfare to the 
-black community, pitting those who have 
■against those who don’t.” Mr. Brown 
said. “Those who don’t take from those 
Who have, and justify it in the name of
■ survival. And a lot of those who have live 
"in terror, and the white people really
don’t care as long as it’s just black people 
■who are getting hurt. ”
■ The cynicism and despair of blacks and 

'  the weary caution of manpower special­
ists, who have seen program after pro­
gram nibble at the problem without 
cracking it, have led two important white

- thinkers to seek new approaches to the
■ problem.
• ■ Though Gar Alperovitz and W. Willard 
Wirtz agree that ultimate solutions, if

■ any are to be found, will be rooted in pro- 
-grams developed and run at the local 
level, they approach the problem from 
very different perspectives.

Traditional Opportunities Lost
Former  ̂abor Secretary wirtz, who 

wrestled with the problem throu^ the 
eight years of the Kennedy and Johnson 
administrations, has seen the cynicism of 
black youth firethand and believes that 
any proposed solutions must accommo­
date those feelings.

“We can’t kid the^ youngsters,” Mr.
Wirtz said in an interview. “ And we’ll be 
kiddipg them if we tell them that there 
will be traditional kinds of employment 
available. Employers are constrained to 
hire women, the handicapped, Vietnam 
veterans and all kinds of other |wple.

: The traditional kinds of opportunities are 
; drying up.” '
•. ,  Dr. Alperovitz, the co-director of the 
"  National Center for Economic Alterna­

tives, is as skeptical of traditional ap- 
•' preaches as Mr. Wirtz. He concurs in the
• view that the American economy, as now

■ structured, does not have the capacity to
• ' use all the labor generated by the popula-
■ tion and that, because of racism, flie left­

over workers are most likely to be young
■ and non-white.
• “ I don’t view this as a problem of black 

youth unemployment,” Dr. Alperovitz
• said in an interview. “It’s really a ques- 
. tion of mismanagement of the economy.”

He went on to explain that most eco-
■ nomic theorists view idle labor as a re- 

' source to be exploited, not as a problem.
’ “You can’t solve this problem with pro-
■ grams like CETA jobs and jobs lor the 

summer,”  he said, “ those are dead end 
jobs. What we need are productive jobs—

• jobs that are a real part of the economy.”
‘ He noted that the nation needed many 
; things light rails for rapid transit, homes
• for moderate income people and services 

to children and the elderly.
Mr. Wirtz shares Dr. Alperovitz’s skep­

ticism about CETA, the Comprehensive 
Employment Training Act, which he 
calls “ another form of kidding our­
selves,” but he has a different -view of 
“dead-end jobs.”

“ If you leave out the four or live big­
gest cities,” he said in an interview, 
“there are an awful lot of jobs in the pri­
vate service industry. There are jobs, lor 
example in the fast-food chains. We’ve 
got to change our attitudes about dead­
end jobs. If some people are really seri­
ous about going to work, they’ve got to 
change their attitudes about those jobs. ’ ’

Rather than looking at what is. Dr. 
Alperovitz is looking at what he thinks 
can be. The only possibility lor attackii^ 
the problem successfully, in his view, is 
lor the economy to be jolted out of its cur­
rent doldrums.

“niey’re attacking inflation in the 
wrong way,” he said. “ Housii^, energy, 
food and health care are contributing the 
most to inllaton. By putting a drag on the 
general economy, the Administration is 
just making more unemployment without 
doing anything significant about infla­
tion.

“What they ought to be doing,” he said, 
“ is attacking prices in those sectors 
where the prices are causing the infla­
tion.

“You could do that in housing, lor ex­
ample, by putting young people to work 
building new houses and building up the 
supply, thus easing inflationary pres­
sures. You’re making jobs and attackmg 
inflation at the same time,” Dr. Alpero­
vitz said.

Ms. Wirtz and Dr. Alperovitz both be­
lieve that the most hopeful answer lies in 
programs developed by local coalitions of 
educators, laborers, employers and com­
munity groups across the country.
■ “You need to plan locally,” Dr. Alpero­

vitz said, “along the lines of America’s 
future economic needs and then make 
sure that the kids get a share of the jobs 
and the training, counseling and educa­
tion they need.”

“ I agree with the need for planning,” 
Ed Brown said, “but the real hurdle is 
that white Americans haven’t demon­
strated that they have the political will 
needed to solve the problem either nation­
ally or locally. It’s a political problem 
with American racism right at the core of 
it.”



Changes in Society Holding 
Black Youth in Jobless W eb

ByJOHNHERBERS

The extraordinary growth in unem­
ployment among black youths, a trend 
that has persisted through both recession 
and prosperity and through more than a 
decade of civil rights enforcement and 
minority job programs, is largely a result 
of major changes in the nation’s econo­
my, in the structure of its society and in 
its political climate. /

That is the consensus of many people 
who have been searching for the causes of 
one of the most perplexing troubles of the 
times—  the inability of hundreds of thou­
sands of young black adults and teen­
agers to move into productive work.

The problem should be of concern to 
more than blacks, they say, because the 
whole nation bears its burden in social

Young, Black 
And Unemployed
First of four articles.

costs, the expenses of dealing with in­
creased criminal activity and the loss of 
potential economic infusions.

But there is also the psychological 
cost: the fear felt by city dwellers and by 
business people in poorer, crime-ridden 
areas and the despair felt by those who 
want to work and cannot find jobs.

The unemployment picture for mi­
nority youths, particularly blacks, is now 
rougMy what it was for the entire nation 
in the depths of the Great Depression, the 
experts say—  a fourth or more of those 
who want to work are unable to find jobs.

And the experts’  search for the causes 
and cures has been given new urgency 
with President Carter’s announced inten­
tion of cutting the Federal budget and 
curbing inflation. Many black leaders 
fear that the Administration’s economic 
policy, with its almost certain side effect 
of h i^er unemployment, will hurt young 
blacks disproportionately.

Congressional testimony, interviews 
with public and private experts and the 
statements of job seekers suggest com­
plex reasons for the persistence of the 
high rate of unemployment for black

Continued on Page 44, Column 1



THE N E W  YORK TIMES, SUNDAY, MARCH 11, 1979

Young Blacks Caught in a Growing W eb of Unemployment as Society Changes
Continued From Page 1

youths. The best documented, most fre­
quently cited caus^ include the follow- 
ing;

large influx of alienS, legal and ille­
gal. who are takii^ jobs once held by 
blacks..

flThe entry of white women into the 
labor market in great numbers. Aword- 
ing to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the 
work force grew by three million list 
year, and 1.9 million were women. Only 
400,000 of them were black women.

^The rise of an underground economy 
of illegal activities at which youths find ' 
they can make more money with less ef­
fort.

of the central cities where many blacks 
live. •

^A fractured society in which various 
groups militantly defend their own inter­
ests, creating a new political climate-that 
makes assimilation of blacks and other 
poor minorities more difficult.

> the original 
j problem — lingering dis- 

crimination in the marketplace, the fail­
ure of Federal programs to reach those 
most in need, and the inability or unwill­
ingness of many youths to perform the 
kind of jobs that are available — have 
created massive unemployment for 
young blacks.

Although racial discrimination in em­
ployment was made illegal by the Civil 
R i^ts Act of 1964, and although succes­
sive court decisions have upheld the right
of equal access to jobs, .........
that job discrimination, while, i 
tie than before.nonetheless i

And the situation may seem all the 
more hopeless to young blacks because 
they are caught in what President John­
son described more than a decade a.go as 
a “ seamless web" of social pathology 
perpetuated by poor home training, poor 
schools, poverty and crime.

Parents who have been unable to find 
work themselves cannot offer guidance to 
their teen-age children, and the schools 
frequently fall short, graduating students 
who cannot even fill out a job application, 
labor experts say. It is more than anN

lity problem, a home 
Some Fear the Worst

Some speak of the situation in cataclys­
mic terms.

“ Black America today verges 
brink of disaster.”  Vernon E. Jorc 
president of the National Urban League, 
said in a recent report that highii^ted 
chronic youth unemployment.

And Herbert Hill, former labor director 
of the National Association for the Ad­
vancement of Colored People, said: 'Tt is 
evident that a permanent black 
class has developed, that virtually an en­
tire second generation of ghetto youth 
will never enter into thejabor force. This 
means that a large part of the young 
black urban population will remain in a 
condition of hopelessness and despair and 
that the social and psycholc^cal costs in 
wasted lives continues a major tragedy in 
American life.”

Secretary of Labor Ray Marshall is 
more sanguine about the future. He 
the Federal job and vocational education 
programs on which billions of dollars 
have been spent are beginning to help 
young blacks. *

There is general agreement, 
that the reasons for the continuing prol>- 
lem are exceedingly complex and diffi- 
cuittb sort out.

As Robert Shranck,-projects 
for the Ford Foundation and i  
manpower commissioner for New York
City, explained, no on ‘ " --------
the relative impact of 
that are known.

Teen-Age
Unemployment
Percentaqe of those MKKrliin«.< 
CMiuos wcffc, 16-19 yaara old

B UiCKS

a. ,

WHrrEs

-o- .

p
t,',v average'■ 
[^(ABaqea)

W

The Background
Ttie unemployment problem ca 

traced to the rural South and the time

remainder became mechanized. Blacks 
who had been engaged in agriculture 
moved by the millions to the cities just as 
factory and laboring jobs were drying up 
or going-to the suburbs with the middle

3 has been better for blackspicture
20 to 24 years old than for 
that category, the 1978 

was 20.7 percent, as 
for whites. Nevertheless, the rate for 

blacte is twice what it  was in 19 "  
year the urban riots reached a peak, 
when it stood at 10 percent.

A Less Negative View 
. Labor Secretary f^arshall and Robert 

Taggart, administrator of the Office of 
Youth Programs, say a better way to 
view the picture is fiirough empftjyment. 
In 1978 the, number of e m p io ^  black 
youths 16 to 19 years old grew from 
613,000 to 669,000, mostly because of new 
jobs created by Government programs. 
The rate of unemployment declined 
slightlyrfrom 38.3 to 38.3 percent, about 
where it stood in the recession year of 
1975.

Based on the 1978 figures for those 
seeking work, it would require 445,000 
jobs for blacks from 16 to 24 to equalize 
the unemployment rates for whites in the 
same category. This is a comparatively 
small number of jobs; the national work 
force now stands at about 100 milUon.

But even if the 445,000 jobs were added, 
labor officials believe, other blacks, cur­
rently not counted as jobless because 
they are not actively seeking work, would 
be encouraged to do so, thus raising the

Population
Profile
Number of cMllartt, 16-19 yew* 
oW,inthoiMand8f1d78)

WORK 
FORCE 8,490

In preparation for a bureau study on) blame them for saying.‘There is no way I
jobless youth, Mr. Cooper talked with 
about 60 unemployed youngsters in Bos­
ton. Although it was too small a sample 
from which to draw conclusions, he said,' 
he nevertheless came away with some 
impressions.

The Desire for Work 
‘ ‘More than half of the youngsters in­

terviewed said that they had engaged in 
illegal activity during the course of the 
eiirvAv' oraaV >• caid. “ These vouthssurvey week.”  he said. ‘ ‘These youths 
sold marijuana frequ«itly, and some re­
ported that robbery, pickpocketing, bur­
glary and breaking and entering took up
most of their time the week prior 
survey week. AU of the teen-agers wanted 
a full-time permanent job.”

There is a widely held belief that a sys-
„ _ i  has evol%^ in the United States in 
which poOT members of minorities In 
many areas find little stigma attached to 
crime and prefer to make a living that 
way.

•Black leaders say this is obviously true

can win in this system,’ because they look 
at their fathers, who have been unem­
ployed for the past five years if thev are
black or Hispanic, and they say, ‘ If Dad 
can'twin.Ican'twin.’ ”

The Overqualified Applicant 
Some blacks who continue to knock on 

doors for jobs encounter yet another 
change in the society that works to their 
disadvantage — lower-level jobs are 
being taken by persons trained as profes­
sionals who cannot find jobs at the higher 
level.

And a number of economists say the 
minimum wage, now S2.90 an hour, is 
partly responsible, although they do

menial jobs. The acc^ted view has be- 
that aliens take the undesirable 

jobs that blacks, who may tse on welfare, 
do not want to perform.

But Mr. Marshall said in an interview 
that it was not that simple. Employers 
from apple-growers to housewives prefer 

hire foreigners because, whether they 
are here illegally or hold visas, they are 

position to complain about pay or 
working ccmditions. Most blacks are 
American citizens with the full protection
of the law.

reduce the number of jobs or hire the 
more productive adult or both, they say.

“ I have young applicants who are 
qualified for jobs that used to go to high 
school graduates,”  said Ross Knight, em­
ployment director for the Richmond

for some, but they cite evidence of a de- Urban League. “ But now people whe-are 
sire for legal work in legal pursuits on the 'college graduates will come in and take 
part of many others. Whenever new' those jobs because.that is th e  best they
Federal jobs sire opened in a city or nirali 
area, officials are besieged with applica­
tions. In Atlanta, the crush was so great 
for <me offering that the crowd brokei 
through a plate glass window to get in 
line. Almost every day, young people 
crowd the Urban League’s public

find. Naturally, the employer is going 
take the higher-qualified person."
And the more qualified person is likely 
be older and vdtite.
A variation on that theme has occurred 
the jobs created by government. When

_________ ___________ ^___^_________  the Carter Administration made
ployment offices waiting for openings, mitment of $10 billion to public service 
When substantial numbers of jobs were jobs two years ago as part of its package 
filled in the experimental youth pro- to stimulate the economy, one of the pur- 
grams last year In Syracuse and other poses was to reach those groups most in 
cities, the authoriUes noted a decline in need, a category that includes young

Vernon Jordan sa ^  there is a “ c r e ^  
ing malignant growth of a new negativ­
ism that calls for a weak passive Govern­
ment and indifference to the noor.”  How­
ever defined, the experts agree that the 
nation has developed a political climate, 
that makes it more difficult to address 
minority needs'than a few years ago.

The movement on behalf of some 
whites to halt “ reverse discrimination”  

the great middle-class uprising for 
lower taxes in college tax credits are 
cited as symptoms:.

Further, various special interest 
groups — the aged, the handicapped, 
women, farmers, even salesmen — have 
become increasingly active in competing 
for public attention and funds.

M. Carl Holman, president of the Na­
tional Urban Coalition, said that causes 
have so proliferated since the civil ri^ts

Who Gets the Jobs?*
Eli Ginzberg, the Columbia University 

economist who heads the National Com­
mission on Employraait Policy, noted in 

-  an article in “ SciOTtific American" in 
November 1977 that 28 million jobs had 
been added to the eamomy in the past

Best Qualified Were Hired
The bulk of the jobs, however, were 

provided through the state and local gov­
ernments. And many of those , govern­
ments, especially the cities, were so 
hardpressed for revenue that they had re­
duced their payplls and personnel for

f services. Therefore, they hired the
most 50 percent in the’civilian work force. ;
But in thit period t!ie number of Ameri- Sf-anc seeking jobs increased even more people usually were not black youths, 
rapidly. Young people reaching working The Carier job initiatives helped lower 
age a ^  married women accounted for the overall unemployment rate but had 
most of the rise.  ̂ . . .  | only a marginal Impact on chat for young

With more competition for the. jobs 
available, minority teen-agers began to 
lose out even more than in the past. Orley

blacks. A renewed effort is under way 
direct die jobs there to those in need, but 
few outside the Government believe that

overall manpower program, the Compre­
hensive Employment and Training Act. 

But black leaders say the statistics do 
)t reflect many more youths — in the 

central cities but also in suburbs, small 
towns and rural areas ^  who are out of 
school and have quit trying or have never 
tried to find a job.

Ashenfeiter of Princeton University de- in a time of declining domestic appropri- 
scribed this development in a paper for ations the effort will have much effect, 
the Labor Department that said: in communities around the country,

“ Apart from a small drift upward, there is visual evidence of what has hap- 
adult employment has remained at pened. Iranians are driving taxis. Asians 
around 60 percent of adult population and South Americans are doing restau- 
throughout most of the last two decades, rant work. Hispanics are picking vegeia- 
Though more erratic and at a lower level, bles and citrus fruits in fields and or- 
the employment-population ratio of white chards where blacks once labored. The 
male teen-agers 14 to 19 has folioawd a statistics show it, too. Unemployment is 
similar pattern. high for all poor miix>rities, but Is highest

“ Employment-population ratios for for blacks, 
white, females 14 to 19. on the other hand. . _
have drifted continually upward in a . The Illegal Immigrant Factor 
qualitative pattern much the same as Some members of those other minori- 
that for white female adults. ties are in this country illegally. Secre-

“ For black youngsters, however, the tary of Labor Marshall says nobody 
employment-population .ratio for males knows the number of illegal aliens, that 
and females have been tending steeply the estimates vary from four million to 12 
downward for the past two decades. It is millicm. Nevertheless,'he says, th^r 
this latter, largely une.xpIainedphenome- presence is a significant factor in black

that has suggested a cause- for unemployment, 
alarm.”  There are those who say black leaders,

Mr. Ashenfeiter said the decline In cm- trying to instill pride in black youths, also 
ployment was particularly sharp for instilled an unwillingness to labor -*

The Fractured Society

tant needs. Some interest groups that 
once worked in consort for the disadvan­
ta g e  have become defensive and splin-

dent of the Potomac Institute, who has 
spent his career in race relations, said in 
response to a question about new divi­
sions in America, “ Howcan I help but be­
lieve that part of our problem is that we 
are losing the ability to create acomnitm 
culcore? We are a more fractured society 
than at the time when we were carrying 
out such atrocities as segregation. It was 
easier then to move back and forth be­
tween g n x ^  because there w e « ' more 
commonly h^d values.”

The Underground Economy
No one knows how many are on the 

streets, hustling in dope, prostitution and

unemployment rate again.
Without the Government programs, the 

situation would have worsened consider-

quential.
several studies have shown 

correlation between unemployi 
youth crime. More youths 18 to 24 years 
old are in local jails than in the Job Corps 
and other Federal service programs put 
together, according to census figures.

black males, not only for teen-agers but 
also for those 20 to 24.

‘ Education Is CriUeal*
“ Cities like New York, where 

blacks live, have become whiti 
factories,”  said Mr. Sdiranck. 
tion is critical! If you are Illiterate . 
are in a lot of trouble, the school system isi 
turning out a lot of kids who can't read or 
do arithmetic.”

While the public schools have be«i- 
widely condemned in Cimgressional and 
other testimony for not educating pupils, 
the problem gon  deeper.

Representative • Parren J. Mitchell,

A Lack of A wareness
A number of persons interviewed aboift 

black youth unemployment said there 
was a greater tendency than before for 
each different group to look after its own 
and to find jobs for its own. Blacks, as a 
group, control fewer jobs than any other 
group, so their teen-agers cannot avail 
themselves of the time-honored practice 
of finding work through adults or friends.

A New York Times,/CBS News Poll 
conducted Iasi year showed that one-fifth 
of those questioned in a national sample 
believed that unemployment was higher 
for whites than for blacks. The experts 
agr^ that a middle class revolting 
against taxes and inflation has not no­
ticed. or does not care, about continued 
discriminatiOT.

“ There are companies in this town that 
belong to the Urban League.”  said Mr. 
Knight of Richmond.' “ They carry the 
sign that they are an equal opportunity 
employer, but they do not have blqcks. I 
placed black salesman for the first time 
with one company but he was harassed 
the other employees until he left. It still 
goeson."

numbcrofidle-------------------------------- , __^_____ _____________
Joseph Cooper, a black student at Har* Democrat of Baltimore, said in the Youth 

vard Law School who is a research econo- work hearings:

Through the 1960’s, they were system­
atically barred from construaion and 
other jobs by union or company discrimi­
nation, and they were seldom where the 
jobs were. Industrialization in the South 
usually took place in areas where whites 
predominated or where dlscimination 
was still strong enough to give whiles job 
preference, despite civil nghts laws and 
judicial rulings.

government jobs, entered 
ket -and got themselves counted in the 
ranks of those actively seeking work.

Yet that only underscores the depth of 
the difficulty and gives credence to the 
belief of some black leaders that unem- 
ployment rates do not begin to reflect the

mist at the National Bureau of Economic 
Research, recently told of the under­
ground economy *

number of idle young people in c

Even the census interviewers who col­
lect data for the Bureau of Labor Statis- 
ticysav there are inaccuracies in the fig-

viewed per . . 
mistaken in thinking a teen-ager is look­
ing for work, they say. and ‘

and in social practices to keep the overall
black unemployment rate where it has ...„ — . . .
been for manv years, at about twice that because the interviewer may be required 
forwhites. '  ! to work in areas that can be dangerous.

For black youth, however, both men i answers are faked, interviews never cem- 
andwomen.thegaphaswidened.Inl954. ducted. , «6 F , . .  -------------- Bregger. -------- -

Ubor Statistics, says
the unemployment rate for blacks 16 to 19 
years old was 16.5 percent, as ,against a 
12.1 percent rate for whites of the same 
age; m 1978. the rate for blacks of that 
age was 36.3 percent, as against 13.9 per-
___  for .whites. The rate for teen-age
blacks then dropped, hitting 32.7 percent 
in January 1979. But figures released 
Friday show that the rate

for whites has held almost’steady, fluctu-

________________ iployment for
black youths has so widespread for 
so long that any statistical errors in the 
employment rate are not of a magnitude 
that is meaningful.

The unemployment sutistics show 
about 677,000 blacks 16 to 24 years old 
looking for work. About half are younger 
than M, and Mr. Taggart estimated that 
to put that group alone in jobs would '

a t in s  between last year’s 13.9 permit and :tlK Government roughly S  billilon 
13.6^rce.it. i year, almost as much as it spends on its



Changes in Society Holding 
Black Youth in Jobless W eb

ByJOHNHERBERS

The extraordinary growth in unem­
ployment among black youths, a trend 
that has persisted throu^ both recession 
and prosperity and through more than a 
decade of civil rights enforcement and 
minority job programs, is largely a result 
of major changes in the nation’s econo­
my, in the structure of its society and in 
its political climate.

That is the consensus of many people 
who have been searching for the causes of 
one of the most perplexing troubles of the 
times — the inability of hundreds of thou­
sands of young black adults and teen­
agers to move into productive work.

The problem should be of concern to 
more than blacks, they say, because the 
whole nation bears its burden in social

Young, Black 
And Unemployed
First of four articles.

costs, the expenses of dealing with in­
creased criminal activity and the loss of 
potential economic infusions.

But there is also the psychological 
cost; the fear felt by city dwellers and by 
business people in poorer, crime-ridden 
areas and the despair felt by those who 
want to work and cannot find jobs.

The unemployment picture for mi­
nority youths, particularly blacks, is now 
roughly what it was for the entire nation 
in the depths of the Great Depression, the 
experts say—  a fourth or more of those 
who want to work are unable to find jobs.

And the experts’ search for the causes 
and cures has been given new urgency 
with President Carter’s announced inten­
tion of cutting the Federal budget and 
curbing inflation. Many black leaders 
fear that the Administration’s economic 
policy, with its almost certain side effect 
of hi^er unemployment, will hurt young 
blacks disproportionately.

Congressional testimony, interviews 
with public and private experts and the 
statements of job seekers suggest com­
plex reasons for the persistence of the 
high rate of unemployment for black

Continued on Page 44, Column 1



THE NEW YORK TIMES, SUNDAY, MARCH 11,

Young Blacks Caught in a Growing W e b  of Unemployment as Society Changes
Teen-Age a ::
Unemployment
P«rc«ntase of those vforking or 
ssekHiswork, le -ISy earso ld  I

The New York Times

Continued From Page 1

youths. The best documented, most fre- 
- 'Quently cited causes include the follow­

ing:
SIA large influx of aliens, legal and ille­

gal, who are taking jobs once held by 
blacks.

•IThe entry of white women into the 
labor market in great numbers. Accord­
ing to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the 
work force grew by three million Mst 
year, and 1.9 million were women. Only 
400,000 of them were black women.

•IThe rise of an underground economy 
of illegal activities at which youths find 
they can make more money with less ef­
fort.

flThe continued movement of jobs out 
of the central cities where many blacks 
live. •

?IA fractured society in which various 
groups miiitantly defend their own inter­
ests, creating a new political climate that 
makes assimilation of blacks and other 
poor minorities more difficult.

Discrimination Persists
Those reasons, added to the original 

causes of the problem —  lingering dis­
crimination in the marketplace, the fail­
ure of Federal programs to reach those 
most in need, and the inability or unwill­
ingness of many youths to perform the 
kind of jobs that are available — have 
created massive unemployment for 
young blacks.

Although racial discrimination in em­
ployment was made illegal by the Civil 
Rights Act of 1964, and although succes­
sive court decisions have upheld the right 
of equal access to jobs, authorities say 
that job discrimination, while more sub­
tle than before.nonetheless remains.

And the situation may seem all the 
more hopeless to young blacks because 
they are caught in what President John­
son described more than a decade ago as 
a “seamless web” of social pathology 
perpetuated by poor home training, poor 
schools, poverty and crime.

Parents who have been unable to find 
work themselves cannot offer guidance to 
their teen-age children, and the scIkmIs 
frequently fall short, graduating students 
who cannot even fill out a job application, 
labor experts say. It is more than an 
unemployment problem, they say; it is a 
community problem, a home problem.

Some Fear the Worst
Some speak of the situation in cataclys­

mic terms.
“ Black America today verges on the| 

brink of disaster,” Vernon E. Jordan Jr., 
president of the National Urban League, 
said in a recent report that highlighted 
chronic youth unemployment.

And Herbert Hill, former labor director 
of the National Association for the Ad­
vancement of Colored People, said: “ It is 
evident that a permanent black under­
class has developed, that virtually an en­
tire second generaticwi of ghetto youth 
will never enter into thejabor force. This 
means that a large part of the young 
black urban population will remain in a 
condition of hopelessness and despair and 
that the social and psychological costs in 
wasted lives continues a major tragedy in 
American life.”

Secretary of Labor Ray Marshall is 
more sanguine about the future. He says 
the Federal job and vocational education 
programs on which billions of dollars 
nave been spent are beginning to help 
young blacks.

There is general agreement, however, 
that the reasons for the continuing prob­
lem are exceedingly complex and diffi­
cult to sort out.

As Robert Shranck, projects director 
for the Ford Foundation and a former 
manpower commissioner for New York 
City, explained, no one yet understands 
the relative impact of even those causes 
that are known.

The Background
The unemployment problem can be 

traced to the rural South and the time 
when the number of farms shrank and the 
remainder became mechanized. Blacks 
who had been engaged in agriculture 
moved by the millions to the cities just as 
facto^ and laboring jobs were drying up 
or going to the suburbs with the middle 
class.

Through the 1960’s, they were system­
atically barred from construction and 
other jobs by union or company discrimi­
nation, and they were seldom where the 
jobs were. Industrialization in the South 
usually took place in areas where whites 
predominated or where disciminatlrai 
was still strong enough to give whites job 
preference, despite civil rights laws and 
judijipl rulings.

Those old patterns and practices have 
tSambined with changes in the economy 
and in social practices to keep the overall 
black unemployment r^e it nas 
been for mshy yearsrafabout twice that 

^Si w h iter
For black youth, however, both men 

and women, the gap has widened. In 1954, 
the unemployment rate for blacks 16 to 19 
years old was 16.5 percent, as against a 
12.1 percent rate for whites of the same 
age; in 1978, the rate for blacks of that 
age was 36.3 percent, as against 13.9 per­
cent for whites. The rate for teen-age 
blacks then dropped, hitting 32.7 percent 
in January 1979. But figures released 
Friday show that the rate climbed again 
last month, to 35.5 percent, while the rate 
lot whites has held almost steady, fluctu­
ating between last year’s 13.9 percent and I the Government roughly $9 billiion a 
13.6 percent. | year, almost as much as it spends on its

The picture has been better for blacks 
29 to 24 years old than for teen-agers. In 
that category, the 1978 unemployment 
rate was 20.7 percent, as against 9.5 per­
cent for whites. Nevertheless, the rate for 
blacks is twice what it was in 1968, the 
year the urban riots reached a peak, 
when it stood at 10 percent.

A Less Negative View
Labor Secretary Marshall and Robert 

Taggart, administrator of the Office of 
Youth Programs, say a better way to 
view the picture is through employment. 
In 1978 the. number of employed black 
youths 16 to 19 years old grew from 
613,000 to 669,000, mostly because of new 
jobs created by Government programs. 
The rate of unemployment declined 
slightly, from 38.3 to 36.3 percent, about 
where it stood in the recession year of 
1975.

Based on the 1978 figures for those 
seeking work, it would require 445,000 
jobs for blacks from 16 to 24 to equalize 
the unemployment rates for whites in the 
same category. This is a comparatively 
small number of jobs; the national work 
force now stands at about 100 million.

But even if the 445,000 jobs were added, 
labor officials believe, other blacks, cur­
rently not counted as jobless because 
they are not actively seeking worit, would 
be encouraged to do so, thus raising the 
unemployment rate again.

Without the Government programs, the 
situation would ha.ve worsened consider­
ably for blacks, Mr. Taggart said. And 
the unemployment rate would have been 
lower, he said, had not many young 
blacks, encouraged by the opening of new 
government jobs, entered the labor mar­
ket and got themselves counted in the 
ranks of those actively seeking woi*.

Yet that only underscores the depth of 
the difficulty and gives credence to the 
belief of some black leaders that unem­
ployment rates do not begin to reflect the 
number of idle young people in communi­
ties across the country.

Inaccuracies Conceded
Even the census interviewers who col­

lect data for the Bureau of Labor Statis­
tics say there are inaccuracies in the fig-'j 
ures. Occasionally the one person inter­
viewed per household-is not BBriest or is 
mistaken in thinking a teen-ager is look­
ing for work, they say, and sometimes, 
because the interviewer may be required 
to work in areas that can be dangerous, 
answers are faked, mterviews never con­
ducted.

But John B^ligger, of the Bureau of 
Labor Statistics, says unemployment for 
black youths has been so widespread for 
so long that any statistical errors in the 
employment rate are not of a magnitude 
that is meaningful.

The unemployment statistics show 
about 677,000 blacks 16 ,to 24 years old 
looking for work. About half are younger 
than 20, and Mr. Taggart estimated that 
to put that group alone in jobs would cost

Population
Profile
Number of civilians, 16-19 years 
old, in thousands (1978)

TOTAL 13,924

WHITES

WORK
FORCE 8,490

JOBLESS 1,178

BLACKS

Source: Bureau or tahor Statistics

The New York Times

overall manpower program, the Compre­
hensive Employment and Training Act.

But black leaders say the statistics do 
not reflect many more youths — m the 
central cities but also in suburbs, small 
towns and rural areas — who are out of 
school and have quit trying or have never 
tried to find a job.

The Underground Economy
No one knows how many are on the 

streets, hustling in dope, prostitution and 
gambling or staging robberies and bur­
glaries, but the number is not inconse­
quential.

several studies have shown a direct 
correlation between unemployment and 
youth crime. More youths 18 to 24 years 
old are in local jails than in the Job Corps 
and other Federal service programs put 
together, according to census figures. 
Others crowd the penitentiaries, and the 
number of idle on the streets increases.

Joseph Cooper, a black student at Har­
vard Law School who is a research econo­
mist at the National Bureau of Economic 
Research, recently told of the under­
ground economy at a hearing in Washing­
ton conducted by Youth Work, Inc., a pri­
vately financed group created to monitor 
the new Federal youth job programs.

In preparation for a bureau study on 
jobless youth, Mr. Cooper talked with 
about 60 unemployed youngstem in Bos­
ton. Although it was too small a sample 
from which to draw conclusions, he said, 
he nevertheless came away with some 
impressions.

The Desire for Work
“ More than half of the youngsters in­

terviewed said that they had engaged in 
illegal activity during the course of the 
survey week,” he said. “These youths 
sold marijuana frequently, and some re­
ported that robbery, pickpocketing, bur­
glary and breaking and entering took up 
most of their time the week prior to the 
survey week. All of the teen-agers wanted 
a full-time permanent job."

There is a widely held belief that a sy^ 
tern has evolved in the United States in 
which poor members of minorities in 
many areas find little stigma attached to 
crime and prefer to make a living that 
way.

■Black leaders say this is obviously true 
for some, but they cite evidence of a de­
sire for legal work in legal pursuits on the 
part of many others. W h e n e v e r  new 
Federal jobs are opened In a city or rural 
area, officials are besieged with applica­
tions. In Atlanta, the crush was so great 
for one offering that the crowd &nke 
through a plate glass window to get in 
iine. Almost every day, young people 
crowd the Urban League's public em­
ployment offices waiting for openings. 
When substantial numbers of jobs were 
filled in the experimental youth pro­
grams last year in Syracuse and other 
cities, the authorities noted a decline in 
crime.

Who Gets the Jobs?-
Eli Ginzberg, the Golumbia University 

economist who heads the National Com­
mission on Employment Policy, noted in 
an article in “Scientific American” in 
November 1977 that 28 million jobs had 
been added to the economy in the past 
quarter of a century, an increase of al­
most 50 percent in the civilian work force. 
But in that period the number of Ameri­
cans seeking jobs increased even more 
rapidly. Young people reaching working 
age and marri^ women accounted for 
most of the rise.

With more competition for the jobs 
available, minority teen-agers began to 
lose out even more than in the past. Orley 
Ashenfelter of Princeton University de­
scribed this development in a paper for 
the Labor Department that said:

“ Apart from a small drift upward, 
adult employment has remained at 
around 60 percent of adult pt^ation  
throughout most of the last two decades. 
Though more erratic and at a lower level, 
the employment-population ratio of white 
male teen-agers 14 to 19 has followed a 
similar pattern.

“ Employment-population ratios for 
white females 14 to 19, on the other hand, 
have drifted continually upward in a 
qualitative pattern much the same as 
that for white female adults.

“ For black youngsters, however, the 
employment-population ratio for males 
and females have been tending steeply 
downward for the past two decades. It is 
this latter, largely unexplained phenome­
non that has suggested a cause for 
alarm.”

Mr. Ashenfelter said the decline in em­
ployment was particularly sharp for 
black males, not only for teen-agers tat 
also for those 20 to 24.

•Education Is Critical'
“ Cities like New York, where many, 

blacks live, have become white-collar 
factories,” said Mr. Schranck. “ Educa-! 
tiem is critical. If you are illiterate you| 
are in a lot of trouble, the school system is 
turning out a lot of kids who can't read or 
do arithmetic.”

While the public schools have been 
widely ctmdemned in Congressional and 
other testimony for not educating pupils, 
the problem go^ deeper.

Representative Parren J. Mitchell, 
Democrat of Baltimore, said in the Youth 
Work hearings:

“ The most difficult thing that we 
to deal with in our youth problem o; 
unemplojroent is a constellation of atti 
tudes which come together and create! 
what is essentially apathy. I don’t blame 
young people for being apathetic. 1 don’t

blame them for saying, ‘There is no way I 
can win in this system,’ because they look 
at their fathers, who have been unem­
ployed for the past five years if they are 
black or Hispanic, and fliey say, ‘If Dad 
can’t win, I can’t win.’ ”

The Overqualified Applicant
Some blacks who continue to knock on 

doors for jobs encounter yet another 
change in the society that works to their 
disadvantage — lower-level jobs are 
being taken by persons trained as profes­
sionals who cannot find jobs at the higher 
level.

And a number of economists say the 
minimum wage, now $2.90 an hour, is 
partly responsible, although they do not 
think it a major factor. Businessmen 
forced to pay the minimum wage either 
reduce the number of jobs or bire the 
more productive adult or both, they say.

“ I have young applicants who are 
qualified for jobs that used to go to high 
school graduates,” said Ross Knight, em- 
plojrment director for the Richmond. 
Urban League. “ But now people who are 
college graduates will come in and take 
those jobs because that is the best they 
can find. Naturally, the employer is going 
to take the higher-qualified person.”

And the more qualified person is likely 
to be older and white.

A variation on that theme has occurred 
in the jobs created by government. When 
the Carter Administration made a com­
mitment of $10 billion to public service 
jobs two years ago as part of its package 
to stimulate the economy, one of the pur­
poses was to reach those groups most in 
need, a category that includes young 
blacks because of their high unemploy­
ment rate and their relative poverty.

Best Qualified Were Hired
The talk of the jobs, however, were 

provided through the state and local gov­
ernments. And many of those govern­
ments, especially the cities, were so 
hardpressed for revenue that they had re­
duced their pajgolls and personnel for 
basic services. Therefore, they hired the 
best-qualified people they could find 
under the Federal guidelines, and those 
people usually were not black youths.

The,Carter job initiatives helped lower 
the overall unemployment rate tat had 
only a marginal impact on that for young 
blacks. A renewed effort is under way to 
direct the jobs rtiore to those in need, but 
few outside the Government believe that 
in a time of declining domestic appropri­
ations the effort will have much effect.

In communities around the country, 
there is visual evidence of what has hap­
pened. Iranians are driving taxis. Asians 
and South Americans are doing restau­
rant work. Hispanics are picking vegeta­
bles and citrus fruits in fields and or­
chards where blacks once labored. The 
statistics show it, too. Unemployment is 
high for all poor minorities, but is highest 
for blacks.

The Illegal Immigrant Factor
Some members of those other minori­

ties are in this country illegally. Secre­
tary of Labor Marshall says nobody 
knows the number of illegal aliens, that 
tbe estimates vary from four million to 12 
million. Nevertheless,' he says, their 
presence is a significant factor in black 
unemployment.

There are those who say black leaders, 
trying to instill pride in black youths, also 
instilled an unwillingness to labor at

menial jobs. The accepted view has be­
come that aliens take the undesirable 
jobs that blacks, who may be on welfare 
do not want to perform. '

But Mr. Marshall said in an interview 
that it was not that simple. Employers 
from apple-growers to housewives prefer 
to hire foreigners because, whether they 
are here illegally or hold visas, they are 
in no position to complain about pay or 
working conditions. Most blacks are 
American citizens with the full protection 
of the law.

The Fractured Society
Vernon Jordan says there is a “creep 

ing malignant growth of a new negativ­
ism that calls for a weak passive Govern­
ment and indifference to the poor.”  How­
ever defined, the experts agree that the 
nation has developed a political climate, 
that makes it more difficult to addr^  
minority needs'than a few years ago.

The movement on behalf of some 
whites to halt “ reverse discrimination” 
in the great middle-class uprising for 
lower taxes in college tax credits are 
cited as symptoms.

Further, various special interest 
groups —  the aged, the handicapped, 
women, farmers, even salesmen — have 
become increas^ly active in competing 
for public attention and funds.

M. Carl Holman, president of the Na­
tional Urban Coalition, said that causes 
have so proliferated since the civil rights 
movement of the 19K)’s that the nation 
has difficulty sorting out the most impor­
tant needs. Some interest groups that 
once worked in consort for the disadvan­
taged h ^ e  become defensive and splin­
tered. /

In an interview, Harold Fleming, presi­
dent of the Potomac Institute, who has 
spent his career in race relatitms, said in 
response to a question about new divi­
sions in America, “ How can I help but be­
lieve that part of our problem is that we 
are losing the ability to create a common 
culture? We are a more fractured society 
than at the time when we were carrying 
out such atrocities as segregation. It was 
easier then to move back and forth be­
tween groujjs because there were more 
commonly held values. ”

A Lack of Awareness
A number of persons interviewed about 

black youth unemployment said there 
was a greater tendency than before for 
each different group to look after its own 
and to find jobs for its own. Blacks, as a 
group, control fewer jobs than any other 
group, so their teen-agers cannot avail 
themselves of the time-honored practice 
of finding work ttirough adults or friends.

A New York Times/CBS News Poll 
conducted last year showed that one-fifth 
of those questioned in a national sample 
believed that unemployment was higtar 
for whites than for blacks. The experts 
agrre that a middle class revolting 
against taxes and inflation has not no­
ticed. or does not care, about continued 
discrimination.

There are companies in this town that 
belong to the Urban League,” said Mr. 
Knight of Richmond. “They carry the 
sign that they are an equal opportunity 
employer, tat they do not have blacks. I 
placed black salesman for the first time 
with one company tat he was harassed by 
the other employees until he left. It still



C ost o f Black Joblessness Measured in Crime, Fear and Urban D ecay
By THOMAS A. JOHNSON

Tfie parade had been organized by 
black churchmen to honor the birth of the 
late Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. 
Thousands of blacks and whites marched 
soiemnly through the downtown business 
district of the parade-famous city of New 
Orleans last Jan. 15.

Suddenly there were shouts antj 
screams up and down the route of the 
march, mixed with the sounds of break­
ing glass and police sirens. More than 30 
reports of violence were registered with 
the police that day, most involving black 
youths who were not part of the parade.

Part of that under-30 age group of 
Americans that is statistically responsi­
ble for more than three-quarters of this 
nation’s violent crimes, the black youths 
in New Orleans illustrate a disturbing

Young, Black 
And Unemployed
Second of four artides.

phenomenon that reflects the unrdieved 
severity of the lack of employment for 
black youths.

They brought home that day to white 
shoppers, business people and politi­
cians, if only for a few moments, the vio­
lence that can occur at any time in poor 
black districts.

A high crime rate and the fear it 
spreads through the larger community is 
only one of the costs to society of a 
persistently high unemployment rate for

ODD JOS TRADING 3 E .4 0 S t.a M W . MSt. B JS-O in  
The Clo»eout Spdcialist»--

CliniqueEyeliwr 97«—Coavarse PF Flyers $2.96 (boys)—ADVT.

The New York Times/Jerry Lodnguss
Inell, Quentin and Thurston James outside the project houses where they live in New Orleans. Brothers are fighting 

charges of attacking a police officer. Quentin, arrested seven times, has had difficulty getting a fulltime job.

young blacks persists that has created a 
permanent underclass of the jobless.

Virtually every segment of life, in the 
white community as well as the black, 
suffers with the hundreds of thousands of 
Americans who remain outside the job 
market throughout their productive lives.

The effects are felt in the increasing

burden placed on every community serv­
ice, from fire protection and street repair 
to health code enforcement and drug con­
trol.

They are also felt in the declining pro­
ductivity of urban areas as the energy 
and skiils of an entire layer of the com­

munity are left out. And they are sensed 
in the community’s talk of the decline in 
the “ livability” of cities.

Only limited study of the impact of 
black youth unemployment on criminal 
justice, social work, public welfare, the 
census, civil rights and the economy has 
been made by researchers associated 
with foundations and universities. But

Continued on Page BIO, Column 2



J . m
TH E  N E W  YO RK  TIM ES, MONDAY, MARCH 12, 1979 B l l

For Young People on a Street Comer in Harlem, Jobs Seem  Few  and Far Aw ay.
By JUDITH CUMMINGS

Trash fires burned in rusty oil drums 
on Harlem's street comers, and men 
circled the flames, looking for warmth 
in the bitter wind.

“ I ain’t no dummy. If 1 Just had a lit-' 
tie Jive Job, I’d be all right,” Gary 
Thorpe said as he surveyed a blighted 
stretch of blocks from the comer of 
138th Street and Lenox Avenue.

” It ain’t that I ain’t got enough out 
here to occupy my mind — I honest to 
truly do,” he said. ’’But it ain’t the kind 
of stuff I want my mind on.”

Jobless at 24 years old, pary Thorpe 
said he has done a little dope-dealing, 
committed at least one armed assault, 
stolen some property and run a lot of 
numbers, all in the name of survival.

In nei^borhoods like this one, com­
munity leaders and manpower special­
ists know almost to a certainty that the 
number of young people in n e^  of Jobs 
exceeds the number working. They 
know that, they say, because they know 
social and economic conditions have 
fostered a black underclass in this 
country.

Not the Best, Not the Worst
Lenox Avenue and 138th Street may 

be a typical street comer in Centri 
Harlem, not the best, not the worst, 
and, for the moment, free of the most 
vicious formsof the drug trade.

Facing the broad, littered avenue are 
candy stores, small groceries, liquor 
stores, beauty parlors. In the narrow 
residential street, dominated by the 
large church that was the late Repre­
sentative Adam Clayton Powell’s b ^ ,  
bumed-out . tenements and debris- 
strewn lots alternate with crumbling 
buildings whose hallways are almost as 
cold as outdoors.

It is a neighborhood where life is so 
close to the level of subsistence that 
things taken for granted in other parts 
of the city are tme luxuries here.

Mercedes Anderson, who quit her 
downtown secretarial Job a few months 
ago to try to make a go of an antiques 
store at Lenox Avenue and 134th street, 
said she found to her amazement that 
the local schools trooped their classes 
past to look at her small display win­
dow, which she had brightened with In­
dian com, catuils and other things 
brought from the country. "They're 
lust that starved for anything resem­
bling enrichment," she said.

Running Numbers and Peddling 

From the street-comer perroectlve, 
the numbers business Is the liveliest 
and most visible activity. A young man 
who is asked how he makes a living is 
likely to smile wryly and reply, "Wash­
ing cars and shining shoes.”  What‘he 
might mean is that he runs numbers.

Other young people have Joined the 
growing number of street peddlers, 
hawking traveling inventories of Jack­
ets, caps and dresses.

About the only legitimate, credible 
employer left is known on the street as 
“ Pest Control.”  It is a city program 
that Mr. Thorpe and his friends said 
offered a few temporary Jobs clearing 
lots and killing rats and cockroaches 
for $126 a week.

“ You go to the employment service, 
the only jobs you hear about are in 
Nyack a n d  Passaic,” sneered an 18- 
year-old named Beimie. He and other 
young men cursed the dead-end efforts 
that they said did nothing but eat up 
carfare.

Mr. Thorpe said he abandoned the

The New Yoii Times/O. Gorton
Unem ployed young men trying to keep w arm  last month around a  trash A re a t ISSth Street and Lenox Avenue. G ary  Thorpe is at the r i ^ t  in groiq>-

manpower agency in disillusionment 
after it had sent him to a one-time nurs­
ing home where he “ knocked and 
knocked aixl finally a man came up and 
Udd me it had been closed for years.”

Miss Williams said she had fared no 
better than the men. She had been lo(*- 
ing for an entry-level office job — typ­
ing, filing or other clerical cliores. She 
said that, althoi^ she had taken and 
passed “every test they got” —  for the 
Civil Service, the Post Office, the tele­
phone company — none of her efforts 
had produced employment.

Gary Thorpe recalls having had only 
one regular Job iq his life, at a 125th 
Street penny arcade where, for a few 
months, he happily took responsibility 
for opening the shop and tending the 
machines and where he took special in­
terest in the 25-cent photo machine. 
The arcade closed, he said, stifling his 
budding interest in photography.

James Scott, who works for a conces­
sionaire at Yankee Stadium during the 
baseball season, said he knows from 
his own experience that the shortage of 
Jobs is more critical this year than 
•ever. This winter, he has been unable to 
find even the messenger Jobs and other 
casual woik that usually tide him over 
until the season opener.

“When you’re on the bottom, it’s 
really tough to get a job,”  he said. “ I 
don’t have much education, but I can 
hold a pretty good conversation, and 
white people seem, you know, to like 
me. But then somebody’ll come along 
who has a year or two of college, and 
they feel they have to hire him.”

Mitchell I. Ginsberg, dean of Colum­
bia University’s School of Social Wotk 
and a former city welfare commission­
er, asserts that the most damaging ef­
fect of chronic youth unemployment is 
its destruction of self-esteem.

“ You haven’t made it, it a{^>eais you ‘ 
can’t make it, pet^le think you can’t

and you begin to believe you can’t,”  he 
said in an interview.

If the situation goes unremedied, he 
predicted, society will begin to feel the 
impact of an increase in emotional ill­
ness and senseless violence.

James Dumpson, another former 
city welfare commissioner, ^ d  that

long-term unemployment ' among 
youths had a “devastating” impact at 
an age when they are “attempting to 
move toward the roles we assign to 
adulthood” : independence, self-suffi­
ciency and functioning as a marriage 
partner and parent When they are 
later thrust into these roles, they fre­

quently cannot perform them the way 
society demands, he said.

Gary Thorpe’s emerging ambition- 
withered when his one Job ended. But 
he had once showed promise of escap­
ing the trap of streeet life.

Sylvia Newman, a grand-auni who 
raised him from infancy, lives two 
blocks from his street comer hangout; 
She describes him as lively and re-] 
spectful in childhood but hard to man­
age.

With the reluctant consent of her late 
husband, Mrs. Newman said, she sent 
her adolescent nephew to a residence 
for delinquent youths because he would 
not obey her orders about such things 
as what time to come home.

Flourished in Institution
The nephew seemed to flourish in the 

institution’s campus-like environment. 
He became captain of the football and 
basketball teams and thrived on the ad­
miration he earned from classmates, 
Officials began to tell Mrs. Newman 
that it looked as if her nephew were 
going to do all right, she said.

But suddenly, an act of violence 
ended all that. Mr. Thorpe said a mu& 
cular schoolmate began beating him, 
believing mistakenly that he had impli­
cated his schoolmate in a theft. There 
were several confrontations and final­
ly, in a struggle, the youth stabbed his 
schoolmate.

Although a Judge ruled th'at he had 
acted in self-defense, he could not gq 
back to the school.

“ Everybody was terrified of me,”  he 
said. So he went back, to the struts of 
Harlem and was in and out of trouble. 
He earned his high school equivalency 
diploma while in Jail at Rikers Island,

' but it has moved him no farther than a 
comer of 138th Street,

“ I want the same things for Gary as 
anybody else would want,”  Mrs. New­
man said. “ I want him to be a man, to 
take care of himself. ”

Mr. Thorpe, standing on the corner  ̂
also wanted that for himself, but, he 
said, “The streets make you do crazy 
things, when there ain’t nothing wrong 
with you and you can’t even get a Job.

“This is a funkv situation. ”



BIO THE NEW YORK TIMES, MONDAY, MARCH 12, 1979

BLACKS ARE LEAVING 
TOP FEDERAL POSTS

Resignations and Demotions Are 
a Growing Cause of Concern 

to  Civil Rights Leaders

By ROGER WILKINS
With the Carter Administration barely 

into its third year, the departure of a 
number of black appointees from the Ad­
ministration and the demotion of a num­
ber of others have begun to cause alarm 
among some civil rights spokesmen and 
blacks remaining in Government posts.

Enough of the deparatures or demo­
tions were unwarranted, they say, for 
there to be real concern about the Admin­
istration’s personnel practices and sub­
stantive directions.

Among those who have left in the last 
year were William Beckham, an Assist­
ant Secretary of the Treasury; Chester 
Davenport, an Assistant Secretary of 
Trans^rtation; Chester Mag^re, an 
Assistant Secretary of Housing and 
Urban Development; Dennis O. Green, 
an associate director of the Of fice of Man­
agement and Budget; Lawrence Bailey, 
a Deputy Assistant to the President; 
Carolyn Payton, Director of the Peace 
Corps, and Edward Lewis, an associate 
director of the Small Business Adminis­
tration.

Among those whose changes in assign­
ment have caused concern are Henry 
Richardson, who was the only black 
member of the National Security Council 
staff; Patsy Fleming, who was slated to 
be staff director of the White House Con­
ference on the Family, and Martha 
Mitchell, once a Special Assistant to the 
President.

Changes Called Normal
White House spokesmen view these 

personnel changes as normal at this 
stage of an Administration, the exercise 
of mobility by able and talented people.

“ President Carter promised to appoint 
more blacks to important posts than past 
Presidents,” Walter Wunel, the Piesi- 
dent’s deputy press secretary, said in an 
interview. “ He didn’t promise to keep 
them chained to their desks.”

Black leaders take a different view.
"In the conversations some of us have 

had with President Carter, he has reaf­
firmed his determination to have minori­
ties in significant positions in the Govern­
ment,” said M. Carl Holman, president of 
the National Urban Coalition and secre­
tary of the National Black Leadership 
Forum.

“ More recently, he has stated both pri­
vately and publicly his determination to 
have both blacks and women better rep­
resented among the ifew appointments to 
the judicary. However, it is not always 
evident that any such clear signals have 
been acted upon in certain quarters in the 
executive branch.”

Criticism of Black Leadership 
Another black leader, who asked not to 

be identified, said that although some of 
the personnel changes were thorou^ly 
warranted, other changes had ccune 
about because of the inhospitability of the 
Administration to black aspirations. He 
was also critical of the black leadership, 
saying, “ If this were a Republican ad­
ministration. they’d have been complain­
ing like crazy about these departures. ” 

The blacks who have left the Govern­
ment do not entirely accept the natural- 
turnover theory, either. Mr. Beckam, De­
troit’s deputy mayor before he joined the 
Administration and who has returned to 
that city as a Ford Motor Company exec­
utive, described his decision to leave 
after less than two years this way:

“ I wasn’t that, much in the flow of the 
Government. It didn’t seem to me that 
there was much of a return for me in 
terms of results I could achieve there or 
in terms of the future I was building for 
myself.”

“Whites often trade on those jobs for 
their return to the private world, but 
blacks can’t,” he added. “The whites are 
helped the high people in the Adminis­
tration, but they don’t do much for 
blacks. Whites have those law firms that 
blacks have little access to and basicAly, 
when you get out of government, it’s lie  
same old system.” i

Career Considerations a Factor 
On the other hand, Mr. Green said that 

he left his job in the Office of Manage­
ment and Budget simply because of ca­
reer and financial conslderafions.

Others who have left said that they Jjad 
been upset by their inability to move pro't 
grams and policies. They spoke of an un­
willingness by some of the top Southern­
ers in the Administration to value fully 
the contributions blacks could make, 
particularly black men.

“ When I took this job,” a black woman 
in the Administration said, “ a black man 
who had left another agency in frcsfra- 
tion urged me to take it. He told me that 
although some of the people high,in the 
Government found black men threaten­
ing, they had less trouble with black 
women. So far, I haven’t had anykrou- 
ble.'  ̂ 1 I

Not everyone has remained as San-1 
guine, however. Some of those still at! 
work see the disenchantment of some of 
those who left their posts as insensitvity | 
to black aspirations and needs. One noted 
that President Carter told blacks in the 
Government that there was no need forf| 
high-level black on the White House staql 
because Joseph A. Califano Jr., the Sed 
retary of Health, Education and Welfareij
could articulate black needs effectively. | 

Aide Unaware of Disaffection ^
Louis Martin, the highest-ranking | 

black on the White House staff, said that! 
he was unaware of any large disaffectiou I 
by high-level black appointees.

"I  think there’s always coming arnlj 
going in the Government among bothi 
whites and blacks,” he said, "and 1 thtail 
they move largely for the same reasons. | 

"And I’ll tell you, a lot of big jobs are 
coming up. Jobs in the regulatory agen­
cies like die Federal Reserve Board, the j 
Interstate Commerce Commission, the 
Civil Aeronautics Board, the Interna­
tional Trade Commission and in the Ju­
diciary. This story isn’t over by a long j 
shot.” I

Mr. Bailey, the former Presidential 
staff member, confirmed that his reasons 
for leaving did, indeed, parallel those of 
some of his white colleagues. “ I don't 
think we got a feeling of comfort and con­
fidence there,” he said. “The polls show 
that there’s a decrease in confidence in 
the Administration and 1 think blacks feel 
tljat Just the way that whites do.”  t

Cost of Black Youths ’Joblessness Is Tallied in Crime and Urban Decline
Continued From Page A1

these experts agree that the impact must 
be “ astronomical.”

