Newspaper article from The Charlotte Observer
Press
March 4, 1984
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Case Files, Thornburg v. Gingles Hardbacks, Briefs, and Trial Transcript. Newspaper article from The Charlotte Observer, 1984. 1095e134-d592-ee11-be37-00224827e97b. LDF Archives, Thurgood Marshall Institute. https://ldfrecollection.org/archives/archives-search/archives-item/27c1a335-2bb4-4e8d-ba44-4adc081191e3/newspaper-article-from-the-charlotte-observer. Accessed December 04, 2025.
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Ohr 0h;rrlotlr Olbscrt'tr I oro,r\rED By THE KNTcHT puBLrsHrNG coMpANy
Tur, (ltt.cnLortr Nnws
I
't ao^32188! IrrA^torrE N< 2a232 ' t)rr()N.7o437!,6300
March J, f-g8lf
Lanl:
Thanks for alL youl3 help ln the rodlstrictlng
story. Hero tt Ls -- Jrollp very own copy.
I enJoyed taLklng wlth your and appreclate
your3 thoughtftrlness ln caLllng me agaln
en noute to youn d.estinatlono fhe repontorl s
Life would be much easier if more soturcos
were so enthuslastl,c and helpftll.
Glngles ls a fasclnating case to fo1Low,
and we plan to stay on top of it.
CalL me lf I can help you out sometLmoo
Agaln, many thanks.
SlncereLy,
A##
Clouds
Partly cloUdy to
day with a 40%
chance of ehow·
era tonight. High
in the mld-108.
Low in the mid
co..
Detallt, Pg. 2A
N.C. State's
Leader In Waiting
Sports, Page 1 D
uilts: Homey
o High Fashion
Carolina Living, Page 1 E
Index
8ooka ............ 10F LIYI~ .......... 1E
Buatn••• .. "··-·58 Movlu ........ .2F
Cfa .. lrted ....... 7C Obltuarlu.20A
Edltorlal .......... 28 People ........ 11F
Entertaln't ...... 1F PertpeCttve.18
La"d•r1 ........... 6E Sporti .......... 1D
TV Changes on Page 2C
Contenta (C) 1984, The Chatlolte Ob-
Foremost Newspa11er of the Carolinas
Sunday, March 4, 1984 A For Home Delivery Assists ce 379-6666, 7 a.m.-Noon 5 Price: 75¢
Black VoterS See Di tricting As Tool For Change
By JOHN MINTER
And GAIL SMITH
two candidates, the late S n. Fred Alexan·
der and Rep. Phil Berry, ha e won.
Staff Writers
Lucie! McNeel hasn't missed an N.C. _leg
islative election since she registered to vote
in a west Charlotte precinct in 1962.
But for McNeel, 63, a retired black do
mestic worker, voting has been a frustrat
ing mixture of hope and disappointment.
She would pass out campaign flyers fpr
black candidates and vote for them, only to
see most of them defeated.
McNeel believes her votes would have
counted for more if the lack candidates
she supported had run in small, predomi
nantly black districts ra her than coun
tywide.
"(Majority black) distric s are one of the
greatest things in the world," she said.
"You have a chance to c oose the person
you like."
Luciel McNeel
Since McNeel's first vote 22 years ago,
Mecklenburg blacks have lost a dozen cam
paigns for the N.C. House or Senate. Only
McNeel's feeling that h
in Mecklenburg's large,
lative district is shared
judges who ruled in J
RAT~S NEST
Sanitatio11 Crew Tacliles A Lifetime Of Debris
By RICKI MORELL
Staff Writer
· In a neighborhood of green lawns and plant
filled kitchens, where little girls visit their grand
mothers on Sunday and most men live with
wives, children and pets, James Reynolds has
Jived with junk.
Mildewed rugs, old mattresses, boxes of rot
ting tangerines. Stacks and stacks of canned food
bought years ago,.bits of lumber, squashed toma
toes, a twisted hanger.
Early Saturday morning, the man remained
hidden. But the things he has been collecting for
much of his adult life began streaming out the
windows and the doors of his three-bedroom
house in south Charlotte's Starmount section.
Reynolds agreed last week to let city officials
begin emptying his house, which neighbors say is
infested with rats.
At 8:45 a.m. three city sanitation trucks pulled
up in front of the house at 6721 Woodstream Dr.
Seven men from the Taylor Garbage Service put
on white face masks and prepared to go in the
house, where Reynolds sat, waiting.
See MAN'S Page 13A
A cleanup crew loads a daybed into a garbage truck behind the house
votes were lost
white legis
federal
that seven
such districts across the state violate 'the
Voting Rights Act.
Black voting power, the judges said, is
diluted by the state's long-standi,ng practice
of grouping concentrations of black citizens
within large, predominantly white districts.
Considering evidence that most white
voters don't vote for black candidates, the
judges said, blacks face