It may be, says Sar Levitan, professor 
of economics at George Washington Uni­
versity and chairman of the National 
Commission on Employment and Unem­
ployment Statistics, that such figures 
would be meaningless, anyway, because 
“some things are simply not quantifia­
ble.”

While black youth unemployment puts 
a drain on the national economy, an even 
greater price is levied on black and white 
Americans in the fear that has grown out 
of rising youth criminality.

The Law Enforcement Assistance Ad­
ministration’s Victimization Surveys 
show that the most likely victim of a vio- 
lent assault in any city is a young, black, 
poorly educated male. But more than half 
the Americans living in large cities — 
black and white — are afraid to go out at 
night, Charles B. Silberman says in the 
book, “ Criminal Violence and Criminal 
Justice.”

Mr. Silberman, director of the Study of 
Law and Justice, wrote:

“ Because domestic tranquility ap­
peared to be the norm, Americans who 
came of age during the 1940’s and 50’s 
were unaware of how violent and crime- 
ridden the United States had been. Al­
though they continued to romanticize vio­
lence in detective stories and westerns, 
an entire generation became accustomed 
to peace in their daily lives.

“After 350 years of fearing whites,”  he 
continued, “black Americans have dis­
covered that the fear runs the other way, 
that whites are intimidated by their very 
presence . . .  The taboo against expres­
sion of anti-white anger is breaking down, 
and 350 years of festering hatred has 
come spilling out.”

Rise in Deliberate Brutality
Robbery, mugging, petty theft, dealing 

in stolen goods and working the “num­
bers” racket have been on the rise nation­
ally since the early 1960’s, and the au- 
'thorities have also observed an increase 
in violence and deliberate brutality ac­
companying such crimes.

Calling these the “ survival crimes,” 
Dr. Alex Swan, the chairman of the soci­
ology department of Texas Southern Uni­
versity and an authority on criminal jus­
tice, has estimated that some 48 jjercent 
of the nation’s hard-core unemployed 
black youths can be expected at one time 
or another to commit them.

Dr. Charles P. Smith, director of the 
National Juvenile Justipe System Assess­
ment Center in Sacramento, Calif., a 
Federal agency, estimated that black 
youths up to 25 years of age might be re­
sponsible for crimes amounting to $5.9 
billion a year.

He said total justice-system expend­
itures tor such things as police work, 
courts and prisons came to about $19 bil­
lion in 1976. And he estimated that blacks 
under 25 probably were responsible for 
the expenditure of about $5.1 billion of the 
total.

Authorities on crime and unemploy­
ment say that their professional experi­
ences indicate that high unemployment 
leads to crime.

“ There is no question about it, high 
unemployment rates are important to 
crime — although not necessarily the ex­
clusive cause.” said HerringtMi Bryce, 
editor of a report entitled “ Black Crime:

Unemployment Rates
(16- to 24-year-olds) (In percent)

’70 ’71 ’72 ’73 ’74 ’75 ’76 ’77

Mean Income of Blacks
(Adjusted by CPI)

: J \ r

’70 ’71 ’72 ’73 ’74 ’75 ’76 ’77

Crime Rates
On hundreds, per 100,000)

VIOLENT

■70 ’71 ’72 ’73 ’74 '75 '76 ’77

Families Receiving Aid 
To Dependent Chiidren

•70 '71 ’72 ’73 ’74 ’75 ’76 '77

The New York Times/March 11,1978

a Police View,” conducted for the Joint 
Center for Political Studies. '

And Patrick V. Murphy, president of 
the Police Foundation, said he found dur­
ing 25 years of police work in New York 
City, Detroit. Syracuse and Washington 
that in urban areas of “high unemploy­
ment and degradation, there were high 
crime rates, often 50 to 100 times higher 
than in other pgrts of these cities.” 

Senator Charles H. Percy, Republican 
of Illinois, has found Americans far more 
concerned about street crimes than other 
crimes, he says, although “ thfe white col­
lar criminal can be just as much a thief 
as the mugger in the street.” At a recent 
meeting of the National Black Police- 
menis Association in Chicago, Senator 
Percy noted that the average bank robber

nets $10,000 and the average computer 
crime yields $193,000, while the average 
street robbery nets $ ^  and the average 
arson for profit $6,403.

Mr. Silberman does not find that atti­
tude unreasonable. “ It is perfectly ra­
tional for Americans to be more con­
cerned about street crimes than about ac­
cidents or, for that matter, about white 
collar crime,”  he points out in his book. 
“Violence at the hand of a stfanger is far 
more frightening than a comparable in­
jury incurred in an automobile accident 
or fall; burglary evokes a sense of loss 
that transcends the dollar arnount in­
volved.”

This year, say businessmen in the 
popular Atlanta Entertainment Center, 
The Underground, such fear might well

put them out of business.
Criminal activity in the vicinity has 

pretty much been stopped, said Dr. Lee 
P. Brown, Atlanta’s Public Services 
Commissioner, but not before it received 
a lot of public attention.

The Jamaica, Queens, shopping dis­
trict, which is one of New York City’s 
largest, recently lost a commercial main­
stay — a branch of the Macy’s depart­
ment store chain — because of youth 
crime and deteriorating conditions.

Large-scale looting is fast becoming 
the norm when events such as the 1977 
blackout in several New York City com­
munities and the recent snowstorm in 
Baltimore make it relatively easy.

Urban crimes and the fear they gener­
ate have been responsible for what Mayor 
Tom Bradley of Los Angeles termed the 
creation of “ no man’s lands —  places of 
terror and fear for old and young alike.” 
Communities that are “ already suffering 
from blight and high unemployment lose 
jobs, services and hope,” he said.

New Orleans police officers tried to 
trade on the fear of violence in their re­
cent strike, suggesting that chaos could 
follow if more than a million visitors ar­
rived for Mardi Gras at a time when 
trained, uniformed police were not on the 
streets.When no agreement could be 
reached with the police. Mayor Ernest 
Mortal canceled many of the festivities, 
saying that order could not be guaranteed 
by the police supervisors, state troopers 
and National Guardsmen on duty.

'The Costs of Unemployment
E. cniarles Brown, a veteran com­

munity organizer who now heads the New 
Orleans Area Development Project, be­
lieves it costs the nation far more in 
terms of crime, fear, deterioration and 
urbtm blight than it would to create jobs 
programs for black youths. But political, 
economic and social institutions have 
“ abdicated their responsibility to black 
youths,” he said.

Black youth unemployment exacts a 
harsh toll — in dollar and in human terms 
— bn the people required to live through 
it.

Eddie Morris, 19 years old, drank 
cheap wine and smoked marijuana re­
cently in an abemdoned building on Jones 
Street m St. Louis’s slums and told a visi­
tor: “ I’ve been to the employment office 
and they’ve got jobs there only in the sub­
urbs and I don’t have a car. It wouldn’t be 
worth my time to pay bus fare, taxes, 
lunch and stuff for a job way out in the 
suburbs that pays $2.65 an hour. ’ ’

Mr. Morris lives with his mother and 
admits to just enough petty thievery “ to 
stay alive.”

If he is caught and jailed, says Ernest 
Green, an Assistant Secretary of Labor, 
“ it will cost an average of $20,(KX) a year” 
to keep him behind bars “ but it would 
only cost $5,000 tO pay a year’s tuition for 
an average private college. ’ ’

Crime is, in a sense, part of the “ Catch- 
22”  of black youth unemployment. With­

out' employment, the youths drift into 
crime, making future employment even 
-more difficult to obtain. The middle class 
abandons the crime area, taking away 
businesses that had provided some em­
ployment,' and, in the process, caking 
away the community’s tax base.

With each succeeding generation, the 
problem only grows. Herbert Hill, an eco­
nomics professor at the University of 
Wisconsin who was national labor direc­
tor for the National Association for the 
Advancement of Colored People, notes 
that today’s unemployed black youngster 
is part of “ the second generation of 
blacks not likely to enter the labor force. ” 

Quentin James and his brothers, Thur­
ston, 21, and Inell, 16, are the sons of a 
gardener living in the Lafitte Housing 
Projects in New Orleans’s heavily black 
north side. They will go to court in April 
on charges that they attacked a police­
man and later resisted arrest.

The charges, the men say, grew out of 
the fact that Thurston James went to the 
Sixth Precinct late in January to report 
that he had been robbed. His older and 
younger brothers came inside the pre­
cinct when they learned he was there.

The police charge that the three broth­
ers attacked them. The brothers have ac­
cused the police of aggression.

Thurston James, trained by a .CETA 
program to cook, works as a beginning 
chef in a New Orleans hotel and studies 
business administration at Delgado Jun­
ior College. Inell is a high school junior 
with no definite plans for the future.

But Quentin James, 23, has been ar­
rested seven times and spent 28 months m 
prison for robbery. Fearful of being ar­
rested “ if I so much as walk into some of 
those downtown stores,” Mr. James am­
bles instead along streets with names like 
“ Pleasant,” “ Desire”  and “ Abundant” 
hoping someone will “ need a man to load 
or unload a truck or something. ”

‘A Big Mistake’
“Tell me,” Quentin James says of his 

latest brush with the law, “ what would I 
look like, an exa:onvict, attacking a big 
old police station full of policemen? What 
would I look like, huh? ”

Police sources in New Orleans now say 
the arrests were “a big mistake. ”

Quentin James “ has been written off 
by the general society, with the exception 
of the criminal justice system,” said Bill 
Rousselle, Director of the New Orleans 
Committee for Accountable Police. “ For 
most Americans, he does not exist.”

And that is the real tragedy of black 
youth’s unemployment problem, say 
black leaders.

Vernon E. Jordan, president of the Na­
tional Urban League, put it this way:
■ America cannot write off a whole gener­
ation of young people. The American so­
cial system cannot survive the threat of 
significant numbers of its young people 
deprived of a stake in society. We must 
not become a nation at war with its fu­
ture.”



B6 THE NEW YORK TIMES, TUESDAY. MARCH 13. 1979

Efforts Fail to Curb Blacks’ Joblessness
Continued From Page AI

but “ when they gel out of the program, 
the job is not there,”  noted Sar A. Levi­
tan, economics professor of George 
Washington University.

After the riots of the 1960’s, private 
business set up its programs. Then there 
were affirmative-action quotas and pro­
grams to create biack businesses.

Private Efforts Renewed 
Then the Government decided to put 

the jobless on its payrolls — and received 
such poor reviews that jobs and job train­
ing in private business began coming 
back into vogue.

Some say the so-called Government 
jobs involve so little work that they are 
“ counterproductive,”  because young­
sters get the idea that they can do little or 
nothing and still get paid.

"The work atmosphere isn’t half as 
stiff as in the private world,”  said David 
Robison, a manpower consultant who has 
studied major youth job efforts around 
the nation. "Those jote  aren’t respect^ 
by the participants or employers”  out­
side the Government, he said, and not 
much that is learned is “ transferable. ”  

Not ail the problems are with the job 
programs, however. Mr. Levitan noted 
that black youths are where the jobs are 
not, that they are not properly educated, 
that employers do not want them and that 
black leaders have created "unrealizable 
ejtpectations.”

“ To be a busboy is an unacceptable job 
for a black. Look around here,”  he said, 
pointing to the white and Hispanic youths 
carrying dishes in a university restau­
rant. “ Blackswillnottakeit.”

Most black leaders disagree, however, 
saying that the scramble for jobs when 
new programs open up is clear proof that 
young blacks want work.

A ‘ Marginal’  Improvement 
Robert Taggart, who heads the Labor 

Department’s Office of Youth Programs, 
said his programs last year accounted for 

, the entire gain of 56,000 in the number of 
' iworking black youths 16 to 19 years old. 
f i e  admitted that the J1.5 billion a year he 
jiyas spending had not improved things 

■|‘much more than marginally”  but con­

tended that, without that effort, the job 
outlook for black youths “ is disastrous. ”

It is easier to find fault with the pro­
grams, certainly, than with the youths 
who take part in them.

There is Francille Reaves, only 16 
years old but a I2th grader at Martin Lu­
ther King High School in Detroit. She puts 
in four hours a day at Blue Cross head­
quarters for $2.90 an hour in a federally 
sponsored program. Her boss is proud of 
how her skills on the job have grown, of 
the way she dresses.

“ Now if I can just get her to knock on 
the door before she opens it and comes 
in,”  he said with a la u ^ .

That job may have helped create her 
unusual self-assurance and her determi­
nation to get a college education. “ I’ll go 
to Marygrove and uike business adminis­
tration, and possibly graduate school — 
law,”  Miss Reaves said firmly.

‘ Ain’t No Jobs’
There is Jimmy Brown, 17, with six 

brothers and sisters. He is an 11th grader 
at Murray-Wright High in the Motor City 
and puts in four hours of hard, dirty work 
after school at Trend Industries, an auto­
parts factory. The Government pays his 
$2.90 an hour and Trend gets free lator.

The youth doesn’t love the factory, but 
said, “ I tried McDonald’s, Big Boy, 
Burger King, White Castle. Ain’t no 
jobs.”

The jeen-agers scorn their compatriots 
who do not work. “ Lots of people say, ‘ I 
don’t want to work that,’  ”  Mr. Brown 
said. “ They don’t want to work, period.”

And Miss Reaves said: “ f t  they want 
$25, they work for the $25. The rest of the 
time they feel they don’t have to work, 
and stop showing up. They’re not respon- 
sible.”

Program  Had Problems
Ironically, the Detroit program that 

has given these two youngsters work, 
money, self-assurance and a leg up is one 
that was poorly organized, badly run. 
wasteful, split by political infighting be­
tween city and school officials, and fouled 
up with lost records and missed payrolls, 
according to Federal inspectors.

It was finally shut down and started up 
again, but a good deal of time and money 
was lost.

IHopes Dim for Job Seekers 
: Counting on an Airline Plan
I ---------------------------------------- ---------------
I  By WINSTON WILLIAMS
f Shortly before Thanksgiving Lamar hshed hiring goals for nonwhites to be 
McMillan, a 21-year-old black resident of reached by April 1980.
■Jersey City who had never had a perma­
nent job. borrowed car fare from his girllait; IIUUI Ill£> gin- luic lia ucauilliu, only S.OUU 01 uniteu s 
n>ond, shaved his beard, dressed in a 55,450 employees are blacks. And there 
Si^iness suit and headed excitedly for the are big gaps between the nonwhite goals 

fadison Avenue offices of the National and the actual percentages; The goal is 20
rh fln loa cm A  fIn>Fxw4 d_________i___ •___ ____/Urban League. United Airlines, under the 

^pressure of a Federal consent decree to 
increase nonwhite employment, was to 
■?be there interviewing dozens of job appli- 
icants.
, By February, Mr. Lamar, who holds a 
jcommercial high school diploma, had lost 
.Ihis enthusiasm. Tired of waiting for a 
ireply from the airline, he had written off 
^ is  chances. He had grown his beard 
ta^ain and had returned to his daily rou- 
’ tine of thumbing through the classified 
^ds, calling friends and listening to the 
‘ radio.
\ “ I’ve been to United, Owens-Illinois, 
Colgate, Conrail — you name it,”  Mr. 
.JLamar said with a Shrug of the shoulders. 
^’ It’s always the same old thing. You hear 
ih ey ’re hiring but when you get there the 
^ b  is filled, or they tell you they’ll call 
awu.”  His only success in his four-year 
search has been a handful of part-time 
jobs , mostly with the Post Office.

Mr. Lamar’s disappointment over the 
United Airlines affair was widely shared 

400 Jobs Opening Up
The increase in air travel has opened 

up 400 entry-level jobs in the New York 
region, and to meet its 1980 affirmative 
action goals. United says, it is trying to 
give 30 percent of these jobs to nonwhites

United provides seven weeks of train­
ing for reservation clerks and flight at­
tendants and pays them more than a 
$1,000 a month after training. That ex­
cited the Urban League because training 
by private corporation is seen as the most- 
useful qnd lucrative kind. So the league’s 
eastern regional office entered into a spe­
cial arrangement with the airline, allow­
ing it to conduct mass recruitment ses­
sions at the regional office. •

But the chronically unemployed, like 
Mr. Lamar, are reaping few benfits frotn 
corporate training and affirmative action 
programs, and so it is with the United ef­
fort so far.

After two months of interviews with 
more than 100 applicants at the league’s 
office. United had hired only five people.

The low rate of success shocked many 
minority placement specialists, who 
questioned whether United was really 
acting in good faith. The regional officers 
of the Urban League were clearly embar­
rassed by the results.

United continues to interview Urban 
League candidates, and it says some of 
those applications will remain in an ac­
tive file. In spite of the high rejection rate 
at the league, the airline says, it expects, 
to meet its goals. It will recruit from 
other sources and will refine more pre­
cisely for the Urban League what it wants 
in an applicant, it says.

“ We were getting a lot of people who 
were unemployed and underemployed,”  
said Bud Fletcher, manager of the air­
line’s reservation center in Rockleigh, 
N. J. “ They didn’t really have the sophis­
tication to handle the job.”

“ We were telling our story to the wrong 
people,”  he said. “ We should have been 
talking to the employed. We want people 
who are promotable, and we have to com­
pete with the banks and brokerage firms 
for them. ”  Half of the job seekers who go 
to the Urban League for help are high 
school drop-outs.

In 1971 the Justice Department notified 
United Airlines that it was under investi­
gation for fostering a “ pattern and prac­
tice”  of discrimination against non- 
whites, and the Equal Employment Op­
portunity Commission subsequently ent­
ered the case. Since all airlines carry 
mail, they are subject to hiring rules for 
Federal contractors.

The Government’s suit went to trial in 
the spring of 1975, after Federal lawyers 
had taken 100 depositions and examined
14,000 personnel files. In the spring of 
1976, when United was to present its de­
fense, it consented to a decree that estab-

With slightly more than a year to go be­
fore its deadline, only 4,800 of United’s

percent for mechanics; according to 
United, the percentage for mechanics 
now is 13.5. TTie goal for airport counter 
jobs is 17 percent, as against 12.6 percent 
now. Only 12 percent of the air-frei^t 
handlers are nonwhite; the goal is 17 per­
cent. The airline is three percentage 
points below the 17 percent target for 
flight attendants, three points telow the 
18 percent mark for clerks and 2.6 points 
below the 13 percent management goal. •

United slightly exceeds the 20 percent 
target for reservation sales agents.

Delores Pettis, United’s manager for 
affirmative action, says it is particulary 
hard to meet goals for highly skilled jobs, 
like mechanic and pilot, and that many 
desirable applicants are unwilling to relo­
cate in Chicago and Cleveland for train­
ing.

But job placement counselors insist 
United is more difficult to please than 
most airlines. “ You’re never quite sure 
what United is looking for. You send them 
good kids, and they come back with some 
frivolous excuse for not hiring them,”  
says Morriss Lee, an American Airlines 
employee who runs the Jamaica, Queens, 
office of the Council for Airport Oppor­
tunity, which was started in 1968 in an ef­
fort to funnel black job-seekers to the air­
lines. “ You get the feeling th e /re  looking 
for superhumans to do relatively simple 
jobs.”

Mr. Lee, whose office placed more than 
300 young blacks with various airlines 
last year, says that the large transconti­
nental airlines like United, American and 
Trans World are less aggressive than 
Eastern and Delta in recruiting minority 
employees. Delta and Eastern, whose 
operations are centered in Atlanta, were 
pressured by Maynard Jackson, the 
city’s black Mayor, to increase black em­
ployment as a condition for improving 
and expanding their terminals at the At­
lanta airport.

Two Who Qualified
Johnathan Jones, a black recruiter for 

United, says the company looks for well- 
groomed, aggressive, articulate young­
sters. Many of the candidates at the 
Urban League were shy, aloof and unpol­
ished, he said. Most had no way of getting 
to Rockleigh, which in 1975 displaced 
Manhattan as United’s reservation cen­
ter.

Mr. Jones pointed to Bemadine Owens, 
23 years old, and Donald Grant. 24, both 
hired as reservation clerks in January, as 
examples of desirable candidates.

Mrs. Owens has two years of college 
and worked previously in the Queens Dis­
trict Attorney’s office as a secretary. Mr. 
Grant studied acting at the American 
Academy of Dramatic Arts and has trav­
eled extensively in South America.

Neither came through the Urban 
League; they heard of United’s hiring 
through other organizations. Both drive 
to their jobs in Rockleigh.

But mismatched applicants are not the 
only reason that U n it^ ’s’program is not 
significantly helping to solve the plight of 
chronically unemployed blacks. The mi­
nority group goals can be filled also by 
Hispanics, American Indians, Alaskan 
natives and Asians, the largest minority 
group employed by United. Practically 
all the employees in Hawaii, a big market 
for United, count toward the quotas.

League officials charge that enforce­
ment of goals is lax and that the laws gov­
erning affirmative action allow employ­
ers who have not met their goals to plead 
“ good faith”  as a defense. One way to 
show good faith is by recruiting through 
organizations like the Urban League.

“ Good faith is one of the biggest cop- 
outs in affirmative action,”  Fred Jones, 
an official of the New York Urban 
League.'said. “ It means you can process 
hundreds of bodies through black organi­
zations but you don’t have to hire one of 
them.”

This particular group of programs, 
which will cost $25 million across the na­
tion. probably will be abandoned by the 
Federal Government anyway, Washing­
ton insiders say. whether they work or 
not. They would cost too much to expand.

Charges o f inefficiency and corruption 
are not all that unusual for such pro­
grams.

Denver’s District Attorney accused job 
directors of creating ghost employees 
with forged time sheets and false indenti- 
fication cards. In Atlanta, 11 employees 
under the Comprehensive Employment 
and Training Act were indicted for em­
bezzlement and eight others were Bred. A 
new inspector general’s office in the 
Labor Department says it has contrib­
uted to 67 indictments and 24 convictions 
for fraud since January 1978.

Cuts Proposed for CETA
The complaints have led to proposed 

cuts in the entire CETA program for the 
next year: to $11 billion from $11.7 billion, 
with a loss o f 100,000 CETA-paid public 
service jobs.

While some of the lost jobs may have 
been held by young blacks, it is possible 
that this disadvantaged group will bene­
fit from the changes planned for CETA — 
if they are carried out.

The jobs, training and money now will 
go “ to the right people,”  said Ray Mar­
shall. the Secretary of Labor, instead of 
to the old City Hall employees. This ‘ ’new 
CETA,”  as Mr. Marshall calls it, will put 
half its money into training in fiscal 1980, 
as against 39 percent in fiscal 1977, and 
less in the much criticized public service 
jobs and “ work experience.”

To the Government’s embarrassment, 
it was disclosed recently that CETA had
150,000 jobs that went unfilled last year, 
jobs aimed particularly at the hard-core 
unemployed. Only 525,000 of the 675,000 
CETA jobs were filled as of last Decem­
ber. Secretary Marshall blamed the prob­
lem on confusion over the new legislation 
and difficulties at the local level in defin­
ing the “ hard-core”  unemployed and 
finding suitable work.

Second Looks Often Disillusion

Some Federal summer job programs 
are so bad that some in the Labor Depart­
ment call them “ income transfer”  rather 
than ’ “meaningful work experience.”  
What that means is that wages are paid 
but there is not much real work.

Even those programs that seem to 
work may, on second look, turn out to be 
less impressive.

One Federal report, looking at a youth 
work project in Pasadena, noted enthusi­
astic supervors and “ a group of youths 
obviously turned on by the experience”  of 
cleaning and painting the homes of the 
poor and elderly.

But it turned out that the supervisors 
did not know anything about painting, 
which was “ a disaster,”  according to the 
report, which explained, “ The paint was 
already chipping from one house that had 
been fin ish^ only a week before. ’ ’

In another town, an inspector reported: 
“ Based on conversation with the prime 
sponsor and prior to arrival on site, one’s 
expectations were to see labor-intensive 
efforts underway whereby youths would 
be involved in landscaping, planting 
flowers and trees, constructing shelters, 
planting buildings, cementing walkways, 
repairing tennis courts, etc. ”

Instead they emptied park trash cans, 
picked up paper and cleaned toilets.

The park supervisor called this impor­
tant because it allowed the permanent 
city workers “  ‘to catch up on their work.”' 
But the youths considered that their ef­
forts allowed the permanent park person­
nel to do no work at all, and that meant 
the youngsters were frequently absent, 
often tardy, and invariably disgruntled.

“ The product of this project, we would 
suggest, is. disillusionment,”  the inspec­
tor concluded.

Six months of training “ cannot make 
up for 15 years of neglect,”  said Dr. An­
derson of the Wharton School.

No Magical Transformation
“ You think you can take a youngster in 

high school who wasn’t doing very well 
anyway, with no work experience, in a 
family without any role models of re­
warding work — and if it is a young 
woman maybe she has a child — and 
you’ll just teach her to type and she’ll get 
a job downtown at the insurance compa­
ny?”  he asked.

“ You cannot do it. You can’t transform 
them from poverty to the middle class,”  
he said. “ No sir, that doesn’t happen.”

The programs, in effect, are an effort 
to make up for all tlje failures that have 
gone before, say some experts, pointing 
out that the largest program of all, the 
public school system, spends $75 billion 
annually and still produces tens of thou­
sands of black youths who cannot read or 
speak the English language well.

Of course, jobs programs have become 
an industry, with specialists who design, 
administer and criticize them — all of 
which means money and power for the

TlieNCTiYofllT
A  student working on an engine during vocational class at H i^dand  Parii Community H igh School. Q ass  is part o f  the 

» Chrysler Learning program , a  job  training unit o f the automaker in the Detroit area.

designers, consulters, administrators 
and critics who get Government con­
tracts.

Through all the programs under CETA 
and the Youth Employment and Demon­
strations Project Act of 1977, the Federal 
Government passes money to the local 
level to “ prime sponsors,”  usually a 
political body, the city or the county.

The cities and counties may run the 
programs or contract them out to other 
political units — schools, such "com ­
munity-based organizations”  as 
churches or the Urban League, or private 
twinesses — with the result that the in­
fighting for contracts, which mean 
money and power, is not unsimilar to bat­
tles between defense contractors.

The Definition of Success
Whether the new, revised pn^rams 

will succeed any better than past pro­
grams is unknown, but then the definition 
of what works may not be not quite the 
same to people at the bottom.

For example, Mr. Sviridoff said, “ sup­
ported work”  — special low-stress jobs 
for the “ marginally employable”  — is 
successful,

“ There is a 20 percent success rate,”  he 
noted, and the programs work well with 
unmarried welfare mothers. If 20 percent 
seems low, he says, remember that “ that 
comitares to a control group rate of 
zero.”

BUt Mr. Sviridoff acknowledged that 
the “ employment and other social pro­
grams o f the Sixties have had only mini­
mal impact on the underclass”  of blacks. 
“ Instead,”  he said, “ it is the street hus­
tle. petty crime and welfare programs 
that dominate this culture. ”

He also noted that the nation’s social 
programs— welfare, food stamps, unem­
ployment compensation, training sti­
pends and the like — mean today’s job­
less, unlike the unemployed of past gen­
erations, will not go hungry if they do not 
work.

Trend to Involve Business
In theory, public jobs were to be a 

transition to jobs with private business.
In practice, they were not.
But if there is a new trend now it is to- | 

ward involving private business in jobs 
programs more. With the new Private In­
dustry Councils, federally subsidized em­
ployees or trainees are supposed to find 
jobs and training with private business 
instead of with public agencies. In addi­
tion, there are new tax credits for compa­
nies that hire the disadvantaged.

Larger companies, however, often dis­
like Government programs because of 
the rules and red tape. Further, they are 
under Government pressure to hire, pro­
mote or retain women, Hispanic persons, 
the physically and mentally handi- 
caiqied, Vietnam veterans, drug addicts 
and the elderly. Young blacks have to be 
fitted in with the other quotas, so the new 
taxtincentive program, if it works, will 
have to appeal to smaller companies.

That does not mean that private busi­
ness has been ignoring youth unemploy­
ment. Many companies or business 
groups have set up their own programs, 
and excelient results have been reported 
in Cleveland and Chicago.

An4 in Detroit General Motors Corpo­

ration is setting up a "Pre-Employment 
Training Center,”  collecting $3.2 million 
in private donations and Federal money 
for a month-long program of studies 
ranging from filling out job applications 
to “ hands-on”  training with machinery. 
The new program probably copies a 
model auto plant Chrysler Corporatitxi 
set up in Detroit to train jobless youth.

But “ until there’s effective working 
relationships between business, the 
schools, ^  unions and local government 
leadership, until these four" elements 
work together, ain’t much going to hap­
pen,”  insisu Fred Wentzel, who heads 
youth programs for the National Alliance 
of Businessmen, which pushes summer 
job and vocational training programs.

Motivation Needs Work

Another change is the idea that job 
training — or even a job — is not enough, 
that a package of motivational develop­
ment is needed.

That type of thinking is evident in a 
program run by Chrysler Learning, a job­
training unit of the automaker. In one 
session, black youngsters, sitting in a cir­
cle, are drawn into analyzing the actions 
that will hurt them on the job. “ It was his 
attitude — he was just drinking beer and 
slouching against the wall,”  said one 
youth, explaining why a friend lost a job.

The Chrysler training sessions start at 
6:30 A.M.; those who don’t get there on 
time are thrown out of the program. Dis­
cipline seems firm.

At a Chrysler training factory where 
youths learn to run machinery — also 
starting at 6:30 A-M. — extra cash for 
baby-sitter fees or bus tickets is dis­

dained. "Mothers will find ways to take 
care of their children, they always do.”  
said Will Blake, who runs the program. 
“ We try to move the client to self-reli­
ance. Just because somebody pushes you 
in the mud is no reason for you to wallow 
around and enjoy it.”

Reinforcing the Wrong Idea

"You say, ‘We know you can’t do it so 
we’re going to lower the standards,’ ”  
and that “ reinforces the idea that he 
can’t do it,”  said Mtmica Emerson, vdio 
runs Chrysler’s career education pro­
grams, which the company wants to sell 
to public schools.

These programs use the same “ group 
dynamics”  techniques to show young­
sters how much they can accomplish and 
help them leam about career possibil­
ities.

“ If you’ve got kids low in skills, low in 
education, living among other kids not in 
the labor force, non-working becomes 
part of the culture. You’re dealing with a 
behavior, motivational problem,”  Mr. 
Sviridoff said. “ When they do get a job 
they can easily strike out. and then the 
employers don’t want to take them be­
cause they aren’t good workers. ’ ’

Create programs that raise levels of 
education, skill and motivation, and then 
worry about employment, be says.

To those who despair at the idea of 
more programs, Mr. Levitan said, “ They 
work the best they can, considering the 
obstacles.”

“ These programs are a solution.”  he 
said. “ If you’re down and out. and 
dropped out of school, and a little preg­
nant, it’s a solutiCHi — not forever, but for 
today.”

Will Blake, right, training manager at the Chrysler training factory, discuss­
ing assembly line procedures with Vernon Dobines, a trainee.



THE NEW YORK TIMES, WEDNESDAY, MARCH 14, 1979 B9

More Coordination of Job Programs Needed to Help Young Blacks, Experts Say
Continued From Page A1

that these kinds of employment pro­
grams we have will sol ve everything. ’ ’

The proposed remedies cover a wide 
range. On the one hand, some conserva­
tive economists argue that private indus­
try can soive much of the problem if only 
it is given adequate tax incentives and is 
freed from the fetters of the minimum 
wage and union hiring rules. On the other 
hand, some black leaders contend that lit­
tle progress will be made until the 
Federal Government agrees to become 
the employer of last resort.

Most, however, including the Carter 
Administration, fall in the middle. They 
believe in a combination of private and 
public efforts to acquaint as many young­
sters as possible with the basic work ex­
perience and to equip them with specific 
job skills to function independently in an 
economic system in which four of every 
five jobs are in private business.

. There is a growing realization that sim­
ply creating jobs is not enough to reach a 
population that lives far from most new 

■jobs and that is ill-equipped to find and 
keep what work is available. According­
ly, many experts say further effort must 
be made to better direct the existing gov­
ernment and private programs to black 
youth and to promote a better “ linkage”  
between public programs and private 
jobs,

"Until you break out into a brave new 
world, you are talking about doing more

B la c k  T e e n -A g e rs :
A  C o n sta n t  P r e s e n c e  
T h ro u g h  th e  8 0 ’s
(Figures in millions)

25

20

15

10

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TeENkAOB

*  ..C:

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.

 ̂ f- '
1

‘■’ ■ f  ■

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-

BLACK 
TEEN-AGBRS

|l970  1980 1990]

{Soofcc; Bureau of the Census

The New York Times/March H, 1979

of the things we’ve done for 10 years,”  
said Beniard Anderson, a leading black 
economist at the University of Pennsyl­
vania. “ We’ve got to improve what we’ve 
got. There are not that many new solu 
tions.”

Mitchell Sviridoff, a former Human 
Resources Commissioner of New York 
City who is now a vice president of the 
Ford Foundation, believes that no one 
program will raise black youth employ­
ment by more than a percentage point or 
two.

But together, he hopes, such programs 
as the Job Corps and the supported work 
and youth entitlement measures can 
achieve modest but steady gains. “ If, 
over time, you can reduce the problem 
from 400,00flf kids to 300,000 to 220 000 
trough a variety of programs, that’s the 
t o t  we can hope for,”  he said. “ I do not 
look for sweeping solutions. ”  

Conversations about unemployment 
among young blacks almost inevitably 
return in frustration to the social condi­
tions that incubate it.

"It is not a job or an education problem 
, — It IS an urban problem,”  says Richard 
Nathan of the Brookings Institution. "It 
is all these conditions coming together in 
cities with huge concentrations of dis­
tressed population. This limits what we 
can do with direct intervention.”

“ It isn’t going to get better until lead­
ers say, ‘ It isn’t going to get solved until 
we focus on these places,^”  he went on. 
“ But are we willing? It’s not lack of
knowledge, but lack of commitment__
there is a turning a way. ”

Every time Richard G. Hatcher, the 
black Mayor of Gary, Ind., visits a low-in- 
come housing project in his industrial 
city, he says, he is besieged by black 
youths asking for work. He is not optimis­
tic the country will do much for them.

“’There is a feeling in the land that 
we’ve really done so much for these peo­

ple that we cannot afford to use any more 
of our resources on them,”  he said.

Black teen-age unemployment was 1.3 
times greater than that of whites in the 
1950’s, it is more than 2.6 times higher 
today and the gap is widening.

Demographics Offer Hope
Some who are concerned about the 

situation take hope from the basic demo­
graphics of the labor market.

Nearly all the people who will enter the 
American labor force between now and 
the end of the century have already been 
born, leaving aside immigration. Declin­
ing birth rates over the last two decades 
mean fewer and fewer teen-agers will be 
competing for beginning jobs every year 
for many years to com e; the number of 
16- to 19-year-olds in the labor force will 
drop from 9.2 million in 1974 to 7.1 million 
in 1990.

At the same time, however, the youth 
unemployment problem will Increasingly 
become a black youth unemployment 
problem because black fertility has not 
dropped nearly so sharply as that for 
whites. Where black teen-agers made up 
11 percent of the youth labor force in 1970, 
they will account for 15 percent by 1985 
and probably more than 20 percent in the 
early 1990’s.

If one out of five unemployed young 
people today is black, one out of three will 
be black in 1985 if current trends persist.

The Congressional Budget Office has 
estimated that the shrinking youth popu­
lation will cut youth unemployment by 
only about two percentage points by 1985, 
assuming moderate economic growth. 
The extent to which young blacks will 
benefit will depend in part on how much 
competition they get for “ entry-level”  
jobs from increased competition from 
women, elderly people seeking part-time 
work, nonwhite adults and illegal immi­
grants.

The alien labor question depends on fu­
ture Government policy, so it is still an 
unknown. Experts say that they expect 
the number of women seeking work to 
level off soon but that large numbers of 
elderly people will be seeking part-time 
work as Social Security restrictions are 
loosened.

Numbers Not Insurmountable
In absolute numbers, the black youth 

problem does not seem insurmountable. 
Under the official concept of unemploy­
ment, fewer than 400,000 black teen-agers 
are jobless at any time, about 445,000 
blacks 16 to 24 years old.

But Lester Thurow, an economist at the 
Massachuestts Institute of Technology, 
has estimated that there are another
700,000 who have “ disappeared from the 
system,”  who are “ not unemployed, not 
employed, not in school — they are on the 
streets.”

Even that imderestimates the problem: 
in the view of Eli Ginzberg, a Columbia ! 
University economist who heads the Na­
tional Commission for Employment Poli­
cy. He says millions of black youths will 
pass into full adulthood handicajjped by 
having had only the most marginal links 
to the labor market.

Such poor early job experience has 
been found crucial by Professor Magnum 
and his former colleague at Utah, Arvil 
L. Adams, now with the National Com­
mission on Employment and UemfSoy- 
ment Statistics.,

In a study for the W.E. Upjohn Institute 
for Employment Research, they found a 
“ hangover”  effect among out-of-school 
youths. That is, those with unfavorable 
early job experiences are more likefc“ to 
do poorly in the labor market later in life 
than are others, where education and so­
cial backgrounds are equal.

Disproportionate Suffering
Such early disappointment seems to be 

disproportionately suffered by blacks. 
Richard B. Freeman, a Harvard econo­
mist, has found that new black entrants 
to the labor market make up a much 
larger share of black teen-age unemploy­
ment than new white entrants in the 
white teen-age unemployment ranks. In 
contrast to white youths, he finds that 
failure to obtain a job rapidly upon enter­
ing the labor market is a growing stum­
bling block for black youths.

The outlook is further clouded by the 
changing character of work in America. 
The economy is steadily shifting toward 
whitecollar and service jobs, not the kind 
of blue-collar and farm work that young 
blacks have traditionally taken.

The Labor Department has projected 
that by 1985 two of every three jobs will 
be in white collar and service occupa­
tions. In the 1970’s, 44 percent of black 
youth were concentrated in slow-growth, 
blue-collar jobs, as against 36 percent for 
whites.

Moreover, the location of jobs contin­
ues to shift toward the suburbs, smaller 
towns and the Sun Belt, far from where 
the young people live.

“ The concentration of young blacks in 
slow-growth, blue collar employment will 
adversely affect their employment in the 
1980’s,”  according to the Adams-Mag- 
num study, entitled “ The Lingering 
Crisis of Youth Uemployment.”

Any real solution, says Professor Mag­
num, would involve either totally rede­
veloping the ghetto economy or depopu­
lating the ghetto by moving youngsters 
out, neither of which he or anybody else 
expects to happen very soon. So he and 
others look to smaller efforts that amount 
to getting employers and teen-agers to 
meet each other halfway.

Growing unease over what Richard

Schubert, president of Bethlehem Steel, 
calls the “ time bomb”  of young people 
who might become a “ permanent class”  
detached from the work force is spurring 
new interest in private industry. Frank 
W. Schiff, chief economist of the busi- 
ness^iriented Committee for Economic 
Development, states that the “ time is 
ripe’ ’ for business to enter the picture.

“ More firms are starting to become 
concerned that a failure to equip large 
numbers of our young people with useful 
skills and work attitudes may lead to seri­
ous shortages of skilled entry-level per­
sonnel five to ten years hence,”  he com­
ments.

Like most business leaders, Mr. Schu­
bert, a member of the Business Roundta­
ble’s Task Force on National Planning 
and Employment Policy, feels that the 
initiatives should come from private 
business and that heavy reliance on pub­
lic service jobs is futile because they do 
not provide a ladder to self-sustaining 
private jobs.

A study for the Joint Economic Com­
mittee of Congress that echoes the busi­
ness viewpoint. Walter E. Williams, an 
economist at Temple University, ex­
pressed doubt in the study that added 
public service jobs would do much good.

Restructuring the Labor Market
Rather, he says, the Federal Govern­

ment should stress the “ revision of the in­
stitutional structure of the labor market”  
to lower what he says are barriers 
against young blacks who are trying to 
break in. In particular, he urges the 
abolition of minimum wage laws, or at 
least the setting of a lower wage for teen­
agers, as well as a reductuon in the age at 
which one can legally leave school, the 
loosening of child labor laws and the eas­
ing of licensing and certification require­
ments.

The private approach has support from 
some unlikely sources. Margaret Bush 
Wilson, president of the National Associa­
tion for the Advancement of Colored Peo­
ple, said her organization was “ leaning 
toward”  the concept.

“ If you talk about looking to the Gov­
ernment, you are not addressing real eco­
nomic growth, just income transfer,”  she 
said. “ If we could tie economic develop­
ment to job training we might begin to get 
a handle on the problem.”

But the notion of relying on business 
and the vicissitudes of the free economy 
leaves many other blacks cold.

“ The private sector has failed black 
youth,”  said Mayor Hatcher of Gary. 
“ They are very helpful up to the point 
where helping a youngster clashes with 
the level of profit— that’s the end of it.

“ A total strategy to assist the private 
sector is a mistake,”  he said. “ Black 
youth unemployment will get worse.”

Mayor Hatcher favors greatly ex­
pand^ Federal aid.

The prevailing philosophy in Washing­
ton is to use Government programs to 
ease entry into private jobs. “ The basic 
premise is that most employment growth 
IS in the private sector,”  said Paul Jen­
sen, an aide to Secretary of Labor Ray 
Marshall. “ The goal is to give people the 
skills and attitudes needed in the private 
bconomy, not to stay forever in public 
service jobs or go on welfare.”

The Administration is banking heavily 
on the new employment tax credit, which 
allows employers credit for the first half 
of the first $6,000 in wages paid to each 
chronically unemployed person the first 
year and a quarter the second year.

Whether that makes a dent in the prob­
lem will turn in part on how well the teen­
ager can cope with workplace needs. Un­
resolved in many minds is whether Gov­
ernment programs should stress training 
in specific skills, which in the past has not 
always matched the available jobs, or 
just general work experience that would 
give youngsters the discipline and atti­
tudes required to hold down a regular job.

The dilemma was posed recently by 
Peter Edelman, former head of the New 
Hork State Division of Youth, at a confer­
ence held by Youthwork, Inc., one of 
three “ intermediary corporations”  set up 
to bridge the gap between public pro­
grams and private business. He said:

“ In the classic 1960’s, you trained peo­
ple and then there were no jobs, and the 
mistake we tend to fall into today is giv­
ing people work experience but no train­
ing. Somehow we never can get the whole 
thing together.”

“ Clearly, school-derived skills are not 
enough,”  agrees Graham Finney, head of 
the Corporation for Public/Private Ven­
tures. “ The employer wants a set of atti­
tudes to go along. They want a person 
who is job ready.,”  Mr. Finney’s Phila­
delphia-based intermediary is testing 
new ways to use Federal amd foundation 
money to gain access to private jobs.

The changing economy makes it diffi­
cult for Mr. Finney to be sure that train­
ing in skills is best.

“ My crystal ball gives me great w o ^  
about what these young p ^ ple  are going 
to do usefully in the big cities,”  he said. 
He believes special emphasis should be 
placed on locating youngsters in smaller 
businesses because that is the fastest- 
growing sector of the economy. More­
over, they are often better equipped to 
give the special attention that ghetto 
youngsters often need.

Some argue that what is needed is not 
more money or programs, but to have the 
black community accept more of the re- 
spoiuibility in changing the attitudes and 
habits of black youth.

Sar A. Levitan, head of the National

Commission on Employment and Unem­
ployment Statistics, contends that, with 
racial bias in the job sphere fading, 
menial jobs are no longer dead ends for 
black youth. Yet, he says, the young 
blacks spurn such jobs, which would give 
them the start they need.

“ The black leadership is looking for a 
quick fix,”  he said. “ To blame it on 
Whitey is not very productive. ’ ’

Such words rankle with many black 
leaders, but a self-help message is also 
preach^ by the Rev. Jesse L. Jackson, 
who heads the Chicago-based (^ ra t io n  
PUSH, and his tenets are gaining influ­
ence in the black community.

All the uncertainty about what to do 
has not entirely squelched the “ blue 
skying”  that often accompanies major 
social problems.

Mrs. Wilson of the N. A.A.C.P. talks of a 
national program to assess every young­
ster’s strengths and weakenesses and of 
using empty ghetto churches for teach­
ing.

Mr. Schubert of Bethlehem Steel talks 
of using factories and journeymen that 
have b ^ n  idled by economic turndowns 
to train black youths in the trades.

Professor Magnum says it is important 
to make crime poorly paid.

And the Committee for the Study of Na­
tional Service recently proposed a kind of 
voluntary draft to put young people to 
work in nonmilitary service to the coun­
try.

Problem With Deep Roots
But in the long run, many believe, the 

problem is rooted more deeply.
‘ ‘What we are talking about is trying to 

redress the failures of school systems 
which do not know how to cope with un­
motivated kids,”  said Fred R. Wentzel, 
head of youth development programs for 
the National Alliance of Business, which 
maintains 120 centers across the to try to • 
place unemployed youngsters in private 
jobs.

Professor Ginzberg says he believes in 
the various “ second chance”  efforts. 
“ But I believe this problem is an integral 
part of the way society operates,”  he 
said. “ It is very deeply em b^ded in rac­
ism and the concentration o f the black 
population, so it will only be moderated 
with time — it is not given to simple 
gadgeteering. All one can do is improve 
die escape routes.”

Still, he is optimistic that a gradual but 
growing acceptance of young blacks into 
the mainstream of the economy, along 
with a decline in black birth rates that 
will ultimately bring them into line with 
white levels, will greatly ease the prob­
lem in another generation or so.

Until then, he said, the Government 
can only act to reduce the number of fail­
ures and “ just give as much support as 
possible.”



JlOTPrograms for Black Youths 
Need Coordination, Experts Say

By ROBERT REINHOLD
“ I’ve been at this for a long time,”  

Garth L. Magnum was saying. “ There 
are no real answers. A lot of things have 
helped. But all you can expect is to make 
some marginal improvements.”

The prognosis by Professor Magnum, 
who heads the Human Resources Insti­
tute at the University of Utah, reflects 
the caution that prevails among those 
who deal with the seemingly intractable 
problem of finding productive work for 
the nation’s black youth. .

Subdued by years of disappointment, 
false starts and prodigious effort that

Young, Black 
And Unemployed
Last of  four articles.

was only occasionally rewarded by suc­
cess, the experts are uncharacteristically 
modest. Few seem willing to propose 
grand solutions in the absence of some 
fundamental changes in the educational, 
family and health conditions that leave so 
many ghetto-raised youngsters unable to

XEED A LAWYEK? CALL JONATHAN D. COLBY, P.C. 
REASONABLE FEES. FREE CONSULTATION. 730-U69-Ad»t

compete effectively in the world of work.
Since scarcely any of the unemploy­

ment specialists believe the country has 
the will or commitment how to remedy 
those underlying maladies, they advo­
cate a broad variety of more modest ap­
proaches and ad hoc programs to relieve 
their symptoms.

No One Solution 
“ I f is not a problem that speaks to one 

solution,”  said William J. Grinker, head 
of the Manpower Demonstration Re­
search Corporation, a quasi-public organ­
ization that oversees and evaluates some 
of the major Federal employment train­
ing exi>eriments for youth.

“ The tendency is to pour in a billion 
dollars and then everybody is disap­
pointed later because it does not work,’ 
he said. “ You can either throw up your 
hands in exasperation, or you can say this 
or that is the answer. But the truth is 
really in the middle.

“ There is a lot that can be done,”  he 
continued. “ Some things work and some

Continued on Page B9, Column 1



Rate of Blacks Still Rising 
Despite a 25-Year Federal Effort

By JERRY FLINT

There is no shortage o f programs 
aimed at helping the unemployed — 
particularly the poor, the black and the 
young.

For a quarter-century the Federal Gov­
ernment has been developing programs 
intended to help solve the unemployment 
problem. But the jobless rate for non­
white youths seems to worsen neverthe­
less.

Twenty-five years ago the rate was 16.5 
percent for blacks 16 to 19 years old; 10

Young, Black 
And Unemployed
Third of four articles.

years ago it was 24 percent; last month it 
was 35.3 percent. About 445,000 blacks be­
tween 16 and 24 who said they wanted 
work did not find it last year.

“ The ’60’s yielded many programs, and 
the conventional wisdom is that they 
produced little and that billions of dollars 
were wasted,”  Mitchell Sviridoff, a Ford 
Foundation official and a former Human 
Resources Commissioner for New York

City, said. “ The fact is that we don’t 
really know”  what worked and what did 
not,' he said, because no one kept track.

“ You spent $40 billion over 10 years and 
it is hard to find something to show for 
it?”  asked Bernard E. Anderson, eco­
nomics professor at the Wharton School 
in Philadelphia. “ If you hadn’t spent that 
$40 billion you would have a hell of a lot to 
show for it and it wouldn’t be nice. ’ ’ 

Without the Government programs, he 
said, “ this problem would have been infi­
nitely worse — their mere existence has 
given hope”  to the people at the bottom.

Whether the programs have worked or 
not, one thing is certain: When one does 
not aiiswer, there is always another — 
about $12 billion worth this past year. 

Fifteen years ago it was job training.

Continued on Page B6, Column 1



TH E N ^ W  YORK TIMES, SUNDAY, MAY 27, 1979

Forging
New

Alliances
By Vernon E. Jordan Jr.

A positive, caring alliance between 
the environmental movement and the 
civil rights movement is not only pos­
sible, but necessary. Black people 
have suffered environmental damage 
ever since we were brought to these 
shores. The economic environment 
has placed us on the margins of soci­
ety, locked into poverty and depriva­
tion.

Today, the civil rights movement is 
first and foremost about the business 
of combating the polluted economic 
environment that affects black people.

We are also concerned with the so­
cial environment, an environment per­
vaded by discrimination, lack of ac­
cess to housing, health care and educa­
tional opportunities.

Of necessity then, we have not been 
as concerned with the physical envi­
ronment. We should be. Because of our 
poverty, because of our social and eco­
nomic disadvantage, we suffer dispro­
portionately from the degraded physi­
cal environment.

Black cancer rates are rising faster 
than those for whites. For some can­
cers, black rates are 50 percent more 
than for whites. It is no accident that 
cancer rates rise as blacks perform 
the dirtiest jobs in our society and are 
locked into the most polluted neighbor­
hoods.

Black health figures document the 
effects of pollution and stress caused 
by the physical environment. Blacks 
suffer hypertension, heart and lung 
diseases and other physical and men­
tal disorders directly traceable not 
only to the social and economic envi­
ronment but also to the physical. We 
all must be concerned with the effects 
of airborne lead on learning disabil­
ities affecting poor children in inner 
cities. And concern for saving wildlife 
must be matched by concern for eradf- 
catii\g urban wildlife like rats and ver­
min that plague the ghettos.

The urban environment means more 
than air or water quality. It means 
economic and housing opportunities. 
The cities have been victimized by 
public and private policies that under­
mine their viability.

The real urban crisis never was a 
fiscal crisis, it was a people crisis. 
Now, despite all the news reports of 
cities being revitalized or “ gentri- 
fied,”  cities are still experiencing a 
people crisis.

Walk down Twelfth Street [in Wash­
ington, D.C.J and ask the proverbial 
man on the street what he thinks about 
the snail darter and you are likely to

et the blankest look you’ve ever ex- 
peneticed. Ask him what he thinkathe

basic urban environment problem is, 
and he’ll tell you jobs. I don’t intend to 
raise the simple-minded equation of 
snail darters and jobs, but that does 
symbolize an implicit divergence of in­
terests between some segments of the 
environmental movement and the bulk 
of black and urban people.

For black people, the problems of 
the economic environment are the 
most pressing.

This places a burden on our partners 
from government and from the private 
and nonprofit sectors. A burden, in the 
sense that they will find in the black 
community absolute hostility to any­
thing smacking of no-growth or limits- 
to-growth. Some people have been too 
cavalier in proposing policies to pre­
serve the physical environment for 
themselves while other, poorer people 
pay the costs.

Advocates of solar and other renew­
able energy resources have spelled out 
in policy statements and in actual pilot 
programs how development of those 
energy sources would create jobs for 
unemployed, less-skilled workers.

We need more of that kind of ap­
proach.

We need to know what the employ­
ment impact would be for specific en­
vironmental-protection policies. We 
need to know who pays, and how 
much.

We need to know what the benefits 
will be.

And we will need to know why a spe­
cific policy has to be implemented now 
at the cost of jobs, rather than later, 
with fewer negative results.

The 1970’s have been a time of gross 
political pollution, a time not just of 
Watergate, but of national withdrawal 
from social reform and social justice. 
This new negativism is evidenced by 
the poisonous attacks on affirmative 
action, on Federal social spending.

All are smeared — civil rights 
groups, environmentalists, labor and 
Government. And business perhaps 
suffers most from mindless condem­
nation. Investment is equated with ex­
ploitation, profits with greed, and effi­
ciency with brutality.

Such attacks reflect igorance of the 
working of our economy. They are the 
mirror image of charges that blacks 
seek dominance, government, unjusti­
fied power, and environmentalists, 
irrational control over our lives.

I think we have finally reached a 
point where ail groups understand 
their futures are linked.

Black citizens understand we need 
to forge alliances with our colleagues 
in business, labor and the environmen­
tal movement, among others.

Government understands the need 
to reach out to those it is pledged to 
serve.

Business and labor understand their 
interdependence.

And environmentalists understand 
their concerns must be with the total 
human environment, and not narrow 
aspects of it.

Vernon E. Jordan Jr. is president of 
the National Urban League. This arti­
cle Is excerpted from a speech at a 
confererKe on cities and the envlron- 

-metiL hcltl 'n Detroit last month.



Daris Williams, 17, another V.F.I. job-hunter, plays with her 8-month-old daughter in her aunt’s Brooklyn apartment.

TO BE YOUNG, 
BLACK AND 

OUT OF WORK
There is a sort of “Clockwork Orange” epidemic in the ghettos of 
America’s cities. Its symptoms are by now well known. Nearly 
half of all minority youths between 16 and 19 who are in the work 
force are unemployed. Many of them eventually turn to a life of 
lawlessness and senseless violence, such as the recent rampage of 
black youths who were turned away from a rock concert at Madi­
son Square Garden. Few of them believe that the future promises 
any hope. (Continued on following page) Photographs by Leonard Freed

The New York Times Magazihe/October 23. 1977 39



Suggestions for dealing with the prob­
lems posed by inner-city teen-agers 
range from w elfare reform  to educa­
tional enrichment, from revamping the 
criminaf-justice system to the estab­
lishment o f a new Civilian Conserva­
tion Corps. Nevertheless, policymak­
ers, law-enforcement officials and poli­
ticians are bedeviled by their continu­
ing inability to deal with these prob­
lems.

What follows is an effort to present a 
blueprint for a comprehensive solution. 
It is offered by the Vocational Founda­
tion Inc. in New York City. The agency 
was established 41 years ago to find 
jobs for troubled young people with cor­
rectional backgrounds. Last year, it 
found employment for nearly 1,100 o f 
them. All of the V.F.I. clients are 
youths between the ages o f 16 and 19, 
referred by courts, schools and social

agencies. The full report, from  which 
this article is excerpted, will be made 
public tomorrow. The study was 
prompted by the agency ’s alarm over 
the increase in youth crim e and the de­
crease in job  opportunities for young 
people. V .F .I.’ s suggestions arise from 
m ore than 115 hours o f interviews with 
the clients it serves, and with a number 
of experts on the problem s of youths.

V.F.I. was founded by Walter N. 
Thayer, president o f Whitney Com­
munications Corporation; the agency’s 
executive director is George G.W. Car- 
son. Among V .F .I.’s board members 
are Senator Jacob K. Javits, real-estate 
investor J. Frederic Byers and Jose 
Vasquez, a form er client who is now an 
industrial designer. The V.F.I. staff 
prepared the report’s analysis and 
proposals, with research and writing 
assistance from George Gilder.

Some o f the teen-agers in V. F. I. ’s fob program pose on a stoop near the. agency.

Fly ”  is a tall, black boy with 
soulful eyes whose basketball 
m oves might have gotten him 
into college if he could have 
made it through the ninth 

grade. He dropped out at 15 because, as 
he put it, “ the teacher looked at m e like 
I was a nothin’ .”  At 16. he left home be­
cause “ nobody wanted m e hangin’ 
around, you know. 1 mean, there was 
four of us. I was expected to leave, so 1 
did,”  Too young for w elfare or for 
work, too old for a foster home, bereft 
of family and support, he found himself 
in the usual dilemma o f the street —  a 
dropout desperado with a television 
dream. “ Like I was the Pepsi genera­
tion, you know? All I wanted was a job 
and a house and like that, a ca r .”

The street he moved onto was Kelly 
Street in the South Bronx. His dilemma 
was resolved by crim e. “ I had to sur­
vive,”  he said, “ and the only thing I 
was like qualified to do was selling 
reefer and drugs.”

Although he is currently an official 
welfare “ recipient”  —  as a dependent 
child —  his mother does not give him 
money. Fly has not stayed in her place 
since he left home. F ly ’s girlfriend and 
daughter also receive welfare pay­
ments and, whatever happens, he will 
be careful to keep out o f their case, ex­
cept as a man o f “ unknown residence.”  
Any job  he gets, if welfare officials 
knew about it, would jeopardize the in­
com e of his mother or o f the mother o f 
his children, depending on how the 
regulations are interpreted.

Like many youths of his age and 
background. Fly dropped out of school 
with only a sixth-grade education and a 
firm  belief that school is a  “ joke.”  For 
most of these youths, school has been a 
m iserable and sometimes humiliating 
ordeal that succeeds chiefly in teaching 
the lesson that school is not for them. 
For himself. F ly ’s chief alternative to 
work is not the dole, but, instead, 
“ hustlin’ ”  and crim e. What he needs is 
a job  that does not jeopardize his girl or 
his mother, a job that takes him alto­
gether out of the competing system of 
welfare and the street.

□
There is an ever-widening gap be­

tween Fly’s world and the nation’s 
political and econom ic system. In the 
V.F.I, interviews with scores o f youths, 
with counseling professionals, with 
street-level criminals and public offi­
cials, the central finding is that there is 
a fundamental and system ic failure to 
bring the new generation of inner-city 
youth into the adult world of jobs and 
families.

In the interviews, the young voices 
rise in angry rejection of all the usual 
pieties, liberal and conservative, that 
are invoked to explain their plight — 
from “ laziness”  and welfare glut, to a 
need for m ore schooling. They de­
nounce most of the favored programs 
— the doles and therapies —  that are 
designed to improve their lives, but 
more often stultify them than help 
them,

What they want, in surprising una­
nimity, is work and responsibility. 
What they get, they say, is a “ con”  and 
a “ shuffle.”  Never before in the history

o f V.F.I. have young people looking for 
jobs been so troubled, and never before 
have the jobs been so scarce. The V.F.I. 
constituency is com posed of youths who 
have a history of drug abuse, criminal 
activity or other liabilities that make 
them virtually unplaceable in jobs by 
conventional manpower agencies. 
Some 70 percent are high-school drop­
outs, and 93 percent are black or His­
panic. Although historically V.F.I. has 
been able to place approxim ately half 
of its applicants in jobs, the placement 
rate has dipped significantly in the past 
two years. Never before has V .F .I .’s 
leadership been so disturbed by the 
condition of its queued-up clients; the 
staff feels that the problem is beyond 
its reach, that the situation has reached 
a state o f em ergency.

The plight of these youths demands 
urgent attention. On the most im m edi­
ate and superficial level, it is a problem 
of crim e. Although in the last two years 
juvenile crim e across the nation has 
slightly declined, in New York State 
and among ghetto populations it has 
continued to rise. Across the country, 
ghetto youths are between 10 and 20 
times m ore likely than other young peo­
ple to be arrested for violent offenses — 
from m urder to assault. Between 1960 
and 1975, arrests o f juveniles for felo­
nies m ore than tripled in New York 
State. In 1975, an amazing 27 percent of 
the nation’s arrests o f juveniles for rob­
bery took place in this state.

The V.F.I. interviews dram atically 
affirm  the proposition that inner-city 
youths between the ages o f 16 and l9 are 
heavily prone to robbery and violence. 
Again and again, the youths testified to 
the casual com m ission o f crim es:

“ My parents didn’t make enough 
money. I used to burglarize places that 
had the stuff I wanted. I didn’t like peo­
ple feeling sorry for m e.”

“ Selling herb is the easiest life there 
is . . . until you get busted.”

“ I just didn’t see no future in trippin’ 
over bricks while drug pushers were 
droppin’ out and living in big houses.”

“ I m aybe break in somewhere and 
rip off a TV, a hi-fi or somethin’ , I gotta 
survive.”

The V .F.I. interviews suggest that 
even the talk of “ survival”  is not just 
bravado. Unlike a middle-class child, 
who can depend on his fam ily when he 
runs out o f money, an inner-city child 
will often be on his own from an early 
age. Most o f the youths V.F.I. inter­
viewed have lacked any dependable 
fam ily support since their middle 
teens, when they dropped out o f school.

To observe a link between unemploy­
ment and many youth crim es is not to 
condone these offenses, or to accept 
without reservation the young people’s 
glib rationales of “ survival”  and 
“ starvation.”  Nonetheless it would be a 
mistake to deny that the swamp o f the 
ghetto extenuates, if not excuses, much 
antisocial behavior.

Crime has been a persistent part of 
life for most of the youths who were in­
terviewed. Although most o f them have 
since turned to other pursuits and many 
had found work through V .F.I., they 
say that the new generation o f ghetto 
youngsters are even more precociously 
criminal than themselves: “ You think



One o f the I9-year-olds who goes to V.F.I. fo r fob counseling is Nesbitt Rodgers, shown here in his apartment in an otherwise abandoned Bedford-Stuyvesant building.





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Nesbitt Rodgers visits his 3-year-old son in his aunt's apartment in Brooklyn.

w e’re bad, you won’t believe som e of 
these kids.”

What is the reason for this rising 
siege o f crim e? One explanation is 
dem ographic: the changing age com po­
sition o f our society. Violent crim e, in 
all places and societies, is to a large ex­
tent a specialty o f youth, and the num­
ber o f American youths has been rising 
dramatically. Between 1960 and 1970, 
the proportion o f our population be­
tween the ages o f 16 and 19 increased by 
50 percent, to a level o f nearly 17 m il­
lion. Since then, this age group has con­
tinued to increase its numbers every 
year, though at a slower pace. In fact, 
perhaps a third o f the rise in the crim e 
rate is attributable to the effect o f the 
“ demographic bulge” that occurred 
after World War II, youths who cam e of 
age in the 60’s and 70’s.

The age-curve factor also explains 
some o f the racial difference in crim e. 
In the 1960’s, while the portion of whites 
between 16 and 19 was growing by 50 
percent, the portion of blacks in that 
volatile group grew by almost 66 per­
cent, and the number o f black teen­
agers in the central cities expanded by 
73 percent.

Nonetheless, the difference between 
black and white crim e rates —  a diver­
gency o f as much as 500 percent— is far 
too great to be explained by demo­
graphics alone. Some analysts ascribe 
the gap to simple racism ; policemen 
are far m ore likely to arrest black than 
white teen-agers. Yet the police-bias 
theory fails to account for the fact that 
the racial difference is almost as great 
in murder statistics —  hard to fa lsify—  
as in the statistics o f robbery and as­
sault, where police discretion might 
play a  part.

No, the phenomenon is real, and at 
least two o f the causes are well known: 
The collapse o f the system o f juvenile 
justice, and the increasing inaccessibil­
ity o f entry-level employment to drop­
out youths. There is no effective eco­

nomic carrot and judicial stick to im ­
press upon these young people the 
values that the society upholds and ex­
pects its young to observe. For ghetto 
juveniles, the carrot has withered, and 
the stick —  the necessary discipline of 
civilized life —  has almost completely 
disappeared in the maze and mockery 
o f an overloaded, underfunded, C5mi- 
cally permissive system o f family 
courts. The 32 sitting Family Court 
judges in New York City continue to 
plod through an estimated 100,000 cases 
a year, involving 23,000 delinquent 
juveniles and perhaps 300,000 to 400,000 
court appearances. That means m ore 
than 40 appearances per judge per day
— an impossible burden, even if every 
judge put in full days.

In the end, one o f the most powerful 
reasons for juvenile crim e is that it 
pays . . . and pays . . . and pays. And 
the reason it pays is that no one seems 
to care enough to impose serious penal­
ties. As one o f the V .F .l. youths, who 
has now begun a successful m arriage 
and career, puts it: “ When I was a kid 
rippin’ off, man, I didn’t know anybody 
went to ja il for that stuff. You won’t be­
lieve this, but nobody told me, man. ”

Perhaps no one told him about jail for 
juvenile crim e because, by and large, 
the penalty doesn’t apply. The fact is 
that, in general, criminals under age 16
—  robbers, muggers, pushers, rapists, 
killers — do not go to jail in New York 
City. In 1974, the New York State Select 
Committee on Crime investigated the 
cases o f 98 juveniles arrested for rob­
bery by police decoy units. All the cases 
were referred to Family Court. Of the 
nearly 100 perpetrators caught in the 
act by police, sentences were served in 
state juvenile facilities by only two. 
The average juvenile who com m its a 
m ajor felony has only one chance in a 
hundred o f serving time. Even if he is 
convicted, and even if his crim e is 
homicide, the average sentence will be 
under two years.

What this travesty o f law and order



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rhe New York Times Magazine/October 23. 1977



Bonwit Teller—Chicago Saks-Jandel—Chevy Chase 
Jerome Wolk Jr.—Pittsburgh Regenstein’s—Atlanta

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H IM ELFA R B -FR ISH M A N — N £W  YO RK

manages to convey to the im­
pressionable ghetto adoles­
cent, growing up all too often 
without parental guidance or 
discipline, is one unmistakable 
m essage: The society does not 
care about youth crim e. Yet 
the millions o f young people in 
Am erica ’s cities, black and 
white, who resist pressure 
from lawless peers need the 
firm assurance o f the society 
that it is on their side. There 
m ust'be a system o f criminal 
justice for juveniles that 
metes out swift and sure 
penalties.

Clearly, though, impression­
able youngsters should not be 
subject to som e rigid scale of 
punishments that requires 
long periods o f incarceration 
with adult offenders. Youths 
should be sequestered, and 
given training and therapy. It 
is not the harshness but the 
swiftness and sureness and 
dignity o f the system that is 
the deterrent —  the sense that 
crim e has consequences, and 
that the police and courts are 
not part o f som e foolish and 
reckless charade. Many o f the 
V.F.I. youths expressed a real 
hunger for discipline and au­
thority. As one put it: “ 1 
needed an education. If some­
body had kept a foot at my 
backside, I would have got it. 
But they didn’t.”

But improving the predict­
ability o f the justice system is 
only a limited first step. Even 
m ore important in inducing 
youths to go straight is to pro­
vide inner-city teen-agers with 
the opportunity to go straight 
in a productive way. If law­
lessness is a symptom o f the 
state o f em ergency of inner- 
city  youth, the em ergency it­
self is joblessness.

Most o f these youths are 
high-school dropouts. These 
teen-agers, who have left the 
upward track of education, 
must be able to find a new way 
into adult society —  a job  —  or 
they are likely to stay on the 
streets and find their way into 
crim e. This is a point on which 
the youths and the expert wit­
nesses in the V.F .I. survey fer­
vently agreed: Jobs are the 
key.

As a way o f surviving, the 
young men all seem to prefer 
crim e to welfare — the small 
risk o f jail to the assurance of 
"hassle”  or “ humiliation”  by 
social workers. But a job  is a 
different matter, they say. 
Even Fly, the South Bronx 
teen-ager, is seeking part-time 
work, provided it will not be 
rep ort^  to the welfare au­
thorities. In the past, he has 
done a variety o f paid errands 
for his girl-friend’s landlord 
and for a grocer down the 
street. When he works, he 
says, he does not commit 
crimes.

More than any other m ajor 
industrial country, the United

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States has.long failed to con­
nect its young people with the 
job  market. And even during 
the years of the triumph o f the 
civil-rights movement and the 
rise of affirm ative action, the 
launching of the Great Society 
and the War on Poverty, the 
United States did steadily 
worse, year after year, in 
providing jobs for black 
youths.

There are nearly two million 
unemployed teen-agers in 
Am erica, black and white, 
constituting nearly one-fifth o f 
the labor force between the 
ages of 15 and 19. In the ghet­
tos, however, minority youth 
have an official unemploy­
ment rate o f 44 percent —  and 
the Urban League suggests the 
real number is 60 percent. In 
the Bronx, where Fly lives, 
there are only 150,000 jobs for 
a total work force of 600,000 
youths and adults, and real 
youth joblessness approaches 
two-thirds. For minority 
youth, these are the years o f a 
great depression, far worse in 
its impact on them than any 
depression that the country as 
a whole has ever encountered.

The most disturbing aspect 
o f inner-city joblessness is its 
recent em ergence as a radi­
cally separate phenomenon, 
with a life o f its own, relatively 
unaffected both by the 
progress o f black people in 
general and by conditions 
among other young people. As 
recently as the mid-1950’s, 
black and white teen-agers 
had approximately the same 
unemployment levels, and the 
blacks often showed rates of 
labor-force participation 
higher than those of whites. 
Today, however, after 20 years 
o f black econom ic progress 
and political gains, unemploy­
ment among black teen-agers 
is almost two and a half times 
that o f white teen-agers, while 
their labor-force participation 
has sunk to only 75 percent of 
the white level. These figures 
mean that since the early 50’s, 
black teen-age unemployment 
has risen about three times 
faster annually than white 
unemployment.

Why have job  opportunities 
for inner-city youths dried up 
during the very decade when 
“ affirm ative action”  was 
mandated for every govern­
ment contract; during the 
very years that blacks virtu­
ally closed the historic gap be­
tween the races in years of 
schooling com pleted; during a 
time when the government 
launched a score o f programs 
to put the ghetto to w ork? The 
President and Congress are 
currently supporting com pre­
hensive new legislation that, 
for the most part, simply ex-

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The New York Tiroes Magazine/October 23, 1977 47



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Darts Williams, right, confers with her V.F.l. job counselor.

pands on these previous ef­
forts, which cost nearly $6 bil­
lion annually and involve per­
haps 300,000 black teen-agers. 
Yet within poverty areas, de­
spite the egregiously high per­
centages o f youth unemploy­
ment, the actual numbers o f 
jobless youths do not seem un­
manageably high. Official 
teen-age unemployment, 
black and white, in poverty 
areas, rural and urban, totals 
322,000; joblessness among 
out-of-school ghetto teen-agers 
is officially counted at the sur­
prisingly modest figure o f 110 ,- 
000. Even if the official figures 
are tripled —  estimating that 
there are two discouraged and 
uncounted youths outside the 
work force for every jobless 
one in it —  the current pro­
gram s, which reach som e 300,- 
000 black youths annually, 
would seem to represent a sub­
stantial quantitative attack on 
the problem. Yet they hardly 
make a dent.

One reason is that many 
black youths are in a trap that 
they do not fully understand, 
and that the government 
“ m anpower”  programs fail to 
address. That trap is a Catch 
22 employment system that 
excludes inner-city youth even 
while it prohibits discrimina­
tion against their race. In 
place o f the bigotry o f race has 
arisen a new bigotry of 
schooling, based on a series of 
half-truths about the link be­
tween education and work, 
that demean our schools and 
stultify our personnel policies. 
Characterized by a worship o f 
credentials, this system has 
created a schoolmarm m eri­
tocracy that blocks every 
route up the ladder with the 
stem  rule; You cannot pass if 
you cannot parse, if  you can­
not put the numbers in the 
right boxes at the requisite 
speed, if you cannot perform 
in the accustomed academ ic 
mode.

The credentials problem

arises everywhere in the 
V .F .l. interviews:

“ After they give m e all the 
tests and I fill out all these 
papers, they tell m e I couldn’ t 
do it because I don’ t have my 
diplom a.”

“ I just want to repair your 
car, right? And they want me 
to take tests.”

“ I felt it was a waste o f time, 
you know, trying to get an 
equivalency and not bein’ 
taught nothing. . . .  I wanted 
to do electricity. I wanted to 
know how to wire from here to 
there.”

Impelled by government and 
corporate personnel policies, 
the credential-worshipping 
system, year by year, has the 
effect o f downplaying per­
form ance on the job  and exalt­
ing effort on the test; this has 
the effect o f protecting 
schooled but shiftless m em­
bers of the middle class from 
the competition o f unschooled 
but aggressively hardworking 
poor people.

The system depreciates the 
assets o f diligence, determina­
tion and drive to get ahead 
that have launched other 
groups into the middle class, 
and that every detailed study 
has shown to be most impor­
tant to productivity. And it ex­
alts the assets o f the advan­
taged classes —  schooling, 
testing, computing — that are 
often irrelevant to produc­
tivity in most jobs.

One result, as Herbert Bien- 
stock of the U.S. Department 
o f Labor told V .F .L , is that 
“ we have evolved a first-job 
barrier in this country.”  The 
barrier ensures that ever 
larger portions o f the unem­
ployed in the American 
econom y will be concentrated 
on the unacadem ic: chiefly 
high-school dropouts, and 
especially black high-school 
dropouts.

In attacking credentialism, 
the support of all civil-rights 

(Continued on Page 52)

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input level and impedance.

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it's like no other store in the world
The New York Times Magazine/October 23, 1977 49



lalon
Talon Division of Textron Inc

TEXTRON

^̂ THE DIRECTOR H AD ME DO 
28 STUNTS TODAY.

M Y ZIPPER DIDN’T  FALL ONCE.”



Cnristian D io r  
Furs

345 S E V E N T H  AVENUE, NEW  Y O R K  10001

Cardigan in Rovalia mutation m ink-
"piped” narrow at wrist and

pockets for a knitted effect.

HOLT RENFREW , Canada

Continued from  Page 49

agencies is needed, especially 
the Equal Employment Oppor­
tunity Commission and the Of­
fice o f Federal Contract Com­
pliance. In 1971, in Griggs v. 
Duke Power Co., the Supreme 
Court ruled that the 1964 Civil 
Rights Act outlaws “ not only 
overt discrimination but also 
practices that are fair in form 
but discriminatory in opera­
tion.”  Among such practices, 
the Court specified, were both 
pre-and post-employment 
tests that were not job-related, 
and com pany refusals to em ­
ploy persons with arrest 
records. Such decisions lay the 
groundwork for a general at­
tack on the rigidities in the em ­
ployment systems that arbi­
trarily tend to exclude teen­
age blacks.

Even those vfho hurdle the 
credentials barrier often run 
headlong into the same 
phenomenon later on in the 
form o f a promotion barrier: 
the same worship of 
credentials applied to deci­
sions about whom to move 
ahead. This second obstacle 
means that even larger num­
bers o f jobs are seen as dead­
end work, and ever larger 
numbers o f academ ic drop­
outs withdraw in discourage­
ment from the work force. 
Few experiences, after all, are 
so demoralizing to a devoted 
worker as to see indifferent 
competitors leap ahead on the 
basis o f credentials.

This is how the system 
worked for Fly, who is rather 
typical o f V .F .I .’s clientele, 
with slightly higher than usual 
“ intelligence”  according to an 
I.Q. test, and considerable 
sharpness and wit according 
to his counselors. The test indi­
cated that, like most o f the 
V.F.I. clients, he dropped out 
o f school because o f a lack of 
motivation or a failure o f the 
school to interest him, rather 
than because o f any serious 
mental incapacity. With just a 
little training, on-the-job or 
elsewhere, it would have been 
possible for Fly to perform a, 
large number —  by som e esti­
mates, half —  of the kinds o f 
jobs in America.

The lack o f credentials is 
only one problem, one part of 
the unemployment trap for the 
dropout. The inner-city teen­
ager is also excluded from 
many jobs by obsolete provi­
sions in the child-labor laws 
and workmen’s compensation, 
by high insurance rates that 
effectively penalize those who 
em ploy the unskilled, and by 
union rules restricting eligibil­
ity for apprenticeship. Job 
chances are further shrunk by 
high payroll taxes and mini- 

CContinued on Page 56)

BRENTWOOD SPORTSWEAR, W C .  /  P h i la d e lp h i a  /  N e w  Y o r k

Party^Proof and Beautiful, Too!

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TALON AND CHANNEL-ZIP ARE TRADEMARKS OF TALON DIVISION OF TEXTRON. INC. ©1977

“ Whenever the director says, 
‘Action!’ he means action.

And that’s where I fall in. 
Through windows. Over walls. 

From fast cars. Anything.
O f course, everyone thinks I ’m 

crazy, but I love being a stuntman. 
And while the work is easy for me, 
it’s tough on my pants. Especially on 
my zipper.

That’s why I always make sure 
my pants have a Talon Channel-Zip® 
nylon zipper. It was designed to 
take this kind o f  punishment.

For instance, last week I was 
in a scene where I had to jump 
from a speeding train. I did six 
takes, and my zipper never even left 
the track. N ow  that’s what I call a 
terrific performance.

T he point is, I can always 
depend on my Talon® zipper.

Look for me the next time you 
see an “ action”  film. Whether I ’m 
playing a good guy or a bad guy, I 
always have to be a tough guy.

With an even tougher zipper.”
T he Talon Channel-Zip zipper 

says a lot about the pants it’s in.

The New York Times Magazine/October 23, 1977



AFTER SIX 
FORMAIS.
W hy are w e rem inding you o f  what m ay seem 
obvious: that After Six A rm ais are part o f  the 
After Six group o f  fam ous brands?

Because even though After Six is the only 
truly recognized name in  form als—the leader 
by far in  its fie ld—its fam ily relationship 
enhances that leadership. After Six Formals 
are never isolated from  the w hole w orld o f 
fashion. International input from  its brother 
brands help keep After Six formal wear 
constantly fresh and forward-looking.

For instance, this formal jacket o f black 
and silver “pin  dot" jacquard w ith notched 
lapels, deep center vent and natural 
shordders. At Woodward Sl Lothrop, 
Washington, D .C .; M orville, Philadelphia; 
Hughes 6i Hatcher, P it tsb m ^  and Detroit; 
Levy-Wrlf, Jacksonville; Sakowitz, Houston, 
and other fine stores everywhere. For the 
nam e o f one near you, write to 22nd &. 
Market Streets, Philadelphia, Pa. 19103.

PARTOFTHE 
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Gifts c o m e  a n d  g o ...
but a  B aum e & M e rcie r w a tc h  is treasured 
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B aum e & M e rcie r is unforgettabie.
O ther m odeis in the international 
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A tth e w o rid 's  
finest jeweiers.

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Continued from Page 52

mum-wage levels that encour­
age the use o f machines re­
quiring sm all numbers of 
highly skilled personnel.

Even if an inner-city youth 
manages to surmount all ob­
stacles and approaches an 
entry level job, he m ay still be 
tripped by one final 
“ discredential” : He is about 
10 times m ore likely than a 
middle-class youth to have an 
arrest record, or a correc­
tional history.

A criminal record will flatly 
prohibit a youth’s entry into 
many jobs, and will effectively 
exclude him from many 
others. Yet studies have failed 
to show any on-the-job differ­
ences in work perform ance be­
tween V .F .l. clients with and 
without correctional histories. 
Several o f the businessmen 
who were most receptive to 
youths with criminal records 
testified that som e o f them 
were exceptionally diligent 
and loyal. It seem s that this 
job  barrier, too, is based on 
bigotry rather than experi­
ence.

In sum, an inner-city youth 
like Fly, despite his intelli­
gence, faces a gantlet of sig­
nificant obstacles to participa­
tion in the work force, and to 
movement into the main­
stream of American society. 
The few jobs that are available 
—  as stock boy, messenger, 
mail clerk, fast-food server — 
offer low wages and little 
chance for promotions.

Compare Fly ’s plight with 
the situation o f a middle-class 
youth, who undergoes power­
ful fam ily pressures to finish 
high school and go on to col­
lege. In college, he m ay be 
heavily subsidized and encour­
aged by the government, 
whether in state institutions or 
through loans and scholar­
ships. He will tend to delay 
starting a fam ily for several 
years, usually until he is ready 
to join the job force. Marriage 
and child rearing thus com e as 
both results and reinforce­
ments o f the commitment to 
work, as the man normally 
takes on a long-term responsi­
bility for supporting his fam i­
ly. Thus do the academ ically 
adept find a powerful channel 
to the job  force and to family 
responsibility, which they may 
enter at age 18, or several 
years later.

Moving into society at an 
earlier age, the dropout under­
goes a radically different 
group o f social pressures, 
pressures which lead him 
away from fam ily responsibil­
ity and into the world o f crim e. 
The ghetto dropout cannot 
marry because he cannot earn 
nearly as much as the amount

that the w elfare system  and 
associated poverty benefits 
grant to a woman and child, 
and most o f these benefits are 
lost if  he is reported as a work­
ing spouse. If he doesn’t 
marry, on the other hand, his 
woman can keep all her bene­
fits and he can retain his earn­
ings. Through the woman, he 
gains access to all the subsi­
dies o f government and avoids 
all the links of fam ily and re­
sponsibility that might lead 
him into the adult world. _

Clearly a new approach is 
needed. In devising new 
programs, however, it will be 
necessary to avoid the most in­
viting pitfalls. There will be 
strong pressures, for example, 
from various interest groups 
to treat the situation as if it 
were sim ply an acute form of 
the general unemployment 
problem in Am erica, as indi­
cated by the Federal unem­
ployment statistics —  open, 
therefore, to the usual govern­
mental solutions and short­
term econom ic stimuli. These 
have not worked, and they will 
not work. At present, the 
econom y provides jobs for 
m ore people'and a higher per­
centage o f the population than 
ever before in peace time. For 
the last decade, the United 
States has been creating jobs 
almost twice as fast as Eu­
rope. An unprecedented 60 per' 
cent o f all American house­
holds now have two job-hold­
ers. But 59 percent o f the new 
jobs created in recent years 
have gone to women, and dis­
proportionately to white 
women with good credentials. 
The difficulty com es less from 
the size than the shape o f the 
job  market.

Some American politicians 
cite the situation o f poor 
blacks as an argument for 
pumping up aggregate de­
mand through government 
deficit spending (which fre­
quently, and ironically, bene­
fits the Federal agencies that 
rarely hire or train black 
youths), or as a rationale for 
new em ergency public-works 
programs (that do virtually 
nothing for teen-age blacks), 
or as the basis for a vast ex­
pansion o f government em ­
ployment (that would hurt 
most of the small businesses 
that hire poor youths), or as a 
reason for expanding the af­
firmative-action agencies 
(though blacks now make up 
only a small minority, 15 per­
cent, of the persons covered, 
and though these agencies 
practice credential worship in 
the extrem e). The current 
youth-unemployment statis­
tics and the V .F .l. experience 
offer no grounds for justifying 
m ore of the sam e barren poli­
cies that were already in effect



1 0 0 0  Third Avenue. N e w  York 3 5 5 -5 9 0 0  O p en  late M onday a nd Thursday evenings

The New York Times Magazine/October 23. 1977 55



S T a T i O N
s a u w

HimVemr ticket
STATION SQUARE

3HYJQ0S NOIIYIS
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plush, luxurious, velour blouson and all your other 
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when inner-city kids lost their 
place in the U.S. economy.

One should even be skeptical 
o f programs o f compensatory 
education, particularly if they 
are used to reinforce the no­
tion that job  entry and 
promotion must inevitably be 
tied to academ ic achievement. 
Conventional schooling has 
never served or satisfied all 
the population, nor will it do so 
in the future. Recent studies 
by the sociologist Andrew 
Greeley and others indicate 
that, contrary to popular be­
lief, previous immigrant 
groups succeeded first in earn­
ing m oney; it was the subse­
quent generations that got the 
schooling.

V. F .l. ’s experience confirms 
the proposition that jobs com e 
first. Once a client is working, 
he is m ore likely to accept 
educational programs. Even

THE NEW SENSUOUS YOU IN FUR.

The youths want 
w ork  and respon­
sibility; they say 
they get only ‘a 
con  and a shuffle.’

then, however, the inspiration 
o f exceptional cases should not 
lead to high expectations for 
programs that envisage poor 
youths overcom ing their dis­
advantages by going to school 
on nights and weekends.

What is needed, first of all, is 
a frontal attack on the obsta­
cles to employment faced by 
jobless ghetto teen-agers. 
These youngsters face 10 key 
“ job barriers.”  These obsta­
cles and the proposed solutions 
that follow are com plex, and 
have been examined in detail 
in the full V.F.I. report. How­
ever, the barriers can be sum­
marized briefly here:

(1) Widespread use o f the 
high-school diploma — which 
they do not have —  as “ a pass­
port to the job m arket.”

( 2)  Use of written tests, for 
job  qualification, that closely 
resemble schoolroom exams 
— with which they cannot 
cope.

(3) Child-labor laws and 
workers’ compensation rules 
that bar them from working on 
night shifts, from  working 
where liquor is sold, from 
using heavy machine tools, 
construction equipment, fork 
lifts and other tools common in 
today’s work place.

(4) Work-site insurance 
rates, restrictions and payroll 
taxes that are prohibitively 
high for those who might em-

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‘Gordon, let’s talk about you. 
How do you like my 
Lakeland coat?”

It’s the M A R C O O N , a great big bear of a coat tailored of w arm , weightless 
synthetic racoon pile fur, with bone buttons and sleek satin lining.
A b ou t $215 at the finest stores. » LAKELAND

Lakeland Manufacturing Company. Sheboygan, Wisconsin 53081 
1290 Avenue of the Americas, New York 10019

The New York Times Magazine/October 23, 1977



ploy these youths, and, in 
' many instances, raise the cost 
of employing them to a level 
that is substantially above the 
minimum wage.

(5) Arbitrary age limits per­
taining to drivers’ licenses, 
and other licenses, that ex­
clude m ost o f these teen-agers 
from a wide range o f jobs — 
from that o f beautician to taxi 
driver.

(6)  Arrest records and cor­
rectional histories that bar 
youths from employment, to­
gether with polygraph tests 
based on such information.

(7) Age, education and 
wage-level requirements that 
exclude youngsters from ap­
prenticeships.

(8)  Minimum-wage laws 
that price these youths out of 
the job  market.

(9) Regulations relating to 
welfare, food stamps, M edic­
aid, housing allowances and 
legal-assistance programs 
that tie benefits to joblessness, 
and discourage teen-agers 
from working.

(10) Just plain race and age 
discrimination.

An assault on these job  bar­
riers will not solve the prob­
lems o f inner-city youth. But it 
will rectify the current irra­
tional biases in the system 
which ensure that unemploy­
ment will always be concen­
trated exorbitantly on this 
group. In earlier periods, 
when racism  was far m ore 
prevalent, black and white 
youths had approximately 
even rates o f unemployment 
and labor-force participation, 
as well as levels closer to those 
o f white adults. In most for­
eign countries, the gap be­
tween youth and adult unem­
ployment has been less than 
half the American gap. There 
is no reason why elimination of 
som e o f the rigidities in the 
labor market will not allow a 
sim ilar pattern in the United 
States.

A program to dismantle ob­
stacles to jobs and promotions 
for ghetto youth would start 
with these 10 “ barrier 
breakers” ;

(1) Make departure from 
school at age 16 coincide with 
the completion o f a specific, 
certifiable phase o f education.

(2) Revise those child-labor 
laws that bar teen-agers from 
a wide range o f jobs, and 
develop a program to inform 
employers of their rights in 
hiring young people.

(3) Lower the age for 
drivers’ permits and other li­
censes when they are required 
ifor employment.

(4) Revise the workers’ com ­
pensation system and associ­
ated worksite insurance rates 
—  including auto insurance — 
to rem ove effective financial

The Mo st  
Important Advance 

In  O fficeTVpewriters 
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Several years ago, 
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It made it possible 
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A n d  made all 
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obsolete.

A n d  now, at long 
last, Olivetti is bringing this revolution into 
the American home.

The Olivetti Lexikon 82 and the more 
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Now, for the first time, you can select 
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Simply pop one ball out and another in, 
and a love letter doesn’t have to resemble a 
letter to the electric company. A n y  more than 
homework has to look like poetry.

A n d  because the typing ball remains 
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flying keys. A nd  you’re spared the nuisance of 
flying capitals, uneven lines and jamming keys.

O f  course, the ball alone does not make 
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Interchangeable 
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Mylar film ribbon 
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A nd Mario
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But to discover just how advanced the 
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Once you get your hands on one, you’ll 
be delighted that this revolutionary advance 
has finally come home from the office.
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TTie New York Times M agazine/Ocic^r 23, 1977 59



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penalties and other disincen­
tives for the employment of 
young people.

(5) Counteract the minimum 
wage laws (and measures 
which effectively raise the 
cost of employing youths well 
above the statutory level) 
through the subsidy o f employ­
ment by private industry of 
dropout teen-agers under ex­
panded on-the-job training and 
apprenticeship programs.

(6)  Employ youths for such 
jobs as rebuilding city neigh­
borhoods, improving public 
parks and facilities, garbage 
collection, road repair and 
services to older and depend­
ent people through transfer­
ring certain governmental 
functions to the private sector.

(7) Revise civil-service laws 
to outlaw the use o f written 
tests as the exclusive or final 
determinant for employment 
or promotion.

(8)  Enforce Supreme Court 
rulings —  in Griggs v. Duke 
and similar cases —  against 
the use o f tests and other data, 
such as arrest records, that 
are “ fa irin  form , but discrim i­
natory in operation. ’ ’

(9) Enlarge the use o f Com­
munity Development Corpora­
tions to promote small busi­
ness.

( 10)  Extend child allow­
ances to working poor families, 
as advocated in the 
President’s welfare reform 
proposal; impose small 
charges for Medicaid clients 
and extend Medicaid to the 
working poor.

□
Since World War II, every 

American recession has left 
behind it a larger residue of 
unemployed teen-agers. Since 
the early 1960’s, that residue 
has been disproportionately 
black. With joblessness among 
ghetto teen-agers now near 50 
percent, and with many large 
cities steadily losing entry- 
level jobs, we at V .F .I. think 
minority youth from  poor 
families are, as we have said, 
in a state o f em ergency.

Cooperation among those in 
government, business and 
labor can, we think, meet this 
crisis. But first each group 
must recognize the paramount 
national interest in bringing 
the new generation of ghetto 
youth into the work force. The 
continuation o f current prac­
tices will bring inevitable 
tragedy: a series o f lost gener­
ations of minority youths.

Failure to act decisively will 
extend the vicious triangle o f  
joblessness, fam ily break­
down and crim e into future 
generations, regardless of the 
availability of jobs. The man­
date of both morality and 
em ergency is to listen to our 
children. ■

Edward Neustadter 
Furs

Great furs like this natural 
chinchilla don 't happen by accident. 

It takes fur genius.

H . -

I P :

CHRISTIE b r o t h e r s
333 Seventh Avenue. New York

The New York Times Magaane/October 23, 1977 61



The difference is T E E V I R A .

JANE COLBY... new outlook on the blazer life—soft dressing in Trevira! The new
softened sportswear o f  designer June Francis has impeccable tailoring.. .with a fresh, relaxed feeling. A  piilhon skirt flips its pleats 
for the classic traditional blazer.The subtle difference that softens their lines, enriches their touch is Trevira'* polyester in a rich 
knit by M O N AR CH . Skirt, abtiut $19. Blazer, about $29. Q vordinated cowl blouson, about $18. Jade or Amber, sizes 8-18. For the 
fine store nearest you, write Jane Colby, 1411 Broadway, New York 10018 or call (212) 689-4070.



TITLE I: CLEVELAND, OHIO





North Ca^olina^s Leaders Worried 
By Biermsiies on the State’s Image

By. WAYNE KING
Special t&The New York Time*

RALEIGH, N.C.—North Carolina, which 
iong prided itseif on being the most pro­
gressive and eniightened state in the 
South, now finds itseif staggering under 
the same avalanche of national and inter­
national criticism that pinioned the racist 
regimes of the Deep Soutli states in the 
1950’s and 60’s,

ene'e recently, “I’m concerned about*' 
North Carolina, our image, our good- 
name.” . ; _ -

The Governor, elected as a New South 
liberal, was speaking specifically abouD^ 
notoriety surrounding the case of thg So-i 
called Wilmington 10, nine black activ-’" • 

, ists (the 10th has been paroled) who have- i
Wlratever happens to me,” said Gov. i fired an international furor with their ' 

lames B. Hunt Jr. at a news confer-1 contention that they are political prjsdn-'.
~ ~ ~ ~ ~  er-: railroaded into, jail for their 'civil i 

rights activities. T . - '
Amnesty International, the London-^'  

based human rights organization tJiat was, - 
awarded the 1977 Nobel Peace Prize', has 
lent its name to their cause, listing ihenv 
am ong' 18 so-called “prisoners of con-'. ■ 
science” incarcerated in the United States.*- 

Two other black activists, convicted ! 
of burning a horse stable in 1972, arel - 
also on the list, meaning that North Caro-t- 
lina alone accounts for 11' of the TS ; 
prisoners on Amnesty Internationals ) 
American list. ..

Other Current Situations ' J i-
While Governor Hunt is most concerned , 

with the Wilmington case and similar-; 
current problems, there has also been a. - 
possibly. more damaging long-term d a - '- 
dine in the state's progressive image-ip ' 
the eyes of scholars who have viewetL ■ 
it since World War II. '

Against that backdrop, there are other, ,  
current situations that have, rightly , a f  - 
wrongly, hurt the state’s reputation,; - 
among them the following; . ' ' T ■

?  Joan Little, the young black wonian'
I who was acquitted in'1975 in the ice-pick 

slaying of her jailer in a celebrated case, 
has fled the North Carolina prison where 
she was serving a term for burglary and 

I her allegations that she fears for. her . 
I health and safety if she is extradited ' 
I from New York have heen given wide ■ 
I currency. - ■' - _. .

?  The J. P. Stevens Company, the giant 
I textile company that has extensive instal- 
I lations in the state, including s ^ e n  
I plants at Roanoke Rapids, has become 
la  symbol of corporate intransigence-in

Continued on Page A12, Column l '

KOSIC-LET-S M.AKK A DATE rO lt RADIO Cl TV.MUSIC

SHOW ON STAGE.-ADVT. /



North Carolina's Leaders Worried by Blemishes
Continued From Page A1

t ie  face of a  union drive to organize 
Soythem textiles. It has been cited re­
peatedly for contempt of court and for 
illegal anti-union tactics,

5;  ̂Until the United States Supremo 
■ Cojirt struck it down, the state had what 
was regarded as the most draconian 
death penalty law in the ration, and at 
one point its Death Row held more than 
half the condemned prisoners in the na­
tion. Governor Hunt has called for a new 
law.
-TO'tiThe University of North Carolina has 
balked a t pressure from the Department 
of,'Health, Education and Welfare to in- 

-craase its black enrollment and at the 
same tim.e upgrade its predominantly 
-black colleges, again raising the old 
specter of resistance to integration. The 
university, which has the same percent­
age of black enrollment as Harvard Uni­
versity, contends it is being needlessly 
singled out and that the integration 
guidelines proposed by the Government 
would mean a large-scale turn to remedi­
al instruction at the same time that black 
colleges would have to be upgraded. 

‘Reputation for Progressive Outlook’ 
Beyond such image-shattering specifics, 

there has been a gradual erosion of the 
state’s favored status in the eyes of con­
temporary political scientists and histo­
rians.

 ̂Three decades ago, the Southern histo­
rian V.O. Key, in his classic, “Southern 
Politics,” said North Carolina provided 
“a closer approximation to national 
norms, or national expectations of per­
formance, than elsewhere in the South.” 

He wrote, “It enjoys a reputation for 
progressive outlook and action in many 
phases of life, especially industrial de­
velopment, education and race relations.” 

By 1975, Neal R. Peirce, in his “The 
Border South States,” was calling North 
Carolina “the progressive paradox,” and 
saying that “ ‘repression’ is not the right 
word, but ‘progressive’ gives North Caro­
lina too much credit.”

And finally. Jack Bass and Walter 
DeVries, in their recent update of Key, 
titled “The Transformation of Southern 
Politics,” called their chapter on North 
Carolina “The Progressive Myth” and 
wrote as follows:

Reappraisals Rejected by Liberals 
“The progressive image the state 

projected in the late 1940’s has evolved 
into a progressive myth that remains ac­
cepted as fact by much of the state’s 
leadership, despite ample evidence to the 
contrary. Although North Carolina has 
changed with the times, it is perhaps tiie 
least changed of the old Confederate 
states.”

By and large, the -state’s liberal leader­
ship rejects such reappraisals, but con­
versations with a broad range of knowl-

edgable observers, coupled with statisti­
cal profiles and an analysis of the more 
recent events that have hurt the state’s 
reputation indicate that the following 
factors have played an important part:

•IBecause the state has enjoyed a repu­
tation for progress and moderation, it 
has had no dynamic upheavals such as 
transformed more troubled states, nota­
bly Alabama, in the last two decades. 
“Asleep at the wheel,” is the phrase used 
by one of the state’s liberal critics, a 
freelance writer.

•ITne controversial cases of Joan Little 
and the Wilmington 10 have been skillful­
ly exploited both by defense lawyers and 
by others with an interest in capitalizing 
on their ideological and fund-raising 
potential. In some instances, allegations 
-of racism have been reported without re- 
buted and less sensational aspects of tho 
court cases have been ignored.

At the same time, the state’s more pro­
gressive leadership appears to be in disar­
ray, and more liberal officeholders like 
Governor Hunt appear to be catering to 
the state’s sizable rural and conservative 
element as well as to the leaders of its 
major manufacturing sector, textiles, who 
have a vested interest in maintaining low 
wages and a captive labor pool. The aver­
age hourly wage for apparel and textile 
mill product manufacturing as of last Au­
gust was $3.62 an hour, compared with 
a national gross hourly average for all 
manufacturing of $5.63.

^There appears to have been noticeable 
slippage in the state’s progress, as meas­
ured in statistical terms. As one example, 
in 1967, the state ranked 40th among 
all states in an index of social, economic, 
political and environmental factors com­
piled by the Midwest Research Institute 
from 100 statistical measurements. By 
1973, it had fallen to 46th, and eighth 
among the 11 states of the Old Confed­
eracy.

‘Fly Specks on Table Cloth’
Terry Sanford, the president of Duke 

University, and a former Governor with 
a national reputation for enlightened and 
progressive leadership, called the recent 
court cases that have damaged the state’s 
reputation “fly specks on a white table 
cloth.”

As for the state’s once populous- Death 
Row, he observed that the punitive North 
Carolina law that created it resulted, 
paradoxically, from an earlier effort to 
liberalize the law. The Supreme Court 
struck down a state law that virtually 
eliminated the death penalty in North 
Carolina on the ground that the law was 
vague. It was subsequently replaced by 
a statute that made the death penalty 
mandatory for specific crimes, the same 
crimes for which the state had previously 
allowed discretion.

Mr. Sanford also suggested that the 
state was being hurt by news coverage.

“which deals, necessarily, in sensational­
ism,” and in abbreviated accounts, partic­
ularly in the Little case.

North Carolina groups have also sup­
ported the 10, and steady pressure has 
been kept up by the United Church of 
Christ and some liberal members of Con­
gress.

Claude Sitton, editor of The News and 
Observer of Raleigh, also cited “outra­
geous” coverage of the Little trial. Mr. 
Sitton is a former national editor of The 
New York Times and was its Southern 
correspondent in the turbulent 1960’s.

No Statement from Prison Officials
He observed, for example, that a recent 

Associated Press dispatch from New York 
quoting Miss Little as saying she had 
been refused medical treatment in North 
Carolina did not include any statement 
from prison officials, and “was totally 
untrue.” The Associated Press acknowl­
edged the oversight.

Jerry Paul, her lawyer in the celebrated 
case, publicly acknowledged after its con­
clusion that he had “orchestraud” the 
press and went so far as to present 
damaging evidence he :aid the prosecu­
tion had overlooked: a . lipping Miss Lit­
tle had saved relating the biblical story 
of Jalel, who had lured a Philistine into 
her tent, lulled him to sleep, and mur­
dered him with a spit.

The clipping, Mr. Paul said, was in Miss 
Little’s cell when she fled the jail after 
killing the jailer with an ice pick. She 
was acquitted of a charge of luring the 
jailer into her cell with offers of sexual 
favors, and said instead that the jailer 
had forced her to perform the sexual act 
for which she kiUed him.
■ Governor Hunt has complained that 

accounts of the case always mention 
that three key prosecution witnesses re­
canted their testimony, but fail to point 
out that all of them had served jail terms; 
that they were under intense pressure 
from fellow black inmates to recant, and 
that one of them, the most important, 
later said that' he had lied when he re­
canted.

However, that witness, Allen Hall, then 
flip-flopped again and swore “to Allah” 
that his recantation was the truth. De­
fenders of the 10 say that such erratic 
behavior puts his original testimony in



serious question in any case.
Another witness who recanted, Jerome 

Mitchell, said, in a letter in 1974 from 
prison, that he would testify for which­
ever side would make him a deal.

In a letter to James Ferguson, a lawyer 
for the Wilmington 10, Mr. Mitchell said: 
"See me as soon as you can or I’ll talk 
to the white man. He gave me this time 
and he can get it off me.”

He said that he was writing to a prose­
cution official that night "telling him the 
same thing.”

Moreover, North Carolina officials note 
that “international criticism” ■ of the in­
carceration of the 10 is confined largely 
to the Communist-bloc nations, and ob­
serve that most public demonstrations 
supporting them in North Carolina have 
been mounted by an organization called 
the National Alliance Against Racist and 
Political Repression, an organization 
founded by Mr. Chavez, one of the 10, 
and Angela Davis.

Children Brought Test Cases
He observed that despite repeated ac­

cusations of racism and discriminaticn 
within the justice system. Miss Little was 
“given a fair trial and acquitted.”

Nonetheless, many here feel that there 
has been a broad erosion of progressiv- 
ism over the years. One who holds such 
a view is Floyd McKissick, the former 
national director of the Congress on Ra­
cial Equality and the developer of Soul 
City, a new town in Warren County.

Mr. McKissick led numerous demon­
strations across the South in the 1960’s 
and he and several of his children 
brought test court cases to integrate 
school systems in the state, including the 
University of North Carolina in 1951.

“There’s no place I’d rather talk about 
than North Carolina,” he said. “ I love 
the place and love the people, but I was 
never so hurt over Hunt’s decision not 
to pardon the Wilmington' 10,” Mr. 
McKissick said he belived either Mr. San­
ford or former Gov. James E. Holshouser 
Jr. “could have gotten this behind them.”

“Terry Sanford certainly would have,”- 
he said. “Hunt totally goofed, and now 
the national and international implica­
tions remain. President Carter’s niandate 
on human rights goes down the drain.”



Legal Defense Fund Denies 
UNC Ticked On̂  In Suit

BY SHERRY JOHNSON
Oaity News Staff Writer

The University of North Carolina sys­
tem hasn’t been “picked on or picked 
out for special harrassment” in the fur­
ther desegregation of its 16 campuses, a 
spokesman for the NAACP Legal De­
fense Fund said Thursday.

The fund is the group that originally 
sued the U.S, Department of Health, Ed­
ucation and Welfare to ensure stringent 
and uniform enforcement of federal de­
segregation criteria in public higher edu­
cation in six southern states.

Jean Fairfax, director of the fund’s di­
vision "oTiegal information and commu­
n ica tio n . sa id  th e  fund  has been 
consistently and equally critical of des- 
gregation efforts in all these states.

Last week, HEW Secretary Joseph 
Califano accepted revised plans from Ar­
kansas, Florida and Oklahoma, as well 
as the submission from North Carolina’s 
community college system. Some state 
officials — as well as E.T. York Jr., 
chancellor of the Florida university sys­
tem — said it was unfah even to com­
pare the UNC system with the other 
states which had fewer traditionally 
black schools, and thus less of a desegre­
gation task.

Califano rejected the plans of the 
North Carolina’s university system as

Step-by-step development of CnC- 
HEW dispute, D-10.

well as the state plans of Georgia and 
Virginia.

“UNC hasn’t been picked on or picked 
out for special harrassment or treatment

as far as I know,” Ms, Fairfax said in 
a telephone in terv ie^Tm irsday . “ A 
m ore cooperative attitude might not 
hav;e gotten them (UNC) into the press 
so often.” She said that in some cases, 
spokesmen for UNC had been “defiant 
and engaged in a considerable amount of

(See Group: A-10, Col. 1)

Group Denies UNC ‘Picked On ’

From A-
philosophical argument” which might 
tjave caused “more of a focus on UNC.” 
J According to Ms. Fairfax, the amount 
of correspondence~between the HEW’s 
Qffice for Civil Rights and representa- 
uves of higher education in the six states 
Ijas been comparable in spite of the dif­
ferences in the size and scope of the 
4'stems.
J “Our role throughout has been to re- 
\uew and criticize as carefully as we 
(jould the submissions from the states 
and HEW’s written responses to these,” 
Djls. Fairfax said. “We tried to deal con- 
Msfent^ with the states and not require 
4>mething from one state and not anoth­
er, or accept something from one state 
lire wouldn’t accept from another,” she 
^ id .
t  She referred to statistics on black par- 
^cipation in public higher education in 
the six states as listed by HEW,
- In Arkansas, Florida and Oklahoma, 

tjie approved states, HEW said the 1976 
percentage of high school graduates at­
tending college was equal for blacks and 
whites in Arkansas and Okiahoma and 
‘!near parity” for Florida.

In North Carolina, the percentage of 
whites attending college was 12 percent 
greater than black; in Florida, 16 per­
cent greater than blacks; and in V ir^ia, 
17 percent greater. ■

All six states had a population of 73 
percent white or greater.

The main concern of the Legal De­
fense Fund, Ms. Fairfax said, has always 
been to communicate with black citizens 
in states under HEW scrutiny and make 
sure the fund was pursuing goals these 
individuals advocate.

Since fall 1973, Legal Defense Fund 
representatives have met periodically 
with black chancellors, black members 
of the UNC Board of Governors and 
black educators from both the public 
and private sectors in North Carolina, 
she said. Particularly close communica­
tion has been maintained with the North 
Carolina Alumni and Friends Coalition, 
a group representing alumni from the 
predominantly black state schools, she 
said.

“There is a very real concern about 
the future of the traditionally black 
schools, which we share,” Ms. Fairfax 
said, “We are completely fogOTer on 
that issue.”

The latest comments from HEW’s civ­
il rights director, David Tatel, suggest

that the UNC system look at duplicated 
programs within the same geographic ar­
eas and consider possible elimination, 
realignment, specialization or unifica­
tion.

This doesn’t have to mean merger of 
institutions, a notion repugnant to black 
alumni concerned about preserving the 
history of these black schools, according 
to Ms. Fairfax. “The people of North 
CafoFria might be interested in review­
ing developments in other states,” she 
said, “states that are taking an affirma­
tive look at the question.” She said Okla­
homa has developed a list of 11 options 
to explore with HEW by July 1.

Ms. Fairfax stressed that the Legal 
Defense Fund believes it is a state’s 
place, and not HEW's, to come up with 
options for consideration.

Fund representatives are still monitor­
ing with special interest several aspects 
of desegregation in North Carolina high­
er education, she said, Usting underre­
presentation of faculty blacks at UNC’s 
traditionally white schools; a need for 
high retention programs for black stu­
dents; a lack of community college op­
portunities for blacks in the state s 
urban areas; and lack of “black pres­
ence” among high-level administrators 
and boards of trustees in the community 
college system.



Partly cloudy
ParHy cloudy. H igh s in 
80s, lows in the low to 
mid-60s. Details, Page 2. The News and Observer
Vol. C C X X IY ,  No. 57 46 Pages Today Raleigh, N.C., Friday, Au gu st 26 ,1977 112th Year

TELEPHONE NUMBERS 
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Daily 15c, Sundoy 35c

Rights group sees UNC move as ‘defiance^
By FERREL GUILLORY

Washington Corrtspondont

NEW YORK -  The N A ACP Legal Defense and 
Education Fund Inc. (LDF) would consider it 
“defiance” for the University of North Carolina 
system to fail to abide by new federal desegrega­
tion guidelines, according to a top LDF official.

In its latest desegregation plan, the UNC 
Board of Governors rejected several elements of 
the guidelines, including the key criterion calling 
for a 150 per cent increase in black freshmen and 
transfer students entering predominantly white 
state universities in the next five years.

The LDF, a national organization with a long 
history of involvement in civil-rights issues, ini­
tiated the court action that resulted in a federal

judge’s order that the U.S. Department of' 
Health, Education and Welfare (HEW) devise 
new criteria for university desegregation in 
North Carolina and five other states.

Jean E. Fairfax, LDF’s director of legal infor­
mation and community service, said in the inter­
view that the HEW guidelines were “greatly 
watered down from what we wanted.” There­
fore, she said, “ A state that tells HEW it does not 
accept the guidelines is putting itself in a very 
vulnerable position.

“ I can’t imagine a state with an educator like 
Frank Graham turning its back on people,” she 
said, referring to the former president of the 
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

So tar in UNC’s attempts' to remove the ves­

tiges of racial segregation, she said, “I don’t 
think the maximum effort has been made. ’ ’ 

While she declined to predict LDF’s future 
legal decisions in the case. Miss Fairfax said, “If 
these guidelines do not result in plans that work, 
that do not result in substantial desegregation, 
we can go back to court and get them thrown out. 
But first we want to see what HEW will do.” 

After North Carolina and the other states sub­
mit their plans early next month, HEW will have 
120 days to negotiate with university officials and 
then decide whether to accept or reject the 
states’ plans.

LDF’s legal arguments with HEW have been 
— and continue to be — crucial in a desegrega­
tion law suit, known as the “Adams” case.

In the suit originally filed in 1970, the LDF 
contended that HEW had failed to enforce Title 
VI of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, which prohibits 
federal financial assistance for any activity 
found to engage in discrimination. Judge John H. 
P ratt upheld LDF’s contention and ordered HEW 
to get new desegregation plans from North Caro­
lina and other states.

The state plans that were produced in 1974 and 
eventually accepted by HEW, however, wdre 
challenged by the LDF. Again, P ra tt upheld the 
LDF position, ruling that the 1974 plans were 
“inadequate” and instructing HEW to devise the 
guidelines that are now at issue.

See UNC’S, Page 9 Jean Fairfax



The News and Observer, Raleigh, N. C. 
Friday, A u gu st  2 6 ,1 9 7 7

UNC’s rejection of HEW rules called ‘defiance^
Continued from Page One •

Throughout the life of the case, Miss Fairfax, 57, has 
been a principal LDF strategist. She is not an attorney, but 
works as a community organizer and issues analyst. She is 
a graduate of Union Theological Seminary and, before 
joining LDF in 1965, she served for eight years as director 
of the southern civil rights program of the American 
Friends Service Committee.

In an interview Wednesday, Miss Fairfax discussed her 
« role in the Adams case and LDF’s perspective on the 

university plans now under consideration. She said that 
although she had already obtained a copy of UNO’s revised 
plan, she had not had enough time to study the plan to 
comment on specifics. But she said one thing she consid­
ered a significant gap was the percentage of white high 
school graduates and the percentage of black high school 
graduates entering predominantly white universities in 
North Carolina.

According to the UNC plan, the white percentage was 
27.3 per cent while the black percentage was 4.7 per cent. 
The HEW guidelines call for UNC to reduce this disparity 
by one-half by 1982, adding, however,' that the state does not 
have to increase hlack student admissions by more than 150 
per cent above the 1976-77 enrollment.

UNC president William C. Friday called the 150 per cent 
goal unrealistic and the UNC hoard approved a Friday 
proposal for a 30 per cent increase in hlack enrollment by 
1982.

Without referring to the 150 per cent or any other specific 
guideline. Miss Fairfax was asked for the LDF’s attitude 
toward a state simply declaring that it is unable or unwill­
ing to meet a certain criterion.

“That is defiance,” she said. “How HEW handles a 
defiant state is going to be a major concern to us.”

In fact, said Miss Fairfax, the LDF had asked HEW to 
make the guidelines stronger than they actually turned out.

For example, she said, to take into account the higher 
dropout rate of blacks, the LDF suggested enrollment goals 
based on the number of blacks and whites in the ninth grade 
— a figure that would have resulted in higher goals for the 
admission of blacks.

Furthermore, the LDF would have liked more definite 
timetables for hiring additional blacks on university staffs 
and faculties.

Because the guidelines are “weak,” Miss Fairfax said, 
“ The least they (HEW officials) can do is to insist that the 
plans conform to the criteria.”

She also indicated that LDF would be monitoring the 
plans closely to determine the progress of hiring more 
blacks as well as getting more blacks into the university 
system as students. She pointed out that on a recent trip to 
Greenville, she learned that the population in the area 
around East Carolina University was about 40 per cent 
black.

She said she saw no reason why the clerical, security and 
other staff personnel of ECU should not reflect the same 
racial proportions as its immediate service area.

Miss Fairfax expressed the LDF’s support for the use of 
goals in assessing the progress of a desegregation plan.

, “Goals and quotas are different,” she said. “There is a 
quite substantial precedent for setting goals. . .  of course, 
We’re in favor of goals . . .  if you’re asking whether we’re 
going to continue stressing numerical progress, the answer 
is yes.”
; To achieve progress. Miss Fairfax listed some steps she 

believed UNC could take:
i  Q There could be “ flexible admissions criteria that do 

i^ t necessarily give up the use of tests but supplement the 
dse of tests with other measurements.” She said those 
other measurements could include such things as personal 
interviews and high school grades. “ I’m not in favor of 
lowering graduation standards,” she said.

□  The university system should be “more creative” in 
setting up remedial programs to help disadvantaged stu­
dents remain in college.

□  There should also be a strengthening of teacher train­
ing efforts to ensure that educators help motivate students 
toward college.

□  UNC should take the initiative in setting up high school

projects “with the objective of ensuring that quality pro­
grams are available to them (disadvantaged students) and 
that they are motivated to take advantage of programs and 
to persevere.”

She said she was convinced there were a “ large number 
of educationally and socially disadvantaged young people, 
black and white, able and bright students whose talents 
have never been reached. ’ ’

Since UNC at Chapel Hill and N.C. State University in 
Raleigh receive by far the greatest amounts of federal 
funds, these institutions “'ought to be under the heaviest 
burden” in carrying out the desegregation plan, she said.

Friday had criticized the guidelines for calling for in­
creased black enrollment at white campuses while at the 
same time mandating the enhancement of historically 
black colleges.

Miss Fairfax, however, said she found “no contradic­
tion.” The LDF will be looking at what North Carolina does 
to give its black colleges “a major role to play” in the 
statewide higher education system, she said.



TITLE I ; OHIO





Violence, Often Unchecked, 
Pervades US. Border Patrol

By JOHN M. CREWDSON
Special to Tbe New Yoric Times

SAN YSIDRO, Calif. —  As Benito 
Riiicdn remembers the night o f March 17, 
he and his friend, Efren Reyes, were sit­
ting on an embankment overlooking the 
Mexican border when a pale green auto­
mobile pulled up beside them.

The two young men, about 50 feet Inside 
the United States, were technically vlo- 
M n g  immigration laws. So the driver of 
the car. Border Patrolman Daniel Cole, a 
veteran of the service, took them info cus­
tody.

Mr. Cole had only one pair of hand­
cuffs, so he bound Mr. Reyes and Mr. 
Rincdn to eadt other. As he led them back 
to his cruiser, Mr. Reyes bolted and 
began running toward Mexico.

“ I had no choice but to follow Reyes,”  
Mr. Rincdn said later. “ About thre^ 
quarters of the way down the embank­
ment I heard a shot from the border pa­
trolman’s gun. I squatted down. Then an­
other two shots were fired. I fell forward.

I felt an intense pain in m y shoulder. 
Reyes was dead as soon as the bullet hit 
him.”

Mr. Cole said later that he had shot the 
men in self-defense after they attacked 
him. But Edwin Miller, the San Diego 
District Attorney, concluded in a letter to 
the local chief of police that “ neither of

The Tarnished Door: 
Crisis in Immigration
Second o f  five articles.

the handcuffed men made any move to 
strike or kick the agent.”  -

Nonetheless, Mr. Miller decided n^  to 
charge Mr. Cole because of whft he 
termed “ a basic confUctibetween Califor­
nia and Federal law”  that would have re­
sulted in the case’s being tried under 
state rules in Federal court with the 
United States Attorney, the Govern­
ment’s chief prosecutor, defending Mr. 
Cole.

For years, illegal allehs and Mexican 
Americans alike have told o f shootings, 
beatings and rapes at the hands of the 
Border Patrol and its parent agency, the 
Immigration and Nattiralization Service. 
Criminal charges by local prosecutors 
against fee officers involved have been 
infrequent and have almost never been 
brou ^ t by fee Department o f Justice, of 
which fee immigration service is a part.

Difficult to Prosecute
Michael Walsh, fee United States At­

torney in San Diego, whose jurisdiction 
encompasses this most violent segment 
of an increasingly turbulent border, says 
that such ca s^  are difficult to prosecute 
because most consist of an alien’s word 
against that o f Federal officers. But Mr. 
Walsh is quick to add: “ Nobody’s kidding 
anybody. We know this goes on. ”

In interviews with past and present im­
migration service officials, Hispanic 
rights groups, legal aid societies, immi­
gration lawyers and others, reporters for 
The New York Times were told o f suspi­
cious deaths, shootings, beatings, rapes 
and forced confessions; of incidents of 
torture, emotional abuse, unlawful ar­
rests and deportations and other viola­
tions of legal and human rights by em­
ployees o f fee service.

In many instances, fee accounts of

Continued on Page D8, Column 1



D8 T H E  N E W  Y O R K  TIM E S, MONDAY, JANUARY 14, 1980

Violence, Often Unchecked, Pervades 
The U S . Border Patrol in Southw est

Continued From Page A1

wrongdoing were provided by officers 
who said they had witnessed them and 
had reported what they had seen to 
higher authorities. What emerges from 
their accounts is a portrait of an agency 
often eager to keep its misdeeds hidden 
and, when it canno^, reluctant to adminis­
ter more than token punishments to 
wrongdoers.

Defenders of the immigration service 
point out that violence along the border 
flows in both directions. Border patrol­
men here face nightly volleys of rocks, 
bottles and sometimes gunfire from 
across the chain-link fence that separates 
Mexico and the United States.

Guns Fired, Ex-Patrolman Says
But Nicolas Estiverne, who worked as 

a Border Patrol agent in McAllen, Tex., 
in 1975, said he had frequently seen fellow 
officers firing their guns at aliens on both 
sides o f the Rio Grande, which forms the 
eastern half of the border between the 
United States and Mexico.

“ I’ve seen many such shootings,”  Mr. 
Estiverne said, “ and these are unarmed 
people, people who come across just to 
getjobs.”

Mr Estiverne said he was dismissed 
by the agency after he began to report 
misdeeds of other officers to his superi­
ors. The service would not comipent on 
the reasons for the dismissal.

Earlier this year, Leonei J. Castillo, 
then Che Commissioner of Immigratlot— 
d ls tr^ e d  because hundreds of Mexican 
aliens die each year in trying to cross ille­
gally into the United States —  ordered a 
stuciy'of violence along the border.

Although it did not place the responsi­
bility for the deaths with the Border Pa­
trol, and although in fact many of the 
deaths are by drowning, the study con-

Violence flows in 
both directions 
across the United 
States border with 
Mexico.

eluded that immigration employees, felt 
“ overwhelmed”  by the ever-increasing 
numher of aliens flowing past them from 
Mexico, and that such feelings of help- 
letohess led to frustrations that contrib­
uted to violent incidents.

The Government’s longstanding reluc­
tance to prosecute its immigration offi­
cers oh brutality charges was overcome 
late last year, when the first Federal 
brutality charges ever were brought 
against four Border Patrol agents here. 
The men were alleged in the indictment 
to have formed a vigilante group “ to 
brutalize aliens illegally entering the 
United States.”

Mr. ^Walsh, who had previously urged 
the "utm ost restraint”  in apprehending 
allen^ said he had decided to seek the in­
dictments largely because the witnesses 
were not the Mexicans who had been 
beaten, but some Border Patrol trainees 
who told of watching one of the beatings.

•The indictment quoted one of the 
agents, Jeffery Otherson, as having told a 
trainee that “ sometimes we find it neces­
sary, to do things like this because the 
criminal justice system doesn’t do any­
thing.”  Illegal entry is a civil offense, not 
a criminal matter, and most aliens who 
cross the border illegally are simply re­
turned to Mexico without even the for- 
m.ality of deportation proceedings.

Violence Is Called Widespread 
Last Dec. 12, the jury in the case dead­

locked 11 to 1 in favor of conviction and a 
mistrial was declar^ . Mr. Walsh plans 
to retry the case early this year. What 
concerned him even more than the sys­
tematic beatings, he said, was that they 
appeared to have been condoned by other 
members of the Border Patrol.

One Investigator for the Immigration 
and Naturalization Service went mrther, 
asserting that the violence was more 
widespread than the Justice Department 
knew. There were, he said, other vigi­
lante groups among border patrolmen in 
the San Ysidro area; he mentioned a 
member of one vdiose radio code name 
was “ Gharlie-Charlle.”

“ They’d call over the radio ’Charlie- 
Chariie to the loading docks’ and he’d go 
over and thump a wet for them,”  the man 
said.

Uke many of those interviewed. Mr. 
Estiverne remains dismayed by the 
brutality and the tolerance for It that he 
said he had seen on the inside.

‘Throw Away the Gun’
Among other things, Mr. Estiverne 

said, many of his colleagues carried un­
registered weapons known as “ throw­
away”  gtuis. “ TTiey explained to me that 
if you shoot an alien ‘by accident,’ all you 
have to do is throw away that gun next to 
him and say he was shooting at you,”  he 
said. An immigration inspector here con­
curred, saying, “ I had that one taught to 
me at the academy.”

Border Patrol agents and immigration 
officers receive 18 weeks pf instruction at 
tlie Federal Law Enforcement Training 
Center at Glynco, Ga.

A senior Justice Department official 
acknowledged that the carrying of unreg­
istered weapons was widespread among 
officers in the Southwest, which made it 
relatively easy for someone to shoot an 
alien and get away with It, but difficult 
for those Investigating such incidents.

Unregistered Weapon Was Used 
A year ago, David Krotm, another Bor­

der Patrol agent, was Indicted for at­
tempted murder by a San Diego grand 
jury after he shot an alien twice in the 
back. Mr. Krohn admitted at his trial that 
he had fired an “ off-duty”  gun and tossed 
it away shortly after the shooting. He was 
acquitted by the jury, which found that 
tlie shooting was self-defense.

Shootings are by no means the only 
abuses facing aliens. “ I’ve seen border 
patrolmen beating aliens over and over 
again,”  said Fred Drew, the only black 
patrolman in this area when he arrived at 
San Ysidro a dozen years ago.

Mr. Drew, who was later dismissed 
from the Border Patrol for reasons he

said were never made clear to him, said 
be had witnessed aliens being beaten un­
conscious, in some cases “ almost to 
death.”  He estimated that “ no more than 
15 percent of the Border Patrol is really 
brutal, but the big problem was that the 
rest of the border patrolmen tolerated 
it.”

Beating in Station Alleged
Beatings such as Mr. Drew and others 

described are not always carried out in 
the field under cover of night. Edward J.
Begley, who worked as an immigration 
inspector here from 1976 to 1978 and was 
dismissed, recalled sitting in the lunch­
room at the San Ysidro inspection station 
two years ago and hearing “ somebody 
being slammed against a wall, scream­
ing and begging.”

Mr. Begley, a large, gentle-seeming 
man who was a physical training instruc­
tor in the Marine Corps before joining the 
agency, got up to investigate and found 
two senior officers, one of whom was 
beating an alien.

“ One blocked the door so no one could 
see in,”  Mr. Begley said, “ while the other 
actually did it. It went on for two or three 
minutes. When I tried to stop them, they 
told me, ‘You don’t belong in here — get 
back out there to work.’ ”  Other agency 
employees confirmed that the beating 
had occurred but none of them reported it 
to headquarters.

Lead-Lined Gloves and Garrotes
That beating was given with fists, Mr.

Begley said, but a former immigration 
investigator said he had known border 
patrolmen who carried lead-lined gloves 
and even garrotes, and Mr. Begley said 
he had been advis^  by his superiors to 
carry an illegal blackjack while on duty.

Even when the service does move 
against Instances of brutality, it is gener­
ally to hand out administrative punish­
ments and not to seek criminal charges 
for assault.

Several immigration sources men­
tioned an officer at San Ysidro who, Mr.
Begley said, was “ notorious for the way 
he treated people. ”

“ He dragged a guy out through the win­
dow of a car,”  the officer said, “ and beat 
him half to death. They gave him a 60-day 
suspension, then they transferred him to 
San Juan, P.R. He had been asking to be 
transferr^ to San Juan for nine years.”
Ageqcy officials confirmed Mr. Begley’s 
accoimt.

Another inspector said that a supervi­
sor at San Ysidro, a deeply religious man, 
would frequently “ haul an alien out of the 
cell, take him into the supervisors’ room 
and start preaching to him.”

“ As soon as the alien showed some type 
of distaste for it, he’d just punch him 
out,”  the inspector a dd^ . “ I saw him 
knock out a man one night five times.”
The supervisor has since been promoted.

‘Almost Had an Ulcer’
A senior Justice Department official 

who investigated such cases said he had 
heard many similar accounts and that 
they “ sickened”  him. “ I almost had an 
ulcer over the brutality cases,”  he said.
And yet only one, the case of the four offi­
cers in San Diego, has gone to court.
Often, officials say, there is not enough 
money or enough personnel to prosecute 
brutality cases.

Immigration Service records contain 
many examples of employees found to 
have administered beatings to aliens — 
workers who were disciplined lightly or 
not at all. An employee “ who used exces­
sive force”  on an alien was given a one- 
day suspension. A border patrolman who 
chased a female alien, tlurew her to the 
ground and beat her with a nightstick was 
“ admonished.”  Another patrolman who 
struck an alien “ during interrogation”  
was given a written reprimand.

David W. Crosland, who became acting 
Commissioner of Immigration when Mr.
Castillo left that post three months ago, 
said in an interview that any officer who 

. physically abused an alien should be dis­
missed “ if you’re not talking about a 
situation where he’s attacked.”  Mr. Cros­
land said He hoped to employ some kind of 
psychological testing to screen out re­
cruits with violent tendencies “ if we can 
doit.”

Need ‘ to Make the System Work'
‘ ‘If there’s not adequate internal disci­

pline,”  he said, “ there needs to be a 
structuresetupsothatlt’sbroughttothej them.’ ”  Mr. Estiverne said the same 
attention of the appropriate people. If technique was employed in McAllen by 
that’s the case, then we need to change, placlngtlilnly clad aliens or those just out 
the system to make the system work.”  , of the showers in automobiles whose air

Asked why virtually no cases of brutal-! conditioners were running at high speed.
ity against aliens had been prosecuted by i Affidavit Describes Treatment the Justice Department, Mr. Crosland, a „  a h  oavtiuescrines ireatment
Georgian who served in the department’s Sometimes more direct methods are 
Civil Rights Division in the mld-1960’s, especially with those whom the 
said he thought the division was limited agency suspects of working for the rings 
in its ability to prosecute such cases by smuggle large numbers of aliens into 
“ manpower considerations.”  the country illegally.

But he added, “ It’s a cop^jut to say “ Everybody was doing it,”  Mr. Esti- 
they are referred to the U.S. Attorney’s veme said. **Serious punching, I ’m talk- 
office if the U.S. Attorney declined prose- *“ 8 about.”
cution ”  While most illegal aliens are simply re-

Maiiy Federal prosecutors along the turned to Mexico without penalty, those 
border have brcn reluctant to take on si^pected of smuggling aliens, or who 
such cases in the past, not just because of fo if* frequently prosecuted, 
their belief that juries will not believe the Mr. Estiverne said he witnessed five or 
testimony of illegal aliens but also be- instances over a two-month period in 
cause agency employees are often an im- confessions of smuggling were
portant element of their constituencies, wreed.

Mr. Crosland pointed out that, until he 
sought indictments against the four bor­
der patrolmen last year, Mr. Walsh had 
been a strong defender of the patrol.

“ The whole thing about this brutality,”  
a border patrolman here said, “ is that too 
many times we have to bring in as many 
as 30 aliens at a time. If one of them gets 
tough, they all will — unless we do some­
thing about it. It’s to save our own hides 
that we maybe punch the guy who gets 
out of line. Sometimes it takes a baton to 
doit.”

But those who engage in rock-throwing 
and other violence at the border are 
mainly young toughs from Tijuana, di­
rectly across the border, who enjoy har­
assing the Border Patrol. The serious 
border-crossers are generally older Mex­
icans coming in search of work, people 
who have no interest in engaging the Bor­
der Patrol in combat.

“ You must realize,”  a senior immigra­
tion official said, “ these are law-abiding 
people. We have had cases where a bor­
der patrolman who has caught more peo­
ple than he can move puts one of the 
aliens in charge of 50. He goes and calls 
for a bus and when he gets back they’re 
sitting there. They are a very fatalistic 
people. They all know the old saying, 
‘ Esta es mi vida desgraciada,’ ‘This is 
my bad-luck life.’ ”

Low Salaries a Problem
Many of the officials interviewed sug­

gested that some o f the service’s prob­
lems could be traced to the low salaries it 
pays its border patrolmen and the de­
mands it makes on them in return.

Although immigration inspectors can 
make a good deal of money by working 
overtime, Border Patrol agents are not, 
by Federal standards, well paid. The 
starting salary is now around $13,000, 
several thousand dollars a year less than 
F.B.I. agents, for example, are paid.

Working largely without supervision, 
arresting-many of the same aliens n i^ t  
after n l^ t, the job of a border patrolman 
is a difficult, sometimes dangerous and 
often frustrating one. Because most ille­
gal aliens are simply sent back to their 
native country without penalty, they are 
soon free to attempt another entry.

The task of those assigned to catch 
them is largely thankless. Many ofHcers 
feel strongly that their agency is under­
equipped and shorthand^ because they 
lack support for their mission from the 
public and the rest o f the Federal Govern­
ment, and that they are being asked to en­
force an immigration policy that is am­
biguous at best and, therefore, largely 
unenforceable.

Patrpimen Working In Palis
Mr. Crosland, the Acting Commission­

er, said he was sympathetic to . their 
plight and that be had recently directed 
that border patrolmen work in pairs, a 
move that he hopes will “ decrease the 
likelihood o f violence, not only to the pa­
trolmen but to the aliene-”

The brutality is not always adminis­
tered gratuitously or out of frustration. 
Because United States citizens are not re­
quired to carry documents attesting to 
their status, the easiest way to detect a 
false claim of citizenship is with a confes­
sion, and beatings and other abuses are 
sometimes.employed to elicit such ad­
missions.

Suspected illegal aliens who claimed 
citizenship, Mr. Begley said, were often

‘Fve seen Border Pa­
trolmen beating 
aliens over and over 
again,’ a former pa­
trolman said.

held shoulder-to-shoulder in crowded 
cells at San Ysidro for a day or more, 
with “ no change to telephone for assist­
ance or for anybody to bring their docu­
ments to them, no food at all, no provision 
for it.”

“ The air conditioning in the holding 
cells was always 10 or 15 degrees colder 
than the rest of the building,”  he added;
The term we used was ‘freezing

Fred Drew, a former border pa­
trolman, said he had watched 
aliens being beaten unconscious 
by other patrolmen.

Nicolas Lstlverne, left, a for­
mer Border Patrol agent, said 
he was dismissed after report­
ing misdeeds of colleagues.

Edward J. Begley, who worked 
as an immigration inspetor, 

said he had been a d v ise^ y  su­
periors to carry an illegal 

blackjack while 01 duty.
The New York Times/Ken Kohre, David Strick and Etag Wilson

Sometimes, aliens are thrown in Jail 
merely lor punishment, when there is no 
fusib ility  they will be held for prosecu­
tion, according to some immigration offi­
cers. If an alien is particularly offensive 
or troublesome, one officer said, “ We’ll 
go ahead and charge him anyway, take 
him down to the lockup and book him, 
knowing that when he comes up for ar­
raignment the next day the U.S. Attor­
ney’s going to decline prosecution. ’ ’

In other instances as well, the agency 
dotes not recognize the formalities of law 
and procedure that apply to other law en­
forcement agencies in this country, such 
as the reading of the so-called Miranda 
warning, advising a suspect of his rights 
to silence and to a iawyer.

‘You Have No Rights’
“ There will be very lew cases where 

anybody was ever read his Miranda 
r i^ ts  at the border,”  Mr. Begley said. 
“ The most common statement a person 
with brown skin hears during interroga­
tion is, ‘In this place you have no 
r i^ ts .’  ”

Commissioner Crosland said that, 
under immigration service policy, a Mi­
randa warning was supposed to be given 
at the moment it became evident that a 
suspect was likely to be bound over for 
depoitation or Other proceedings. But 
several officers said that was, in prac­
tice, almost never the case. V

Potentially abusive practices also 
occur far from the border. Marc Van Der- 
Hout, an immigration lawyer in Redwood 
City, Calif., near San Francisco, told of 
immigration agents stopping passers-by 
on the street, demanding their “ papers”  
and arresting those who could not 
produce any.

Until they were stopped last Nov. 26 by 
Attorney General Benjamin R. Civiletti, 
officers in Los Angeles — where there is 
the largest concentration of illegal aliens 
in the country —  were conducting mid­
night raids on private homes. They some­
times forced doors or windows, entering 
with weapons drawn, surprising coUples 
in bed and taking away, in various stages 
of undress, those they suspected of illegal 
residency.

The brutality against aliens takes 
many forms, including that of sexual as­
saults, some immigration officials said. 
But even in these cases Federal charges 
are almost never brought against the of­
fending officers.

Agent Allowed to Resign 
In Chula Vista, a few miles north of 

here, a Border Patrol agent accused of 
raping an alien in his custody resigned 
after the United States Attorney declined 
prosecution. Tiyo border patrolmen ac­
cused of the same crime in El Paso were 
suspended for three days.

In Laredo, Tex., charges that a border 
patrolman had raped an alien in his cus­
tody were dropped after prosecutors said 
they could not locate the complaining wit­
ness, a problem that has thwarted simi­
lar prosecutions elsewhere.

Mr. Drew, the former border patrol­
man, remembered one senior patrolman, 
a supervisor, who would occasionally 
visit a pond on the American side of the 
border where women from Mexico gath­
ered each morning to wash clothes. One 
day, Mr. Drew said, he watched while the 
man dragged a young girl away from the 
pond and raped her. “ She couldn’t have 
been more than 12 or 13,”  he said. 

Sometime later, he said, he saw the

same man rape an older woman in the 
same way. “ \^en it was over she went 
back across anjd she was crying, ’ ’ he said. 
Mr. Drew said he immediately reported 
both rapes to his superiors, but nothing 
was done. Las|t month, still troubled by 
such memories, he wrote a long letter to 
Mr. Walsh, the United States Attorney 
here, outlining those and other charges. 
There has so far been no response, he 
said.

In at least one case, the service report­
edly blocked efforts to bring criminal 
charges against a sex offender within its 
ranks. Several officers told of an immi­
gration inspector here who was widely 
known to give entry permits to female 
aliens in exchange for sexual relations. 
“ I personally caught him on a couple of 
occasions wrapped up with girls in dark 
corners right there at the port,”  one offi­
cer said.

I3-YMr-01d Girl Assaulted
The man’s activities were tolerated 

until one night last year when an immi­
gration investigator discovered him for­
cibly abusing a 13-year-old girl from El 
Salvador in an office at the port head­
quarters. The investigator filed an inter­
nal complaint and said he would have 
pressed criminal charges against the 
man, but the Immigration service re­
fused to allofv the girl back into the 
United States to testify against her as­
sailant. The inspector resigned.

Asked about the case, Mr. CroSltmd 
said he was “ aware”  of it and that no ac­
tion had been taken against the man be­
cause, once he resigned, he was beyond 
the reach of the service. “ Anybody can 
quit,”  Mr. Crosland said.

The closest thing to common currency 
alcmg the border is I.N.S. Form 1-186, the 
border crossing card, a highly prized 
document that permits the holder to visit 
the United States for three days at a time, 
to sightsee or shop, but not to work.

In El Paso, as elsewhere along the bor­
der, bundredis of Mexican women use the 
cards illegally to enter the country each 
day to work, most of them as maids earn­
ing about $25 a week. The inspectors who 
pass them through know why they are 
coming, however, and some take advarP 
tage of the situation to molest the women, 
some officers said.

Maids ‘ Protesting the Abuse’
Last March, maids from Juarez, 

across the border from El Paso, staged a 
two-day demonstration to object to such 
treatment. “ We’re here protesting the 
abuse they hand out,”  one wonian, Petra 
Reyes, said. “ The immigration inspec­
tors have been mauling the young 
women. They take us into the office and 
make us undress, then they feel us all 
over.”

Another maid, Dolores Hernandez, 
said: “ They’ve told me to take off my 
clothes for them. But I have to work here, 
because there’s no work in Mexico. ”

Oftentimes, citizens or legal resident 
aliens whose skin is the wrong color or 
who speak accented English present 
valid papers to immigration officers at 
the border only to see them rejected as 
“ counterfeit.”  Marguerita Orta, presi­
dent of the Center for the Defense of Im­
migrants, told of crossing into the United 
States at Eagle Pass, Tex., not long ago 
with a young Mexican American boy.

“ He presented his birth certificate,”  
she said. “ The agent at the border said 
nothing to him, just opened the door of the

car, dragged him out and to® up the cer­
tificate, The boy had to go lack to Mexi­
co.”

In some instances, pet^ie are sent 
“ back”  to Mexico who htve not been 
there to begin with. Peter Schey, a law­
yer who heads the Natioptl Center for 
Immigrants’ Rights in LosAngeles, told 
of an 18-year-old client, a native of San 
Bernardino, Calif., who wts stopped by 
immigration officers on jfie way home 
from visiting hissister in San Diego.

The young man showed,ihe officers his 
birth certificate. They tort it up. He was 
told he was a liar and that his documents 
were false. He was arrest^  and denied 
access to a telephone. Ths.' officers, Mr. 
Schey said, tried to obtain s “ confession”

Justice Department 
officials say tflerie is 
not enough mohey 
or personnel to I 
prosecute all biptal- 
ity complairttsJ

Magnum/Alex Webb

Illegal Mexican aliens captured near the Mexican border, south of San Diego, are led away by U.S. Immigration agents

of his illegal status By enipipying what he 
termed “ the standard fareats from 
Miami to Seattle”  — promises of high 
bail, a long time in jailfand eventi^  
deportation anyway.

Mr. Schey said his clie ii, who is suing 
the service, finally gave up and agreed to 
be “ returned”  to Mexico, and was only 
allowed back into the Unfted States after 
much difficulty.

Underlying the attitude of the immi­
gration service toward me Hispanic and 
other aliens with whom it has to deal each 
day is a degree of contempt tinged with 
racism.

Mr. Begley, who woilked as an immi­
gration inspector here Ifor 15 months in 
1977 and 1978, said that among his col­
leagues Mexican aliens were routinely re­
ferred to as wetbacks, .wets, tonfe, moja- 
,dos and worse. “ It is the degrading of the 
applicemts that disturbs m e,” -he once 
wrote in a memorandijm to his superiors.

Treatment of Alien Children 
The agency is sometimes especially in­

sensitive in its treatment of alien children 
when they are taken into custody with 
their parents. Theodore P. Jakaboski, a ' 
Federal immigration judge in El Paso, 
told of an 8-year-old Colombiantgirl who 
was separated from her motherland sent 
by the Border Patrol, alone arid penni­
less, from El Paso to Juarez in the middle 
of the night.

Mr. Begley recalled an imiiilgration 
officer at San Ysidro who ajyested a 
woman with a 5-year-old daughter, 
placed the mother in a holdin^ceii and 
sent the child back to Tijuana b ^ e rse if .

“ A lot of times,”  Mr. Begley said, “ you 
can get information out o f a 4- or 5-year- 
old kid. ‘What’s your nam e?’: ‘What’s 
your daddy’s name?’ If you browbeat 
them enough, tell them ‘We’re  going to 
leave your mama locked up forever if you 
don’t tell us the truth,’ the kid’ll tell you 
everything.”

Asked whether he had ever heard an 
immigration officer make such threats to 
a child, Mr. Begley replied, “ Oh, many 
times. In fact, I made them myself a cou­
ple of times, I’m ashamed to admit. ’ ’

In one instance, Mr. Begleri said, he 
was ordered to “ break”  a fe-yeaf-old 
girl. “ After being detained for several 
hours, repeatedly questioned and threat­
ened with arrest and detention without 
food,”  he said, the girl “ confessed that 
she was born in Mexico. ”

The United States birth certificate she 
was carrying was confiscated and the girl 
was classified as an illegal alien and re­
turned to Mexico with no -papers or 
money.

Allowed Entry Latep
A few days later, the girl appeared at 

the border with her outraged^ father and 
with undeniable proof of her American 
citizenship, and was admitted^

Mr. Begley said he began to complain 
loudly about the incident sUid to take 
steps, which met with resistance, to ex­
punge the arrest from the girl’s record. 
That, he recalled, “ was the beginning of 
the end of my Civil Service career. ”

In a memorandum to immigration 
headquarters, a supervisor-wrote that 
Mr. Begley “ tends to overembathize with 
people trying to get into thlS country le­
gally or illegally. Mr. Begley does not 
have the proper attitude to become a suc­
cessful immigration inspeetdr. ’ ’

Not long after that, Edward Begley 
was dismissed from the s e ^ c e .



T H E  N E W  Y O R K  T IM E S, MONDAY, JANUARY 14, 1980 D7

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T H E  N E W  Y O R K  TIM E S, THURSDAY, JANUARY 17, 1980 B9

U.S. Immigration A gen cy  
O verw helm ed b y  W ork

Continued From Page A1

the influx. It's sort of like putting your 
finger in a leaking dike. ”

Many officials contend that the agen­
cy ’s confusion and disarray, in addition 
to fueling employee frustration, contrib­
utes to its inability to control corruption 
among some of its employees and curb 
the violence that some members of the 
Border Patrol inflict upon aliens. Al­
though there is no precise way to meas­
ure the amount of corruption and vio­
lence, most people interviewed believe 
that it involves a minority of employees 
but is rather widespread.

Far-Reaching Consequences
The service’s problems, which most 

authorities believe also m ^ e  it impossi­
ble for the agency to regulate the flow of 
aliens into the country, has far-reaching 
social, economic and political conse­
quences.

There are now so many illegal aliens in 
the country, for instance, that a lawsuit 
has been brought to contest the Census 
Bureau policy of counting them in the 
1980 census.

The opponents of that policy, noting 
that allocation of seats in Congress will 
be based on that census, contend that 
counting illegal aliens would dilute the 
representation of citizens and give an 
undue number of seats to such states as 
New York and California, which have 
large concentrations of illegal aliens.

It is estimated that there are at least 10 
million illegal immigrants in the United 
States, most of whom hold menial jobs. 
They are, for the most part, fruit and 
vegetable pickers, maids and kitchen and 
factory workers. By now, their impact is 
striking.

Although figures vary widely, the 
amount of money spent yearly on illegal 
aliens, lor welfare, schools, social serv­
ices and food stamps, is more than $1 bil-

Until recently, 
records on 48 million 
people were kept by 
hand.

lion, and possibly as much as $13 billion. 
City budget officials in New York have 
said that the total yearly welfare costs 
from illegal aliens may hover around $100 
million. In Los Angeles County, it was 
estimated that legal immigrants and 
their families were receiving $15 million 
to $25 million annually within five years 
of their entry into the United States.

It has been estimated that as much as 
$1.5 billion a year is sent to Mexico by ille­
gal aliens in the United States, contribut­
ing to the problems associated with an 
“ adverse balance of payments,”  accord­
ing to a House Judiciary Committee 
analysis.

Beyond these losses, the influx of aliens 
has a muitimillion-dollar effect on state 
and Federal funds that are allocated to 
cities on the basis of population. In New 
York, with perhaps 750,000 illegal immi­
grants, the inclusion of this number 
would increase Federal revenue sharing 
funds by $20 million a year.

“ We’re going to lose fortunes in Fed­
eral payments rightfully ours because 
our population has been undercounted,”  
said Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan, 
Democrat of New York.

Impact on Job Market
The Impact of illegal immigration is 

especially severe on the job market, espe­
cially as it affects young black men. 
Some immigration experts and Congres­
sional officials have said that the employ­
ment of illegal aliens not only displaces 
Americans but also depresses working 
conditions. American employers and im­
migrant agencies contend, however, that 
the illegal aliens are needed because they 
take jobs “ that no American wants. ’ ’

Despite the controversy, it is’ evident 
that the influx has undercut major Fed­
eral programs. “ We have spent hundreds 
of billions of dollars on a series of govern­
mental programs to maintain the income 
levels and increase the earnings potential 
of the disadvantaged population,”  an in­
teragency task force on immigration 
policy said last August. “ To a large ex­
tent the disadvantaged domestic popula­
tion is also black, and there is also a na­
tional commitment to improve the rela­
tive economic status of black Americans.

“ Thus, a de facto policy of permitting 
additional millions of low skilled immi­
grants into the country would undo (and, 
perhaps, then some) whatever might be 
accomplished with our antipoverty, em­
ployment and educational programs.”

Blizzard of Paperwork
The immigration service’s near-suffo­

cation under its blizzard of paperwork is 
attributed to diverse forces that have 
converged and turned the agency into 
what Lynda Zengerle, a Washington law-

try on a student visa. The service, having 
virtually no record of where any of the 
Iranians were, finally asked them to re­
port.

Before a Federal court stopped the pro­
cess, 56,000 Iranians had reported, of 
which some 10,000 were found to have 
been in violation o f their immigrant 
status. Well-placed agency officials esti­
mated that 50,000 more might te  in the 
country. The Government is not even 
sure how many Iranian diplomatic and 
consular staff members are in the Unit^ 
States.

On one level. Justice Department offi­
cials, immigration lawyers and former 
officials of the immigration service at­
tribute the breakdown of the agency to 
the record 270 million people whom it in­
spects each year as they enter the United 
States.

W Million Crossing at Station
In San Ysidro, Calif., near the Mexican 

border, for example, there are 104 inspec­
tors, over three shifts, to handle 20 mil­
lion crossings. Inspectors can, on the 
average, spend about 30 seconds per per­
son. Meanwhile, the backlog of people 
seeking permanent residence or some 
other change in their immigration status 
has risen from 100,000 a month to 177,000, 
with essentially the same service staff. 
Immigration to the United States is now 
heavier than it has been in more than a 
half century.

Leonel J. Castillo, the former immigra­
tion commissioner, recently recounted 
what happened when he attended a natu­
ralization ceremony in Baltimore. “ We 
swore in about 700 i^ p le ,”  he said. 
“ They became new citizens at noon, and 
by 1 P.M. our office in Baltimore was 
jammed with people, the same people, 
who were now petitioning for other mem­
bers of their family to come to the U nit^ 
States. And so rather than clearing up 
workloads, we added workloads. ”

2 Men Dominated Agency
, In the early 1960’s and through the mid- 

1970’s, two figures dominated the agency. 
One was former Senator James 0 . East- 
land, Democrat of Mississippi, a cotton 
planter with close ties to Southern agri­
cultural interests. Mr. Eastland was 
chairman of the Senate Judiciary Com­
mittee and of its subcommittee on immi­
gration. The other was the late Repre­
sentative John R. Rooney, a Brooklyn 
Democrat, who was chairman of the 
panel that controlled the purse strings of 
various Government agencies, including 
the immigration service.

Mr. Eastland and Mr. Rooney, with the 
tacit consent of the Justice Department 
and Republican and Democratic admin-

People entering the United States at Kennedy Interna­
tional Airport waiting in long lines at inspection stations 
of the Immigration and Naturalization Service. Just.re-

cials, seems tom over its own mission.
“ There’s a contradiction between 

being an open society and the desire to 
keep people out,”  said David Carliner, a 
Washington immigration lawyer. “ To re­
verse the flow of aliens is impossible un­
less you want a police state. We’re not the 
kind of society where a person has to re­
port to the police every time he arrives in 
a new town. Given the situation of an 
open society, the I.N.S. job is hopeless.”  

Files Are Misplaced
Recently several major immigration 

offices, including the one in New York, 
assi^ed as many as 25 people just to look 
full-time for files “ brcause the files 
aren’t lost, they’re misplaced,”  said Mr. 
Castillo, the former commissioner.

“ Last week I called to check on three of 
my clients,”  Mrs. Zengerle said recently. 
“ All three files were lost. At some stage 
of the game one out of every two files is 
lost. Sometimes they’re recovered. Some­
times not.”

Most of the mammoth file work is done 
by hand in mail rooms and offices. Under 
Mr. Castillo, the service began to com­
puterize its most basic records, the ar­
rival and departure forms filled out by

The New York Times/Jan. 17,11

A  Hong Kong busi­
nessman applied for 
an extension of his 
visa —  and recieved 
it three years later.

yer who works in immigration matters, 
termed “ an agency that’s almost pro­
grammed to fail.”

The key reasons for the agency’s 
bruised reputation, according to longtime 
immigration officials, include political 
cronyism at the highest rung of the serv­
ice; the refusal of Congress and succes­
sive administrations to shape a coherent 
immigration policy and overhaul the 
agency; the influx of Mexican aliens; the 
blurred role of an agency that seefe to ad­
judicate cases while serving as investiga­
tor and law enforcer; the refusal of the 
agency to police itself, and corruption, 
malfeasance and brutality.

The agency’s deficiencies were under­
scored when, in November, President 
Carter asked it to review the status of 
every Iranian who had entered the coun­

istrations, not only ordered appointments 
of various immigration commissioners 
for nearly two decades, but also ap­
pointed the commissioners’ aides.

Mr. Eastland, whose agricultural sup­
porters wanted a ready supply of cheap 
labor, did not call upon his committee to 
consider any basic immigration meas­
ures, especially those that would impose 
sanctions on employers of illegal aliens.

Budget Remained Low
Mr. Rooney and his hand-picked com­

missioner, Raymond F. Farrell, also did 
not provide the funds for the agency that 
middle-level immigration officials 
deemed crucial. “ I.N.S. inexplicably told 
Congress it didn’t need money and the 
budgets remained low,”  said one immi­
gration lawyer. “ If you’re 50 percent 
below budget for 10 years, you can’t ask 
for 100 percent increases now. ”

At the same time, the agency met with 
what critics term political Indifference 
from successive Presidents, including 
Jimmy Carter.

In August 1977, lor example, Mr. Car­
ter said that 2,000 people would be added 
to the Border Patrol, but instead the num­
ber was cut. A similar promise was made 
about inspectors, but the Administration 
cut these figures, too. Moreover, earlier 
in the year, the immigration service’s 
plea for $21 million for automation, con­
sidered crucial by ranking officials, was 
slashed to $8 million.

Administration and Congressional fig­
ures have struggled to exert influence 
over political appointments. Vice Presi­
dent Mondale and Representative Peter 
W. Rodino Jr., Democrat of New Jersey, 
pressed hard lor the selection of Mario 
Noto as head of the immigration service 
last year. Several district directors in the 
agency sought to block any appointment, 
saying they could not get along with Mr. 
Noto.

Attorney General Griffin B. Bell ap­
pointed Mr. Castillo, a Texan, to the post 
but then, under pressure, named Mr. 
Noto assistant director.

Both Mr. Castillo and Mr. Noto re­
cently resigned and have not yet been re­
p la ce . David W. Crosland, the agency’s 
general counsel under Mr. Castillo, is 
now Acting Commissioner.

To some immigration experts the agen­
cy; which is largely run by former Border 
Patrol officers and law enforcement offi-

allens, but that system has been beset by 
troubles.

“ What we’re trying to do is get auto­
mated, which would not be a cure-all but 
would be a step,”  said Mr. Crosland, who 
took over the agency in October. “ We can 
do a lot with what we have, but we need to 
ask for more money, more people.”

Mr. Crosland, a Georgian who is one of 
three candidates for the job of commis­
sioner, said in a recent interview that he 
was encouraged about the future of the 
agency, in pSrt because “ this Adminis­
tration has heightened interest in the 
problems of immigration, whether it’s 
legal or illegal.”

The chaos is tragicomic. Immigration 
experts recount numerous “ horror sto­
ries”  of families from Jamaica, the Do-

A  lawyer said that 
‘I.N.S. inexplicably 
told Congress it 
didn’t need money.’

minican Republic, South Korea, Ecuador 
and other countries who are separated 
needlessly for years because of bureau­
cratic sloppiness and lost files.

“ One hundred years ago if a person 
wanted to immigrate he had to undertake 
a hazardous ocean voyage,”  said Sam 
Bemsen, a former general counsel of the 
agency. “ Today an immigrant has to 
make an equally hazardous voyage and 
may founder just as bad as a guy who 
took the ship and didn’t make it.”

Cases of ineptitude abound. One Hong 
Kong businessman, seeking to complete 
his work in New York, filed a request in 
February 1977 for a three-month exten­
sion on his visa. Several weeks ago, and 
nearly three years after the man had de­
parted, the businessman’s lawyer re­
ceived a letter from the agency service 
saying that the request had been granted.

In the Bronx, a technical company that 
produces bolts, tools and screws has 
sought for the last 10 months to get a tech­
nical specialist residing in Britain to fill a 
crucial vacancy. Although the Depart­

ment of Labor has approved the move, 
the immigration service has lost the files 
in the case once and inexplicably delayed 
the visa, according to Benjamin Gim, a 
lawyer involved in the case. At least 85 
jobs are dependent upon the arrival of the 
technical specialist. “ It’s absolutely 
crazy,”  Mr. Gim said.

Several years ago, James R. Schlesing- 
er, then the Secretary of Defense, asked 
the immigration service to expedite the 
papers of a foreign-bom aide who had to 
make an immediate official trip abroad. 
It took seven weeks for the papers to 
leave the immigration service because 
they werelostinthe typing pool.

Excessive overtimO is cited as another 
example of the agency’s inability to con­
trol employees.

Last year immigration officers re­
ceived $10 million in overtime, far in ex­
cess of that of other major agencies. An 
inspector at Honolulu International Air­
port earned $58,826, of which $27,700 was 
his base salary. Other inspectors earned 
as much as $40,000 in overtime.

Fruitless Attempts to Investigate
By all accounts, past efforts to over­

haul or investigate the agency have 
proved fmitless. A recent 14-month inter­
nal investigation of allegations of Wash­
ington-based corruption and misconduct 
was thwarted by lack of personnel —  a 
Justice Department investigator had 
sought 30 people but was given only 15 by 
the agency — and shortages of the most 
basic office supplies and law enforce­
ment equipment, including monitoring 
and wiretapping items.

“ We were cut up by the enforcement 
types in the agency who, I think, may 
have been threatened by our investiga­
tors in the field going after their friends,”  
said one Justice Department official. 
“ We were putting out little brush fires 
and that was it.”

Pressures by agency officials and! 
others have also blocked plans to over­
haul the service.

Pressure From Agency
Although President Carter announced 

in August 1977 the most comprehensive 
effort in years to revise immigration laws 
and create a new, centralized border 
management agency to be placed under 
the Treasury Department, the widely 
publicized effort was quietly dropped last 
year under pressure from the agency, the I 
I.N.S. Government Employees Union and 
some members of the House Judiciary 
Committee, partly because the panel 
would lose control over the agency if its 
functions were transferred from Justice 
totheTreasuiy.

But the real difficulties of trying to 
change the immigration management in 
this country are deeper. Historically, the 
United States has placed the decision as 
to who should come to the country in the 
Department of State and their supervi­
sion under the Department of Justice. 
Mr. Carter’s proposal would have given 
greater control over visa applications 
and refugee policy to the Justice Depart­

The New York Times /  Sara Knilwich

cently, the agency began to computerize arrival and 
departure forms filled out by aliens at the stations. But 
the effort is hampered by lack of money and personnel.

ment, and it met heavy resistance from 
the State Department.

In recent weeks Congress has approved 
a measure sponsored by Representative 
Holtzman authorizing $7.1 million to au­
tomate agency records as well as to 
create an Office of Special Investigator 
within the agency to look into misman­
agement, fraud and corruption. Agency 
officials say that by the end of 1980 major 
improvements, including automation of 
key offices, will have taken place.

Critics Urge Evisceration
Nonetheless, immigration lawyers and 

some Justice officials say that it is virtu­
ally impossible for the immigration serv­
ice, as currently organized, to operate ef­

fectively. These critics urge the eviscera­
tion of the agency.

The scale of the agency’s problems was 
underscored recently in New York when 
the lawyer for an Iranian who has sought 
permanent residence as a “ professional'' 
was informed after many months that his 
client’s application had been approved. 
But, under immigration law, the Iranian 
had to return to his country to pick up his 
new visa at the American embassy.

The lawyer hastily phoned an immigra­
tion official. “ How can he go to the 
American embassy?”  the lawyer askecf. 
“  Everyone’s being held hostage. ”

The immigration official paused.
These are the rules,”  he said. “ No one’s 

given us any other instructions. ”



T H E  NEW YORK TIM E S, THURSDAY, JANUARY 17, 1980

‘Ramapo People’Ask Recognition as Tribe
Continued From Page B1

1^ any manner of means,”  said Dennis 
Lavery, historian of the Federal Ac­
knowledgement Project of the Bureau 
of Indian Affairs. Mr. Lavery’s staff 
makes the Initial study of petitions and 
recommends approval or rejection. 
Mr. Lavery said that any amount of In­
dian blood qualifies a person as Indian.

The New Jersey Legislature, not 
bound by any of the rigorous standards 
of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, over­
whelmingly approved a resolution re­
cently recognizing the Ramapoughs as 
a legitimate state tribe.

W. Cary Edwards, the local Republi­
can Assemblyman championing their 
cause, says he hopes to get New Jer­
sey’s Congressional delegation to lobby 
for a resolution recognizing the Rama­
poughs, or for an amendment that 
would ease recognition standards for 
them.

People Have Been Neglected
Only in the last decade or so have the 

residents of Stag Hill obtained a paved 
rtiad up the mountain, regular garbage 
collection and mail delivery, and a new 
firehouse and after-school tutorial pro­
grams for their children. The Stag Hill 
children in recent years have left their 
one-room mountaintop schoolhouse.

The Ringwood group lived in ram­
shackle mining company houses for 
years and eked out a meager living in 
the declining iron mines that eventu­
ally became dumps for industrial 
wastes from the Ford Motor Company, 
which operates a huge assembly plant 
near the bottom of Stag Hill.

The main jobs now include masons, 
truck drivers, heayy-equipment opera­
tors and construction workers, accord­
ing to Otto Mann Jr., a 46-year-old 
school bus driver designated by the 
mountain people as their tribal chief. 
In earlier years, he said, job discrimi­
nation was common.

“ If you gave your address as Stag 
Hill Road, they didn’t want to give you 
a loan or a job or anything else,”  Mr. 
Mann said.

For generations, literature and leg­
end has identified the Ramapoughs as 
“ Jackson Whites,”  a sobriquet they de­
spise as a racial slur. The most widely 
circulated derivation of the name 
stems from a stoiy about a colonial-era 
sea captain who imported 3,500 prosti- 
tutes from England and the West Indies

for British soldiers garrisoned in Man­
hattan. At times, the women fled to the 
Ramapo Mountains.

Tribe Gets Federal Grant
Dutch surnames — Mann, DeGroat, 

Van Dunk and De Freese —  are pre­
dominant among the people, who, in 
hopes of shading objectionable 
aspects of their p ^ t , organized them­
selves into a Lenni Lenape tribal struc­
ture of three clans.

After the tribal incorporation, the 
Ramapoughs and Mahwaih school offi­
cials received an $8,500 grant from the 
Office of Indian Education of the De­
partment of Health, Education and 
Welfare for an Indian educational and 
cultural enrichment office in the local 
grade school. It has since been in­
creased by $34,600.

On the application form to Washing­
ton, scores of families in the two com­
munities simply declared themselves 
of Indian ancestry. Their declarations 
were not challenged by Federal offi­
cials. Some school officials believe that 
this tacit acknowledgement of Indian 
lineage by one segment of Federal Gov­
ernment may be a wedge for broader 
recognition by other governmental 
agencies.

Local school officials say the new 
tribal leadership has started taking a 
direct hand in curbing truancy and dis­
ciplinary problems with Stag Hill 
schoolchildren.

Student Dropout Rate Is Cut
In the last decade, the dropout rate of 

high school students from Stag Hill has 
fallen from 75 percent to 35 percent, ac­
cording to Dr. James Evergeitis, the 
school superintendent. “ They’re doing 
rather well now,”  Dr. Evergeitis said 
of the school performance of the teen­
agers.

There has been sharp disagreement 
on the question of the mountain peo­
ple’s Indian lineage. The main critic is 
David S. Cohen, a history professor at 
Rutgers University, who lived among 
the Mountain people for a year in the 
early 1970’s, and in a 1974 book argued 
that there was no evidence supporting 
“ the folk legend”  about Lenni Lenape 
or Tuscarora ancestry.

Local historians tend to side with the 
Ramapoughs. One is John Y. Dater, 
who says he had uncovered about 200 
Indian artifacts in archeological hunts 
in the Ramapo mountains in the early 
I920’s with Alanson Skinner, a former

curator of the American Museum of 
Natural History, and Max Schrabisch, 
a former archeologist for New Jersey.

He said Mr. Schrabisch, now dead, 
proved that a big meadow now occu­
pied by the Ford Assembly plant was a 
camp ground for the Tuscaroras as 
they migrated north to join the Iroquois 
confederation in upper New York state 
in the early 1700’s.

“ There were Indians all through 
these mountains, there’s no two ways 
about it,”  Mr. Dater said. Asked if he 
assumed they were forebears of the 
Ramapoughs, he said: “ There’s no 
question about it.”

George Weller, a Pulitzer Prize win­
ning reporter for The New York Times, 
advanced the argument about Tusca­
rora lineage in an article in The New 
Yorker magazine in 1938. He recalled 
“ long-haired Bill Mann,”  who always 
ca ll^  himself a Tuscarora and died in 
1937 at the age of 88. “ His face would 
have done for the side of a Buffalo nick­
el,”  Mr. Weller wrote.

Otto Mann Jr. said Bill Mann was his 
great-grandfather, and he remembers 
his death when he was a boy of 3 or 4. 
Mann said.

Mr. Mann said he recalls that, when 
he was a youth, tribal elders made In­
dian herbal potions and told about 
about a burial ground and a big flat 
rock in Bear Swamp where Indians 
danced and taught traditional hunting 
and fishing methods.

His 72-year-old father recalled: 
“ They just said they were Indians. 
They took it for granted. I wished I had 
wrote (sic) down a lot of these things. 
We never knew we’d need them.”

Bernard Aronson D ies; 
New York Stockbroker

Bernard Aronson, a New York stock­
broker and philanthropist, died last 
Thursday at the Mount Sinai Medical 
Center. He was 72 years old.

Mr. Aronson, who lived in Manhattan, 
was chairman of the building committee 
of the recently completed Hospital for 
Joint Diseases Orthopedic Institute. The 
formal address of the institute, at 301 
East 17th Street, was changed to Bernard 
Aronson Plaza, and a memorial fund has 
been establish^ there in his name.

Mr. Aronson was a past president of the 
board of trustees of the Hospital for Joint 
Diseases and Medical Center and a mem­
ber of the boards of trustees of the Mount 
Sinai Medical Center and the Beth Israel 
Medical Center.

A native of New York City, Mr. Aron­
son graduated from Cornell University. 
In 1932 he formed a brokerage firm that 
became Aronson, Woolcott & Company, 
of which he was president and chairman 
of the board.

Mr. Aronson is survived by his wife, 
Audrey; two daughters, Ronney Berin- 
stein of Manhattan and Joan Poster of 
Westport, Conn.; a sister, Ruth Goldman 
of Palm Beach, Fla., and three grandchil­
dren.

OANZGER—Ida. Youns Israel of 
k Fiatbush ii’̂ cords with deep sorrow 

the passing of its esteemed member 
, Mrs. Ida Oanzger. Beloved wife of 
Paul Danzger. May the mourners 
be consoled together with all the 
mourners of Zion and Jerusalem.

Sheldon J. David/ President 
Solomon J. Sharfmam Rabbi

DARDICK—Sarah

late HY/ Irving/ Rose and Ruby. Ser*

Thursday/ January 17 at 10 AM. Fa­
mily wilt observe a period of mourn­
ing at their residence.

IGEN—Louis on January 14, 1980, 
beloved husband of the late Rose, 
devoted father of Lllyan and Leo-

10:30AM. Shiva at Barnett

ELLEN—Or. Samuel N. Predeceased 
by late wife, Esta Berger; survived 
by beloved wife, Blanche Siegel, 
adored father of five daughters.

New York University Dental

Thirty-second degree Masfm.

9:15, Friday, January 18th. Mourn-

Board of Directors, Medical Board

Msgr. Arrowsmith, 39 ,
O f Capital Archdiocese

WASHINGTON, Jan. 16 (A P) —  Msgr. 
Michael J. Arrowsmith, vice chancellor 
of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of 
Washington, died of cardiac arrest yes­
terday at Georgetown University Medi­
cal Center, where he had been hospital­
ized since he was injured in a hit-and-run 
accident Christmas Eve. He was 39 years 
old.

Monsignor Arrowsmith was returning 
home on the Capital Beltway after visit­
ing a sick child when his car was struck 
by another car, which did not stop, the 
archdiocese said. When he got out, he was 
struck by another hit-run auto.

William Cardinal Baum, Archbishop of 
Washington, paid tribute to Monsignor 
Arrowsmith oday as “ one of our most tal­
ented and dedicated young priests. ”

The priest was one of seven children of 
Marvin and Mary Frances Arrowsmith of 
Santa Fe, N.M. The senior Mr. Arrow- 
smith retired in 1977 after 35 years with 
The Associated Press, the last eight as 
chief of the Washington bureau.

Monsignor Arrowsmith was ordained 
in 1966, and was assistant pastor at St. Jo­
seph’s Church at Lanham, Md., and ,an 
assistant at the Cathedral of St. Matthew 
in Washington before he became assist­
ant chancellor of the archdiocese in Sep­
tember 1971.

Myra Berol, Artist and Breeder 
Of Championship Irish Setters

Myra C. Berol, an artist and a breeder 
of national champion Irish setters and 
pointers, died Jan. 4 at Candler General 
Hospital in Savannah, Ga. Mrs. Berol, 
who was 91 years old and lived in Bedford 
Hills, N.Y., and Ridgeland, S.C., was the 
widow of Edwin M. Berol, president of 
the Eagle Pencil Company in New York.

Mrs. Berol studied at the Art Students 
League and had a one-man show at the 
Wildenstein Gallery in the 30’s. Her paint­
ings, mostly in oil, were also exhibited in 
1973 at the former Kretschmer Gallery in 
New York.

The dogs Mrs. Berol bred and trained 
at her home in South Carolina achieved 
national renown. One of them, an Irish 
setter named Rufus McTybe O’Cloisters, 
was once considered the most famous 
Irish bird dog of all time.

Mrs. Berol is survived by a son, Albert; 
a daughter, Margaret B. Craig; five 
grandchildren and five great-grandchil­
dren.

ISAAC M. WHEELER
Isaac M. Wheeler, a former depart­

ment store executive, died Tuesday at his 
home in Harrison, N. Y., at the age of 94.

Mr. Wheeler was president of the for­
mer C. G. Gunther Sons, a fur retailer on 
Fifth Avenue, when he bought out H. 
Jtieckel & Sons in 1949. The merged com­
pany, known as Gunther-Jaeckel, was ab­
sorbed by Bonwit Teller in 1960, and Mr. 
Wheeler remained a consultant until he 
retired in 1965.

iratijB

been assoclsted With Nassau Hospi-

Campbell, Madison
treet, Thursday, 4:30- 

Church of 
Ferrer, Lexington

are greatly saddened 
of the dearly beloved 
r president, Roger 
extends its deepest

1, devoted father of

tannette Scharmann. 
indfather & great- 

vices Friday, 10AM 
North Chapels" 55 
~’iaza (OPD R.R. Sta)

iMack). Beloved hus-

|2:30PM.
lollle. Of North 

ly of Brooklyn New

member of the Na-

ly six grandchildren.

tan Burial Our Lady 
lurch,9:30AM. Inter- 

Cemetery, visiting

Floyd, De\«>ted hus- 
’, adored father of 
and Irene, loving 

Jeanor Markowitz.
sday 11:30AM at

HARRIS—Hyman, beloved hu^and 
of Eveline, devoted father of Paul, 
dear brother of Anne GHckman, Ida 
Geidzeiler and Isidore Harris, lov­
ing grandfather of Stuart & David. 
Services Thursday, 12:15 at Gwtter- 

■ i Funeral Home, 331 Amst«--

Rlverslde" 76fti St. and Amsterdam

Barrington, Mass., January 15, 
1980. Widow of Cornell Smith Haw­
ley. Survived by one daughter, Mar­
garet B. Hawley of Great Barring­
ton, one brother, Ferdinand G. Ma- 
ier of Barstow, California. Funeral 
will be Friday, 11 AM, from the 
Stevens Funeral Home In Great 
Barrington.

HAYES—Saul, The American Jewish 
Joint Distribution Committee notes 
with profound sorrow the passing of

American Jewish 
Joint Distribution Committee 

Donald M. Robinson, President

Executive Vice President

taire. Fire Island. Beloved wife of 
Paul. Loving mother of Susan Blo- 
uin, Julia Mann, and Paul P. Also 
survived by 9 grandchildren. Funer­
al from Broadway Chapel of Tho­
mas M. Quinn & Sons FH on Satur­
day, 9AM. Mass of Christian burial 
Queen of Angels RC Church,

HIATT—Frances Mrs., The Brandeis 
Community mourns the death of the 
beloved wife of Trustee and Past 
Chairman of our Board of Triretees, 
Jacob Hiatt. A woman of endearing 
grace, charm and warmth, her ex­
traordinary empathy with human­
kind was abundantly underscored In

Services. A Life Member of the 
Brandeis University National Wo­
man's Committee, ^  shared her 
husband's total commitment to the 
concept and growth of Brandeis 
University as reflected in the estab-

and Jacob Hiatt Visiting Proifessw- 
ship In English which, in 1977, 
brought Nobel Laurate Saul Bellow 
to the University. We shall sorely 
miss her and always remember 
with affection and gratitude her pre­
sence amongst us. To Jacob Hiatt, 
to their children and grandcJilldren, 
and to all the bereaved family we

Abram L. Sachar, Chancellor 
HOFFMAN—Caroline C., service Fri­

day 10 AM at her residmce, 3260 
Henry Hudson Pky, Rlverdaie. 

HOYT—Shwman Reese. Of Washlng-

HULSEBOSCH—Gerard F., Jr. Of 
London, England, formerly of New 
Rochelle, N.Y. and White Plains, 
N.Y. Husband of Lydia Odcert

Mrs. Robert (Florence) Unsworih, 
Mrs. James (Anne) Boyle and Ed­
ward HuiseboscJt. Step-fath«- of 
Randolph Maynard. Funeral servi­
ces to be held at the Chapel of St. 
Francis of Assisi, Gate of Heaven 
Cemetery, Hawttwne, N.Y. 
day at 1PM.

JORDAN—Jctfm 0

Lillian O'Hanlon, Kathleen Hand, 
Peter and Andrew and the late John 
F. Funeral from Mulligan & Reilly 
Chapels, 1170 Castle Hill Ave. Bronx 
Saturday 8:^AM. Mass of the Re­
surrection St. Helwa's Church 
9AM. intermwt St. Raymond's Ce­
metery.

KEESLER—Irving V. On Jan. 13, In 
Bradenton, Fla., at 70 years of age.

Donna Schwartz, brother of Milcb'ed

KESTENBAUM—Jacob. January 16. 
Beloved hu^and of Yetta, devoted 
father of Shirley Schulder, Lionel, 
Sanford and Lillian Levine. Loving 
brother of Ester Eisenberg and Dr.

Shiva until Tuesday morning Jan­
uary 22 at 920 East 17 St (near 
Avenue I) Bklyn.

found sorrow at the passing of a de­
voted friend and patron, husband of 
our beloved Honorary Board M^n- 
ber Yetta Kestenbaum and father of

warmhi, compassion and deep mor­
al consciousness, he was a most ge­
nerous benefactor, leader of Jewi^

combe, brother of Dr. Anson Hoyt, 
Mrs. Robwl J. Lewis, Mrs. Eric L. 
Hedstrom, Graham Hoyt. Service

I lieu of flowers contrlbu- 
Tions TO The American Cancer Socie­
ty, 777 3 Avenue, N.Y. would be ap­
preciated.

HULSEBOSCH-Gerard F. Jr. age 54 
on January 11, 1980. of London, En­
gland, formerly of New Rochelle & 
White Plains. Husband of Lydia 
(Ockert) Hulsebosch; father of Mrs. 
Jane Mary McGoey of White 
Plains; stepfather of Randolph 
Maynard of Bethlehem, Pa; brother 
of Mr. Edward Hulseboosch of 
Scarsdale, Mrs. Anne Boyle and 
Mrs Florence Unsworth of New 
Rochelle. Mr. Hulsebosch was an 
Executive with Chevrtm Oil, Europe 
in London. He was a graduate of 
Fordham Law. Services will be at 
The Gate of Heaven Cemetery, In 
Valhalla, NY on Friday January 18,

state COUNTIES (914) 
^OLK CO. (516) 669-1600; CONNECTICUT (203) 34B-7767!

Executive Director

of Directors, Faculty and Student 
body, record with deep sorrow the 
passing of our esteemed Director,

Ye^lva for many years. We extend 
our heartfelt condolences to his nob­
le wife Yetta, his children, and to 
the entire bereaved family. May the 
Almighty send them solace and

Fred F.Weiss, Chairman of the 
Board

Menashe Stein, Treasurer 
Earl H. Spero, Secretary

nistration. Trustees, Directors, La­
dies Auxiliary, Principals & Mem­
bership record with sorrow the

member of our Honorary Board of 
Directors, beloved husband of Yet- 
ta, devoted father of our aiumnl, 
Shirley Schulder, Lillian Levine,

Trustees. We extwTd (

Irving Schnitzler, MD, President 
David H. Schwartz, Administrator

KESTENBAUM—Jacob. Young Is­
rael of Fiatbush records with deep 
sorrow the passing of its distin­
guished honorary president, Jacob 
Kestenbaum. Beloved husband of 
its esteemed member Yetta, and be­
loved fatha' of Its esteemed mem- 
b^s Sanford Kestenbaum and Mrs.

together with all the rndurners of 
Zion and Jerusalem.

Sheldon J. David, President 
Solomon J. Sharfman, RaU}i 

KESTENBAUM—Jacob, the Be'er 
Hagol’ah Institutes—Committee for 
the Educatiwi of Recent Immi­
grants reccx'ds with profound sor­
row the passing of Jacob Kesten­
baum, beloved father of our dear 
friend Sanford Kestenbaum. We of­
fer w r deepest condolences to the 
entire family. May the mourners be 
comforted together with all the 
mourners of Zion and Jerusalem.

Morton Berger, President 
Marcus A. Saffer, Chairman of Bd.

KOLITCH—Dean. We are deeply dis-

esteemed and beloved past 
Vice-President, Board Menfoer,

to his dear wife Frances, and the 
tire bereaved family.

Yeshiva Dov Revel of Forest Hills 
Jonah Kupietzky, President 

Rabbi Dr. Morris Charner,
Rosh Ha Yeshiva 

Rabbi Moses S. Malinowit?:, Admin 
KOLMAN—Helen, formerly of Bronx- 

vllle, NY, on Jan 15, 1980, wife of 
Godfrey A. Calling hours at the 
Fred H. McGrath & S<m Funeral 
Home, Bronxville, NY between the

funeral home on Friday, Jan 18 at

grandmother. Service today, Thurs­
day at Frank E. Campbell, Madison 
Avenue and at 81st Street 12noon. 
I nt -̂ment U nion Fields Cemetery. 

LAFIANDRA—Santina (nee Along!)

nette Camlllerl and Robert, cher­
ished sister of Maria Dussich, Fran­
ces Pizzuti and S^stian Aiongi, 
devoted grandmother of Vanessa 
and Robert Camilleri. Reposing at 
the Quirk Funo-al Home, 89 Engle

Friday 11AM. Inter- 
............. ieph's Cemetery, Hack­

ensack. Family will receive their 
friwids Thursday from 3-5 and 7- 
9PM. Contributions may be made fo 
The Arthritis Foundation, NJ Chap-

.. /  16, 1980 of Floral Park. Be­
loved husband of Sophie. Loving 
father of Zeila Mae Me^is of New­
ton Highlands, Mass. Also survived 
by three granddrjldren. Friends 
may visit 2-5,7-10PM at the Thomas 
F. Dalton Funeral Home, 29 Atlan­
tic Ave (at RR Plaza), Flex’s! Park,

Siegel. Dear brother of Philip. Ser­
vices were held Tuesday 

MAGNAN—Charles, D.Mus, D.PhD, 
Beiiaire, Texas January 12,1980. He 
was chief coach at the Metropolitan 
Opera, concert pianist, composer, 
music teacher, played for ballet

Rose, dear brother of Marvin Mar-
?>lls and Rhoda Ratner. Services 

hursday, January iTtti, 12:45 PM 
“The Riverside" 76th St. and Am­
sterdam Ave.

AcCARTIN—Harriet, on January 15,- 
1980. Wife of the late Daniel J. Mc- 
Cartin. Cousin of William Schroeder

day, 2-5 and 7-lO.Reguiem Mass Fri­
day 10AM Emmanuel Episcopal 
Church, 2635 E. 23 Sf,Bklyn. In lieu 
of flowers donations to Emmanuel 
Eplscooel Church.

McKEON—John J. on January 14, 
19̂ 0, of Brooklyn, New Ywk. Hus-

Arnay, Henry 
Brennan, Felix 
Cantor, Jade 
Childs, Charles 
Clarke, Ridiard 
Coryell, Nancy 
Coyle, Philip 
Craig, Gladys 
Danoff, Alfred 
Danzger, Ida 
Dardick, Sarah 
Eig«i, Louis 
Ellen, Samuel 
Felicetti, Julius 
Fogarty, Anne 
Franklin, Roslyn 
Friedman, Harry 
Garbeilano, Jean 
Giflen, Max 
Goldscheid, Mollie 
(Gordon, Charles 
Gruen, Philip 
Harris, Hyman 
Hartman, Lillian 
Hauser, Mary 
Hawley, Louise 
Hayes, Saul 
Heffernai., D. 
Hiatt, Frances 
Hoffman, Caroline 
Hoyt, Sherman 
Hulsebosch, G. 
Jordan,John 
Keesier, Irving

Kestenbaum, J. 
Kolitch. Dean 
Kolman, Hden 
Krantz, May 
Lafiandra, Santina 
Loew, Alfred 
Loshin, Jerome 
Magnan, Charles 
Margolis, Joseph 
McCartin, Harriet 
McKeon, John 
Mulnick, Time 
Nagel, Ivan 
Oesfel, George 
Perahia, Ino 
Pianfadosi, George 
Pouifney, Georglne 
Ramsteck, Louise 
Rehner, Esther 
Reier, Irving 
Relsner, Edi^ 
Ricciardelli, V. 
Rock, Louis 
Rosenberg, M. 
Rothei*erg, Freda 
Schwartz, Irwin 
Smith, Irving 
Smullan, Nathan 
Sokoloff, Joseph 
Som^, Jean 
Tang, George 
Whitney, George 
Winner, Ira 
Zupkoff, Ida

Nagel, Mun(ou Nagelberg, and Hil­
da Kletfer Loving uncle. Services 
“Boulevard-Park West" 115 W 79 St, 
Friday at 12 noon.

OESTEL—George-On January 14, 
1980. Age 70 years. Devoted s<m of 
the late Lena and George. Survived

ing sister of Sam Tempkin, devoted 
grandmother and great-grandmoth­
er. Fungal services today at 
1:15PM at the l.J.Morris Inc. 
Funeral Home, 1895 Fiatbush Ave.

the Peter J. Gels Funeral Home,

SPM. Funeral Friday 8:4SAM. In-

ment manufacturer, past Vlce- 
Presid^it Sephardic Jewish Broth­
erhood of America 
his loving kindne: 
will abide forever.

PIANTADOSI—George R. The Asso­
ciation for Government Assisted

George R. Plantadosi, a member of

The Association For (Sovernment

Edward Sulzberger, President 
Craig Singer, Executive Vice Pres­

ident
PIANTADOSI—George R. Of Yon­

kers. Suddenly on Tuesday, Janua­
ry 15. Beloved husband of Marilyn 
Seabrook Plantadosi. Devoted fath-

Flynn Memorial Home Inc., 325 S.

ment and suppnT to those whose

uary 23rd at 4:30PM in the United 
Engineering Center Auditorium, 345

1980, dear sister of Augusta A. 
Cahill, aunt of Ernest Grauer, Ma- 

Kaufmann, Edwin Grauer,

Perry Ave (at East 204 St) Bx. Mass 
of Christian Burial at the Church of 
St Brendan, Friday, 9:45 am. Inter­
ment Sleepy Hollow Cemetery.

REHNER—Esth^, beloved wife of 
the late Charles K., devoted mother 
of Harvey B. and Ruth, Murray and 
Sandy, dear sister of Bella Bravin,' 
Helen DIer and Joseph Rudner, 
adored grandmother of Jan, Eli­
zabeth, Sharon, Rachelle and Gail. 
Services today 12:45 PM, “Boule­
vard-Park West," 1450 Broadway, 
Hewlett, L.l.

dustry Board of Plumbers Local t2, 
extend heartfelt sympathy to our 
past Chairman of the Board, Har­
vey Rehner and his brother Murray 
and their families on the death of 
their mother.

Herbert Greertoerg, Chairman 
John Murray, Co-Chairman 

Lawrence Felder, Treasurer 
Morris Olshina, Exec Se^ 

REHNER—Esther. The Officers, 
Board of Directors and Staff of the 
Five Towns Community Chest ex­
tend our slnc -̂est sympathies to 
Murray Rehner, esteemed Board 
Membtf* and Campaign Chairman, 
and his family upon the death of his

rectors and members of the Plumb­
ing and Heating Industry Chapter of 
the American ORT Federation loin 
our vice presidents, Harvey and 
Murray Rehner, and ttieir families 
in mourning the loss of their beloved 
mother.

Morris Olshina, President 
REHNER “ Esther. Congregation 

Sons of Israel, Woodmere, reoirds 
with sorrow the passing of the moth­
er of Mr. Harvey Rehner and ex-

or humanity. He thus earned the af­
fection and respect of his clients and 
his adversaries. As a scholar, 
theacher and ai1)ltrator he believed 
In the attainment of industrial 
peace. In private lifo he devoted 
much of his free time to foe social 
betterment of the community

peachable integrity, his warmth 
and kindness, his wit and humor. 
We are fortunate to have known and
worke..............
being 
much.

Solomon & Rosenbaum, 
OrecJisler & Lett 

REIER—Irving. The Board and Staff 
of Jewish Community Services of 
Long Island note with deep sorrow 
the untimely passing of the Pres­
ident of our board. We will sorely

His many creative accomplish­
ments as a membw and officer of 
our board will survive as a living 
monument to this great man. To his

mother, sister, aunt, niece, cousin, 
and friend. Dedicated and resp^ed 
Hicrfi School librarian. Survived by

band Paul Cfoldhagen, daugh^

and their darling daughter Dana, 
sista* Louise Trachtenberg and 
many other dear relatives. She will 
long be remembered with de^ love. 
Services at Tarasan-Virag Funeral 
Home me. 195 E. Main St. Hunting-

friends "niursday, Friday, S^rday
7-9PM./NO----------------  -  ■ ••
tioos to Ca 
predated.

RICCIARDELLI—Vincent. The offl- 
— staff, and members of the

RICCIARDELLI—Vinewit. The offi­
cers and members of the Amalga­
mated Clofoing and Textile Workers

coming a master craftsman, took a 
commanding leadership role in the

America. As a shop dtairman, e

the Amalagamated with the Textile 
Workers Union and he v

tion. Vincent Ricciardeili v

halt of his membn'S, and unsparing 
in his dedicatim to foe pursuit of a

union had already been instituted 
by foe time he assumed a top lead- 
er^lp role, his vision and exercise 
of (H’agmatic ideally helped spark 
the New York Joint Board and its 
Sidney Hillman Health Center and 
its Retiree Center to new spheres of 
endeavor. He earned a full measure 
of affectiw fron the workers he 
served with unswerving singleness 
of purpose and he had foe respect of 
the employers with whom he dealt

AFi^ciO, CLC are deeply crieved 
by t ^  ^  mely death of Vincent 
Ricciardelli, (fo-Manager of the

Vice-President of the Amalgamated 
Clothing and Textile Workers 
Union' AFL-CiO, CLC. His devotion 
and dedication to foe labor move--k._i,..-------... . . ..
twd ____
wife and family.

.  „ Simon, Manager 
Cecil Toppln, Asst. Manager

clothing industry. He v 
and beloved family :

him and working with him. We offer 
our fullest and warmest condolen­
ces’ fo his widow, Vincenza, to his 
son, Vincent Jr., and the othw 
members of the family.
THE AMALGAMATED CLOTHING 
AND TEXTILE WORKERS 
UNION, AFL-CIO, CLC 
MURRAY H. FINLEY, President

SOL STETIN, Sr. Executive Vice- 
Presidmt
SCOTT M. HOYAAAN, Executive 
Vice-President

Hated with foe New York Joint 
Board ACTWU regret with deepest

the New York Joint Board ACTWU 
and Vice President of the Amalga­
mated Clofoing and Textile Workers 
Union, in addition fo his activity in 
the Joint Board he \ 
many other related ar 
organizations. He was .
Italian labor circles and active in 
charitable and educational move­
ments related to labor. He was a ve­
teran of World War II vfoere he 
served actively in frontline duties. 
He fought for labor rights in the 
clofoing trade. Sympathies are ex­
tended to his wife Vincenza, son 
Vincent and his family and to other 
members of the family. Funwai 
s lic e s  will be held on Thursday 
January 17th, 1980 at 10AM at 
Adams & Cordozano, 15 Church St, 
Carmel, NY Route 52.

NEW YORK 
JOINT BOARD ACTWU 

MURRAY GOLDSTEIN, 
Co-Manager 

SAMUELMASLER, Secy-Treas

ROCK—Louis .A. Beloved husband of

Rae Lurio. Adored grandfather of 
Robin and Melanie. Services “Bou­
levard-Park West", 115 W. 79 St, 
Friday, January 18 at 11:30AM. In 
lieu of flowers please make contrl-

ROSENBERG—Murray J. Tfoeprinci­
pals and staff of Schmutter,Strull, 
Fleisch, Inc. mourn the passing of 
our estemed colleague. Our sin­
cere condolences to the members of 
his family.
MORRIS SCHMUTTER, President 

MORTIMERM.FOSS, 
Sr. Exec. Vice Pres.

ROSENBER(3—Murray. Congrega-

father of Mrs. Paul Weis^luth and 
extends its condolences.

Dr. Saul I. Teplitz, Rabbi 
Murray A. Reiter, President

ROSENBERG—Murray J. I mourn 
foe passing of my esteemed col­
league and loyal friend and extend 
sinceresf condolences fo Claire, to 
Gerald, Joan and their families.

January IS, 1980. Survived by her

Sue. Services Thursday, January

SCHWARTZ—Irwin I., beloved hus­
band of Helene, dear fattw of Mi-

SCHWARTZ—Irwin. Central Syna­
gogue of Nassau County records 
with great sorrow the passing of Ir­
win Schwartz, devoted Mender, 
and extends heartfelt sympathy fo 
h ^  bereaved family.

BURTON M. MARKS, President

SMITH—Irving. On Jan. 15, beloved ‘ 
husband of Jennie, devoted fath^ of

and three great-granddau<fo- 
ters. Oldest brothw of ten. Services 
Thursday, Jan 17,1PM, The River­
side, 76 St and Amsterdam Ave.

, Amy, and Faith. Services

SOKOLOFF—Joseph J. Suddenly in 
Frankfurt, Owmany, January 9th, 
19N. Loving husband of Roslyn. 
Father of Mark, Tracey and Pame-

Januarv20fo,l980.
SOME R—Jean, beloved wife of Ben­

iamin, loving mother of Marsha 
Lasky and Lloyd, loving grand­
mother of Sean and Brian Lasky. 
Services ŵ ere held Wednesday, 
January 16.

Home, 36 Mulberry St., Friday 2 to 8

Mass., December 30. Husband of 
Una (Rogers), father of Rob^ H.

and Faith W. Newcomb of Rock-

Also survived by five grandchildren 
and one great grandchild. Memorial 
service Saturday, January 19, at the 
Trinity Episcopal Church, Elm St., 
C«Kord, Mass., at 3ixn. Please

Brother Association 294 Washington

Gertrude, loving father of Carol and 
Or. Henry. Dear brother of Rhoda 
Haas and Alvin Winner. S ^ ice pri­
vate.

WILLNER—Ira. It Is with deep sor-

ber, ira Winner.
MONROE SCHAFFER, President 

RIOGEWA Y COUNTRY CLU B 
ZUPKOFF—Ida. The Hewlett-East 

Rockaway Jewish Center records 
with sorrow the passing of the moth­
er of its member. Dr. (Serald ZmA- 
otf, and extends its heartfolt sym­
pathy to the bereaved family.

RABBI STANLEY PLATEK 
IRVING F. SHAW, President

In Hfmnriam
FRIEDWALD—Lee Steel. In loving 

and constant memory of our darling 
“Lee" vfoo passed 16 years today. 
Rest In peace. Mom and Bob 

SANDERS, Jacob. Ever loved, al­
ways cherished darling. Rest peace­
fully, lovingly remembered, YOUR

1/17/20-10/15/45. Missv-- -  - 
our sweet gentle Helen. Irene



mwjgn^tion Bureaucracy Is Overwhelmed by Its Work
By BERNARD WEINRAUB

Special to Ttie New York Times

WASHINGTON, Jan. 15 — The Immi­
gration and Naturalization Service, riven 
by political interference and engulfed in 
malpractice, has stumbled to virtual bu­
reaucratic collapse, according to Govern­
ment officials. Congressional sources and 
a wide range of private experts.

They describe the agency as a stepchild 
of the Department of Justice, over­
whelmed by paperwork and burdened by 
archaic methods as it vainly strives to 
stem a flow of millions of illegal aliens a 
year. Until recently, for instance, the 
agency manually maintained files of 48

million people and the payroll of its 10,000 
employees.

Its past efforts to investigate internal 
wrongdoing have been hampered by 
problems from lack of paper clips to its 
refusal to spend $2,000 for a lie detector 
machine. It loses one out of every two or 
three files, and many of its employees 
double their salaries in excess overtime.

“ The agency is a shambles,”  said Rep-

The Tarnished Door; 
Crisis in Immigration
Last o f five articles.

resentative Elizabeth Holtzman, Demo­
crat of Brooklyn, the chairman of the 
House Judiciary Committee’s panel on 
immigration. “ It’s an agency out of con­
trol with 19th century tools. Record-keep­
ing is a disaster. There’s not one part of 
the place that seems professional to me. ”

Charles Gordon, general counsel to the 
Immigration and Naturalization Service 
from 1966 to 1974 who is co-author of a 
book on immigration law, said: “ The 
I.N.S. has become a disaster area. 
They’re overworked and understaffed. 
They don’t have the ability to cope with

Continued on Page B9, Column 1



Unscrupulous Professionals Prey 
On Captives of Immigration Maze

ByHOWARDBLUM
Beyond the electronic security devices 

at the entrance to the Immigratioh and 
Naturalization Service’s offices in lower 
Manhattan, the line begins. It twists and 
turns across the lobby, like fingers fold­
ing into a fist, as individuals from a half- 
dozen countries become trapped in com­
mon emotions — anxiety, confusion and 
fear.

The line forms the last border that an 
immigrant seeking permanent residency 
in the United States has to cross. But the 
path to the eild of the line— which contin­
ues, with bureaucratic stops and starts, 
up to the building’s Uth floor— is not just 
paved with an intimidating geography of 
confusion.

Often, the bewildered immigrant must 
hire high-priced professionals to lead him 
through the maze of Federal immigration 
procedures. And frequently these profes­
sionals — a loosely knit fraternity of law­
yers, private immigration consultants 
and travel agents — are incompetent, 
unethical and criminally corrupt.

Variety of Abuses Found
That is the picture that emerges from 

interviews with lawyers and their staffs, 
immigration consultants, recent immi­
grants, illegal aliens, welfare agencies. 
Federal officials and investigators. Court 
records and affidavits submitted to bar 
associations and Immigration service in­
vestigators were also reviewed by report­
ers for the The New York Times.

While those interviewed said they be­
lieved that many people Involved in im­
migration case worked honestly seek to 
aid their clients, no one knows precisely 
how widespread these abuses are. Most 
lawyers and consultants are reluctant to

discuss their cases, and many immi­
grants are afraid to share their experi­
ences.

But The Times investigation turned up 
a wide variety of abuses— many of which 
are under investigation — both in the 
structure of the Federal Immigration sys-

The Tarnished Door: 
Crisis in Immigration
Third o f five articles.

tern itself, and by individuals who profit 
from it by taking advantage of aliens who 
are uncertain, if not ignorant, of the sub­
tleties of American life and law.

Among the findings of the three-month 
inquiry are these:

^Immigration lawyers, who have been 
described by the American Civil Liber­
ties Union as the one group of people 
available to aliens who are “ sufficiently

Continued on Page B5, Column 1



Corruption in Consulates on Rise 
^ s  More Aliens Seek U.S. Visas

By BERNARD WEINRAUB
Special to The New Yorit Times

WASHINGTON, Jan. 15 — An Israeli 
womsin is unable to get a tourist visa to 
visit her husband in New York because 
United States consulate officials fear that 
she and her two small children are seek­
ing to emigrate. The woman meets an Is­
raeli lawyer in a Tel Aviv coffeehouse 
and hands him an envelope containing 
$1,000 after he promises to assist her. 
Within 24 hours, she has a visa.

In Port-au-Prince, Haiti, Carolyn J. 
King, a young Foreign Service officer in 
the United States Embassy’s nonimmi­
grant visa section, suggests to a Haitian 
national that they set up a business sell- 
ingdocwnents for $500 apiece. Within six 
months. Miss. King earns $75,000. In 
DecemBht; 1977, in Federal District 
Court, she'^is found guilty of bribery.

The Tarnished Door: 
Crisis in Immigration
Fourth o f five articles.

here The 
^immigrants 

^^Have Come
-  (195710 1977)

w
A -  ^

r

1

4 0 0 ,0 0 0

times, but manpower increased only 12 
percent.

The problems in the consular service 
are compounded by the uncertainty and 
emotion that shrouds immigration policy, 
coupled with efforts to curb the tide of 
aliens who enter the United States on visi­
tor’s visas and then remain here illegally. 
Authorities in the State Department be­
lieve that the number of illegal aliens in 
the United States is at least 10 million, 
and those ranks are swelling at a rate of 
about two million a year.

“ If you’re a truck driver or a casual la-

sentenced to five years in prison and or- ] 
dered to pay finesimounting to $77,500.

More recently, the State Department, 
worried about “ visa malfeasance”  and I 
“ visa fraud,”  has quietly begun investi­

gations of consulates in El Salvador, Ja­
maica, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, 
Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay and other j 
nations.

The great majority of the 650 American 
consuls abroad are believed to be honest 

1 officers who pass judgment on the more 
than six million visa applicants a year.

I But examples of corruption and Ineptness I 
I have increased with the growing tide of 
I foreigners who seek to come to the United 
I States; shortages in the consular service 
I and the inexperience of many consular | 

officers. From 1972 to 1977, for example, 
the workload increased three and a half I

Continued on Page A17, Column 1



T H E  N E W  Y O R K  TIM ES, W E D N E S D A Y , J A N U A R Y  16, 1980

Corruption in U.S. Consular Service Increases as More Seek Visas
Continued From Page A1

borer or a domestic and you arrive here 
on a visitor’s visa and disappear on a 
Greyhound bus heading out W ^t, how 
much effort do you think the immigration 
service will spend tracking you down?”  
asked one consular official. “ We’re not 
that kind of society. ”

Currently, 290,000 immigrants may le­
gally enter the United States each year, 
not more than 20,000 from any single na­
tion. About three-quarters of these immi­
grants are admitted on the basis of a 
close family relationship in ;the United 
States, usually a parent or clhld. The re­
maining quota is filled by refugees and 
workers with needed skills.. After five 
years of residency, immigrants may 
apply for citizenship.

There are no numerical restrictions on 
nonimmigrant visas, which cover about 
28 categories of visitors. These visas, 
which last from several weeks to a year, 
are issued to tourists, studeiils, business­
men, teachers and others.

Pressures to snare tourist visas to the 
United States are generated in the 
swarms of people who lire up outside

‘People will do any­
thing to come here,’ 
one official said.

United States consulates in^Bogota, Mex­
ico City, Santo Domingo and Port-au- 
Prince as well as in Hong Kong, Seoul, 
Taiwan, New Delhi, Manila and other 
cities.

These pressures, according to some 
State Department officials,' have led to 
‘ rackets”  involving foreign employees in 

United States consulates; left American 
officials harassed and mired in paper­
work, sometimes resulting in tnireau- 
cratic bungling, and created what one 
Foreign Service officer terjned “ remark­
able temptations”  for Americsm consular 
officials.

Within recent years, officials have re­
portedly retired under q, cloud from posts 
in New Delhi, Mexico City, Lisbon and 
several Caribbean cities.

Elizabeth J. Harper, deputy assistant 
secretary for visa services, conceded that 
‘there was very live concern about the 

^ssibilities”  of corruption, but added, 
‘ It’s almost startling that there’s as little 

malfeasance as there is.”  '*
Fraud ‘a Dynamic Activity’

Hume Horan, deputy assistant secre­
tary at the Bureau of Consular Affairs, 
observed: “ Fraud is a dynamic activity. 
It’s gotten worse because, more people 
want to come. The U.S. is ah island of se­
curity compared to a lot of countries, and 
people will do anything to come here.”

“ Foreign service officers are fallible,”  
he added. “ They’re not ma'de of any dif­
ferent substance than anyone else. They 
come under pressures, subtle pressures, 
and sometimes the younger p^ ple  don’t

know what’s happening until too late.”
Recently, a State Department meeting 

of senior consular officers abroad were 
given the following message by Mr. 
Horan: “ Keep an eye on younger officers. 
Many of them are in unfamiliar territory, 
away for the first time, liable to errors of 
judgment, susceptible to flattery by peo­
ple who invite them out, have charm and 
a nice social life. We’re less worried 
about a wad of bills being exchanged than 
more sophisticated, more subtle, ap­
proaches for favors. ’ ’

Officials denied that the State Depart­
ment preferred a tacit policy of quietly 
ordering senior consular officials to re­
tire and not pressing for prosecutions 
after the officers were found to have ac­
cepted bribes or, in some cases, sexual 
favors from applicants seeking visas to 
the United States.

Prosecution Is Expensive
“ The issue is not whether one retires, 

but how strong a case there is against an 
individual in order to prosecute,”  Miss 
Harper said. A Justice Department offi­
cial added: “ Prosecuting Americans is 
expensive for the Government. You often 
get involved in banking secrecy laws and 
you’re dealing with people who are, quite 
often, terrified and don’t understand our 
legal system.”

Perhaps even more difficult than deal­
ing with American officials abroad are 
the far more widespread problems of cop­
ing with such local consulate employees 
as clerks, secretaries and translators 
who might be engaged in bribery and as­
sorted murky schemes. What blurs the 
problem is that harried American offi­
cials are often very reliant on these local 
employees. The Americans in one Carib­
bean country even declined to dismiss a 
corrupt employee because she seemed in­
dispensable.

“ Gosh, I didn’t kndw what the hell was 
going on when I got to Mexico City and 1 
had to rely on the locals who were there,’ ’ 
said a diplomat who served as a consular 
officer for several years in the Mexican 
capital. “ There’s a very dependent rela­
tionship. You arrive there and you’re sud­
denly confronted with a two-year backlog 
for visas, all kinds of pressures and locals 
who are, I think, doing a lot of favors for a 
lot of people. You’re thrown in with 
wolves.”

A Test Upon Arrival
“ It’s awful,”  she added. “ Consular 

work has been traditionally the way 
women and minorities have been able to 
break into the State Department, but I 
would never do it again. Never. It’s a 
most unpleasant job. I’d rather go on wel­
fare.”

Another woman who served in the con­
sulate in Port-au-Prince and now works 
for the State Department in Washington 
said: “ Almost soon as you arrive, you’re 
tested. First off, someone handed me an 
envelope with eight $100 bills for some 
visas. On several occasions people of­
fered me money, flat out. I was intimi­
dated and harassed. If I went to a restau­
rant or a nightclub, people would appear 
out of the woodwork and ask me about 
visas. Peopie followed me home and hung

The New Yorii Times /  Alan Riding

A guard at the United States Consulate In Mexico City attempting to keep order among people seeking M try visas

around my house. It was all pretty 
weird.”

“ Here I was, brand new in the Foreign 
Service, and I was treated like a head of 
government,”  she added. “ At parties in 
the Foreign Ministry the only Americans 
invited would be the ambassador and me, 
the consular officer. That’s pretty heady 
stuff for a young person. Without warn­
ing, you can easily get caught up in a web 
of doing favors and selling visas. The 
pressuresare enormous.”

Examples abound of local consulate 
employees engaged in bribery and often 
intricate schemes: In Bombay, one 
trusted Indian employee began accepting 
baskets of fruit from visa applicants. 
Soon he found it difficult to turn down of­
fers of saris for his wife. “ Then he was 
hooked,”  said one American official. “ He 
sold visas for about $500 over an 18-month 
period before he was fired.’ ’

In Tel Aviv, one employee developed a 
lucrative practice of receiving payoffs 
from real estate companies that received 
first bid on the homes of newly approved 
visa applicants. In Mexico City, a travel 
agent who served as a member of the se­
curity force at the consulate curried 
favor with American officials by provid-

Tbe New York Ttaiw /  Tereu Zabsla

David Carllner, above, aa Immlgation lawyer in Washington, said his com­
plaints to the State D^iartment about a payoff to a consular offlclal in Bom­
bay went uninvestigated. Hume Horan, right, deputy assistant secretary at 
the Bureau of Consular affairs, with Elizabeth J. Harper of the Justice De­

partment. Both spoke of difficiiltles in stopping fraud in foreign consulates.

ing them with discount plane tickets and, 
it was assumed, smoothed the way for 
Mexicans to get visas.

Until recently, according to one State 
Department official, the Hong Kong con­
sulate was “ notorious”  for its corrupt 
local staff. About three years ago, one 
prominent New York immigration law­
yer recalled, dozens of Chinese ship crew­
men were deported from the United 
States, only to return several months 
later with legal visas. It was widely ru­
mored that each man paid from $2,000 to 
$3,000 for his visa.

Essentially, the scale of corruption 
abroad is impossible to determine. One 
consular official in a Latin-American 
country reportedly retired with hundreds 
of thousands of dollars in cash after ar­
ranging for three tourist visas a day, at 
$1,000 a visa, in a scheme Involving a 
local police chief. A consular official in a 
Caribbean nation reportedly approved 
visas for maids and other domestics after 
suggesting that the women have sexual 
relations with him.

“ Corruption abroad is very quiet, very 
subtle, and it’s impossible to find out how 
much is actually going on because the 
alien obviously won’t make any 
charges,”  said the New York immigra­
tion lawyer, who alleged that after World 
w ar ITffifHldns of dollars went to Ameri­
can consuls, especially in Europe, from 
Jews and others who had survived the 
Nazis and were desperate to flee.

In recent months, seven local employ­
ees and three contract guards have been 
dismissed from their posts in the Buenos 
Aires consulate, where the workload for 
nonimmigrant visas has increased by 87 
percent in the last three years. Investiga­
tions into visa fraud in a half-dozen Latin- 
American and Caribbean countries have 
also been started.

Fraud Units In Some Posts
At the same time the State Department 

has made plans to bolster its visa fraud 
efforts. Thirty posts abroad now have 
fraud officers and fraud units, and many 
large consulates utilize a system to in­
sure that applicants re ject^  elsewhere 
do not receive visas at a second consul­
ate.

Nonetheless some allegations of cor­
ruption seem to be brushed aside.

David Carliner, a prominent immigra­
tion lawyer in Washington, said he had 
complained to the State Department 
about an alleged $50 payoff that a client 
from India had paid to a local employee 
at the United States Consulate in Bom­
bay. State Department officials said the 
allegation was untrue.

“ How did they know?”  Mr. Carliner 
asked. “ They didn’t even speak to my 
client.”

With the flood of visa requests, which 
rose 21 percent last year over 1978, — 
complaints have arisen in recent years 
about the caliber of work in the various 
American missions, errors and foul-ups 
in the visa service and the all-encompass­
ing powers of consuls, whose judgments 
alx)ut aliens are extremely difficult to 
overturn.

Generally, it now takes several 
months, or longer, for consuls, especially 
in the Caribbean and Latin America, to 
respond to pressing requests from law­

yers representing immigrants in the 
United States. “ I’ve gotten no response to 
most of my letters to the consulate in 
Santo Domingo, which is one of the 
worst,”  said Bernard Schwarz, an immi­
gration lawyer who is also an adjunct 
professor at New York Law School.

Aliens who must return to their country 
to pick up their long-awaited visas for 
permanent residence are sometimes 
given only a few days to fly home with 
medical and other documentation — 
else they lose the immediate opportunity 
for the visa. Mr. Schwarz recalled one 
case in which an alien was told to report 
to a consulate one week before the letter 
arrived.

Beyond this, cases abound of harried 
consular officers taking extreme, some­
times bizarre, positions in adhering to the 
letter of the law. “ Perfect example in 
mind is an 8-year-old in Pakistan who had 
to come to the United States for heart sur-

One former consular 
worker recalled, 
‘People followed me 
home and hung 
around my house.’

gery and the American consul would not 
give her a visa to come here, finding her 
likely to become a public charge and an 
intending immigrant,”  said Stephen S. 
Mukamel, who is currently president of 
the Association of Immigration and Na­
tionality Lawyers, representing 800 law­
yers.

“ It took I don’t know how many Con­
gressmen and whatever influence, and 
even then the visa was issued in a differ­
ent post,”  said Mr. Mukamel. “ That’s 
how powerful that American consul is 
when he sits in that post. He’s the law.”  

Married to 2 Women
In another case in Hong Kong, a Chi­

nese man in his 70’s was denied a visa be­
cause he admitted to an American consul 
that, as a youth, instead of taking a con­
cubine like many Chinese men, he had 
been married to two women at qnce. The 
consul promptly ruled that the man had 
been a bigamist and was therefore denied 
entry because of “ admission of a crime 
involving moral turpitude.”

The elderly man’s dau^ter, an Ameri­
can citizen, then applied for her father’s 
wife to come to New York. The woman re­
ceived an immigrant visa, came to the 
United States and became a permanent 
resident. Then the man in Hong Kong ap­
plied for a “ waiver of inadmissibility,”  
on the ground that he was the spouse of a 
permanent resident. He was given an im­
migrant visa.

“ In 25 years of practicing immigration 
law, I have never seen a person excluded 
on these grounds,”  said Esther Kaufman, 
a New York lawyer. “ The irony is, if he 
had a concubine there would have been no 
problem. But he chose to marry the con­
cubine and was therefore excluded. 
That’s what makes it so crazy. ”



T H E  NEW YORK TIM E S, T U E S D A Y , J A N U A R Y  15, 1980 B5

Unscrupulous Professionals P rey on H opeful A liens
Continued From Page A1

knowledgeable and independent to stand 
up to”  the immigration service, have in a 
number of (tormented cases abused 
their function and developed a lucrative 
business. In some instances, the alien 
who is optimistically responding to the 
friendly promises of a televisicm com­
mercial or a newspaper advertisement 
becomes the victim of misrepresentation, 
unethical practices, uncaring and ineffi­
cient practice of the law, threats and 
criminal conspiracy.

4Some immigration consultants, with­
out the licensing restrictions of lawyers 
and often without the legal expertise as 
well, have in documented instances 
preyed upon aliens by offering incorrect 
interpretations of immigration statutes 
diat have resulted in deportations; impli­
cated aliens in the bribery of Federal offi­
cials; provided aliens with counterfeit 
documents, and accepted money for serv­
ices that were never performed or some­
times not even ptssible.

flThe recruiting practices of some 
“ educational consultants”  who bring for­
eigners into American preparatory 
schools, colleges and universities, have 
resulted In the Illegal use of immigration 
documents, the theft of funds from stu­
dents and the placement of students at 
schools that are unsuitable for their in­
tended course of study. Such practices 
are often carried out with the complicity 
of the schools.

Criticism by Immigration Judge
Allens are confronted by a Federal im­

migration system that is, in the words of 
Theodore P. JakabOwski, an immigration 
service judge, “ lacking competence, pro­
fessionalism and human kindness.”  And 
this system, according to Alan Rlccardi, 
the assistant district director for investi-

The immigration 
system, a judge says, 
lacks ‘competence, 
professionalism and 
human kindness.’

gatlons of the New York office, is one in 
which "corruption is a way of life" be­
cause of the “ liberalization and complex­
ity of the imminatlon laws”  that Federal 
employees are hired to enforce.

Reaching the end of lines that stretch 
daily through Immigration district of­
fices around the country would seem to 
be, at first reading of Immigration stat­
utes, a simple matter of time and num­
bers. Each year 170,000 people are al­
lowed to enter this country from the East­
ern Hemisphere and 120,000 from the 
Western hemisphere; no single country’s 
share may exceed 20,000 immigrants.

But, between the reality of the quotas 
and the llluslonary hopes of aliens falls a 
thick shadow of nuance and inteipreta- 
tion that has made the estimated 1,200 
lawyers who practice immigration law 
necessary intermediaries for aliens.

Ignorant of Law and Language
"Your client comes to you,”  explained 

Peter Hlrsch, who practices law out of a 
storefront office in Manhattan, “ and 
right off you see how ignorant he is of the 
law, of the way of life In this country, and 
even of the language. So the job of immi­
gration lawyer is to protect a client who is 
totally dependent on his lawyer’s advice 
and handling of a case. ”

The responsibility of protecting a “ to­
tally dependent”  alien, however, is one 
that some lawyers fulfill amid allega­
tions made by clients and other attorneys 
Impugning certain practictloners’ 
competence and honesty.

The fraud divisions of the immigration 
service’s district offices and the ethics 
committees of the local branches of the 
American Bar Association and the As­
sociation of Immigration and Nationality 
Lawyers, an independent national group, 
review allegations of misconduct involv­
ing immigration lawyers. The service’s 
Investigations are, according to Mr. Rlc- 
cardl, “ tough, tar-reaching and very 
complex.”  But, he added, “ cases against 
lawyers are very difficult to make.”  

Commissioner Is Distressed
David W. Ctteland, who took over as 

acting Commissioner of Immigration 
when Leonel J. Castillo left that post last 
October, said in a recent Interview that 
he was distressed at the practices of some 
of the less reputable Immigration law­
yers in.the country.

He added that although the ability of 
the Immigration service to move against 
them was limited, the agency had taken 
the step of providing lists of reputable 
agencies that offer free legal services to 
aliens facing deportation or other pro­
ceedings. Also, in some instances, the 
service required that the lawyer, and not 
the client, pay court and other costs in in­
stances where obviously "frivolous ap­
peals”  had been brought.

The findings of the confidential Immi­
gration service inquiries are referred, 
when necessary, to United States Attor­
neys for prosecution. In the New York 
district office last year no cases involving 
immigration lawyers were referred for 
prosecution. More than a dozen cases in­
volving immigration lawyers in the New 
York area are currently under scrutiny 
by the fraud section.

Lawyer Accused of Deception
In one case under review, Thomas A. 

Manning, a lawyer with offices on Rlving- 
ton Street in Manhattan, is accused In a 
sworn affidavit by Manwattle Persanud 
of “ deceiving me with respect to the eligi­
bility requirements for obtaining an Im­
migration visa.”

Mr. Manning, Miss Persanud contend­
ed, "stated that he is associated with a 
Congressman in the area, and that he 
would be able to obtain an immigration 
visa . . .  in this manner. Of course, not 
being personally familiar with the immi­
gration laws, I did not question Mr. Man­
ning’s advice . . .  It was only after con­
sulting another attorney who specialized 
in immigration law that I learned no such 
provision exists in the law. ”

In a telephone interview, Mr. Manning 
said he “ never made any claims almut 
knowing a Congressman. Of course I 
don’t know any.”  He then terminated the 
TOnversation, saying he did not want to 
discuss a pending case.

Another area-scrutinized by both the 
immigration service and the ethics com­

mittee of the immigration lawyers’ group 
Involved a New York lawyer, Antonio C.

Martinez, who issued copyrighted “ alien 
identification carxls.”

According to a report by the ethics 
committee, the cards bear “ an unreason­
able likeness”  to the immigration serv­
ice’s "green card,”  or permanent resi­
dency form. A member of Mr. Martinez’s 
staff said the cards were sold to approxi­
mately 200 aliens at $25 apiece.

The card, which the ethics committee 
said had “ a potential for deception and 
misrepresentation,”  also contained infor­
mation that the committee concluded 
was a “ concession of alienage”  and was a 
“ wholesale waiver of his clients’ rights” - 
to incriminate himself.

Mr. Martinez, although he has stopped 
issuing the cards, has initiated a $1 mil­
lion lawsuit against the immigration law­
yers’ group and two of its officers, de­
fending his right to issue the cards and 
seeking recovery of alleged damages 
caused by their criticism.
• Other cases being investigated by the 
fraud unit include lawyers a ccu s^  of 
“ steering,”  that is, the illegal practice of 
hiring of people to suggest to aliens that 
they retain a certain attorney; the filing 
of bogus labor certifications giving aliens 
the right to work, for which two New 
York lawyers were convicted and dis­
barred in the last year, and the use of 
scare techniques, including telling immi­
grants that unless they continues to make 
monthly fee payments, the attorney will 
make sure that they are deported.

$2 Million for Advertising
Gerald Kaiser, senior partner in the 

firm of Kaiser, Heller & Rogers, is one 
lawyer whose visibility has made both 
him and his firm the subject of a wide 
variety of complaints. Kaiser, Heller & 
Rogers has offices in seven cities and has 
spent nearly $2 million on television and 
print advertising.

According to Francis J. Johnson, chief 
of the fraud section of the New York of­
fice of the Immigration and Naturaliza­
tion Service, Mr. Kaiser and his firm are 
being investigated for the “ unethical 
practice of immigration law.”  Addition­
ally, the American Bar Association, the 
ethics committee of the Association of 
Immigration and Nationality Lawyers 
and a similar organization in Canada are 
reviewing Mr. Kaiser’s activities.

In an interview in his New York office, 
Mr. Kaiser adamantly denied that he had 
engaged in any improprieties. “ My prac­
tice and my firm are open to any Inquiry 
and Investigation they want,”  he said. 
“ What I’m doing is ta l^ g  the practice of 
law out of the Dark Ages. It’s just a ques­
tion of professional jealousy. ’ ’

One area under scrutiny in these in­
quiries is Mr. Kaiser’s extensive adver­
tising campaigns. In a television com­
mercial broadcast throughout the coun­
try and shown in his office to all potential 
clletlts, a somber Mr. Kaiser sits behind a 
desk as he tells an immigrant, “ It is pos­
sible that we can help you. ”

Variety of Complicated Procedures
The commercial then advises that “ in 

most cases”  as little as “ three to six 
months”  or perhaps “ six months to a 
year”  are necessaiy to successfully per­
form a variety of complicated immigra­
tion procedures.
- Also, in an advertisement that ap­
peared last month in The New York 
T im ^, the firm listed under the heading, 
“ Immigration Problems? FREE Initial 
Consultation,”  such areas as “ investors 
status”  and “ residence based on 7 years 
continuous physical presence in the 
United States.”

Donald Lindover, who is the New York 
chapter chairman of the Association of 
Immigration and Nationality Lawyers, is 
sharply critical of such ads and of Mr. 
Kaiser. “ He writes things or leads people 
to believe things that are not proper or 
correct,”  Mr. Llhdoversald. .

Until two years ago, 'the Immigration 
service granted visa numbers, which 
would enable an alien to enter the United 
States, to foreign investors who were will­
ing to put $40,000 into an American busi­
ness and then hire at least one worker 
who was a United States citizen.

No Numbers for 2 Years
“ There has been no investor number 

granted by the immigration service for 
the past two years,”  Mr. Lindover said. 
“ Now, he’s advertising implicitly that he 
can get this for a client. To me, that’s 
unethical.”

“ The requirements necessary for get­
ting approval of a permanent residency 
based on seven years of continuous living 
in the United States are extremely diffi­
cult and complicated,”  he continued. 
“ You have to demonstrate a very tangi­
ble sort of hardship if you were to leave 
this country, and Mr. Kaiser says nothing 
in his ad about how difficult this is to 
demonstrate.”

Mr. Kaiser, while acknowledging 
“ there is a certain amount of poetic li­
cense in m y advertisements,”  said, 
“ How can I put everything in an ad or in a 
TV commercial?”

Although Mr. Kaiser does not repre­
sent, by his own estimate, 88 percent of 
the prospective clients who come to his 
offices, the firm, he says, represented 
more than 5,000 people in 1979, and this 
year the firm anticipates receiving more 
than $6 million in gross annual retainers.

“ To make money in immigration law,”

Mr. Kaiser contends, “ the answer is to 
handle a large volume of cases. That’s 
why we put so much money into advertis­
ing to bring them through the front door 
and that’s why I’ve gone nationwide.”

In expanding the law firm, Mr. Kaiser 
has sold what he calls “ resident partner­
ships”  for fees ranging from $35,000 to 
$75,000 in cities inclining Miami, Los An­
geles, San Francisco, Houston, Boston 
and Denver.

Prospective resident pariners are at­
tracted by advertisements in legal publi­
cations announcing, “ We produce the 
clients, you forward the work to our New 
York office. Immediate substantial in­
come.”  A brochure outlining the paitner- 
ship program states that “ due to a weU- 
planned TV and newspaper campaign, 
the Miami office produced gross retain­
ers in excess of $800,000 between January 
and May of 1979.”

Criticism of Partnership Plan 
Gary C. Furin, an Atlanta lawyer, said 

that Mr. Kaiser was “ selling franchise,”  
and that immigration law was “ too com­
plicated and requires too much expertise 
to be handled that way. ’ ’

Mr. Kaiser jumped from his chair, ris­
ing to his height of 6 feet 4 inches as he re­
sponded to the criticisms: “ If you try to 
do something creative, people will attack 
you. Wasn’t Galileo, wasn’t Columbus, 
criticized?”

Clients and paralegals — individuals 
not licensed to practice law but trained to 
aid lawyers — associated with Kaiser, 
Heller & Rogers also raised questions 
about the firm’s handling of specific 
cases.

In an affidavit that is part of the immi­
gration service’s file detailing allegations 
about the firm, Leonora Neal of the 
Bronx says she “ paid $400 as a downpay­
ment towards legal fees and a gre^  to 
pay the balance of $1,100 in monthly in­
stallments of $100 each.”  The affidavit 
contends that after 14 months “ the law 
firm of Gerald Kaiser, P.C., has failed to 
take any legal action on my behalf.”  

Another paralegal contended that the 
firm was “ taking dollars hand-over-fist 
for suspension of deportation cases that 
don't have a chance to be approved.”  For 
example, the paralegal cited a case in­
volving a proposed suspension of deporta­
tion for a family because of a 7-month-old 
child born in the United States.

Allen E. Kaye, the first vice president 
of the Association of Immigration and 
Nationality Lawyers, said, “ It is ex­
tremely unlikely that the immigration 
service will grant a suspension of depor­
tation to a family based on a 7-month-old 
child who was born here.”

In an interview, Mr. Kaiser refused to 
discuss the specifics of any of the cases in 
which mishandling was alleged.

A Danger of Disbarment 
While lawyers are not only subject to 

official investigations but also are in 
jeopardy of being disbarred for the uneth­
ical practice of law, the self-styled immi­
gration consultant can operate with far 
less policing of his activities.

“ Just about anyone can say he’s an im­
migration consultant,”  said Mr. Kaye of 
the Immigration lawyers’ group. “ The

Recruitment of for­
eign students is a big 
business, and a 
lucrative one

law does not prohibit him from filing 
papers for an alien. The only thing is, 
these consultants don’t know anyming 
about the law and they’re playing with 
people’s lives. One error on an immigra­
tion form and a person can be deported.”

In many cases these cdnsultants, work­
ing out of storefronts or from desks in 
travel agencies, attract clients simply ̂  
cause they have set up shop in the neigh­
borhoods where many aliens live — areas 
like Crown Heights, Corona and Harlem. 
Often, too, an alien hires a consultant be­
lieving he is an attorney. This confusion 
is exacerbated for aliens from Latin 
countries where a “ notario publico”  is a 
Government-certified lawyer. In this 
country, an immigration consultant who 
is also a notary public is not necessarily a 
member of the bar as well.

Two recent court cases illustrate how a 
naive alien is sometimes bilked and lured 
into criminal complicity by immigration 
consultants.

Guilty Plea In Bribery Case
In one case, Isidore Markowitz, a New 

York City budget analyst for the Com­
munity Development Agency, pleaded 
guilty to bribing a public official after 
tapes of more than 20 hours of his conver­
sations with an immigration service 
clerk were produced by the United States 
Attorney’s office.

Despite the guilty plea, the case went to 
trial yesterday because of an unusual 
legal position taken by District Court 
Judge Charles M. Metzner. Judge Metzn- 
er, angered by the crowd of Markowitz 
supporters, many of them aliens, who 
filled his courtroom on the day of sentenc­
ing said, “ He made dough on this, and I 
want everybody sitting back there to

The New York Times /  William E. Sauro

A waiting line at the Immigration and Naturalization Service at the Federal Building in Manhattan

TTie New Yoik Times
. Gerald Kaiser, a lawyer, viewing videotape at Denver office. His nationwide 

Arm is being Investigated for alleged unethical practice of immigration taw.

know he made dough on it. ”  The judge or­
dered the case to be tried.

In its sentencing memorandum, the 
Government said that Mr. Markowitz 
paid more than $2,800 in bMbes to Juan 
Espinal, a clerk who was  ̂cooperating 
witti the Federal Bureau of Investigation. 
Mr. Markowitz, according to the court 
papers, was paid $6,000 by aliens for 
these immigration papers. The sentenc­
ing memo also states that in taped con­
versations, “ Markowitz told Espinal not 
to worry about the aliens because if they 
gave him any tfouble he would have them 
deported.”

Also, the memorandum maintains that 
Mr. Markowitz took advantage of the ig­
norance of the aliens: “ Many of the 
aliens, who are Jewish, trusted him com­
pletely because they thought he was a 
rabbi. Others, from Haiti, Jamaica or 
elsewhere, went to Markowitz because 
they thou^t he was an immigration law­
yer.”  Mr. Markowitz, the Government 
maintains, holds neither a rabbinical nor 
a law degree.

$1,306 for Residency Document
The report also details Mr. Marko­

witz’s “ callous attitude.”  It tells of an Is­
raeli woman, Zahava Malamae, who 
gave Mr. Markowlt^ her savings, $1,300, 
to obtain a certificate of residency so she 
could marry an American. “ In fact,”  the 
memorandum says in a footnote, “ if Ms. 
Malamae married the American she 
would have automatically become a 
United States citizen. N e ^ e ss  to say, 
Markowitz did not inform her of this 
fact.”  Mr. Markowitz “ Ignored her 
pleas”  for assistance, “ told her he could­
n’t do anything for her”  and “ never re­
turned the $1,300,”  the report said.

Robert M. Simmels, who is defending 
Mr. Markowitz at his trial, said in an in­
terview, “ The real question I will be pos­
ing is whether he is a briber or a victim of 
a system where bribes are necessary to 
get people processed. ”

Law enforcement officials say that Mr. 
Espinal is not the only undercover opera­
tive currently working with the F.B.I. to 
monitor corruption in the immigration 
service. The Markowitz indictment, they 
say, is only the first in a series of indict­
ments that are expected to involve offi­
cial's of the New York office.

A Boston case that resulted in the con­
viction of Edward Kavazanjian, a former 
criminal investigator for the immigra­
tion service who worked out of a Queens 
travel agency after his retirement, also 
highlights the relationship between con­
sultants and aliens.

Advising on Seeking Asylum

Mr. Kavazanjian, according to court 
papers and testimony, advised immi­
grants from Iraq to purchase plane tick­
ets routed throu^  either Boston or New 
York with the ultimate destination being 
Panama or Mexico. Once the immigrants 
arrived at Logan or Kennedy Interna­
tional Airports, Mr. Kavazanjian used an 
old badge to get past customs officals, 
and then advised the immigrants to seek 
political asylum. For his services, he col­
lected from $400 to $500.

“ I'knew they wouldn’t ultimately be 
given political asylum,”  said Mr. Kava­
zanjian in his cram p^  office. “ But I 
thought this was a valid delaying tactic 
they could use, and one that wtis well 
within the law.”  Mr. Kavazanjian is ap­
pealing his conviction for inducing/aliens 
to enter this country illegally and for con­
spiracy. All the immigrants who claimed 
political asylum are now paroled into the 
United States pending reviews of their 
applications for asylum.

The immigration service’s fraud divi­
sion is also investigating a b roa d -b a ^  
consulting firm. International Immi­
grant Associates Inc. The midtown Man­
hattan company advertises in Spanish- 
language newspapers and promises a 
wide range of services, including immi­
gration and legal assistance, an educa­
tional program and an association with 
the Red Cross blood bank program.

Ip documents contained in the service’s

file on the firm are allegations from law­
yers that International Immigrants 
knowingly issued labor certifications 
based on false statements and acted inef­
ficiently and callously.

According to a sworn affidavit from 
Mercedes B um ^ of the Bronx, Edward 
Juarez, president of the company, 
“ threatened me with deportation, mak­
ing use of lies,”  when an outstanding bill 
for $180 was not paid.

In a letter to the New York State Bar 
Association, Mr. Juarez explained that he 
informed Mrs. Borneo that because her 
intent was to bring her husband to this 
country so that the couple should be eligi­
ble for welfare benefits, she was creating 
a situation that would make her subject 
to deportation.

In another affidavit, Luis Ernesto 
Ruggerio says he agreed to pay the com­
pany $860 to help him become a perma­
nent resident so that he could remain in 
New York with his wife, an American 
citizen. Mr. Ruggerio’s case dragged on 
for more than two years without any of 
the promised assistance from the consult­
ing group. Now, Mr. Ruggerio is subject 
to deportation,

Mr. Kaye of the lawyers’ group said 
that because Mr. Ruggerio’s wife was an 
American citizen, an attorney could have 
successfully processed the necessary 
papers so that Mr. Ruggerio could have 
been a permanent resident within a year.

The company’s contention that it has 
an association with the Red Cross blood 
program was denied by a spokesman for 
the Red Cross of Greater New York.

Inquiry by Immigration Service
Mr. Juarez, who is not a lawyer and is 

under investigation by the immigration 
service for the illegal practice o f law, re­
fused to respond to repeated telephone re­
quests for an interview.

While consultants primarily work with 
immigrants already in this country, 
educational recruiters go throughout the 
world looking for foreign students who 
are eager to study in the United States. It 
is a big business, and a lucrative one. Im­
migration offlcials say there are 235,509 
foreign students studying in this country 
on student visas. Recruiting concerns 
such as Education America, of which 
Gerald Kaiser is president, demand from 
schools as much as 15 percent of a year’s 
tuition as their share for each student re­
cruited.

Yet while recruiters are succeeding in 
bringing students into the country, they 
have been less successful in keeping them 
enrolled in schools: a Federal investiga­
tion last January showed that 28 percent 
of the foreign students in the Los Angeles 
area were not attending the colleges 
where they were thought to be enrolled.

Many of these “ students”  simply pur­
chased an 1-20 form — a certificate of stu­
dent eligibility, which generally results in

an immediate student visa to the United 
States — from recruiters and then came 
to the United States with no intention of 
pursuing any studies.

Before a college gives ah 1-20 form to a 
recruiter, the form is supposed to bear a 
student’s name. However, the illegal 
practice of giving presigned 1-20 forms to 
recruiters is quite common. A presigned 
form was selling in Iran, prior to the clos­
ing of the United States consulate, for 
prices ranging from $700 to $1,500, ac­
cording to immiwatlon investigatois.

An investigation by the Immigration 
service last year detailed how Saeed 
Moorbakhsh, while working for the Inter­
national English Institute of Hunter Col­
lege and the City University of New York, 
brought 150 presigned I-20’s to Iran to re­
cruit students for the Institute and for 
Bennington College in Vermont.

Joseph Murphy, Bennington’s presi­
dent, admitted tluit the college issued 
presigned forms and that he "su p p le d  it 
wasn’t the moral thing to do. ”

“ But,”  he added, “ people wouldn’t be 
in this country if every T  were dotted and 
every‘t’ crossed on every form.”

And while there are many serious stu­
dents eager to come to the United States 
to study, some find that once thw  arrive 
in this country the promises made re­
cruiters were total fabrications.

College Had Closed
Michael Singer, for example, arrived 

from France to study at Chapman Col- 
lege in Los Angeles before entering a 
graduate school of business. He arrived 
in California only to find that the college 
had closed and he was now to attend a 
school in Texas that would not prepare 
him for entrance to a business school.

When he asked for a refund Of his tui­
tion deposit, he received written notice 
from Management Laboratories of 
America Inc., the organization that had 
contacted him in France, saying: "You 
are in violation of Immigration and Natu­
ralization Service regulations regarding 
student status and as such you have been 
reported to the I.N.S.”

Perhaps the most graphic example of 
recruiting excesses that is currently 
under Federal investigation involves the 
placement, by another recruiter, of two 
Iranian students in a school for emotion­
ally disturbed children.

Bob Sarafpour and his brother were en­
rolled in the Lake Grove School for the 
emotionally disturbed in Long Island, for 
approximately seven months in 1976. Mr. 
Sarafpour’s father paid more than $5,0(K 
to enroll his sons in what he was told war 
“ a typical American prep school. ”  

Officials of the school said that as o: 
April 1979 the Lake Grove School ni 
longer was accepting foreign student' 
and refused to comment on the case of thi 
Sarafpour brothers because “ their file 
were lost in a fire.”

Justice Dept. Welcomes Inquiry
special to The New York Times

WASHINGTON, Jan. 14— Following is the text o f a statement issued today by 
the Justice Department:

The Justice Department welcomes
and appreciates the efforts of Mr. John 
M. Crewdson and The New York Times 
to look into assertions of various impro­
prieties within the Immigration and 
Naturalization Service. The Justice De­
partment is already in the process of 
taking what it hopes will be remedial 
actions with regard to certain prob­
lems in the Immigration and Naturali­
zation Service.

Because those actions are not yet 
final the department carmot announce 
them now. However, it will be an­
nounced very shortly. Also, the depart­
ment does have investigations pending 
regarding certain allegations of im­
proper conduct of I.N.S. For reasons of 
privacy and fairness the department in 
this case as in all others caimot pub­
licly comment on those investigations 
until their conclusion.

The department takes the assertions

of improper cmduct seriously and will 
examine them in both general and spe­
cific ways. The department also ap­
preciates the understanding shown in 
the articles to date of the ambiguity in 
the country’s immigration'laws and 
policies and the problems of money and 
manpower involved in enforcing these 
policies.

The Justice Department anticipates 
that the Select Commission on Immi­
gration and Refugee Policy will de­
velop comprehensive proposals this 
year to help address immigration pro^ 
lems. The department invites Mr. 
Crewdson and any other Times report­
ers to help within the constraints of 
their professional ethics to provide the 
detailed information that will allow for 
the prompt curtailment of abuses and 
improprieties where they in fact exist 
and for the development of sound reme­
dies to prevent their recurrence.



B6 THE NEW YORK TIM E S, T U E S D A Y , J A N U A R Y  15, 1980

ANDRE KOSTELANETZ,
CONDOCTOR, IS DEAD

Led Many Major Orchestras —  
Equally at Home in Popular 

and Symphonic Music

By RAYMOND ERICSON
Andre Kostelanetz, the conductor, who 

was equally at home in symphonic and 
popular music, died in a h^pital in Port- 
au-Prince, Haiti, on Sunday night. His 
age was 78. -He had suffered a heart at­
tack after contracting pneumonia while 
on vacation on the Caribbean island.

A small, quiet-mannered man, whose 
marriage to the opera star Lily Pons was 
one of the more newsworthy matches of 
the time, Mr. Kostelanetz turned virtu­
ally everything he touched into a success. 
After he was hired by the Columbia 
Broadcasting System to conduct its sym­
phony orchestra in 1930, he made it part 
of one of the most popular radio pro­
grams of the 1930’s, notably the “ Chester­
field Hour.”

It was a program that included such 
high-powered opera singers as Rosa Pon- 
selle and Lawrence Tibbett. It also in­
cluded his arrangements of popular 
songs and became well known for the 
“ Kostelanetz sound.”  In fact, these ate 
credited with strongly influencing film 
music. Mr. Kostelanetz developed micro­
phone techniques that were adopted by 
other broadcasting orchestras, which 
also copied his choice of instrumentation. 
Among his players at the time were 
Jimmy and Tommy Dorsey, Glenn Miller 
and Mitch Miller.

When he began recording, Mr. Kostela­
netz developed an equally large audi­
ence. He is credited with having sold 52 
million records, a figure probably sur­
passed in the classical field only by that 
for the Boston Pops Orchestra. His disks 
were known to be in the collections of 
United States Presidents and other heads 
of state and were taken by astronauts on 
their trip to the moon.

Conceived the ‘ Promenades’
When invited by the New York Phlhar- 

monlc to start a late spring series in 1963, 
Mr. Kostelanetz conceiv^  the “ Prome­
nades.”  He was responsible for their dis­
tinctive style. His programs mixed sym­
phonic music with dance, narration, 
mime and folk singing. Refreshments 
were served and the auditorium was spe­
cially decorated. The series sold out for 
the 16 years it existed in the months of 
May and June, normally considered dead 
months in the concert hall.

When he conducted the Philharmonic 
in its free summer park concerts, Mr. 
Kostelanetz set an attendance record, 
drawing an estimated 200,000 one night. It 
is calculated that in the six years he con­
ducted the park concerts, he was heard 
by a million people in Central Park alone.

Mr. Kostelanetz at the piano with U s wife, Liiy Pons, the noted soprano

He also had a record of having con­
ducted the orchestra for consecutive sea­
sons longer than any other conductor In 
its histoiy, from 1952 to 1979. He was 
scheduled to conduct it again on Feb. 9.

Mr. Kostelanetz even was fortunate in 
the works he commissioned, which he did 
regularly. These Included Aaron Cop­
land’s “ A Lincoln Portrait,”  William 
Schuman's "New England Triptych,”  Je­
rome Kern’s “ Mark Twain,”  Alan Hov- 
haness’s “ And God Created Great 
Whales”  and “ Uklyo-Floating World,”  
Virgil Thomson’s musical portraits of 
Mayor Fiorello H. La Guardia and Doro­
thy Thompson, Paul Creston’s “ Fron­
tiers,”  Ferde Groffe’s “ Hudson River 
Suite”  and Ezra Laderman’s “ Magic 
Prison. ”  The percentage of these that are 
now in the standard symphonic repertory 
is extraordinarily high.

Attracted New Listeners
All these facts testified to the conduc­

tor’s ability to mix light and serious 
music in such a way as to act as a mis­
sionary for symphonic programs and to 
attract new listeners into the concert 
hall.

His golden touch also made him 
wealthy, with a penthouse apartment on 
Sutton Place that housed some priceless 
European paintings and Oriental works 
of art. It was a symbol of the success 
achieved by one who came here as a refu­

gee from Russia in 1922. Bom in St. 
Petersburg on Dec. 22,1901, he studied at 
the local conservatory, although his entry 
into it was almost accidental. “ Alexander 
Glazunov,”  Mr. Kostelanetz once re­
called, “ headed the conservatory at the 
time I wanted to enter. Because of the 
Revolution, I had been stranded in the 
Caucasus, where I had a position as opera 
coach. I was 15, and I tad to make my 
way back to Petrograd on the roof o f a 
train. So I was too late for the entrance 
examinations.

“ I went to the conservatory anyway. 
There was a lonely doorman there. I told 
him I wanted to see Alexander Konstanti­
novich, and he saw me right away. Glazu­
nov was a wonderful, kindly, bulky gen­
tleman. He took me to task about being 
late, but he called in one of his professors 
and I was asked to play some of my com­
positions. After I had and they had con­
ferred, Glazunov announced, ‘You’re ac­
cepted.’ ”

Broadcasts Made Him Famous
When he first came to this country, Mr. 

Kostelanetz found work as a rehearsal 
accompanist with various organizations, 
including the Metropolitan Opera. After 
becoming famous through his broad­
casts, he began conducting live concerts 
by the leading orchestras around the 
world. Over the years he was heard re­
peatedly with the major ensembles of 
Philadelphia, Boston, Los Angeles, San 
Francisco, St. Louis, Pittsburgh and De­
troit and those of most European coun­
tries. Israel and Japan.

Mr. Kostelanetz was considered an in­
telligent musician and a highly efficient 
conductor, who knew how to get good per­
formances with a minimum o f rehears­
als. Efficient is probably the word most 
serious music critics also used about his 
music-making, although some valued 
him more highly than others. However, 
when it came to a work like George 
Gershwin’s “ Porgy and Bess,”  presented 
in a concert version, he was judged as 
good an interpreter as any.

In a statement from the White House 
yesterday. President Carter paid the fol­
lowing tribute to the conductor: “ Andre 
Kostelanetz saw in America — his 
adopted country — ‘a great music tall 
with the roof lifted off.’ He traveled and 
conducted all over America— raising the 
roof — and our country in turn adopted 
him. Of his passion for American music 
he said that he wanted ‘  people to get the 
message of what democracy is, of what 
we are fighting for.’ On behalf of all 
Americans I am proud to say, ‘We heard 
you, Kosty — we got the message. Thank 
you.’ ”

Mr. Kostelanetz was married to Lily 
Pons from 1938 to 1958, and he and the 
noted soprano frequently gave concerts 
together. Their marriage ended in di­
vorce, as did his marriage from 1960 to 
1969 to Sara Gene Orcutt, a medical tech­
nician.

Surviving are a brother, Boris, a New 
York lawyer, ahd two sisters, Mrs. Mar­
ion Frank of Brookline, Mass., and Mrs. 
Alex Afan of Lakewood, N. J.

Funeral arrangements will be an­
nounced tomorrow. It is known that it 
was the conductor’s wish that, instead of 
flowers, contributions should ta  sent to 
the New York Philharmonic.

Everett T. Rattray, 47, Publisher 
Of The East Hampton (L.I.) Star
Everett Tennant Rattray, the outspo­

ken editor and owner of,.The East Hamp­
ton Star on Long Island, died of cancer 
yesterday at his home in East Hampton. 
He was 47 years old.

Mr. Rattray was known in the metro­
politan area for editing and publishing 
one of the liveliest and most literate 
weekly newspapers in the nation. His 
reputation also as a writer and historian 
Was recently enhanced by his book “ The 
South Fork, The Land and People of East­
ern Long Island.”  It tells the story of the 
eastern part of Long Island known to na­
tives as the South Fork and to outsiders 
as the Hamptons.

A graduate of the Columbia Graduate 
School of Journalism, Mr. Rattray chose 
to stay with the family newspaper rather 
than work on a larger, better known pub­
lication, because he said he enjoyed the 
personal expression and outlet that The 
East Hampton Star afford^.

He took oyer the newspaper in 1961 
from his mother, Jeannette E. Rattray, a 
civic leader in the community, after his 
graduation from Columbia, a stint as an 
officer in the Navy and marriage in 1960 
to the former Helen H. Seldon of Ba­
yonne, N. J.

In an interview six years ago, Mr. Rat­
tray, who was known as “ Ev,”  said of his 
job as editor: “ There’s nothing I’d rather 
be doing. At the end of some weeks, I do 
feel run out, but I always wake up eager 
to get out the next week’s paper.”

There were readers of The Star in the 
predominantly Republican town of East 
Hampton who wished that Mr. Rattray 
was not so devoted to his post, for over the 
years he spoke out against virtually 
every conservative shibboleth.

From the outset, he opposed American 
intervention in the Vietnam War, and his 
strong support of a clean environment 
often clashed with the views of local 
developers.

"He was dedicated to preserving this 
area and not letting it be taken over by

Chnstofrfier B. Jones
Everett Tennant Rattray .

supermarkets and the like,”  his sister 
Mary Kanovitz, recalled yesterday!

Most of his adult life was spent preserv­
ing the great stretches of beach here that 
for centuries have been untouched by 
development. He felt that it was one of 
the last frontiers. ”

In the last years of his life, though ill 
with cancer, Mr. Rattray continued to 
run the newspaper with the help of his 
wife, Helen, who writes a column for the 
paper. His sister recalled how he written 
two editorials last week “ at a point when 
nobody would have done it.”

Mrs. Kanovitz said that Mrs. Rattray 
w(wld ron the paper for now and that one 
of Mr. Rattray’s children was expected to 
take it over one day.

Surviving, in addition to his wife and 
rister, are Mr. Rattray’s three children, 
David, Daniel and Bess, and a brother, 
David, alt of East Hampton.

Michael Greenebaum Dead at 77; 
Banker Active in Illinois Politics

Michael Greenebaum, a mortgage 
banker who was active in Illinois Demo­
cratic Party politics for more than two 
decades,, died Saturday at Georgetown 
Hospital in W ashln^n. He was 77 years 
old and! tad lived in Washington since 
1965.

Mr. Greenebaum entered Chicago’s 
political arena as manager of the cam. 
palgn that elected the late Paul H. Doug, 
las as a Democratic alderman in 1939. He 
managed the successful election cam­
paign of Emily Taft Douglas, Mr. Doug­
las’s wife, for Illinois Representative at 
Large in 1946. He became treasurer of the 
campaigns that elected Mr. Douglas to 
the United States Senate in 1948,19^ and 
1960. He was a Civil Service Commis­
sioner for Illinois from 1948 to 1952. He 
served on the Federal Home Loan Board 
from 1965 to 1969.

Mr. Greenebaum, who was bom  in Chi­
cago, was graduated in 1924 from the Uni­
versity of Chicago, where he played foot­
ball under the coach Amos Alonzo Stagg.

He leaves his wife, Bertha Heimerd- 
inger Greenebaum; two sons, Michael 
and Edwin; a sister, Charlotte G. Kuh, 
and five grandchildren.

ABRAMSON—Mae. Beloved wife of
e late Frank, dear mott>er of Har­

riet AbrahamI, loving crandmother
of Rachelle, Zev aivt Naomi. Sw’vl-

* held on AAonday, January

ANDERSON-Marlowe Addy. On Sa­
turday, January 12th. Beloved wife 
of Howard S t(^  Anderson, loving 
mother of Or. Polly Graham Mar-

/ be made to The Marlowe

10;30AM, "Parkslde” Chapels, Qu-
Blvd at 66 Avenue, Forest

Hills.
BEKRITSKY—Milton. We sorrowful­

ly announce the passing of
r President, and pillar of Young

Israel, Mitch, husband of Ruth,
father of Susan Ganchrow, Stanley,
Gary, and Warren, brother of Rabbi
Morris and Jack, and beloved

Young Israel Synagogue of Manh.
Sherman D. Sift, Rabbi

Melvin Zachter, President

loved husband of Ruth; devoted
father of Susan Gancherow, Stan­
ley, Gary and Warren; dear father-

loving brother of Jack and Rabbi 
Morris. Shiva at 570 Grand St, NY, 
NY, Apt 205 until Sunday AM. 

BILGREY—Felix Jacob. Beloved
husband of Lotte, utterly devoted
father of Marc and Gene, loving son

n and Willy Bllgrey, brother-in-
law of Ernie Broderick of Los An­
geles (formerly Wurms). Services e
"The Riverside" 76th Street and 
Amsterdam Avenue, Tuesday Jan 
15th,11;30AM.

BURNS—Miss Alice M., age 83, of
Dorset, Vt., formerly of New York
City on January I3fh in Bennington,
Vt. Beloved aunt of Joseph Burns,
Norwalk, Cf. Funeral Mass Thurs­
day 9AM St.Jerome's Church, East
Dwset, Vt. Burial Thursday 3:30PM 
Sf. Raymond's Cemetery, Bronx. 
Calling hours Wedn^ay 7-9PM 
Brewster Funeral Home, 1 Park

V 14,19M. Of Katonah, NY. Hus-

Laurence W. Clarke. Also survived
by eleven grandchildren and i
greafgrandson. Mass of the Chris­
tian Burial at St Mary's Church, Ka-
..................  day, 11AM. lr ‘

3 lieu of flowers >
tonah, Wednesday, 
ment private. In liei 
fributions may be made to the
Northern Westchester Howital Cen-

01AMOND—Joseph, beloved husband
of Mary, devoted father of Susan
Frankel and Michael, loving grand-
fath^ of Rachael and Jennifer, 
brother of David and Louis. Servi­
ces on Tuesday, Jan 15, "The River­
side", 76 Sf aiKl Amsterdam Ave,

OOENECKE—Caroiine-On January
14,1980. Loving sister of Marie Cole,
Esther Cadiz, Ruth Lynch and Theo­
dore Ooenecke. Reposing Simonson

0 Cemetery. Visiting hours 2:30-
5,7-lOPM 

EVERETT—Sadie. On January 13, 
1980. Beloved wife ̂  the late Louis. 
Much loved mother of Loretta and
Stanley. Adored grandmother of
Liz, Jimmy, April, Todd and L
lieu of flowers contributions may be
made to the Nassau County Chapter

Harbor, NY, beloved husband of 
Florence. Funeral services Tues­
day, Jan 15, 2PM at Yardley and 
Pino Funeral Home, Sag Harbor.
I nterment Oakland Cemetery. 

GANDOLFO—Rose V. On January 12,
3 Tarrytown. Survived

and Christine E.,
Angelo Dente, c

J three grandchild-
Dwyer Funeral 

I N. Broadway, Tarrytown 
n Tuesday 2-4 and 7-9 p.m. Funeral 

Mass St. Teresa of Avila Church, N.
n Wednesday at tO a

Fund c/o Charles Freyler, First Na-

GERSEN—Or May J. Beloved wife of

and Nicole dear sister of Bess
Lubell. Services Wednesday 12:45 at

GERSEN—Dr. May .

Szabad mourns the loss of the 
mother of our partner, Daniel Ger- 

n̂  who passed away on Monday,
January 14. Shev
and artistic person, dearly beloved
by her family and all of u

JOSEPH G. BLUM
GOODMAN—Stanley. The Boards of

Trustees of Cedar Park, New Cedar

fellow Trustee and dear frfend. We
r deepest condolences fo

Myron W. Ivler, Secretary
GOODMAN—Stanley. The Officers

and Directors wish to express to the 
family their great sense of loss in 
learning of the sudden and untimely
death of their close trlwid and advl-

GOOOMAN—Stanley. The officers 
and staff of Cedar Park, New Cedar 
Park and Beth-Ei Cemeteries wish 
to express our deep sorrow at the 
passing of our beloved Treasurer, 
His iMdershlp and wise counsel
served 
through
To Ruth, the children, his motfw

Passaic and Park Streets, Hacken-
Tuesday, Jan 15

SratljB
GOODMAN—Stanley. The Officers

MT. CARMELCEMETERY
ASSOC.

GOODMAN—Stanley. We record with 
deep sorrow the passing of our dear
friend and relative and extend c

and Directors express their shock
and sadness at the loss of their good
friend and fellow cemeterian.
THE CEDAR GROVE CEMETERY

GROSSMAN—Minnie, c
1980 of Queens NY at age 72. Widow
of her beloved Eugene, loving moth­
er of son Jerry Grossman and 
^ughter-in-law Ada of Edison NJ. 
Loving Mother of daughter Jea-

grandmotherof Hillary, Shana and
Bob Grossman and Sarah and Josh-

a Greenbaum. Loving sister of Mr.
& Mrs. Harry Klein of the Bronx
NY. Frw33 Hungary and Romania to
the Bronx: from Que«3s fo Florida:

and mended and baked and cooked 
her meals of love, kindness, com­
passion and peace into our hearts
forever. "Td^olom" Jerry & Jea-

Peggy, Alfred, Lloyd and Ba*-
nadette. Funeral service Tuesday,

of Fort Salonga, NY, formerly of
Garden City and Westbury, after <

band, Norman Hollett, retired orga­
nist and choir master of the Cathed­
ral of the Incarnation, Garden City,
and retired conductor of the L.I.
Choral Society, and by her children,
Norman, Jr. of Northport, the Rev­
erend Robert T. of Oyster Bay,

William C. of Barrington Hills, Illin­
ois; 12 grandchildren and 1 great­
grandchild; her brother, WlHet Ti­
tus of Locust Valley and Burt H. Ti­
tus of Jericho. She v
of Friends Academy, Locust Valley 
and attended the Scudder School, 
NYC and Swarthmore College. 
Funeral services will be held at the
Cathedral of the Incarnation, Gar-

Cemetery, Westbury. In lieu of flow-

11771 or the Cathedral of the Incar­
nation, Garden City, NY 11530. 

HOYT—Sherman Reese. Of Washing­
ton, Connecticut. On January 12, 
1980. Beloved husband of Hayes
Blake Hoyf. Father of John Sher-

Hoyt, Kaisley Hoyt widdi-
combe, brottier of Dr. Anson Hoyf, 
Mrs. Robert J. Lewis, Mrs. Eric L. 
Hedstrom, Graham Hoyt. Service

I lieu of flowers contribu­
tions to the American Cancer Socie­
ty, 777 3 Avenue, N.Y. would be ap-

Lllllan, loving father of Larry and
Jeff, daughters-in-law Rosalind and
Rose, adored grandfather of Terl,

Herman. Died Sunday,
January 13, 1980. Services at River­
side Memorial Chapel, 76 ST & Am­
sterdam Ave, Tuesday January 
1980 at 1:30 pm.

KALCHEIM—Nat. Beloved father of
Lila Roberts. Dear brother of Max,
Henry, Jack and Elliot Kalcheim,

grandfather. Service Tuesday 11
at "Westchester Riverside", 21 

W. Broad St., Mount Vernon. 
KALKSTEIN—Ada, beloved wife of

the late Max, devoted mother of
Dorothy Sahn, Martin .
ham, loving grartdmofher and
great-grandn30ther, dear sister.
Services private.

KARGER—Eleanor G. Beloved wife 
of John, loving mother of Ann, Tom,

J Mary Jane, fond grarKfmother

Goldsmith. Services strictly pri-

Staff of Hamilton-Madison House
mourn the passing of Eleanor Kar-
_ T, beloved wife of our trustee and 
former Presidenf, John, and mother 
of our Vice-President, Thomas. 
Thomas McKenna, President
Frank Modica, Executive Director 

KARGE R—Eleanor. The Board of Di­
rectors of Family Service of West­
chester expresses sympathy and

nity Center of White Plains records
with sorrow the passing of ifs cher­
ished member, Eleanor Karger,

Maurice Davis, Rabbi

14, 1980, while vacationing in Haiti.
Beloved brother of Mina Afan, i

3 Frank and Boris Kostelanetz;
uncle of Irene Radio, Robert 
Frank, Lliil Afan, Richard and Luc\ 
Kostelanetz. Funeral private. 
Friends will be notified of memorial 
gatherifig. In lieu of flowers, contri'

3 his memory to the New

musicians, 
tarlboroMu- 

d Festival e x t ^  their
Board and staff of ttie Marlboro Mu-

made an inestimable contribution to 
the Marlboro communitv and is a 
marvelous legacy for us ail. 

KROYT—Sophie (Sonya)
13,1980. Beloved wife of the late Bo­
ris. Devoted mother of Yanna
Brandt. Loving grandmother of /

Wednesday,ll:30AM. Interment 
private, in lieu of flowers contribu­
tions to Cancer Resear<Ji would be

• of Edith Kingsley, dear sister of 
Hedwig Lester and Emmy Appel. 
Services Tuesday 12 Noon "1T>e
Riverside" 76 St & Amsterdam Ave. 

LEVIEN—Louisa M. Beloved wife of 
the late Maurice Flexner (Swifty)
Levlen. Devoted mother of Miriam

Robinson, Barbara
. Oppenheimer and Roberta

at "The Riverside", 76 St and Am-
. _______  _______ sterdamAve.

mrouoh Il e v ie m - louIm . U.O.T.S, Inc., N.Y.
15. Sorrowfully announi^ the pass­
ing of our wwthy sister.

Ttwrsday evening.
Richard S. Schlein, President 

Herbert B. Klapper, Vice Pres (Gertrude Sa^s, President

Sratlja
LlSCUM—Charles E. of Sun City Cen­

ter, Florida, forma'Iy of Sea Cliff,
L. I. on January 13. Husband of Lau-

survived by six grandchildren and

of Heaven Cemetery 
LONDON—William, M.D., 83 years.

Pediatrician of Perth An*oy, 
for 50 years, on January 14, 1980. 
Beloved husband of Lillian (Mann)
London. Beloved father of Mrs. Bar­
bara Lemann, Mrs. Nancy Laskin,

rest grandfather of Nicholas, Nancy
Lemann; James, Thomas, and WII-

Perth Amboy, N.J. Interment In
Beth .Mordecai Cemetery, Perth

mory to the AuxHibry of the Perth
Amboy General Hospital Nurses'
Scholarship Fund.

. Brother of Emil and Henry A
tinelli. Also survived by two grand­
children. Graveside services will be 
held on Wed. at 2PM, at Katsbaan 
Cemetery, Saugerties.

age 69. Beloved husband of the late

O., and Thomas S. Mattim^e, Dor­
othy McClatchy, Margaret Tassle,
Anne McCauley, and Cecily Blanco.

Chapey West IsfitP Funeral Home,
Montauk Highway (west of Robert

the Liturgy of Christian Burial, 
Saint Patrick's R.C. Church, Bay 
Shore, L.I., Tuesday, 10 AM. Inter­
ment Saint Patrick's Cemetery. In
lieu of flowers, contributions to the

of George Meany, who will always
be de^ly loved, revered and i
ment. Mr. Meany will be remem­
bered as a great labor leader, a 
teacho*, a humanitarian and fighter
for democratic causes throughout
the world. His commitment to hu- 

freedom and humanitarian 
causes is exemplified by his fight to
win asylum for ̂  victims of totali­
tarian regimes spanning 50 years— 
from Nazi Germany fo Cambodia
today. We in the teachers move­
ment owe him a particular debt of 
gratitude for championing public
education and the rights of teachers
along with all other workers.

United Federation of Teachers and

ry 13,1980. Retired employee of New

late Joseph E. Curley. Dearest

call 2-5 and 7-10 p.m. at the Thomas.
F. Dalton Funeral I
tic Ave. (at RR plaza). Floral Pk,

Religious service Tuesday 8
I. Funeral Wednesday 10 a

terment Lutheran Cemetery. 
MORLOCK—Frederick W. The New 

York Times records with
' the passing of Frederick '

Moriock associated with the Times
from 1950 until retiring in 1959. 

MOSKOWITZ—Stella. Beloved wife of 
the fate Gustave. Loving sister.
Adored aunt of Edith and Jack Mar-

: and all who knew h^. ̂ v ices  
today 12 Noon at "Gutterman's", 
8000 Jericho Turnpike, Woodbury,

. (Tony). Age70. 
i.J. On Sunday, 

. Princeton University,

Thomas B. Rodgers. Memorial
vice, 2 P.M., Wed., Jan. 16, St___

Bv-the-Sea Episcopal Church,
Atlantic Ave., Pt. Pleasant Beach,

In lieu of flowers contributions 
nay be made to the Salvation Army. 

NOBLE—Floyd Clarke. The Asso­
ciates of the Engineer Corps & Com­
pany "K" 7th Regiment deeply re­
gret to announce taps has sounded 

3 esteemed comrade.

Englewood, New Jersey, former n

John, Martin, James and Joseph.

Family will receive their friends
Monday from 7 to 9 PM. Tuesday

. Beloved husband of Letty B.
Peppard. Private services were

* record with deep
devoted member, beloved husband 
of Mrs. Ethel Perl. To the members 
of the family we extend our slncer-

Elsa Leibler, President, Sistw-hood 
PINO-Oaniel M. MO. On January 13,

1980, of Oradell, NJ. Husband of
Shirley Clints Pino. Father of Ca-

s Pino, Kathy Mar-

mont, NJ„ Wednesday January 16, 
at 10 AM. Interment George Wash­
ington Memorial Park, Paramus,
N.J. Visiting at Riewerfs Mennorlal

South Washington 
.Kifleld, NJ on Tues­

day 2-4 and 7-9 PM. Memorial gifts
r be made to Calvary Methodist •

1980. Beloved brother of Anne Tay­
lor, Katherine Gouse, Agnes Weller

vice at Ericson & Ericson Chapel,
500 State St, Bklyn, NY, Wednesday
12:%PM. Interment, Long lslar>d
National Cemetery, Pinelavm, NY. 

REIER—Irving. Beloved husband of
Esth«-. Father of Warren and Wen-

spectfully requested. Family would
be honored by memorial contribu­
tions fo Beebe Clinic, 412 Monroe St, 
Easton, Penna.

iratljs
REIER—Irving. The Officers of Fe­

deration of Jewl^ Philanthropies 
express profound sorrow at the un­
timely death of Irving Reier, an es­
teemed colleague who tM-ought to 
ttie service of our Board his wis­
dom, imagination, and deep

vices of Long island. His dedicated 
leadership of the JCSLI made pos­
sible that agency's great and inno­
vative advances in easing the bur­
dens of thousands of distressed and 
trou-bled families. To his wife and
to ail the bereaved family we extend, 

r heartfelt condolwices.
Harry R. Mancher, President 

Sanford Soiender, 
Executive Vice President 
Ernst Englander, Secy

REIER—Irving. We deeply mourn the
r b^oved partner of r

llant and dedicated lawyer svho

faction and respect of his clients and
his adversaries. As a scholar, teac^ 
er and arbitrator he believed in the 
attainment of industrial peace, in 
private life he devoted much of his

lanthropic causes. We shall miss his 
intelligence, hts unimpeachable in­
tegrity, his warmth and kindness, 
his wit and humor. We are fortunate 
to have known and worked with this 
vnonderfui human being and we 
shall miss him very much.

Solomon & Rosenbaum, 
Orechsler & Left

REIER—Irving, Esq. The Board of
Directors of Hempstead Genial

Reier, Esq., their good frimd and
distinguished colleague, who s^ved

the Hospital offers Ifs sincere c
dolences.

Milton H. Sfapen, M.O. 
Presidenf, Board of Direcfors 

Charles J. Hackeft, Administrator

ecutive Director and Counsel. His

wife and family.

devoted, loving and concerned hu-

in life. We shall sorely miss his dedi-

RICCIARDELLI—Vincent. The Offi­
cers and AAembers of Local 178C 
New York Joinf Board, A.C.T.W.U. 
sorrowfully mourn hie untimely

Harry Kauff, Manager Local 178C
New York Jplnt Board

mated Clothing and Textile Workers
Union mourn the sudden passing of
^ i r  long-time colleague and

Brother Ricclardelli went to work in
the clothing factories and, after be­
coming a naster craftsman, took i
commanding leadership role In the

a shop chairman, e

delegate. Local 63 and 24 secretary-
treasurer and joint board business
agent, he readied himself for greaf-

' responsibility.
elected co-manager of the New
York Joint Board arid at the ACWA 
convention in 1976 he was elected an 
organization vice-president. That

3 year marked the merger of
the Amalagamated with the Textile

tf3e Amalgamated Clothing and Tex­
tile Workers Union. He was re-elect­
ed to that post at the 1978 conven­
tion. Vincent Ricclardelli 
bor lead^ In the best sense of the 
term: Untiring in his effixTs on be­
half of his members, and unsparing
1 his dedication to the pursuit of e

better life for all ww’kers. Although
many of the pioneering efforts of the
union had already been institdted
by the time he assumed a top iead̂
ership role, his vision and exercise
of pragmatic Idealism helped spark

of affection fron the workers he
served with unswerving singleness
of purpose and he had the respect of
the employers with whom he dealt

friend and conrade-at-a
s who had the privilege of knowirig

him and ivorking with him. We offer

THE AMALGAMATED CLOTHING 
AND TEXTILE WORKERS 
UNION, AFL-CIO,CLC
MURRAY FINLEY, President
JACOB SCHEINKMAN, Secretary-
Treasurer 
SOL STETIN, Sr. Executive Vice- 
President
SCOTT M. HOYMAN, Executive

Workers Union comes a

York. During the regretably short
time that he served in a leadership
capacity, he demonstrated, along
with Murray Goldstein, his co-man-

9 deep knowledge ot the prob­
lems of the industry and an imagin­
ative and resourceful approadr to
finding solutions that served the
best interests of the members ot his 
union. He served with dedication as 

trustee of The Sidney Hillman

gamafed Insurance Fund, and v

3 and patriotic citizen and offer
r deep sympathy to his wife,'

nie, and to his family.
k Clothing Manufacturers

Drechsler & Left, Counsel
RICCIARDELLI—Vincent on Janua­

ry 13, 1980. Age 60 of Carniel, N.Y. 
formerly of Broddyn, N.Y. Loving
husband of Vlncenza. Dear father of
Vincent. Devoted brother of Joseph
and John Rlcciardelll and Anna Zin-
gone. Fond grandfather of 2. Visif-

N.Y. (off Rte 6) Tuesday and Wed­
nesday 2-4 8> 7-9PM. Funeral r
Thursday, 10AM at Sf. James the
Apostle R.C. Church, Carmel, N.Y.
Interment Gate of Heaven Cemete­
ry, Valhalla, N.Y. In lieu of flowers
contributions to Boys Town of Italy

.̂Y. Foundling Hospital.

RICCIARDELLI—Vincent. In memo­
ry of Vincent Ricclardelli, Vice 
President of Amalgamated Clothing

Joint Board. We mourn the passing
beloved brother and fellow 

worker 3who has devoted his life to 
me Amalgamated Clothing and Tex­
tile Workers Union and for the b^-
ferment of all working n

The Officers and Members of
il 169, ACTWU-AFL-CIO.
Kilmer C ^ n , Manager

Sydney Bykof^y, Co-Manager

Council, The Staff, and the r

of a longtime friend and colleague
3 member of the Board of

service to the East Harlem commu-

Dean Alfange, President
a Guardia Memorial House

BratljH
Abramswi, Mae AAorlock, F.
Anderson, M. /w»kowitz, Stella
Aronson, Arthur Nichol, Thomas
Bekritsky, Milton Noble, Floyd
Bllgrey, Felix Patten, Abbie
Burns, Alice Peopard,John
Clarke,. RicJiard Perl, Irving
Diamond, Joseph Pino, Daniel
Doenedce, C. Redlives, Caslmlr
Everett, Sadie Reier, irvIng
Fink, Lou 
Oandolfo, Rose 
Gersen, May

Ricclardelli, V. 
Rogers, Lllburn 
Rosenthal, Joseph

Goodman, Stanley Rosin, Alice 
Grossman, Minnie Samek, Richard 
Hereklah, Joseph Schiff, Arthur 
Hollett, Elizabdth Schoen, Lulu 
Hoyt, Sherman Shapiro, Harry
Hyman, Harry 
Kalcheim, Nat 
Kalkstein, Ada 
Karger, Eleanor

Shayne, George 
%lrah, Sam 
Sonnenberg, A. 
Spillane, Daniel

SCHIFF—Arthur
Guild w  the Blind, its Womens Oi-

Schlff, beloved end esteemed hus 
band of Mrs RIctavia Schiff, Honor 
ary Vice President of Ifie Women': 
Division. Sincere condolences ar< 
extended to the family.

Bernard H. Mendik, Preslden 
John F. Heimerdinger

Pres. Women's Oivisioi

Edwin H. Dear sist^ of Mitchel 
and Arch Siegel. Cherished grand 
mother of Karen Anne. Services fo 
day Tuesday 9:45 a.m. at "Boole 
vard-Park West", 115 W. 79 St, NY

Kostelanetz, Andre Stone, Walter 
Kroyt, Sonya Storper, Natalie 
Kroyt, Sophie Sturm, Claire 
Kurzweil, Regine Sussberg, Victor 
Levien, Louisa von Bernuth, M. 
Liscum, Charles Wallach, Max
Londcm, William 
Martlnelli, Ezio 
Mattimore, W. 
Meany, (Seorge

Wiesenauer, Percy 
Wolf, Irving 
Woiper, Irving 
Zwlng, Henry

RICCIARDELLI—Vincent. The offi­
cers, staff, employees and all affi­
liated witli ttie New York Joint 
Board ACTWU regret wihi deepest 
sorrow the untimely death of Viri- 
cent Ricciardelli, Co-Manager of 
the New York joint Board ACTWU 
and Vice Preside of the Amalga­
mated Clothing and Textile Workers

Italian labor circles and active in
charitable and educational move­
ments related to labor. He m

tended to his wife Vlncenza,
Vincent and his family and to other

Carmel, NY Route52.
NEW YORK 

JOINT BOARD ACTWU 
MURRAY GOLDSTEIN, 

OManager 
SAMUEL MASLER, Secy-Treas

CHARLES DEL GlACCO, Asst Mgr
HARRY GORDON, Asst Mgr

RICCIARDELLI—Vincent On Jan 13, 
1980. The Officers and Members of 
the Col. Francis Vigo Post «1093 
American Legion sorrowfully

their sincere cot^lences to the be-

George Dassaro, Commander
Judge Paul P. Rao,

Past Commander 
Dante A. RobiloNi, 
Past Commander 

Dr Milton Rose, Past Commander 
RICCIARDELLI—Vincent. The Sid­

ney Hillman Health Center sorrow­
fully mourns the sudden passing of

esteemed President, Vincent

heartfelt sympathy to his devoted
wife and family.

Dr. Frank Schwimmer,

Administrative Asst. 
RICCIARDELLI-r-Vincenf. The Mis­

sionary Sisters of The Sacred Heart

of their loyal friend and benefactor.

extend our deepest sympathy to his

Sister Josephine Tsuei, M.S.C.

mourn the loss of Vincent Ricciar- 
delll who in the time that he served 

co-manager of the New York
Joinf Board of the Amalagamated
Clothlf3g and Textile Workers Union
made his imprint for progressive la-

labor and employers.
Greater Clohilng Contractors

Assoc Inc
Dick Indelicato, Mgr 

RICCIARDELLI *  Vincent. The

teemed colleague, Mr. V lnc^ Rlc-
clardelH, long time valued member
of the Board and benefactor.
E. HOWAROMOLISANI, President

DR. NAT ALE COLOSl, Director 
RICCIARDELLI—Vincent. With pro­

found sorrow the Officers and Mem­
bers of The Italian American Labor 
Council mourn the passing of their
esteemed colleague, friend and
First Vice President, Vincent Rlc-

and Members of the Amalgamated
Clothing and Textile, New
Clothing Cutt^s Union Local ^
press their regret and deep sorrow
at the passing of an outstanding la-
Morton Epstein, Business Manager

Sol Bergstein, Business Agent 
RICCIARDELLI—Vincent. The staff 

of the New .York Clothing Unem­
ployment Fund Agency mourns the
passing of Vincent Ricciardelli who

a Trustee and above ail a friend
of this Agency. His guiding spirit
leaves a void which will be hard to
fill. Our sincere condol«ices to the
members of his family.
NEW YORK CLOTHING UNEM­
PLOYMENT FUND AGENCY 

DANIEL H.BLITZER, Manager 
RICCIARDELLI—Vincent. The Otn-

i and Members of Local 63 C,

bereaved wife and family.
Charles Del Giacco, Treasurer 

Local 63C NY Joint Board ACTWU 
RICCIARDELLI—Vincent. The Offi­

cers and Members of Local 25C,

Board, Vincent Ricciardelli.'
’ deepest sympathy to hiS

Harry Gordon, Secretary-Treasurer
Local 25C NY Joint Board ACTWU 

RICCIARDELLI—Vincent, The Di­
rectors of the American Committee 
on Italian Migration mourn tt>e loss 
of an outstanding fellow member 

compassionate human
being, staunch supporter and '

husband of Diana. Loving fahier of

Rouse Funeral Home, 3361 Park
Avenue, Wantagh, Ll, Wednesday
January 16 from 2-5 and 7-10 PM.
Cremation private. Memorial servl-

:s 3Vlil be held at Saint Jude's Epis­
copal Church,
Avenue, Wantagh on Saturday Jan­
uary 19 at 1 PM. Instead of flowers
donations may be sent to The Heart 
Research Fund or The Cancer Re­
search Fund.

ROSENTHAL—Joseph.
with deep sorrow the passing of o
long tlri3e member.
Robert L. Lehman, Rabbi. Hebrew

Devoted mother of Lila Degenstein.
Loving grandrriother of Lee. Sister 
of Or. Jack Rubiin. Services and in­
terment private.

SAMEK—Richard E. In Tucson.
3 January 12, 1980 formerly

of NYC and Scarsdale, NY. Beloved 
husband of Jane Lasker. Fahier of 
Edward, Ellen Citron, and William.

81 St on Wed, January I6th at 10AM.
Visitation Tuesday 7-9PM. in lieu of
flowers contributions to the Urologi­
cal Research Cancer Fund, Univer­
sity of Arizona Hospital, Carripbell
Ave. Tucson, Arizona vrould be ap-

Elkins Park, Pa. Father of
Shoshana Adler, father-in-law of I

day 2PM Jose^ Levirie and Son,

S^ ice Tuesday Jan. 15,10:30 A.M.
"The Riverside" 76th St. and Am­
sterdam Avenue.

George, Congregation

........  cherished member, George
Shayne. To his family and loved 
ones, we express our profound sym­
pathy. May beautiful memories

Maxwell M. Rabb, Pres
Herbert C. Bernard, Secy 

SHI RAH—Sam, Jr, 36, resident of
Bearsviile, NY, died suddenly '
January 11, 1980. Born in Troy, Ala-

tee, founder of Southern Labor Ac-

South from 1962 fo 1966, he V
Freedom Rider and Marcher in­
volved In the Lunch Counter Sit-ins, 
enoTuraging Black people to regis-

I ttxHigh it meant

i other struggles.

and father, the Reverend i
Mrs Sam and Oneita Shlrah,
brohier Richard, a sister Mrs Wal
ter Dennis, grandmother Mrs i
Mendhelm and grandfather
Reverend A.M. Shlrah. Funeral S
vice will be held Wednesday, J

voted father of James, Harold an 
the late Fred. Loving grar3dfatherc 
Jill, Vicki, Allison and Roger, ^ v  
ces privat^

SPILLANE-^anlel Patrick, 64, o 
Miami Beach,Fla.,a former Ney
York resident. He passed away It 
Miami Bea^.Fla. January 11,1980 
He Is the devoted brother of Marioc
Prescott and Catherine Spillane a
the late Timothy J. ^Illane, thet
lov^ brother-in-law of Ruth Spil 
lane and cherished unde of Michae 
Prescott, Donald Spillane and Or 
Ronald Spillane. Mass will be hek 
in Pensacola,Fla. wltti intermen' 
Barrancas National Cemetery.Pen­
sacola, Fla. For information con­
tact. Riverside Menr>orlal Chapel, 
Miami Beach.Fla.

STONE—Walter S. The New Y ^

STORPER—Natalie. Loving mott>er
of Sarah Storper Field, Bai1>ara and
Dan. Devoted daughter of Celia
Reichlln. Dear sister of Dr. Sey-

Reichlin and Herbert Relch- 
lin. Cherished cousin of Rita Ra- 

Services today 1pm at "Nas-
I North Chapel", 55 N. Station

Plaza (0pp. R.R. Sta.) Great Neck,

STURAA—Claire, January 11, 1980, r
tired executive of Loehmanns, inc.
A memorial service will be held a1
Fordham Lutheran Church, 243C
Walton Ave., Bronx, Thwsday, 7:30
PM. Contributions may be made to
the Claire Sturm Memorial Fund at 
the church 

SUSSBERG—Victor L. It is with pro-

voted father of (
and honorary Chairman of the
Board, Darwin R. Sussberg,«
dent worker and staunch supporter
of the United Home for Aged He­
brews for n 
dolences are extended 1 
reaved family.

George M. Friedland, President 
Charles H. Singer, Exec Vice Pres 

SUSSBERG—Victor. T^nple Israel of

Leroy Fadem, Pres 
I BERNUTH—Meta Elizabeth, 

January 12, at her home In Wayne,
Pennsylvania, after a long Illness,
in her 91st year. A dauc t̂er of the

viv^ by two nieces, Madeleine Poi- 
iitzer and Suzanne Nelson, and 

great-nieces and nephews.
Also surviving a

Bernuth, and the children df the late
Theodore E. Sfeinwav; Theodore
D., Henry Z., John H„ and Frede­
rick Steinway, Mrs. Schuyler G.
Chapin, and Mrs. Eric W. Co(d3rane,

Services ix-ivate.
WALLACH—Max Of North Miami

Beach, formerly of Bayside, 1

vine, Joan Koller, Madeline Mayor,
Edward Wallach and Martin 
Schwartzberg. Adored grandfather 
of Fran. Nancy, Wendy, Pam, Mar­
jorie, Jesse, Charles, Elizabeth, Ro­
ger, David and Andrew. Dear broth-

9pm at "The Riverside", interment
at Beth Moses Cemetery, PInelaiwn,

WIESENAUER—Percy of Bronxville,
I January 13, 1 ^ . Beloved

husband of Clarlan. Dear brother of
Robert Wiesenauer. Service at the

January 16th atllAM.
WOLF—Irving. Beloved husband of

Jane. Devoted father of Robert and
Sandra. Loving grandfather of Ga-
briella Hellalne and Adina Rachel

bush Ave. (at Ave. L), Bklw3, today

WOLF—Irving. The Ida Silver League
records w i^ sorrow the passing of
its esteemed cx'esident. He will be
sorely missed.

WOLPER—Irving S. 72. Devotedfafh-
of motion picture & television

producer David L. Woiper, in I
sleep <H3 Sunday January 13 at his
home In Bay Hartxx Island, Flori­
da. In addition to his s«3, he Is s
vived by his wife Moilie,
grandchildren and two sisters. Ser­
vices will be held 9:30 AM today <
Faith Chapel; Interment will be.
Forest Lawn, Hollywood Hills.

ZWINCS—Henry, of Greenlawn. Hus-

Conneil Funeral Home, 934 New
York Ave., Huntln0on Sta. Mass
Wednesday 9:45AM.

darli of dtjanks
WOHL—Joseph S. THE F4

GRATEFULLY ACKNOWLEC

WHICH HAS BEEN SO SUP:

In iipmortam

In loving memory. Beloved hus­
band, father and grandfather.

ANNOUNCEMENTS OF DEATHS __ __ _  „
2:30 P M. ON SATURDAY FOR SUNDAY EOmON. IN REGIONAL OFFICES .nowxzn

“  ■ I MARKET WeSTCHESTE^^^  ̂ AND NORTHERN NEW TORK STATE COUNTIES l«14)



46 X H E  N E W  Y O B K  TIM ES, SUNDAY, JANUARY 13, 1980

Corruption Hampers 
Immigration Service

Continued From Page 1

der. That tide has now overrun the United 
States Border Patrol and created a cli­
mate of violence in which illegal aliens 
are subjected to physical abuse by this 
arm of the Justice Department that is 
comparable to what the department itself 
has been investigating in such local po­
lice departments as Houston and Phila­
delphia.

The unmeasurable flow of illegal aliens 
into the country has sigmficant economic 
and social impact, particularly along the 
Mexican border, where the aliens provide 
cheap labor for agriculture and business. 
Their potential political impact is mir­
rored in the current debate over whether 
they should be counted in the 1980 census, 
whose outcome could influence the allo­
cation of Congressional seats.

A  Bureaucratic Stepchild
Almost without exception, those inter­

viewed described the immigration serv­
ice as a bureaucratic stepchild beset by 
political interference and official indif­
ference, an agency mired in mountains of 
unsorted paper and hampered by lost and 
misplaced files, and with a record of se­
lective enforcement, brutality and other 
wrongdoing possibly unmatched by any 
other Federal agency.

Moreover, the immigration service has 
spawned around it a sizable number of 
lawyers, immigration consultants, 
“ travel agents”  and shadowy vocational 
and language schools that all too often, 
and sometimes in concert with dishonest 
immigration service employees, take ad­
vantage of aliens who attempt to emi­
grate legally to the United States.

Indeed, the alien encounters corruption 
within the immigration process even be­
fore he sets foot in the United States. The 
State Department, which issues immi­
grant visas, has recently begun investi­
gations of visa fraud in its consulates in 
several Latin-American and Caribbean 
countries.

Each year the service comes into con-

A  border inspection 
station, one officer 
said, is one of the 
easiest places for ille­
gal aliens to enter 
the United States.

tact with, and has sometimes substantial 
control over the destinies of, more human 
beings than any other government 
agency in the free world.

Last year its officers inspected the 
credentials of some 270 million people. 
They were not just the one million indi­
viduals arrested for Illegal entry by the 
Border Patrol and the hundreds of thou­
sands of aliens seeking legal entry, but 
also the many millions of foreign and 
American citizens who regularly cross 
the Mexican and Canadian borders to 
shop, work, sight-see or visit friends.

-It is an awesome responsibility. 
“ Every day,”  said Theodore P. Jakabo- 
skl, a Federal immigration judge in El 
Paso, “ personnel of the IN.S,, including 
very junior people, are requir^  to make 
decisions that can affect the freedom of 
movement, economic condition, liberty 
and perhaps even the future survival”  of 
those who enter its domain.

David W. Crosland, who became Act­
ing Commissioner of Immigration when 
Leonel J. Castillo left that post in Octo­
ber, said that, while he was not person­
ally aware of more than limited corrup­
tion, brutality or other wrongdoing within 
the service, he was “ concerned”  by re­
ports that it might be more widespread.

Ear for Whistle-Blowers 
“ I want a system that works,”  he said 

in a recent interview. “ I’d like to have the 
system improved to make it work.”  He 
cited some administrative changes un­
dertaken by Mr. Castillo and the convic­
tion of Mr. Tubbs as encouraging signs 
but added: “ 1 want to make the system 
work so it’s not dependent upon David 
Crosland or Leonel Castillo or whoever 
may come, so that people who are whist­
le-blowers blow their whistles and are 
heard.”  ,

Although immigration sources say that 
internal corruption has reached serious 
proportions in San Francisco, New Or­
leans, Miami and New York, it is appar­
ently most prevalent in the Southwest, 
where wrenching economic disparities 
between the United States and Mexico 
have created what one top official called 
“ a tremendous market for any kind of 
paper that will get you into the country. ’ ’ 

For a Mexican, a permit to enter, live 
in and work in the United States may 
mean the difference between borderline 
starvation and a college education for his 
children. If a bribe of a few hundred dol­
lars can bring such a document, it is often 
gratefully paid, and there are willing sell­
ers among the Amerjcan immigration 
officers who are sworn to exclude illegal 
aliens from this country.

More Than Taking of Money 
The corruption extends beyond the tak­

ing of money. Those interviewed told of 
officers who extorted sexual relations 
from female aliens in exchange for docu­
ments of admission into the United 
States; of ranchers and other business­
men given virtual exemptions from im­
migration laws, and of a degree of inat­
tention to duty that, one officer asserted, 
has made a border inspection station one 
of the easiest places for illegal aliens to 
enter the UnitM States.

Several officials also maintained that 
the service, despite its reputation within 
the Government as a repository of wrong­
doing, has failed up to now to develop ei­
ther an adequate capability for coping 
with internal corruption or the resolve to 
do so. Even on those occasions when mis­
deeds were uncovered, the officials said, 
they were frequently ignored or covered 
up again.

While some former immigration serv­
ice employees allowed their names to be 
used, most of the immigration officers, 
immigration service and Justice Depart­
ment officials still in government asked 
to remain anonymous, saying they were 
afraid of official and unofficial retribu-

threats made against some of the Border 
Patrol trainees who testified against 
their colleagues at a trial in San Diego 
last month, and others said that supervi­
sors at San Ysidro recently questioned 
workers in an effort to learn who among 
them had been interviewed by The New 
Ydrk Times.

In 1975 the service established an inter­
nal corruption unit, but one Justice De­
partment official said that in his view 
some of those who staffed it were “ in­
competent,”  adding, “ When they get 
something, they don’t know what to do 
with it.”

‘Worst Component’  at Justice
I think it’s the worst component of the 

Justice Department,”  another official 
said. "It ’s so bad I don’t know how cor­
rupt it is. What we’re frightened about at 
I.N.S. is what we don’t know. It makes 
you wonder what the smart ones are 
doing.”

Seven years ago the Justice Depart­
ment made its only concerted effort to 
clean up the corruption that, some offi­
cials say, has tainted the service for de­
cades. Most of those associated with 
Operation Cleansweep, as the inquiry be­
came known, agree that it was a failure, 
but they disagree on the reasons.

Over nearly three years, the Clean- 
sweep team gathered allegations and evi­
dence that more than 150 past and 
present service employees, including sev­
eral top officials, had been involved in the 
smuggling of illegal aliens and narcotics; 
were taking hundreds of thousands of dol­
lars in bribes and kickbacks from Gov­
ernment contractors; had engaged in 
perjury, fraud, obstruction of justice, 
gross physical abuse of aliens and mur­
der, and had even used Federal funds to 
pay prostitutes to compromise members 
of Congress and other important visitors 
to the Southwest.

“ The only crime we didn’t find was 
bank robbery,”  said Alan M. Murray, one 
of the Cleansweep investigators.

Criminal Indictments Brought 
Despite the sweeping allegations, 

fewer than a dozen criminal indictments 
were brought against agency personnel 
and only seven convictions were ob­
tained. One indictment, against Ray­
mond D. Bond, a Border Patrolman in 
Texas who was accused of smuggling 
guns into Mexico, was dropped in ex­
change for the man’s resignation. Mr. 
Bond did resign, but two years ago the 
service rehired him.

Asked why so few indictments had been 
returned, Alfred Hantman, the Justice 
Department lawyer in charge of the in­
quiry, said that the evidence against the 
others “ simply wasn’t there." Mr. Mur­
ray disagreed. “ The evidence was given 
to him and he failed to act," he said.

To support his assertion, Mr. Murray, 
who is now retired, produced notes and 
documents showing that dozens of agency 
persoimel had come under investigation 
for selling immigration documents, 
among them William V. Tubbs. Many of 
the Cleansweep targets are still vrith the 
service and several have been promoted. 
Most of the top officials who were sub­
jects of the inquiry have retired.

Two years ago Uie Justice Department, 
still concerned about the potential for 
corruption within the service, studied the 
agency’s procedures for investigating its 
own wrongdoing and concluded that they 
were, at best, “ confused.”

Allegations Were Not Reported 
Those within the service, the study 

found, were unclear about which of its of­
fices were responsible for investigating 
v’arlous kinds of misconduct, with the re­
sult that many cases remained unre­
solved for years. Most disturbing, how­
ever, was the department’s finding that 
“ I.N.S. officials were not reporting all al­
legations of serious misconduct to the At­
torney General’s office,”  as required by 
the Justice Department.

One agency official who until recently 
worked in internal affairs said that the 
same was true when he left. “ No one likes 
to clean their own linen,”  he said. “ All we 
did was put out little brush fires. ”

He had had to borrow wiretapping 
equipment from other agencies, the offi­
cial said, and take up collections from fel­
low officers to pay informers because no 
funds were set aside for that purpose.

The internal investigations unit, re­
named the Office of Professional Respon­
sibility, now has 14 full-time field agents, 
as against 30 three years ago, with the re­
sult that regular immigration service in­
vestigators are often called upon to ex­
amine the conduct of those they work 
with, or work for.

V .. . . .

Mexicans who were illegally crossing the border Into the United States near El Paso returning across the Rio Grande i
The New York nmes/Steve Northnip

immigration official arrived

Connery, the internal affairs chief of the 
New York City Police Department, to 
head the unit. And Congress has just ap­
proved the creation in the service of a 
new inspector general’ s office of the sort 
that most Federal law enforcement agen­
cies have had for years.

When the agency does act against its 
own personnel, the punishments often do 
not seem to fit the crimes. Two immigra­
tion officers told, for example, of tot 
deputy chief of a medium-size border sta­
tion who was caught by investigators giv­
ing entry permits to inadmissible women 
in return for sexual relations, a felony of­
fense. The man was demoted to supervi­
sor and suspended for 30 days, but he was 
not prosecuted.

Patrolmen Are ‘ Fraternal Group’
Asked how that was possible, one of the 

officers said: “ Maybe you don’t under­
stand. All of these guys are ex-Border Pa­
trolmen, and if there ever was a fraternal 
group, they’re it.”

According to agency records, an em­
ployee who “ assisted an alien smuggler,”  
a felony offense, was dischs 
prosecuted. Seventeen erapioy.as Wi 
permitted 14 aliens to “ e s c a ^ ”  were sent 
letters of admonition. An employee who 
extorted money from Illegal aliens being 
returned to Mexico was allowed to resign.

At the time of his retirement last Sep­
tember, Mario K. Note, the No. 2 official 
at the service, was under investigation by 
the Justice Department’s Office of Pro­
fessional Responsibility and the criminal 
division in connection with suspected im­
migration frauds in Miami and Boston. 
But Justice Department sources said the 
inquiries were closed when Mr. Noto left 
the immigration service.

Mr. Noto, who until a year ago was in

‘ I Tell Them’  of Cases
One such investigator in California told 

of bringing case after case of potential 
corruption to the attention of his superi­
ors, only to have his reports ignored. 
“ When I see something wrong, I tell 
them,”  the man said, “ and the service 
doesn’t like that.”

The situation is not yet much im­
proved: Of 365 cases pending in the inter­
nal investigations unit last year, 149 were 
carried over from the year before. But 
Mr. Crosland is taking steps he hopes will 
change matters, including hiring Paul

Even when mis­
deeds are uncovered, 
some officials assert, 
they are frequently 
covered up again.

charge of internal investigations, said 
that one problem he faced was the reluc­
tance of Federal prosecutors to take 
cases against employees to court.

But Mr. Crosland said it was “ a cop- 
out”  to say that such cases had been “ re­
ferred to the U.S. Attorney’s office if the 
U.S. Attorney declined prosecution.”

“ It cannot all rest on the Government 
lawyer,”  he said. “ If there’s not adequate 
internal discipline, there needs to be a 
structure set up so that it’s brought to the 
attention of the appropriate people.”

The more senior the errant official, it 
sometimes seems, the more lenient the 
punishment is likely to be, judging from 
agency documents. Two years ago, a di­
rector of a district office and his deputy 
were caught accepting gifts “ from per­
sons seeking favorable action by I.N.S.”  
The director retired and his deputy was 
given a reprimand.

Discussion of Bribes Overheard 
Also last year, David Vandersall, then 

the head of the immigration service’s 
Chicago office, was discovered to have 
taken gifts, including a $2,000 oil paint­
ing, from individuals who employed ille­
gal aliens. Mr. Vandersall aclmowledged 
in an interview that he had been trans­
ferred to Vermont because of his actions 
and demoted one civil service grade.

Many of the immigration officers inter­
viewed said they had concluded that the 
service was simply indifferent to corrup­

tion in its ranks. Edward J. Begley, who 
worked from 1976 until 1978 as an immi­
gration inspector in San Ysidro, Calif., 
said he once overheard colleagues dis­
cussing two other inspectors who were 
taking bribes to admit illegal aliens.

“ 1 wrote a memo to internal affairs,”  
Mr. Begley said. "Nobody ever did any­
thing about it.”  Mr. Begley said he was 
dismissed from the service because of his 
“ attitude”  after he began to complain 
abcT  such irregularities. The agency 
gave no reason for his dismissal.

Those interviewed stressed that the 
border region was a place apart from the 
rest of the country, one where laws and 
conventions sometimes did not apply. 
“ It’s a never-never land down there,”  one 
senior investigator said. Other officials 
maintained that almost everywhere 
along the border it was possible for an 
alien with enough money to buy a new 
country and a new life.

“ It does go on,”  one veteran immigra­
tion inspector said, “ but the big guys,”  
those with important jobs or friends in 

■jch jobs, “ aren’t touched.”
No Action Was Taken

An investigator agreed, saying he had 
submitted allegations from an informer 
that a colleague at San Ysidro, south of 
San Diego, had sold the informer a United 
States citizen’s identity card for $1,000. 
No action was ever taken against the 
man, however.

Asked why not, the investigator re­
called an inquiry involving another offi­
cer not long ago. “ I was investigating a 
large group smuggling a lot of aliens 
through the port,”  he said, “ and I found 
an inspector involved in it. He handed my 
informant slips to get them out of the in­
spection area when they were referred in. 
He’s fat and happy now. He had a rabbi 
someplace.”

Under what is known as the parole au­
thority, senior immigration officials 
along the border have the power to admit 
individuals to the United States as they 
please for “ humanitarian”  or other rea­
sons. That authority has allegedly been 
abused by both the service itself and 
those with political influence, including 
some Congressmen and White House offi­
cials.

“ Frequently,”  an internal immigra­
tion service memorandum states, “ this 
type of parole has been obtained by a Con­
gressman, Senator or the White House. 
Normally the person is inadmissible for 
some reason, but we would be subject to 
criticism if the person were not allowed 
to enter the United States. ’ ’

‘Old Business’ Continues
Mr. Begley, the former inspector, said 

that Mexican aliens who agreed to inform 
on other illegal aliens living in this coun­
try were routinely paroled into the United 
States as persons seeking medical treat­
ments. In some cases, he said, the in­
formers actually informed, but William 
Toney, a retired senior Border Patrol of­
ficial, said he believed that “ the old busi­
ness of furnishing wetback labor is still 
going on.”

In fact, there are legitimate uses for 
humanitarian and medical paroles, but 
even then they are sometimes withheld. 
Last year two Mexican children, 3 and 4 
years old, died after officers at San Ysi­
dro refused them entry for medical care.

On the other hand, the parole power has 
been used in some unusual situations. 
Two officers at San Ysidro told of an in­
spector there who was the father of an 
illegitimate child in Tijuana, across the 
Mexican border. One day, the officers 
said, the mother appeared with her son 
and threatened to create a scandal unless 
she and the child were admitted to resi­
dency. The child, the son of an American

citizen, had a valid claim, but the mother 
did not.

The officer said that a senior immigra­
tion supervisor quietly arranged for both 
to be admitted into the country. Asked 
about the matter, the supervisor said he 
had “ no comment at this time. ”

Among the most highly valued creden­
tials are those known as border crossing 
cards, passes that allow the holder to 
visit the United States for up to 72 hours 
— a limit that is frequently violated — to 
sightsee or shop, but not to work. Al­
though the requirements for obtainiiig 
one are fairly stringent, sources said, the 
cards are frequently sold or exchanged 
for favors.

Agency officials said that several in­
spectors at San Ysidro, including Allen D. 
Clayton, the officer in charge, were cur­
rently under investigation in connection

‘The only crime we 
didn’t find was bank 
robbery,’ according 
to an investigator.

For a Mexican, a 
permit to enter the 
U.S. may mean the 
difference between 
borderiine starva­
tion and a coilege 
education for his 
children.

with apparently fraudulent border cross­
ing cards issued there.

Mr. Clayton said he and “ half the of­
fice”  had been questioned in the inquiry, 
but he maintained, “ I ’ve never issued a 
border crossing card to any person who 
isn’t entitled to it.”  He added, “ We don’ t 
think too much of these investigations.”

An investigator familiar with the case 
said he did not believe any action would 
be taken against Mr. Clayton or the 
others, even though “ I know they’ve 
given out a lot of cards to aliens who, if 
properly interviewed, would be inadmis­
sible.”

“ They could get them on abuse of dis­
cretion,”  he said, “ but they won’t do it. 
They don’t want to. ”

Notes on Business Cards
Several officers also described a “ por 

favor system”  under which the clients of 
immigration “ consultants,”  many of 
them retired agency employees, were 
given crossing cards when they presented 
what one officer described as “ a note on 
the back of a business card,”  even though 
“ the majority of the people are crooks 
and therefore excludable. ’ ’

The giving of cards and entry permits 
to female aliens, including prostitutes, in 
exchange for sexual relations is appar­
ently so common along the border that 
the Justice Department once set up sur­
veillance of some motels in the San Ysi­
dro area that, a department document 
said, were “ allegedly being used by cer­
tain immigration inspectors and Border 
Patrol officers for immoral acts with fe­
male Mexican aliens illegally paroled 
into the United States. ’ ’

Several other immigration officers 
said recently that they had also been told 
of the existence of, and offered the use of, 
such motels in the San Ysidro area.

It is not only women crossing the bor­
der who are subjected to sexual extor­
tion. Nicolas Estiveme, who worked for a 
year as a Border Patrolman in McAllen, 
Tex., recalled a restaurant there that was 
‘ ‘a haven for female aliens, ’ ’ where it was 
common practice for Border Patrol 
agents on “ inspection tours”  to arrest 
one of the women and then demand sex­
ual relations in return for her release.

Mr. Estiveme, an earnest, scholarly 
young man who earned a law degree after 
he was dismissed from the Border Patrol 
for what he was told were such offenses 
as failing to shine his shoes, said he had 
reported the practice but that nothing 
was done. The agency would give no rea­
son for Mr, Estiveme’s dismissal.

Jobs for Sex and Money
Trafficking in illegal aliens was not un­

known elsewhere. Justice Department 
documents tell of a Border Patrol agent 
in El Paso who would “ take female alien 
maids into custody and then get them em­
ployment in exchange for sex and 
money.”  Although the report noted that 
other officers “ have complained about 
him,”  the man was never prosecuted.

Fred Drew, a former Border Patrol­
man in Chula Vista, Calif., said he knew 
of several patrolmen who had smuggled 
teen-aged Mexican women into the 
United States and then used the threat of 
deportation to hold them in thrall. Like 
Mr. Begley and Mr. Estiveme, Mr. Drew 
said he was dismissed from his job after 
he began reporting to his superiors what 
he consider^ improper behavior.

Agency sources said that one inspector 
at San Ysidro was under investigation for 
using his influence with the Mexican au­
thorities to obtain credentials that a 
woman friend needed to enter the United 
States.

Such relationships can easily compro­
mise the officer involved, as with the im­
migration inspector at San Ysidro who 
discovered that a Mexican woman he 
knew had been stopned by Customs offi­

cers while crossing the border.
She came through the line,”  one offi­

cer recalled. “ He interfered with the 
search. He told the Customs officers. 
That’s my girlfriend. Leave her alone.’ 

They went ahead and searched her any­
way.”  The woman was foimd to be carry­
ing a pound of cocaine, the officer said, 
but the inspector was never prosecuted. 
“ They really hushed that one up,”  he 
said. The inspector later resigned.

‘ Pass By and Wave’
Smuggling is easy for the Border Pa­

trol,”  Mr. Estiveme said, adding that he 
knew of officers who had done it. “ No­
body asks you any questions because they 
know who you are. You just pass by and 
wave.”

According to an internal Justice report, 
the children of immigration officers also 
take advantage of the fact that their 
mothers and fathers are not likely to in­
spect their vehicles. But the ploy does not 
always work, for the report notes: “ Sev­
eral of the sons of I.N.S. personnel work­
ing in different border areas have been 
arrested in connection with efforts to 
smuggle narcotic substances into the 
United States.”

Although the immigration service is 
not responsible for narcotics enforce­
ment, its officers can and do detain those 
they find smuggling illicit drugs. In their 
zeal to arrest narcotics smugglers, Mr. 
Estiveme said, some Border Patrolmen 
actually had planted marijuana on aliens 
they had captured “ and the aliens don’t 
even know they’re being charge^, wftir' 
marijuana smuggling. ”

Enforcement Is Selective
Several of those interviewed also told 

of a pattern o f selective enforcement 
along the border in which ranchers and 
businessmen who provided immigration 
officers with such favors as free hunting 
privileges had been permitted to employ 
illegal alien labor with impunity.

A few years ago, William Toney, a 
deputy Border Patrol chief, wrote a 
memorandum to his superior reporting 
that he had arrested 35 illegal aliens at a 
ranch near Del Rio, Tex., owned by a*’ 
prominent banking and cattle family. A 
number of the aliens, Mr. Toney said, had 
been working on the ranch for more than 
six months although the property was in­
spected frequently by the Border Patrol.

Mr. Toney demanded an investigation, 
but the inspector sent by the service told 
him that “ most of these guys disagree 
with you about cracking down on all the 
wets around here. ”

Mr. Estiveme, who worked for the Bor- • 
der Patrol for most of 1975, said that he 
discovered his first day on the job that 
one of his fellow agents was actually sup­
plying illegal aliens he captured to local 
farmers as laborers. Mr. Estiveme said 
the man told him, “ If I ever repeated 
what I saw that day to anyone, I would be 
a dead man with my throat cut.”  

Businesses Given ‘ Exemptions’
Not only ranches, but hotels, restau­

rants and other businesses that employed 
large numbers of illegal aliens were also 
given “ exemptions”  from enforcement of 
immigration laws. Hotels, Mr. Estiveme 
said, were simply off limits. “ You don’t 
go there at all.”  he said. “ That’s good 
community relations. ’ ’

Restaurants in the McAllen area that 
were exempt from raids often provided 
f o ^  to Border Patrolmen free or at re­
duced prices, he said, while other restau­
rants were often raided “ because the 
owner would not cooperate.”  Sometimes, 
businesses are tipped off in advance of a 
raid, according to a Border Patrolman 
who testified last year before the United 
States Commission on Civil Rights.

Another exempted category, several 
officers said, was Mexican women work­
ing illegally as domestics. “ You don’t ar­
rest maids,”  Mr. Estiveme said. “ Let’s 
say you know a whole neighborhood has 
illegal maids. You report it. They say, 
‘Forget it, because everybody in this 
town has been raised by an illegal 
maid.’ ”

Public Pressure Cited
Such double standards and selective 

enforcement policies combine to sap mo­
rale and dedication within the ranks of 
the service, and one investigator said he 
had concluded that those agency person­
nel who were negligent or paid scant at­
tention to their jobs were as much a 
threat to the integrity of the service as. 
those who were corrupt.

Some inspectors, the investigator said, 
were simply “ looking for that retirement 
check”  white others were “ too dumb for 
the job — they wave ’em up the road. It’s 
real negligence.”  Another officer said his 
advice to Illegal aliens hoping to cross the 
border was: "Just keep trying. You’ll 
find some inspector who’s asleep at the 
wheel.”

“ Everybody is basically dissatisfied,”  
one senior official said. “ There’s bound to 
be cormption.”

Said another: “ It gets to a point where, 
after a while, there’s just no enforce­
ment. An awful lot of officers just give



T H E  N E W  Y O R K  TIM ES, SU N D AY, J A N U A R Y  13, 1980

Race to Succeed Rep. Holtzman 
‘ Didn’t Wait for Her Declaration

By MAURICE CARROLL
ing an office that would remove me from 
Brooklyn for long periods of time. ”

Mr. Schumer will have to give up his 
safe Assembly seat to run for Congress,

________ _______ _ ^_______  since both jobs will be filled in this year’s
J te r  T S e ^ r e T i iv e m ^  election; Mr. Silverman, whose Council
the City Council as an insurgent, hei termruns through 1981, will have a politi-

After Charles E. Schumer graduated 
m Harvard Law School, he hurried 
me to Brooklyn so he could start cam- 
igning at 7 A.M. the next day at the 

pshead Bay subway platform

efly made peace with the Brooklyn 
imocratic organization, then ran the 
mpaign that ousted Stanley Steingut, 
5 Assembly Speaker, from office.
In a campaign that political profession- 
5 expect to be vigorous, Mr. Schumer 
id Mt. Silverman will vie for Elizabeth 
iltzman’s 16th Congressi9nal District 
It, Also interested in the ]ob — but not 
_ten as seriously by the political profes- 
onals at this stage— are two City Coun- 

members, Susan D. Alter and Robert 
eingut, the son of the former Speaker.

Focus Is on Flatbush

cal free ride.
There had been suggestions that the 

1980 census would cost Brooklyn a Con­
gressional seat and that Miss Holtzman, 
who is not a favorite of the county Demo­
cratic leader, Meade H. Esposito, would 
be the likely victim. The results of the 
census will not be in soon enough to affect 
this year’s elections, although they could 
affect them in later years.

Mr. Schumer said his initial considera­
tion had not been whether he would win— 
he said he was sure he would — but 
whether “ the district would exist two

Representative Holtzman announced
years later.”

He said he had talked with his legisla- 
r candidacy for the Democratic nomi- tive friends in Albany, who will r^ raw  
tion for United States Senator on Tues- the state’s political lines to conform to the 
y, but Mr. Schumer and Mr. Silverman; census results, and “ I’m satisfied now 
d already started campaigning for that' that it will be there.”
rty’s nomination for her Congressional 
at.
The district is centered on the heavy, 

oting and overwhelmingly Democratic 
Hatbush neighborhood, where the nomi- 
lation guarantees election.

‘ Informal polls show I’m quite well 
mown,”  said Mr. Schumer, a full-time 
Vssepiblyman from the southern part of 
he district.

Pblls have been conducted very 
avorable to my candidacy,”  said Mr. Sil­
verman, a full-time Councilman from the 
lorthem part.

Mrs. Alter said she would decide within 
mcmth whether she had raised enough 

noney. “ When I move,”  she said, ‘ ’ it’s 
owing that I’m in for the kill.”
‘ I ’m considering it,”  Mr. Steingut 

aid. “ I ’m not too comfortable with tak-

Both Mr. Schumer and Mr. Silverman 
were brought up in the Brooklyn tradition 
of relentless politicking, rugged cam­
paigning. “ My district has been my life,”  
said Mr. Schumer, who plans to announce 
formally today.

He said that, because of his work in the 
Assembly, where he has served since 
1975, “ pwple see me in newspapers or 
television. But what I’m known for in the 
district is assiduous service. I have no 
other job, no family. ’ ’

Mr. Silverman, a former newspaper- 
truck driver, beat the Stein^t club’s 
Council candidate in 1969 and, in 1978, he 
engineered Mr. Steingut’s defeat.

He stopped short of a formal announce­
ment of candidacy, but said that, if he 
ran, it would be “ a bang-up race, the way 
I always nm.” The New York Times

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uml̂  States Borttef

TheNewYorkTimes/DavidStrick
A pedestrian working her way through traffic waiting to enter the United States at a station on the Mexico-Califomia border

U.S. Immigration Service H am pered b y  Corruption
By JOHN M. CREWDSON

Sometime in the early 1970’s, a teen­
ager named Joe Seung Chui jumped ship 
in New York Harbor, took a job as a cook 
in a Chinese restaurant in Manhattan 
and, like countless thousands of illegal 
aliens living in this country, began to 
wonder how long it would be before “ the 
Immigration’ ’ caught up with him.

Last year Mr. Chui, still undiscovered 
but weary of looking over his shoulder, 
decided that he wanted to become a legal 
resident of the United States. But because 
the list of Hong Kong and Taiwan Chinese 
waiting for immigrant visas is very long.

ing Cireulsr (2(^  799-7999 —Advt

he chose a faster route. From his savings, 
Mr. Chui withdrew $15,000 and gave it to 
an acquaintance, who gave Mr. Chui a 
"green card,”  the prized credential 
issued to permanent resident aliens by 
the Immigration and Naturalization

Mr. Tubbs, a 52-year-old veteran of the 
immigration service, was charged with 
issuing 36 green cards to ineligible aliens. 
Among the cards was the one that Mr. 
Chui had bought;

Speaking through an interpreter, Mr.

The Tarnished Door: 
Crisis in Immigration
First o f  Sve articles.

Tubbs’s trial in Federal court last month, 
where the Government alleged that some 
of the cards had been sold, through other 
intermediaries, for as much as $20,000. 
Mr. Tubbs, who denied receiving any of 
the money or knowingly violating immi­
gration laws, was convicted.

Although it is one o f the few that have 
ever reached a courtroom, the Tubbs

Service. It seemed the perfect solution 
until last October, when William V. 
Tubbs, a supervisory immigraaon in­
spector at the San Francisco Interna­
tional Airport, was arrested by the Fed­
eral B i^ a u  of Investigation, HEBE’S VICTORIOUS SUNDAY FOB BIG MAC. we love you«.A . and R.—ADVT.

case apparently is not an isolated in­
stance of corruption within the immigra­
tion service.

In a three-month investigation, report­
ers for The New York Times were told in 
interviews with past and present immi­
gration service officers. Justice Depart­
ment lawyers and others familiar with 
immigration policy and practices, that 
corruption, mismanagement, negligence 
and rock-bottom morale within the agen­
cy ’s ranks were hampering it in fulfilling 
its most fundamental responsibilities.

At issue are not simply the service’s ef­
forts to stem the tide of illegal immigra­
tion that is battering this nation’s shores 
and straining against its Southern bor-

Cs^dnued on Page 46, Cabimn 1



T IT L E  I :  YOUNGSTOWN, OHIO



Business Day

Production from other areas not listed Source: Commerce Department 
HieNewYoritTiines/Juiie 13,197B

Northwest Timbermen Go South
By PAMELA G. HOLLIE

Special to The New York Times
PORTLAND, Ore. — The American 

timber industry has traditionally fol­
lowed sources of supply, cutting its way 
from North to South and then westward 
across the Rockies to the Pacific North­
west. Now it is on the move again.

The Northwest, for all its thousands 
of acres of timber, is short of wood, 
white the South, where most of the tim­
ber was togged in the 1930’s, is ready to 
cut again.

“ We don’t have any old growth in the 
Northwest,”  said a spokesman for the 
Georgia-Pacific Corporation here, 
which owns or controls 775,000 acres in 
the West. “ We are not going to abandon 
the Northwest, but we have shifted our 
interests to the South, where we have 
more than two million acres.”

Georgia-Pacific, the nation’s largest 
forest products company with $4.4 bil­
lion in annual sales, is indicative of the

migratory nature of the industry. This 
year, the company announced that 
after 25 years in the Pacific Northwest 
it was moving its headquarters back to 
Georgia, where it was founded 51 years 
ago.

President Carter’s directive last 
Monday to increase the cutting of tim­
ber on national forest lands to check 
the rising cost of housing has not 
greatly impressed the Industry here. 
Executives note that funding for in­
creased cutting has not been guaran­
teed and that the order does not ad­
dress the burning issue between the in­
dustry and government, which is land 
management to increase yields on land 
already available to the industry.

According to James Crane, executive 
vice president of the Federal Timber 
Purchasers Association, which repre­
sents 31 mill members in the West, “ the 
Federal forests have not been sold up to 
4heir capacity to grow.”  He said, “ The 
timber problems of small timber pur­
chasers who depend on national forests

have been directly linked to Federal 
timber policies.”

Timber availability is at the core of 
the Northwest timber producers’ in­
creasingly unfavorable economic posi­
tion in their re^on. Most o f the old 
trees have been cut and many of the 
second-growth forests have not yet 
reached the point where cutting is prof­
itable.

Legislation threatens to take more 
public and national forest lands, on 
which the industry depends for much of 
its fiber source, out of commercial use. 
And high transportation costs have vir­
tually cut off the Northwest from the 
Eastern housing market.

Despite an expected shortage of soft­
wood, the Weyerhaeuser Company in 
Tacoma, Wash., is planning to export 
much of the timber it cuts from its own 
timberland because, by the company’s 
calculation, the transportation costs 
from its remote woodlands in Washing- 

Continued on Page D18



irxx it loivcv

Northwest’s Timbermen, Short of Wood, Go South
Cootinued From Page D1

t(Hi State to Tokyo are less than ship­
ping to adjacent Oregon.

Althou^ the Northwest industry is 
not abtuidoning the West, it is actively 
participating in the expansion in the 
South. Halt of Weyerhaeuser’s timber 
base and half of the San Francisco- 
based Crown Zellerbach Corporation’s 
timberland is in the South. And, the 
Idaho-based Boise Cascade Corpora­
tion, which recently acquired 1%,000 
acres in the Carolines, is trying to build 
its Southern timber base. .

“ It’s fashionable to say that you are 
going south,”  said a  spokesman for the 
Louisiana Pacific Corporation here.

The South has major advantages for 
timber producers. The wet, warm 
weather ^ w s  trees more quickly and 
the relatively flat forest land can be

managed :md machine-cut more easily 
than the forests in the rugged North­
west. The Southern forests are also 
closer to the profitable Northeast build­
ing market and transportation is more 
accessible.
Wilderness vs. Commercial Use

The major issue that clouds the fu­
ture of die Northwest industry is 
whether more public land should be 
committed to wilderness areas or 
whether it should be designated for 
multiple or commercial use. "Timber 
availability is a crucial factor,”  a Boise 
Cascade spokesman said. “ In Id ^ o , 
about 60 percent of the state is national 
forestland.”

The uncertainty of land availability 
is at least one reason why, after the 
Wilderness Act of 1964, Boise Cascade 
began developing landholdings and

business in the South. In 1968, the com­
pany formed the Boise Southern Com­
pany, a joint venture in Louisiana that 
owns and controls 800,000 acres in 
Louisiana and east Texas. One-third of 
the company’s land is in the South.

Only Weyerhaeuser is more than 50 
percent fiber-sufficient, which means 
more than half the industryfs logs come 
from land owned by others or from na­
tional forests.

There are considerable advtintages 
to owning timberlands since the profit 
from lo ^ n g  one’s own trees is taxed 
as a capital gain while the profit from 
purchased timber is taxed as ordinary 
income. For years, it was Weyerhaeus­
er’s timber-rich position that gave it an 
advantage over Georgia-Pacific. Geor­
gia-Pacific paid taxes at a rate of 40 
percent, while Weyerhaeuser paid at a 
30 percent rate.

The timber industry nationwide owns 
a large chunk of commercitd timber- 
land, but, according to the Western 
Timber Association in San Francisco, 
not enough softwood — the cone-bear­
ing, needled trees — grows on industry 
land to meet demand for lumber and 
plywood. “ About 51 percent of the soft­
wood is on Federal land,”  said George 
Craig, the association’s executive vice 

■ president.
The shift to the South, industry ob­

servers say, is likely to be the last for 
the industry, which can no longer cut 
and move on. But, according to Jack 
Muench of the National Forest Prod­
ucts Association in Washington, D.C., 
even intensive tree farming by the in­
dustry will not likely be enough to coun­
teract the failure o f small timber own­
ers and the Federal Government to 
manage their forests effectively.



JEAN FAIRFAX

Union Camp to Expand
The Union Camp Corporation an­

nounced a $250 million expansion pro­
gram for its mill in Montgomery, Ala. 
The company said construction, sched­
uled for completion in early 1980, 
would add 1,000 tons a day to the 
mill’s unbleached linerboard capacity. 
This expansion, in addition to con­
struction of a cornigated container 
plant in Lafayette, La., will be funded 

_ inteniallv. according to the comnam/

Weyerhaeuser Plans 
$750 Million Outlay

Directors of the Weyerhaeuser Com­
pany, one of the nation’s largest timber 
products suppliers, have approved 
spending more than $750 million on con­
struction of a pulp and paper complex 
at a company site in Columbus, Miss.

The construction involves tliree 
phases. The first will be the building of 
a mill to produce lightweight coated 
paper, which is scheduled to begin op­
erating in 1982. The second phase will 
be the construction of a mill to make 
uncoated paper and kraft pulp, sched­
uled for completion in 1983. Another 
mill for lightweight coated paper and 
pulp is planned for 1984 or early 1985.

The company said that, before con­
struction could begin. it must obtain op ­
erating permits, a satisfactory energy 
supply and some financing.



PORTUSE
April 1377

by Thomas Griffith

Weyerhaeuser 
Gets Set 
for the 
21st Centifry

When the elegant corporate headquarters of Weyer­
haeuser Co. was going up near Tacoma, Washington, the 
architect ordered a nineteenth-century brass telescope 
installed so that George H. Weyerhaeuser could look out 
at majestic Mount Rainier from his fifth-floor office. 
Weyerhaeuser Co. and that 14,410-foot mountain eighty 
miles away have much in common, and not just because 
each in its way lords it over the surrounding scenery. 
Rain and overcast obscure Mount Rainier from view 
more days than it can be seen. Weyerhaeuser, mindful of 
its own dominating presence in the Paciflc Northwest and 
not wishing to appear too conspicuous, behaves a good 
deal like the mountain: some days you see it and some­
times you don’t. But its presence is always there.

Weyerhaeuser has the largest timber inventory, in vol­
ume and value, of any company on earth. In lumber pro­
duction, a highly fragmented business, it is first in the 
nation. It owns nearly six million acres of timberland in 
the U.S., including large tracts of pine in the South, and 
has harvesting rights on another 11 million acres in 
Canada, Borneo, and the Philippines. But it is in the 
Pacific Northwest, its home for seventy-six years, that 
Weyerhaeuser, with great family and local pride, is most 
acutely sensitive to how the public feels about it.

It long ago decided to make its headquarters where the 
woods are, and not where the market is. As a giant in its 
home territory, in the center of its opportunities as well 
as of its critics, it lives in a constant tension with its poli­
tical environment. Some of this political attention it bold­
ly invites, for in the words of William D. Ruckelshaus 
Jr., the nation’s first Environmental Protection adminis­
trator and now Weyerhaeuser’s newest senior vice presi­
dent, “ Any American corporation, in order to be success­
ful, cannot do business in a way that is socially 
unacceptable. You won’t be permitted to.”

Not any longer. Weyerhaeuser has a history of having 
its way in Washington and Oregon. It is the largest pri­
vate landowner in Washington State, with more than 1.7

million acres, and owns 1.1 million acres in neighboring 
Oregon. It used to go ahead ruthlessly, in the manner 
that gave the lumber barons their bad name— by despoil­
ing the land, as they all did, in “ cut and get out” fashion; 
by fighting the tough union forces arrayed against it in 
mills and forest; by dominating politics and politicians.

Bestof theS.O.B.’s v'
Weyerhaeuser still gets its way much of the ti^e , but 

has changed its ways as it has become more subjected to 
public scrutiny and recognized its own responsibilities. 
Few industries are so visible as is the lumber business in 
the offense it gives to environmentalists— the mills pour 
toxic waste into streams and rivers or noxious fumes into 
the air, while the clear-cutting of timber stands is rivaled 
only by open strip-mining in the depredation it does to 
the land. Opposition is constant, and often impassioned. 
In Weyerhaeuser’s case it is sometimes also grudgingly 
admiring. The magazine of the National Audubon So­
ciety, a group that loves nature more than it does indus­
try, several years ago devoted an article to Weyerhaeuser. 
It was titled: “ Best of the S.O.B.’s.”

Weyerhaeuser has earned this double-edged compli­
ment by being a well-managed, careful, aggressive com­
pany. It throws its weight around when it can. It also 
mollifies its critics, not just by adroit low-key public rela­
tions, but by genuine and expensive efforts to minimize 
the objectionable effects of its activities. What makes 
Weyerhaeuser so interesting a company is that its execu­
tives share the Pacific Northwest’s desire to remain as 
much as possible like it is, while being driven by an eco­
nomic impulse that will substantially change the area. ■

Weyerhaeuser already has a clear idea of where it in­
tends to be in the twent3'-first century. (You get to think­
ing that way in the forest industry, where the decision 
you make today, and the tree you plant tomorrow, won’t 
bring in any revenue until fifty years from now.) It 
hasn’t yet sold those intentions to its twentieth-century

FORTUNE April 19T7 75



neighbors, and that’s what makes the drama in Weyer­
haeuser’s well-ordered life.

The company’s plans are bound to become controver­
sial as they become more widely known. It intends to con­
vert the land of the tall forests into farmland of smaller 
trees. To add to the political touchiness of what it is up to, 
it plans to export much of what it grows. All together, in 
the words of one Weyerhaeuser senior vice president, 
Lowry Wyatt, this is “ a change of historic dimensions for 
the economy of the Northwest,” with an impact on its 
most important industry “comparable to the opening of 
the Panama Canal and to the end of ‘cut and run.’ ”

Questions about heritage
Behind this vision is the conviction that North Amer­

ica, and primarily its Northwest coast, can become in 
lumber what the Persian Gulf is to oil— might even with 
the export of forest products balance North America’s 
foreign-exchange costs of importing petroleum. Weyer­
haeuser expects world demand for lumber and forest 
products to double by the end of the century, and wants a 
big share of the market. “ Here I put on my FTC hat,” says 
George Weyerhaeuser. “ Not a bigger share of the market; 
we all will be getting bigger.” “W e all,” means those com­
panies big enough to stay in the race. As Weyerhaeuser 
planners see it, only two regions in the world— Siberia 
and the western coast of North America— can fulfill the 
world’s expanding demand for softwood. And Siberia’s 
inaccessible forests will be kept busy just meeting do­
mestic Russian needs.

Weyerhaeuser turned its eyes abroad because of the 
prohibitive cost of reaching the domestic market from  
the Pacific Northwest. The company, which spent a co­

lossal $447 million last year on transportation, ha.s 
its markets in the East and Midwest taken over by 
dian and southern mills closer at hand (it invadwl iK. 
South itself in the late 1950’s to regain a foothold in th , 
m arket). The Northwest does have the advantage of d.Tf. 
water ports: a log can be shipped to Japan more clu aj 
than it can be sent overland to Montana. Last year \Vc)ff 
haeuser shipped about a quarter of its production abmaj 
with Japan as its single best customer. Weyerhai-.i^, 
even ships pulp and plyw’ood to Sweden, the contemp<ir»r) 
equivalent of coals to Newcastle.

Such enterprise disquiets many Northwesterner.s: 
years ago a Seattle newspaper poll found seven out of ir- 
people opposed to the e.xport of logs. If more of tho>.' n  
ports could be in finished products— as Weyerhat-u.rf 
hopes they will be, though “ demand is controllim;” - 
there might be more jobs for American labor and fcurf 
objections. As George Weyerhaeuser concedes, what ih« 
company plans to do in developing vast markets in A«:* 
and Europe does “raise questions about the national hrn 
tage, and the aesthetic heritage of the Northwest."

Many North westerners worry about a coming tirntx-r 
shortage, and are convinced that the big timber compaiacj 
are already logging off the region at too rapid a rate. Tl ' :< 
fears, and their desire to save the nation’s timber for ii* 
own needs, have led to federal regulations that now fot 
bid the export of logs from the vast national forostt u; 
the Northwest. Being land-rich in its own right, UV> rr 
haeuser in the Northwest gets less than 1 percent of lU 
logs from the federal land; the regulations do not prevrr.! 
the company from exporting logs from its own lands lh»! 
abut the national forests.

Weyerhaeuser economists don’t think that the N’ortb

Glowing like an ocean liner at night, W e ye rhaeuse r’s corpora io  
q u a rte rs , d es ig n ed  by  E. C h a rle s  B asse tt o f S k idm ore , O w ings i   ̂
is  a  lo w - ly in g  and  s e lf-e ffa c in g  S 1 7 -m iilio n  a rch itec tu ra l gem. As ' 

0 say, it  is  “ tu c k e d  d ow n  in to "  its surrcG'M .•W e ye rh ae use r like s  to  say,
F ive s to r ie s  h igh , it has the  in te r io r sp ace  o f a h ig h -r is e  tower



west is going to run out of timber, but their assurances 
are qualified by big ifs. Are fears of a Northwest timber 
famine legitimate? “ If you don’t do anything differently, 
certainly,” answers Charles W . Bingham, a Weyerhaeus­
er senior vice president, implying that attitudes and ac­
tions must change. What must be done differently, in 
the way of sound forest management, must happen not 
only on Weyerhaeuser lands, on those of the other big 
timber companies, and on small woodlot operations. It 
must also happen on those vast domains, amounting to 
24 million acres in the states of Washington and Oregon, 
that belong to the national forest. This land gets com­
mercially logged too. The Forest Service sets annual lum­
ber quotas, and auctions off the cutting rights, but is pro­
hibited by Congress from allowing timber to be cut at a 
greater rate in any decade than can be sustained in per­
petuity. On private, state, and federal lands, if there is to 
be no timber famine, much of the old forests will have to 
come down, and the new trees will have to be made better 
than God, unassisted, made them, and more of each tree 
must be put to use.

Northwesterners have read all those cozy ads about 
Weyerhaeuser, “ The Tree Growing Company,” and are 
partially reassured about the future, but they also have 
a feeling that the big old trees are coming down fast, and 
they are right. Before the end of this century, Weyer­
haeuser will have cut down all but the most inaccessible 
6 percent of its magnificent stands of Douglas fir and 
hemlock in the Northwest. Many of these trees were full 
grown before the white man first set eyes on the Pacific 
Northwest’s virgin forest two centuries ago, part of the 
region’s most treasured scenery. They will be replaced by 
high-yield stands that mature faster and will be harvest­
ed sooner, replanted as tree crops in perpetuity.

“Nights on Bald Mountain”
The big trees, once felled, will be gone forever. Beauti­

ful these tall firs are, but as lumber producers they are 
no longer efficient. Many are diseased, rotted inside. Ma­
ture trees, over 125 years old, decay more than they grow ; 
the old second growth, 90 to 125 years old, grows at a 
slowed-down rate. Commercial foresters talk constantly 
and unsentimentally in “cunits” (100 cubic feet of wood) 
and can hardly wait until these old forests are replaced by 
forests producing many more cunits per acre.

In their calculations, five trees could have been grown 
in the lifetime of that one 250-year-old tree. How else, 
they ask, can you meet a doubled demand for forest 
products and assure a perpetual supply? “Timber is a 
crop,”  Weyerhaeuser proclaimed as a daring slogan in 
1936. Timber is thus renewable, not a declining resource 
like oil or coal. Weyerhaeuser executives frequently say, 
“W e’re an agricultural company.”

Nobody likes the look of clear-cut land. Weyerhaeuser 
now tries to replant a clear-cut art i within one year, for 
the selfish reason that the sooner a tree is planted, the

Watching over the environment fo r  W e y e rh ae use r now a d ays  is W illiam  
D. R u cke lsha us  J r., s e n io r  v ic e  p re s id e n t. A fte r the  “ S a tu rd ay  n igh t 
m a s s a c re .”  he w e n t fro m  d e p u ty  a tto rn ey  g e n e ra l in  the  N ixo n  A d m in is ­
tra tio n  to  h e a d in g  a W a sh ing ton  law  firm  tha t a ttrac te d  w e a lth y  c lie n ts  
w ith  e n v iro n m e n ta l p ro b le m s . A s  a W a sh in g to n  law ye r, he fou n d  his 
p r in c ip a l fu n c tio n  to  be  o p e n in g  d o o rs  to  e na b le  c lie n ts  to  m ake  th e ir  case 
to  the  r ig h t peo p le . A fte r a c o u p le  o f years , he t ire d  o f p ro v id in g  access  
a nd  jo in e d  W eye rh ae use r. T he  m ove re q u ire d  h im  to  re n ou nce  h is  Ind iana  
p o litic a l base  a nd  an o ld  a m b it io n  to  be  a U.S. S en a to r fro m  the re . In 
the  b ac k g ro u n d  is  a W e ye rh ae use r m ill a t S no q ua lm ie , W ash ing ton .

FORTUNE A fifil 1977 7 7



sooner it will mature. George Weyerhaeuser agrees that 
“year zero to five” on clear-cut land can be pretty un­
sightly, and in what the company calls “visibly sensitive” 
areas, it often starts not from seed but with young trans­
planted trees so that the view from the roadside won’t be 
as bad. In the age of air travel, this Potemkin-village 
strategy isn’t really effective: ugly patches of clear-cut 
seen from the air provide constant “ visual cues” that stir 
up environmentalists. From the air, between Seattle and 
Portland, in the words of a determined environmentalist, 
Nancy Thomas, the hills look “ like a succession of nights 
on Bald Mountain.”

Clear-cutting in the Northwest, though deplored— and 
the size of the area to be cut is a subject of great dispute 
— is tolerated more than in most places, for only in this 
way can the region’s favorite tree, the Douglas fir, be 
reproduced. These stately trees are shade intolerant and 
will not grow in the shadow of other trees; if things are 
left to nature, the less valuable hemlock will dominate. 
Nature’s own costly way of reproducing Douglas fir for­
ests was the devastating forest fires that periodically 
clear-cut the land.

Plugs for steep slopes
Weyerhaeuser has pioneered what is called high-yield 

forestry. On 130,000 acres near Montesano, Washington, 
it started the nation’s first tree farm in July, 1941. It is, 
of course, not alone in planting managed forests; its rivals 
do it, and so does the Forest Service. But Weyerhaeuser is 
the leader. Owning just a little more than 1 percent of th e . 
country’s commercial forest base, it does 16 percent of all 
the nation’s forest regeneration.

Back in 1966, when it still relied heavily on aerial and 
natural seeding, the company planted eight million trees. 
Last year, having greatly expanded its nursery opera­
tions, it planted 185 million. About 90 percent of these 
are bare-root seedlings nurtured for two or three years in 
outdoor beds, irrigated and fertilized and sprayed with 
animal repellent. The seedlings are from twelve to eigh­
teen inches high when planted, starting a new stand of 
trees five to seven years faster than nature would with 
windblown seed from nearby trees. Weyerhaeuser last 
year also turned out 23 million containerized “plugs,” 
seedlings grown more expensively in plastic tubes, which 
have the advantage of being plantable in five to seven 
months, and survive better on steep planting sites. Alto­
gether, by 1980, Weyerhaeuser will have planted about 
1.8 billion trees, or nine trees for every man, woman, and 
child in the U.S.

Through this program the company aims to get twice 
as many cunits of wood as nature does in the same period 
of time. (With a tree-genetics project still in infancy, it 
hopes eventually to do even better, producing stands of 
trees that in their fourth generation will be growing 75 
percent to 100 percent more wood than today’s high-yield 
stands.) Managed forests are carefully tended. Periodi­

78 FORTUNE April 1977

cally they are bombarded from helicopters with nitrogen 
pellets to speed growth. Unwanted alder trees are defo­
liated with the herbicide 2 ,4 ,5 -T  used in Vietnam (over 
the spirited objection of environmentalists), and the for­
ests are thinned “ from below” beginning at age fifteen, 
w'hen weaker trees are taken out to give the remaining 
trees more light and space to grow in.

Every five years from age tw’enty-five, the trees are 
thinned again. By the time the forest reaches “ financial 
maturity”— the optimum age for harvesting— at about 
fifty, there will be only about 150 trees on an acre, com­
pared with hundreds more on an unthinned natural 
stand. But nature’s average tree would be 11.8 inches in 
diameter, while Weyerhaeuser’s high-yield trees should 
be a uniform 18.8 inches in diameter. And an acre would 
produce 16,000 cubic feet of wood, including 6,000 cubic 
feet, or sixty cunits, extracted in earlier thinnings. On 
that same acre, in that same fifty-year period, old mother 
nature would have produced but half as many cunits. 
(The Forest Service, in its managed forests, works on a 
replacement cycle of about 120 years, thus producing 
far fewer cunits.) Whether everything works out accord­
ing to plan won’t be fully clear until the year 2012, when 
its first target forest reaches maturity. By then too the 
look of the Northwest will be eternally altered.

And how will the managed forest look? “ Not that much 
different,” says George Weyerhaeuser. “As long as you’re 
not looking for a cathedral.”  But, of course, many North- 
westerners do seek a cathedral experience in the woods, 
a feeling that, as one Weyerhaeuser man puts it, “ every­
thing around you is just as nature made it, or changes 
that were forced by nature.”

It is at this point that the curious duality of Weyer­
haeuser company men is most apparent. Though at work 
commercial foresters airily de.scribe a forest as just so 
many cunits of fiber, company polls show that the con­
cern of its employees for the environment is as deep as 
that of the general public’s, which in the Pacific North­
west means very deep. The objections and concerns that 
Weyerhaeuser people hear from their critics strike with 
special force, having already been heard and felt in their 
own minds.

Land is for buying
The company’s identity with the region and the 

strength of its family traditions go back a long ways. The 
company began in 1900 in one of the biggest land .sales in 
American history. A  German-born immigrant who had 
prospered in the American Midwest, Frederick Weyer­
haeuser at the age of sixty-five got together with a small 
group of fellow timber buyers to buy 900,000 acres of land 
in western Washington from his next-door neighbor on 
Summit Avenue in St. Paul, James J. Hill, the railroad 
builder. Hill wanted ?7 an acre; Weyerhaeuser offered 
85. Hill was strapped for money; they settled at 86. 
Though most of that land is still carried on company



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Clearing lo replant is  b e tte r than  c u tt in g  and  ru n n in g . In th e  in te r im  
p e r iod  the  s ite  is  no  th ing  o f beau ty  but no t as bad  as lo g g e d -o f f  land  
used  to  be. T h is  a rea  in the  fo o th ills  o f the  C ascades , c le a r -c u t  th ree  years 
ago , is  be in g  re p lan ted  (fo re g ro u n d ) w ith  s e e d lin g s . In the  d is tan ce , 
se con d  g ro w th  is  a lre ad y  p u tt in g  a  m o re  a c o e p ta b ie  faoe  on  the  land .

books at its low 1913 income-tax valuation, analysts con­
sider all of Weyerhaeuser’s present timber holdings con­
servatively to be worth more than $5 billion.

The original small nucleus of midwestern families still 
shares in Weyerhaeuser ownership, and through the 
years has provided a long line of the company’s chief 
executives, most of them Weyerhaeusers (like the com­
pany, the family pronounces the name tvear— not wire—  
houser). They are a hardheaded, hardworking lot. Un­
like most timber buyers, the families hung on to their 
land, following old Frederick’s injunction: “ Not for our 
children, but for our grandchildren.”

It is Frederick’s f/rect-grandson, George, who at fifty 
has been running the company for eleven years. A  cum

laude graduate of Yale who wears long sideburns and 
favors careful tailoring, George Weyerhaeuser as a boy of 
nine was the headline figure in the most spectacular crime 
in Northwest history. In 193.5 he was kidnapped as he was 
walking home from public school in Tacoma, and held 
until his family paid $200,000 ransom; the kidnappers 
were later arrested and the money was recovered. A pri­
vate, yet direct and articulate man, Weyerhaeuser remem­
bers the kidnapping as more traumatic for his family than 
himself. ( “ It’s something you live with negatively, not 
live on.” )

Despite the family succession, there is little nepotism 
around the company; the original families are not en­
couraged to send their sons to work there, and any who

continued

FORTUNE April 1977 79



join are given lowly apprenticeships to test them out. 
“ No Godfather points you out and says you are the one,” 
says George Weyerhaeuser. In fact, he thinks his may be 
the last generation of the family in control. He has sur­
rounded himself with executives younger than he is, 
mostly in their forties. Able M .B .A.’s, Ph.D.’s, lawyers, 
and managers are replacing an older generation with 
sawdust in its shoes. The simple old lumber game has be­
come the complex forest-products industry. He thinks 
“the odds are going down” that the family genetic pool 
can generate the necessarily sophisticated leadership of 
the future. Contemporary-minded as he himself is, George 
Weyerhaeuser still has the same family hunger for land. 
The company buys, it trades, but rarely sells.

Self-interest in the wilderness
That zeal for land, and the company sense that the com­

ing world demand for wood fiber requires the maximum 
use of all available good forest soil, animates the compa­
ny’s continuing quarrels with environmentalists and 
preservationists. George Weyerhaeuser considers himself 
a “ save the wilderness” man and wants every Northwest- 
erner to have the wilderness experience, but just doesn’t 
think an excessive amount of forestland needs to be 
“ locked up” as wilderness; not if Weyerhaeuser is going 
to produce all the lumber for homes, the pulp for news­
papers, the hardwood plywood and veneers, the particle 
board and hardboard, the shipping containers and milk 
cartons, the cellulose for film, and dozens of other wood- 
fiber uses yet undreamed of.

In a speech several years ago, Weyerhaeuser warned, 
“ W e cannot afford to be merely defensive: until and un­

it of the lumber superships, the
0 00 -to n  Mallard w il l ca rry  W eye r- 
u se r fo re s t p ro d u c ts —pu lp , p ly - 
3d, lin e rb oa rd , and lu m b e r—fro m  the 
if ic  N o rthw es t to  E uropean  m arke ts , 
s h ip  is  one  o f a f le e t o f s ix, d e ­

led  and  c h a rte re d  by W eye rhaeuse r, 
t in Japan , and ow ne d  by  a N o r- 
|ian  co m p an y . Each  s h ip  co s ts  $23 
ion. T hey  are  the  la rg es t o p e n -h a tc h  

c a rr ie rs  a floa t and  w il l ca rry  a 
on  ton s  a year, b u t W e ye rhaeuse r 
IS even la rg e r sh ips .

less the lands best suited for wilderness are firmly and 
finally identified and pinned down, all lands will be up for 
grabs.” He contends that environmental activists make 
up only 2 percent of the public, but concedes that this 
small group may well be “vocalizing concerns common to 
the other 98 percent. . .  for most of the American public 
— not just a few— aesthetics today hold greater interest 
than economics.”

George Weyerhaeuser frequently remarks that “we 
can’t spend too much time defending the past.” The com­
pany insists that its own self-interest, as much as the im­
portuning of its critics, has led it to change its ways. 
Though Weyerhaeuser was once primarily a logging com­
pany, pulp and paper now bring in roughly half of its 
revenue, and the thrifty use of what was waste has 
changed the look of the forest.

Fifty percent of merchandisable wood used to be left 
on the ground; now, on Weyerhaeuser sites, only 2 per­
cent is. W hat it can’t use as chips or make into pulp and 
fiber, it hauls off to burn at the mills to cut down high 
energy bills. Weyerhaeuser now uses 98 percent of the 
tree stem, but George Weyerhaeuser won’t be happy until 
the rest of the biomass— branches, tops, stumps, roots, 
bark, needles— is put to profitable use. This involves what 
he calls “ fiber engineering,” or “ unlocking the tree,” so 
that these “ natural factories” can be put to many uses. 
When Weyerhaeuser confidently plants a tree this year, 
the company assumes an assured future demand but not 
a known use— in 2027 that tree may turn up, in varying 
degrees, as solid wood, chemicals, energy, or fiber.

Bringing its mills up to environmental standards has 
added about 15 percent to costs and, like the rest of the

continued

82 FORTUNE April 1977



industry, Weyerhaeuser opposes what it regards as too 
rigid pollution standards. Several years ago, it threatened 
to close its most profitable pulp mill in Everett, Washing­
ton, costing 330 jobs, unless it was given extended time to 
satisfy pollution standards. Weyerhaeuser eventually 
modernized the Everett mill, w’hich now employs only 
180 people. But meeting the environmental problems of 
the early 1970’s burdened the company with the energy 
problems of the later 1970’s, since the plant now uses 
more power. Yet the company is not dug in to resist all 
environmental demands, and one company executive 
swears that “ every time we make a forced change, we 
end up with a benefit.”

This attitude has been reinforced by the arrival on the 
scene of William Ruckelshaus. Lean, lanky, and low-keyed 
at forty-four, Ruckelshaus seems to fit easily with Weyer­
haeuser’s new young top executives. Their soft-voiced 
manner may in part result from sharing a large luxurious 
open-floor arrangement where ail executives, including 
George Weyerhaeuser in the center, have their desks and 
sofas separated only by waist-high partitions and potted 
plants. Nobody on the executive floor speaks loudly while 
standing up.

And Ruckelshaus seems a good philosophical fit. He 
shares the forest-products industry’s belief that EPA  
standards are too rigid. In waste discharge at pulp mills, 
for example, “ to get the last 10 percent out of the effluent 
just because it can be done is just silly as far as I ’m con­
cerned,” he says, but congressional “lack of trust of the 
Administration gets everything specified in legislation.”  
As EPA administrator, he was quietly working with 
Senator Edmund Muskie in a bipartisan effort to amend 
the environmental law, but “ then came Watergate.”

“They’re just plain brighter”
Negative resistance after the fact is not Weyer­

haeuser’s usual style. Its real gift is for getting on top 
of an issue before it gets in the papers; to “surface con­
cerns,” to participate in any legislation it sees coming, 
and in George Weyerhaeuser’s words “ to be ahead of 
criticism— to be our own advance critics.”  Though small 
forest owners in Washington State weren’t very keen 
about forest-practices legislation, for example, Weyer­
haeuser saw it coming, and was in on the writing of it. 
This involved it with John A. Biggs, who was director of 
ecology in the environmentally minded regime of Gov­
ernor Dan Evans, whose term ended in January. When 
the legislature gathers at the state capital in Olympia, 
says Biggs, “there are more Weyerhaeuser lobbyists, 
seen and unseen, than there are legislators. I ’m not one 
of Weyerhaeuser’s greatest admirers, but they’re the 
strongest management we deal with. 'They’re just plain 
brighter.” And forceful. Biggs has heard George Weyer­
haeuser heatedly tell Governor Evans: “ Here we are 
committed to this state and you’re trying to drive us out.”

The forest-practices law that finally got enacted is quite

detailed. To protect bald-eagle nests, for example, the area 
around the tree for one-eighth mile cannot be touched 
during nesting season. When logging is later resumed, 
at least three adjoining large trees must be preserved, as 
well as the nest tree, so that eaglets can practice flying. 
But environmentalists also wanted clear-cutting strips to 
be no wider than a quarter of a mile, the presumed limit of 
open space that deer and elk would cross after dark to 
feed. Weyerhaeuser came up with meticulous counts to 
show that animal droppings were just as numerous in 
the center of a wide patch as on the edge.

The gambit is accuracy
This is an example of getting in early on questions, and 

of Weyerhaeuser’s effectiveness in a process that might 
be called “ seizing the data base” (see page 86). Such a 
strategy is probably as crucial in its successes as money or 
clout, which it also uses. In Washington, D.C., Weyer­
haeuser has a lobbying staff of only two people, one of 
them a forester. In the old days, the company might give 
a Congressman a ride home on a company plane, but no 
longer. Something called the Hanson Fund, made up of 
contributions from shareholding descendants of the origi­
nal families, and the Tacoma Fund, supported by execu­
tives as individuals, serve Weyerhaeuser interests in 
politics when the corporation is barred from spending 
money. But Weyerhaeuser’s most effective gambit is to 
supply accurate data to Congressmen and their staffs.

“ W e’re acting in our self-interest, but you can believe 
us,” George Weyerhaeuser says. “W e don’t lie to ’em.” 
The art, he believes, is to provide solid data and sound 
criteria “ before guidelines drawn by attorneys in re­
sponse to the loudest activist voices are imposed wpon 
industry.” The company fights to keep unwanted restric­
tions from being frozen into law, urging that they instead 
be written into regulations; what is written into regu­
lations, it often seeks to have reduced to guidelines.

In these advance operations, Bernard L. Orell, a vet­
eran forester who heads the company’s lobbying and pub­
lic affairs, has shrewdly made it a practice to tell legisla­
tors dispassionately what he thinks are the soundest 
arguments they will hear from the other side: “W e don’t 
want a friend to take a Weyerhaeuser or an industry 
position and get blind-sided.”

In Washington, D.C., trading on its credibility as well 
as its power, Weyerhaeuser enjoys good “ call back” rela­
tions with regulators and congressional staffs. Incum­
bents in the Northwest congressional contingent tend to 
be “ friends” supported by the company. Or, as Orell ex­
plains ; “ Senator Bob Packwood of Oregon gave us hell, 
candidly, on log exports. But he helped us in the Senate 
Finance Committee.”

Sometimes all this isn’t enough, for in matters closer 
to home, emotions can overpower data. Weyerhaeuser is 
relearning that lesson as it seeks to build a super port on 
Puget Sound, which will have a vital role in its future

continued

FORTUNE April 1977 85



plans for exports to Asia and Europe. The company de­
cided that vessels specifically designed to carry logs and 
lumber products are the way to keep transportation costs 
down. For 60,000-ton ships that are not even designed 
yet— they will be larger even than the first of six big 
forest-products freighters just going into service— it 
needs a deepwater port of its ow'n. These ships would call 
perhaps twice a month, for a day or two.

Suddenly an ideal site for its purposes became avail­
able. Just south of Tacoma on Puget Sound sit five valu­
able square miles of fenced-in, wooded waterfront prop­
erty. E. I. du Pont de Nemours has owned it since 1906. A  
historic site, where the Hudson’s Bay company in 1832 
erected its first fur-trading post in Washington Terri­

tory, it adjoins the unspoiled Nisqually River Delta, a fly. 
way and habitat for 165 species of waterfowl, which has 
recently been made into a national wildlife refuge. Du 
Pont had been making, and occasionally testing, dyna­
mite on its property for seventy years. W hat used to be a 
company town on the site, called DuPont, was sold some 
years ago to its 500 residents. Having decided to close 
down its operations, Du Pont offered the site to Weyer­
haeuser, which grabbed it for §12 million.

One of the property’s attractions, in these days when 
zoning is such a contentious matter, is a spindly railroad- 
trestle dock where ships called every three months, one 
of the only two docks in Puget Sound where the Coast 
Guard permits dangerous cargo. Within 200 feet of the

continued

The Name of the Game Is “Seize the Data Base
W eyerhaeuser’s basic strategy, in its 

dealings w ith  governm ent or  w ith  pub­
lic adversaries, is to get in early, and 
to  seize the data base. T w o recent ex­
amples show how it plays the gam e.

Alpine Lakes. H igh em otions and 
high stakes w ere involved in last year’s 
great regional fight over setting up the 
A lpine Lakes W ilderness area in the 
rugged Cascade M ountains o f  W ashing­
ton, a land o f  600 lakes fr in g ed  by busy 
ski slopes. Preservation ists, including 
the Sierra Club, wanted an area larger 
than Rhode Island set aside— including 
wilderness accessible only to hikers and 
backpackers, no m otor vehicles allowed. 
Much o f  the land was in the dom ain o f  
the U.S. F orest Service, which is a big  
fa ctor in N orthw est politics, since it 
owns so much o f  the com m ercially useful 
tim berlands in the region. W eyerhaeuser 
has im portant landholdings in the area 
too, and so does B urlington Northern, 
part o f  the original checkerboard ra il­
road grants that Congress handed out 
so freely  in 1864. A lso interested in 
Alpine Lakes was every conceivable 
sports and outdoor interest from  fou r- 
wheel-drive clubs to  rock hounds and 
ski-slope developers.

F acing  so many conflicting pressures, 
and unable to get agreem ent on a bill. 
Congressm an Lloyd Meeds proposed 
that W eyerhaeuser and the S ierra  Club 
w ork  out between them a private settle­
ment that all contending interests, and 
W ashington ’s congressional delegation, 
could support. W eyerhaeuser as usual 
came prepared w ith its data base and a 
tenacious negotiator. Bob W itter, who

fo r  five years had been quietly  pushing 
the governm ent to  study the area suit­
able fo r  w ilderness, “ cognizant that in­
dustry has no cred ib ility  in  this area. 
Credibility  zero.”

A ga inst him  w as D oug Scott, N orth ­
w est representative o f  the S ierra  Club, 
a b righ t th irty -tw o-year-old  forestry  
graduate w ith  open sh irt and unruly 
hair. In contrast to  W eyerhaeuser’s 
posh headquarters, the place S cott holes 
up in is a bare upstairs office near the 
U n iversity  o f  W ashington campus, 
m anned by intelligent young people full 
o f  zeal and the sp irit o f  little David. 
G etting together. W itter and Scott 
quickly agreed that the F orest S ervice’s 
maps and data w ere bad, and turned to 
W eyerhaeuser’s. “ A ttacking som eone’ s 
data base is like attack ing his lineage,”  
Scott says. “ But increasingly this is a 
battle o f  data, and the F orest Service’s 
was hopelessly out o f  date.”

C om prom ise a cce p te d
The tw o negotiators reached agree­

ment when W eyerhaeuser unexpectedly 
offered to  include 9,000 m ore acres as 
wilderness than orig inal governm ent 
studies had called for, in return fo r  
getting  rid o f  constra in ing guidelines 
about m ultiple use o f  the adjoin ing  
national forestland. Sierra, w hich de­
plores what it regards as industry’s 
constant pressure on the F orest Ser­
vice to  increase logg ing  on federal land, 
got in some favorable clauses o f  its 
own. The other contending parties ac­
cepted the com prom ise. So did the con­
gressional delegation ; so, later, did

Congress. The nation gained a 393,000- 
acre w ilderness set aside in perpetuity.

The One-Stop Permit. B efore  com­
m itting itse lf to  spending from  ?200 
m illion to $300 m illion to modernize 
its vast and ancient m ills on the Colum­
bia R iver at Longview , W ashington, 
W eyerhaeuser tried in 1972 to  antici­
pate every ob jection  and every predic­
table regulation so that environm ental 
standards could be designed in, not ex­
pensively tacked on. G eorge W eyer­
haeuser w rote to then G overnor Dan 
Evans and his d irector o f  ecology, John 
B iggs, enlisting their help in designing 
a single w aste-discharge perm it that 
would outline standards to  be m et over 
the next decade in everyth ing that 
smells, smokes, o r m uddies the water.

M aybe this im aginative idea was just 
too am bitious. To m odernize its Long­
view  operations, W eyerhaeuser needs 
about fifty  perm its from  thirty-five pub­
lic agencies. Just rebuilding the pulp 
m ill on the site meant sa tis fy in g  twen­
ty-seven agencies. G etting agreem ent 
from  bureaucrats in local, state, and 
federal agencies, each m indful o f  his 
own tu rf, proved im possible: men
used to  en forcing  violations w ere un­
easy when asked to  anticipate desirable 
standards. W eyerhaeuser must still get 
its approvals piecem eal. But its one- 
stop-perm it effort produced som e bene­
fit. A m ong other things, as com pany 
lobbyist Bernard Orell says, “ the process 
surfaced conflict between agencies, so 
that an a ir agency was sim ply unable to 
say ‘take the gunk out o f  the a ir and put 
it in the w ater instead’ and v ice versa.”

86 FORTUNE April 1377



lowest low-tide line lies water sixty feet deep— ideal for 
Weyerhaeuser’s future superships. Here was everything 
Weyerhaeuser needs for its worldwide export center—  
except for twenty-five permits and approvals for what 
it wants to do.

The neighbors turned quarrelsome
The storm that rose over the plan still seems to shock 

Weyerhaeuser executives. “ People always say we ask for 
their input only when our plans are already frozen in con­
crete,” says one vice president. Before Weyerhaeuser it­
self had worked out its plans fully, it decided to test public 
reaction. After all, these were neighbors they were con­
sulting; many of the top Weyerhaeuser men have homes 
around nearby American Lake, and obviously the com­
pany wasn’t about to do something awful “ near where 
George lives.”

With the governor’s backing, the state ecology depart­
ment organized public meetings at a local high school, 
one for Weyerhaeuser to outline its intentions, another 
to give individuals and groups a chance to question and 
criticize. Full of warm, neighborly feelings, the Weyer­
haeuser representative began by saying that this was the 
first time “any major American industrial corporation 
has volunteered to undertake such a planning process 
with early public participation. It is a pilot effort, a pi­
oneering effort. It could set a national pattern.”

What did Weyerhaeuser have in mind? Extending or 
replacing the existing dock (it is 400 feet too short for 
Weyerhaeuser’s superships). Unobtrusively, behind the 
shoreline bluff, a marshaling yard would be built, where 
lumber, logs, pulp, and paper would be bundled for ship­
ment. Some roads and track would be added. That would 
be all for now. Perhaps later there’d be a sawmill. And 
if Weyerhaeuser research developed a “clean” pulp mill, 
there might be a pulp mill too.

The very vagueness of the presentation aroused sus­
picion and anger. With more than 300 people jammed 
into the high-school “ classatorium,” the arguments went 
on for more than three and a half hours, and a third meet­
ing had to be added. As environmentalists got up to ob­
ject, Weyerhaeuser hardly had a friend in the house, un­
less one counts a labor official who tried to reassure 
everyone that “Weyerhaeuser is by no stretch of the 
imagination a suede-shoe land developer.”  Unfortunately 
for Weyerhaeuser, a strong coalition that had recently 
fought to establish the wildlife refuge was out in force.

Among them was Nancy Thomas, who heads the Wash­
ington Environmental Council, a formidable gathering 
of about seventy groups, including garden clubs, the 
Junior League of Seattle, the Audubon Society, the Sierra 
Club, Planned Parenthood, and the Steelhead Trout Club. 
Weyerhaeuser loyalists are bewildered by Ms. Thomas’s 
militancy, since in a way she is fam ily; her father for 
thirty years handled land transfers and titles for George 
Weyerhaeuser’s father. “ How,” she asks indignantly.

“ does a natural ecosystem last when less than eight city 
blocks away ships the size of aircraft carriers call regu­
larly? Who gives permission, to put such piers on public 
seafloor?” Having won the wildlife refuge, she said, “ we 
are now told, ‘Forget you paid out public money to create 
a haven. W e have jobs to offer and a tax base. W e have 
money too, and power. W e prevail. . .  You’re w'elcome to 
object. But no emotion please, just facts. No talk of the 
ten-year struggle for a place for wildlife, fish, and man. 
No emotion.’ ”

Another determined environmentalist at the meeting 
was Helen Engle, a handsome gray-haired woman who 
organized Tacoma’s Audubon Society. Her view is that 
“ If they want to pay back the Northwest for all it has 
given them, why don’t they give the land to the Depart­
ment of the Interior? It’s just another King Tut’s tomb 
for George Weyerhaeuser!” The presence of environ­
mentalists with such view's at the public meeting in turn 
got the mayor of DuPont m ad; his town depends on indus­
try’s presence to give it the lowest tax base in the state. 
He countered: “This mayor will defend the right of pri­
vate property, not a few animals in the delta.”

A willingness to listen and learn
The discussions were a shambles, all right. ’The trouble 

was, concluded Weyerhaeuser Vice President Lowry 
Wyatt, that “ many people seemed to confuse the hearings 
with a zoning review” and were tremendously frustrated 
that there was no master plan, no dock designs, no spe­
cifics. 'They couldn’t believe that Weyerhaeuser would 
spend ?12 million for a piece of land without knowing its 
intentions clearly.

As George Weyerhaeuser later told the Tacoma League 
of Women Voters, the company won’t even get possession 
of the Du Pont site until early 1978. The company recog­
nizes, he says, that it will have to live within “a series of 
valid constraints,”  but didn’t want to begin serious, de­
tailed planning until (Weyerhaeuser executives have an 
unfortunate habit of speaking this w'ay) “all sensitivities 
are fully identified and priorized.”

•Living among its critics, mindful of how its activities 
offend them, Weyerhaeuser seems genuinely concerned to 
hear out its opponents, sometimes to learn from them, to 
get their consent— or at least their tolerance— w'hen it 
can, and somehow to involve them in Weyerhaeuser’s de­
mands upon the region. That way it hopes to have the 
region on its side in the twenty-first century when— if 
Weyerhaeuser has its way— the Pacific Northwest will 
find itself an export economy based on small logs.

The secure patience with which Weyerhaeuser goes 
about its business often infuriates its critics; it is an atti­
tude that comes from having been dominant a long time 
in a long-term business. The way George Weyerhaeuser 
sees it, “ W e try to get some breadth of viewpoint, and 
then get ahead of it. We've got the time, and are pre­
pared to take the trouble.”  E N D

88 FORTUNE April 1977



KoiJk tMtKbUIT
Forest Hills, N. V., Feb. 20,1981 sent his message to

Race and the College Campus
To the Editor:

The Times, in its Feb. 13 editorial 
“ Making Equal Mean Equal in Col­
leges,”  agrees with the N.A.A.C.P. 
and the D ^ rtm e n t of Education’s Of­
fice for Civil Rights (O.C.R.), which 
insist that states 'with public institu­
tions o f higher education that do not 
m inor in their racial composition the 
coliege-gcring population o f the state 
are guilty o f discrimination. To allow 
this situation to continue. The Times 
writes, would be to "countenance ui>- 
conscionable barriers to education. ”

Where is the barrier to education 
when public institutions are open to all 
qualified students regardless of race? 
Black students may prefer some insti­
tutions, white students others, for a 
variety of reasons, and we find this in 
the North as well as the South.

In New Yorit State, CUNY’s Hostos 
is only 4 percent white, Medgar Evers 
is 1 percent white, while SUNY’s Stony 
Brook is only 5 percent black and 3 per­
cent Hispanic. How does this differ 
from North Carolina, where no cam­
pus of the unified University of 
North Carolina is less than 3 per­
cent white and vdiere the flagship 
University of North Carolina at 
Chapel Hill is 7 percent black? (Fig­

ures from reports to O.C.R. for 1978).
The Times applauds O.C.R. efforts 

to get North Carolina to move pro­
grams from one campus to another, a 
process th'at we can predict will be 
both destructive of educational pro­
grams and ineffective in changing the 
racial composition of the various cam­
puses. Would it be equally supportive 
of O.C.R. efforts to move some pro­
grams from Hostos and Medgar Evers 
to Stony Brook or from Stony Brook to 
Medgar Evers and Hostos?

We have a good deal of experience 
with O.C.R. requirements to change 
the racial composition o f campuses. 
Thus, the University o f Maryland has 
already invested a great deal of time 
and money in a futile effort to reach 
O.C.R. goals. The fact is that blade 
and vdiite students are individuals and 
have much better reasons for deciding 
which college to attend than satisfying 
N.A.A.C.P. and O.C.R. statistical 
goals.

There is no reason for the Reagan 
Administration to countenance this 
uninformed and destructive effort to 
force states to attain some fixed pro­
portion of white and black students on 
each campus. Nathan Glazer

Cambridge, Mass., Feb. 13,1981



The News and Observer
SECTION TTT

R a le lg fi, H. C„ Sunday M a rn ln g , O c fo to r  16, 1 9 6 6 Eidiforiais and Features Books, Amusements, Homes ana Gardens

FOR ft BETTER TOMORROW-Twelve people live in this old school. But note th e  repairs on roof and the new house going up next door. Neighborhood workers 
from Tri-County Community Action Inc. , are organizing communities such as this one in Rockingham to w ork for a better tomorrow.

Poverty War -  -Three Years Later
North Carolina Effort Has Aroused in Many a New Hope

fDUCATrOH EMPHASIZED-Adult education, including the  
ABCs as well as job training, is emphasized by the community 
action program working in Nash and Edgecombe counties.

ByKofeErw!n

S tajf W riter

V t  •mazing eometimes 
tdiat you  fm d  in  North 
Carolina.

h i  an o ld  Bnilding next 
to  «  Used-car lo t in  down, 
town Durham yon find the 
N orth Carolina Fnnd. I t  is 
probably the m o s t  ad« 
Tanced, far-thinking and 
£cee>wheeling organization 

.w orking w ith poverty in  
tho country today.

I t  is • grant o f  $9.S mil., 
l io n : from  the Ford Foun. 
Nation ($7mil]ion-, the Z. SmitK 
Iteysolds Foundation ($1,625, 
000) and the Mary Reynolds 
Babcock Foundation ($875,• 
000).

Xt fs a group o f about 75 
energetic young professionals 
part of the new elite in the 
war on pover^.

It is a ^ o so p h y : that pov» 
€Tty can’t be licked in the old 
tried ways of doles and desk- 
hugging social workers, but 
must be rousted on the back 
roads and wiped out by cbang- 
Sng the outlook of the i^or and 
the institutions of the rich.-

B  is action: in the coves of 
Slacon County, the farms of 
Xtobeson Covmty and the tene­
ment houses of Charlotte.

B  is gadfly and guinea pig 
Ibr file huge, confused, grop­
ing war on poverty in the 
State and in the nation.

B egin ning o f  Fund
The Korih Carolina Fund 

fc  a private, non-profit cor­
poration operating, under a 
board o f directors headed by 
former Governor tferiy San­
ford.

children.

fcsodefy.’* (F r o m a F a n a r e -  antipoverty organizafions i t  American: Jobs not
port to file Ford Foundation.) sponsored.

What the Act did, in effect, 
was to allow the Fund to be­
come revolutionary: to pursue, 
like the North Carolinians of 
1775, the ideals of freedom 
and equal opportunity; to ac­
tively seek change in a dem­
ocratic society that had some­
how, after two centuries, ended 
up with a class of enslaved 
people —  one-fifth of the na­
tion’s  population and at least 
400,000 families in North Caro­
lina,

The Fnnd was to meet its 
aims by (1)  helping the poor 
show they can be effective not 
only in identifying their own 
needs and opportunities, but 
in participating in the decision­
making process of the entire 
community;

Fund’s  demonstration projects, 
afraid to  ’ w o rk ." ); '  decent The first project, begun in the 
homes ( “ They want to return summer of 1964, was the North 
from work to  a -  decent Carolina Volunteers. That sum- 
place.” ) ;  education for their mer lOO college students were

nancial resources over a broad 
area, the Fund could eonsoli-

(2) Helping the State and its 
communities develop, demon­
strate and evaluate effective 

■processes for mobilizing all 
available resources to provide 
more effective services and 
open up opportunities to all.

Originol Plot)
When first established, the 

Fund was envisioned primarily 
as a foundation that would pro­
vide money to local communi­
ties in North Carolina for wag­
ing their own war on poveriy.

In the fall of 1963, the Fund 
invited all communities of the 
State to examine the problems 
o f their disadvantaged families 
and submit programs for at­
tacking those problems.

In February. 1964, the Fund 
received 51 proposals involv­
ing 66 counties. It selected.
11 communities, involving 20 
counties, for initial grants.

The 11 communities were:
Nash and Edgecombe coun­
ties; Craven County; Rich­
mond, Robeson and Scotland George H. Esser, who has 
counties; Rowan Coimty; Wau- headed the North Carolina 
tauga, Avery, Mitchell and Fund since it was set up in 
Yancey counties; Macon Couu- 1953 m find new ways to en- 

Bertie,Halifax, Northamp- gjiie thg poop fp, become pro­
ton and Hertford counties; durtive splf-reliani- ritizme Forsyth County; Mecklenburg. self-reliant citizens.
County; Durham County; and 
Buncombe County.

(2) After raising the aspira­
tions of the poor, we must do 
more than give them tools to 
pursue their aspirations; we 
must provide jobs, decent 
homes end educational op- 
portuniiy.

(3) We haven’t  done an ef­
fective job with present re­

sent to work with the poor 
in communities that requested 
•them.

There were 227 Volunteers 
in the summer of 1966. Then, 
in keeping with the Fund’s 
organization concerned with 
experimentation, the project 
was discontinued. The fund 
had proved it could work. If 
the State wanted Volunteers

Tncfpnrf nf CTii-pnfiinet itc souTces for helping the poor on a permanent basis, another jnsteaa 01 spreacung IK n- «« tpIv pn thnap Ipasfc pppM taVp nn -because we rely on those least agency could take up -th e  
able in the world, the poor program, 
members, to coordinate the re- . „  ,  ^
sources and use them effect- Another demmstrahon p r iy  
w el;^aiid those working wSh • 
the poor expect them to have Department of Labor, has re­

located 309 families from the 
rural east, where they had no 
work in jobs in the urban 
Piedmont.

The Fund reports that none 
o f the workers relocated by 
the Mobility project has ended 
up on the public welfare roles; 
less than a  dozen have 
returned to their former 
homes; scores have tripled 
their incomes.

A  third project. Manpower 
Improvement through Com-

* “ ' " " y -
Negro, Fisser bdieves th^ ' About 57 Manpower- field 
will not see .and seek a better workers have been sent into- 
future for themselves- until ’  three Eastern. N;C. areas 
they also see racial harriers characterized, by - depleted

the same values as the mid­
dle-class, which they don’t.

(4) To produce self-reliance 
in the poor, we must go to the 
poor themselves to articulate 
their-needs; in other words, 
we need to stop talking at the 
poor and begin to listen.

One of Esser’s  beliefs^ 
which has caused’ much bit­
terness within local commun­
ity action programs, especial­
ly  in the east, is that the 
problems of poveriy and rivil

These families, did sot know 
that such a-thing as a mental 
health clinic existed. If they 
did, they would not have 
known what to do with it.

They had no contact with 
■ fixe public health agency, or 
the employment security com­
mission, or the welfare agen­
cy . Thus many were not get­
ting the welfare or social se­
curity aid for which,they 
Were eligible.

The sendees are there; so 
"are the families. Manpower 
workers seek to, bring them 
together in such a. way. as 
not only to give service, but 
to  establish the families in a 
position of seK-reliance.

Secondly, th e ' Manpower 
workers find jobs for the un­
employed head of the house­
hold.

O th e r  A c tiv itie s
Listing the Fund’s  activi- 

6es -.could take a  lot more 
iyp^grants to the Learning 
Institute o f North .Carolina; 
training of VISTA (Volunteers . . .  ,
In Service To America), in- mw-mcome community. Will I  say if you want to help 
eluding the first group in the be the central place for farm- youself.”  
nation; i^licymaMng semi- Jng out different services. Esser says “ we need somfe 
pars; legal services; re- Neighborhood workers oper- 
search, such as a -field -sur-
.vey that sent interviewers to  ®tmg-from these centers will 
11,000 low-income families liv- come to learn the long-long 

names and faces of the poor.

INCOME DOUBLED—Through the Fund’s Mobility project. Jade 
ivey, formerly a  tenant farmer' in Robeson County, has dou­
bled his income on a new job at Fusion Rubbermaid Co. in 

Statesville.

date them, like a powder keg. 
Antipoverty organizations .explosive experiments in 

Were underway in these com- “ Shtmg poverty.

lowered.
To date, file Fuhd has spent 

$5.8 million to effect action 
along the lines of its guidi^ 
principles.

This the impressionmunities when, in August of 
1964, the federal Economie 
Opportunity Act was passed.
The Act transformed the 
Fund as originally envisioned.

Because the Act provided 
money for the “bread-and-but- 
ter”  programs of helping the
poor. Fund money was f r e e d __ ____ _____ _ r .—
for other purposes. Though radical approach to poverty 

_____  the Fund retained its partner- than the Fund is pressing
Pima was established- | c H o n * 'L ™  T T o t o  la  S^^tember, 1963, as “ a five- . Programs, iK dollar

farm economy, chronic unem­
ployment, and cultural and 
•material deprivation. Their 
job  is to knock on doors and 
with great patience win the 
confidence of the family so 
as to discover the problems 
inevitably existing in these 
small houses.

Its Incorporators were San- 
lord; Charles F . Babcock, 
Winston-Salem philanthropist; 
C. A. MacKnignt, Charlotte 
sewspaperman; and John H. 
Wheeler, Durham banker- 
lawyer.

About 34 per- cent o f the 
Fund’s  total expenditures has 
gone to the Comprehensive 

gleaned from talking with School Iinprovement Project
Fund officials about their phi- ®f®EdQcation. ^ ^ p r o g r ^  someone in the family ih 
gram^in initiated by the Fund all are m

In many cases, a child is 
mentally iH; in most cases.

year quest for new ways to 
cniMe the poor to b «om e 
ptoduefive, self-reliant citi- 
icas and to foster instituUon- 
d ,  political, economic and so- 
r id  diange designed to bring 
•boot a fnnctiomng democrat*.

support was largely supplant­
ed by the federal government 

The Act gave the Fund room

attacks poverty in some 300 danger of bad health from in- 
It is also the impression selected schools in the State adequate food and an unclean 

given, sometimes rather fear- by tiding but new ways o f environment, 
fully, by locd  poverty work- teaching basic skills to poor Always there, is a need for 
ers who would prefer a  less children. work, a need for money, and

About 33 per cent o f file a need for enlightenment. For. 
Fund’s  expenditures has been example, one field worker 
spent in grants to community found a  famfly with 17 chil- 
action programs (CAP) and “  severe depri-
to State and local agencies vation. The parents had no 

idea that the act o f inter- 
Adminisfration grants to course had anything to- do

Guiding Principles
As stated by George Esser, 

executive director of the Fund,
to experiment with new ways S’® *’f®“  Bbidd by CAP. projects, ranging from with the birih of a  s m  baby.
of working with the poor and prmciples; 
to provide technical assistance (1 ) The aspirations iff the 
at greater dep.th to the local poor are those of any other

Philadelphia center is a place for learning and entertainment 
to r young and old. Most of all tt is a  olacfeto oo that Is dry and dean.

$30,000 to $40,000, are made 
annually.

. I s  addition, ^lecial graids 
have been made for 55 special 
projects. One such project is 
the Winston-Salem Police De­
partment’s  specially trained- 
squad for low-income neigh­
borhoods.

Another project provides in­
centive grants to small iso­
lated communities in. the 
mountain counties of Watua- 
ga; Avery; Mitchell and Yan­
cey (WAMY community ac­
tion program). One commet. 
nity o f about 16 families 
wanted to build a  water a s ­
tern, rather than drive into 
town once a day to fetch wa­
ter- Most of the work has been 
done by the local people. The 
Fund feels that when these 
people see what they can ae. 
complish themselves they wifl 
continue to better their Jiving 
conditions.

•Some 13 per cent 0!  the 
Fund’s expenditures has gone 
to providing technical assist­
ance ■ and program develop­
ment to locri antipoverty 
orgamzations. This includes" 
Training Community Aetton 
Technicians (CATs), young 
College graduates who m e  on 
special jobs in the local pro­
grams.

Perhaja the most ambittota 
Bodotricingi faava been f i »

By September, 1966, Man­
power field workers had con­
tacted 5’,660 families with 
problems' such as these.

ing in Fund-sponsored proj­
ects areas.

But the" aim underlying, this 
many-faceted attack bn pov­
erty is largely the same; to 
motivate, the ^ o r  and move 
existing institutions • froih 
the desk out to the ditches.

■While community action 
programs are operating large 
numbers o f  programs, filling 
out many forms and getting 
lots o f money, most of them 
are- not yet really -seeking 
out the poor -or effecting the 
radical changes- that are 
needed to involve them in a 
Ibettcr society, Esser said.

However, he noted that 
there are .begirmings in two 
or  three communities o f the 
sort of war on poverty that 
the Fund believes must be 
waged.

Neighborhooci Centers
Recently, the concept r i  

neighborhood centers has 
come to tile fore in the war 
on poverty and they are op­
erating in at least four, com­
munity action programs in- 
the State;

These centers, housed in a. 
building in the middle o f a

They will also help the poor 
organize themselves, form 
councils, elect officers, hold 
meetings —  in other words,' 
erect those structures. that, 
have proved necessary for ac­
tion in a democratic society.

Perhaps the poor want 
paved streets. If the power 
structure of the city or coun­
ty won’t pave their streets, 
perhaps the poor together can 
raise a voice that will be 
heard in city hall.

Such a  revolutionary con­
cept has not been accepted 
everywhere. In Winston- 
Salem, when a neighborhood 
group decided to picket a 
•white grocery store, officials

good' dedicated teachers” , as 
poverty workers, who have 
the maturity and patience 
not to want to do it all them­
selves, but to see people, de­
velop. He says the old tra­
dition o f paternalism and 
“ the understandable urge to 
maintain the status quo”  are 
all too prevalent in the war 
on poverty which needs, 
above ail, “ the room to in­
novate and experiment.”

The Fund has imdouhtedly 
made mistakes in its efforts 
to assist local communities 
•with their war on poverty. 
This summer, young CATs 
sent into Craven County and 
the Tri-County area o f ffich- 
mondj Robeson and Scotland 
counties infuriated the com­
munity action officials there 
by their independent “ trouble­
making”  activities.

The Fund has conceded
o f the community action pro- that some of the CATS were 
gram were frightened.’ They too young and too zealous. 
Mamed the Fund for stirring "Nor was their attitude o f
up civil rights agitation rath­
er  than woriang against pov­
erty.

The Fund claimed no such 
dinstiction between poverty 
and civil rights. They ap­
plauded the initiative of the 
poor and supported the idea 
that the poor should make 
their own decisions rather 
than be told. “ You do what

hostility toward the commu­
nity power structure particu­
larly helpfuL

But one problem, says Es­
ser, is getting trained mature 
people to take jobs that might 
vanish at a  word from Gon- 
gress.

Financial waverings in-
(Continued on Fage Eight)

RECREATION CENTER-ln th e  middle c f  the Philadelphia community near Rockingham, an abandoned schoolhouse 1 
come a  recreation center built by local residents including (from left) Glenn Green, Woodrow Wall, Jesse Covington, 

•Ellerba. head « f  the local community action program, PeteLW all and Archie Bostick.



Tile News and Observer
m s m  m

Raleigh/ N. C„ Sunday Morning, October 16, 1966 Editorials and Features Books, Amusements, Homes ana Gardens

TOR A BETTIR TOMORROW—Twelve people live in this old school. But note th  e repairs on roof and the new house going up next door. Neighborhood workers 
from Tri-County Community Action !nc., are organizing communities such as this one in Rockingham to w ork fo r a  better tomorrow.

Poverty W a r -T h re e  Years Later
North Carolina E ff art Has Aroused in Many a New Hope
ByKafaErwiit
Staff W riter

Xdit tunazang eomelhnes 
f̂ boe yon £nd in Kotth 
Gm Sac.

b  as oH  hnOdlng next 
te «  ttsed-car lot in down- 
twra Darliam yon find the 
Koith Cuollua Fund. It is 
prolnbly the m o s t  ad. 
ymaeeit far-thinhing and 
dreeswlieeling organization 

•Working •with, poverty in 
tin coontry today.

It I ) «  grant of S9J, mil*, 
lipii: from the Ford Foiin* 
dttiaB ($7miIlion', the Z. Smith 
lUyaelds Fonndatidh ($1,625, 

and the Mary Beholds 
Sibeoclc Foimdation ($375,. 
COO).

3t b  X gnmp of ^ont 75 
energetic young professionals 
gnit the sew elite in the 
war «a poverty.

It b  X philosophy; that pov. 
er^ ea fi be lickeid in the old 
M m  vngm at doles and desk. 
fcifgbg aocial workers, but 
Xrast be fonsted on the back: 
xoads u d  wiped out by chang. 
gag Ito euUook ol the poor and

tetitirtioDS of gie lich.- 
.il b  xeiian: la the coves of 

Ibeax Onmiy, the farms of 
Jttbma Comfy and the tene* 
Maatlaxses of Oiarlotte.

i l  b  pcay and gdnea pig 
Mr tte Ing^ 'confused, grop. 
M  .'xar on poverty in the 
I M  and ia foe nation.
r  inixxfnflefFund 

91b 1W& Carolina Fond 
fc  ayprinte, wm-prî t cor. 
MBm x  opeiBtine under a 

Cf ffiKctos neaded by 
Ig g K  CavauBT IFetiy San*

--- ---------- a were San-
diaries F. Babcock, 

_,̂ wSriem pMlanthropist;
, Aw Charlotte

XMMliBRRni; and dohn H. 
M H ln  fio te n  banker* „

• Vm MnS was established* 
iatiticlairita-, ms, as “a five. 
Sma qaeat t o  sew ways to 
•sBm fito poor to become 
pMdHOaik aeifor^ant citi. 
xMp'xad M idster institntioii. 
an jMUeah ceonomic and so. 
waHXgede^^ned to bring 
XHIb a Amctinning democrat*.

Jc sociebf.”  (BVoffl a  Fond re* 
port to toe Ford  Foundation.)

Hhe Fund was to meet its 
aims by ( 1)  helping the poor 
show they can be effective not 
only in identifying their own 
needs and opportunities, but 
in participating in the decision­
making process o f toe entire 
community;

( 2)  Helping the State and its 
communities develop, demon­
strate and evaluate effective 

■processes for mobilizing all 
availaWe resources to provide 
more effective services aud 
open up opportunities to all.

O rig in a l P lon
When first established, the 

Fund was envisioned primarily 
as a foundation that would pro­
vide money to local communi- 
ties in North Carolina for wag­
ing their own war on poverty.

In the fall of 1963, the Fund 
invited all communities of toe 
State to examine the problems 
of their disadvantaged families 
and submit programs for at­
tacking those problems.

In February. 1961, the Fund 
received 51 proposals involv- 
ing 65 counties. It  selected. 
11 communities, involving 29 , 
counties, for initial grants.

The 11 commpities were; 
Nash, and Edgecombe coun­
ties; Craven County; Eich- 
mond, Eobeson and Scotland 
counties; Eowan County; Wau- 
tauga, Avery, Mitchell and 
Yancey counties; Macon Coun­
ty; BertieyHalifax, Northamp­
ton and Hertford counties; 
Forsyth County; Mecklenburg. 
County; Durham County; and 
Buncontoe County.

Antipoverty organizations 
Were underway in these com­
munities when, in August o f 
1964, tte  federal Economic 
Opportuniiy Act was passed. 
The Act transformed the 
Fund as originally envisioned.

Because the Act provided 
money for the “ bread-and-hut- 
ter" programs o f helping the 
poor, Fund money was freed 
for other purposes. Though 

’ the Fund retained its partner, 
ship with the H  community 
action programs, its dollar 
support was largely supplant­
ed by the federal government.

The Act gave the Fund room 
to experiment with new ways 
o f working -with the poor and 
to provide technical assistance 
at greater depth to the local

antipoverly organizations it 
sponsored.

■What the Act did, in effect. 
Was to allow the Fund to be­
come revolutionary: to pursue, 
like the North Carolinians o f 
1775, the ideals of freedom 
and equal opportunity; to ac­
tively seek change in a  dem­
ocratic society that had some­
how, after two centuries, ended- 
up with a  class o f enslaved 
people —  one®th of the na­
tion’s  population and at least 
400,000 families in North Caro­
lina.

Instead of spreading its fi­
nancial resources over a broad 
area, the Fund could consoli-

George H. Esser, w ho has 
headed the North Carolina 
Fund since i t  was set up in  
1963 to find new ways to  en­
able the poor to  become pro­
ductive, self-reliant citizens,

date them, like a powder keg, 
into explosive experiments in 
fighting poverty.

This is the impression 
gleaned from talking with 
Fund officials about their phi­
losophy and their action pro­
grams in the State.

It is also the impression 
given, sometimes rather fear­
fully, by local poverty work­
ers who would prefer a  less 
radical approach to poverty 
than the Fund is pressing 
them to take.

G u id in g  Princ ip les
As stated by  George Esser, 

executive director of the Fund, 
the Fund has been guided by 
these principles:

(1) The aspirations o f toe 
poor are those of any other

C W ia 'S  AmilUTSS-The new 
ftrve o n g in d o ld . Most o f all

Philadelphia center is a 
i f  is a p la c tto  oo that

place fo r learning and entertainment 
Is d ry and clean.

American: Jobs ( “ TheyTe not 
afraid to  work.” ) ;  decent 
homes ( “ They want to return 
from work to a - -decent 
place.” ) ;  education for their 
children.

(2) After raising the aspira­
tions of the poor, we must do 
more than give them tools to 
pursue their aspirations; we 
must provide jobs, decent 
hom es' and educational op­
portunity.

(3) We haven’ t done an ef­
fective job with present re* 
sources for helping toe poor 
because we rely on those least 
able in the world, the poor 
members, to coordinate the re* 
sources and use them effect- 
ively; and those working with 
the ^ b r  expect them to have 
the same values as the mid- 
dle-class, which they don’t.

(4) To produce self-reliance 
In the poor, we must go to the 
poor fhemselves to  articulate 
their-needs; in other words, 
we need to stop talking at toe 
poor and begin to listen.

One of Esser’s  beliefs, 
■which has caused' much bit- 
terness within local commun- 
ity action programs, especiaN 
ly  in toe' east,-is that toe 
problems o f poverty and civil 
rights cannot be.viewed sep­
arately. Since toe vast ma- 
jority o f this State’s poor are 
Negro, Esser believes. they 
-will not see,and seek a  better 
future for themselves- until' 
they also see racial barriers 
lowered.

To date, the Fund, has spent 
$5.8 million to effect action 
along the lines of its guiding 
principles.

About 34 per- cent o f the 
Fund’s  -total expenditures has 
gone to the Comprehensive 
School Improvement Project 
operated by toe. State Board 
■of Education. This program, 
the first initiated by the Fund 
attacks poverty in some 300 
selected schools in toe State 
by trying out new ways o f 
teaching -basic skills to  poor 
children.

About 35 per cent o f the 
Fund’s  expenditures has been 
spent in grants to communit'' 
action programs.(CAP) and 
to State and local agencies.

Administration grants to 
CAP. .projects, ranging from 
$30,000 to  $40,000, are made 
annually.

. In  addition, special grants 
have been made for 55 special 
projects. One. such project is 
the Winston-Salem Police De­
partment’s  spm ally trained- 
squad for low-income neigh* 
borhoods.

Another project provides in­
centive grants to small iso- 
lated communities in. the 
mountain counties o f Watua- 
ga, Averyj Mitchell and Tan- 
cey (WAMY commimity ac­
tion program). One commu- 
n ity ' o f about 16 families 
wanted to  build a  water sys­
tem, rather than drive into 
town once a  day to fetch wa­
ter- Most of toe work has been 
done by toe local people. The 
Fund feels that when these 
people see what toey can ac- 
compUsh themselves they wilt 
continue to  better their livwg 
conditions.

Some IS per cent o ! the 
Fund’s  expenditures has gone 
to providing technical assist­
ance-and program develop­
ment to local antipoverty 
organizations. This includes' 
Training -Community Action 
Teehmeians (CATs), young 
■college graduates who m ;e  on 
special jobs in  the local pro­
grams.

Perhaps toe m<»6 amhiUou* 
nniertaki&gi hava been toe

Fund’s  demonstration projects. 
The first project, begun in the 
summer of 1964, was the North 
Carolina Volunteers. That, sum­
m er 100 college students were 
sent to  work with the poor 
in communities that requested 

•them.
There were 227 Volunteers 

in the summer of 1966. Then, 
in  keeping with the Fund’s  
organization concerned 'with 
experimentation, the project 
was discontinued. The fund 
had proved it  could work. I f 
toe State wanted Volunteers 
on a permanent basis, another 
agency could take up- the 
program.

Another demonstration proj- 
cct, now funded by the U. S. 
Department of .Labor, has re­
located 300 families from the 
rural east, where toey bad no 
work in jobs in toe urbaa 
Piedmont.

The Fund reports that none 
o f  the workers relocated by 
toe Mobility project has ended 
Tip on the public welfare roles; 
less than a  dozen have 
returned to their' former 
homes; scores have tripled 
their incomes.

A  third project. Manpower 
Improvement through Com­
munity Effort, is perhaps 
most, nearly at the heart of 
the Fund’s  war o f poverty.

About 57 Manpower- field 
workers have been sent into- 
three Eastern. N;C. areas 
characterized, by ■ depleted 
farm economy, chronic unem­
ployment, and cultural and 
•material deprivation. Their 
job  is to knock on doors and 
with great patience win the 
confidence o f the family so 
as to discover the problems 
inevitably existing in these 
small houses.

In many cases, a child is 
mentally ill; in most cases, 
someone in the family is 
physically ill and all are in 
danger of. bad health from in. 
adequate food and an unclean 
environment.

Always there, is .a need for 
work, a need for money, and 
a  n e ^  for eiilighf enment. For. 
example, one field worker 
found -a family with 17 chil- 
dren living in severe depri­
vation. The parents had no 
idea that toe act o f inter­
course bad anything to- do 
with the birth o f a  new baby.

By September, 1966, Man- 
power field workers bad con­
tacted 5,660 families ■with 
problems' such as these.

EDUCATION EMPHASIZED-Adult education, including the 
ABCs as w ell as job training, is emphasized by the community 
BcJiotj program working in  Nash and Edgecombe counties.

These families, did not Snow 
that such'a-thing as amental 
health cliiuc existed. I f  they 
did, they would not have 
known what to do With it.

They had no contact with 
'toe public health agency, or 
the employment security com­
mission, o r  the- welfare agen­
cy . Thus many were not get­
ting the Welfare or' social se­
curity aid for w hich. they 
Were eligible.

The services axe there; so 
’are the families. Manpower 
workers seek to. bring them 
together in such .a. ■way. as 
not. only to give service, but 
to  establish toe families in a  
position o f self-reliance.

Secondly, th e ' Manpower 
workers find jobs for the un­
employed head o f the bouse- 
hold.

Other Activities
Listing the Fund’s  activi­

ties-.could take a  lot more 
type—grants to  toe learning 
Institute o f North .Carolina; 
training of VISTA (Volunteers 
In Service To America), in­
cluding toe first group in the 
nation; i^lioymaking semi­
nars; legal services; re­
search, such as a  -field -sur- 
.■vey that sent 'interviewers to 
iLOOO low-income families liv­
ing in Fund-sponsored proj­
ects areas.

But the aim underlying, this 
many-faceted attack bn pov­
erty is largely the same: to 
motivate, the poor and move 
existing institutions ■ from 
toe desk out to the ditches.

'While community action 
programs are operating large 
numbers of 'programs, filling 
out many forms and getting 
lots o f money, most o f them 
are - not yet really -seeking 
out the poor-or effecting toe 
radical changes that are 
needed to involve toem in a  
better society, Esser said.

However, he noted that 
there are -beginnings in two 
o r  three communities o f the 
sort o f war on poverty that 
the Fund believes must be 
waged.

N eigh b o rh o o d  C enters
Eecently, the concept o f 

neighborhood centers has 
com e to the fore in the war 
on poverty and they are op- 
crating in at least four, com­
munity action programs itt’ 
toe State.

These centers, housed in *  
building in the middle o f a

iNCOME DOUBIEO—Through the Fund's Mobility proiect. Jack 
fvey, formerly a  tenant farmer’ in Robeson County, has dou­
bled his income on a new job a t Fusion Rubbermaid Co. in 

Statesville.

low-iiicome community, will 
be the central place for farm­
ing out different services. 
Neighborhood workers oper­
ating- from these centers ■will 
come to learn the long-long 
names and faces o f the poor.

T’hey will -also help the poor 
organize themselves, -form 
councils, elect officers, hold 
meetings —  in other words,’ 
erect those structures. that, 
have proved necessary for ac­
tion in a democratic .society.

Perhaps the poor ’want 
paved streets. If the power 
structure of the city or coun­
ty won’t pave their streets, 
perhaps the poor together can 
raise a voice that will be 
heard in city hall.’

Such a  revolutionary con­
cept has not been accepted 
everywhere. In Winston- 
Salem, when a neighborhood 
group decided to picket a 
•white grocery store, officials 
o f the community action pro-, 
■gram were frightened.' They’ 
blamed the Fund tor stirring 
up civil rights agitation rath­
er  than ■working against pov­
erty. ..

The Fund claimed no such 
dinsticlion between poverty 
and civil rights. They ap­
plauded the initiative o f the 
poor and supported toe idea . 
that the poor should make 
their own decisions rather 
than be told, “ You do what

I  say i f  you want to help 
youself."

Esser says “ we need some 
good dedicated teachers", as 
poverty workers, who have 
the maturity and patience 
not to want to do it all them­
selves, but to see people, de­
velop. He says the old tra­
dition o f paternalism and 
“ the understandable urge to 
maintain the status quo”  are 
all too prevalent in the war 
on poverty which needs, 
above all, “ the room to in­
novate and experiment.”

The Fund has undoubtedly 
made mistakes in its efforts 
to assist local communities 
■H’ith their war on poverty. 
This summer, young CATs 
sent into Craven County and 
the Tri-County area o f Eich- 
mond, Eobeson and Scotladd 
counties infuriated the com­
munity action officials toere 
by their independent “ trouble- 
making" activities.

The Fund has conceded 
that some of the CATS were 
too young and too zealous. 

•Nor was their attitude of 
hostility toward the commu­
nity power structure particu­
larly helpful.

But one problem, says Es- 
ser, is getting trained mature 
people to take jobs that might 
vanish at a word from Con­
gress.

♦  Financial waverings in-
(Continued on Page Eight)

RECREATIOM CENTER—In  fh »  middle e f  Ih e  Phiiadeiphia community near Rockingham, an abandoned schoolhouse has be­
come a  recreation center built by local residents including (from  le fi) Glenn Green, Woodrow V/alf, Jesse Covington, Azriah 

'EJlerbf, head c f  the local community action program, PeteLW all and Archie Bostick.


	LDFA12_XBC03330_TITLE 1 COLUMBUS, OHIO
	LDFA12_XBC03330_TITLE I ARKON, OHIO
	LDFA12_XBC03330_TITLE I CANTON, OHIO
	LDFA12_XBC03330_TITLE I CLEVELAND, OHIO
	LDFA12_XBC03330_TITLE I OHIO
	LDFA12_XBC03330_TITLE I YOUNGSTOWN, OHIO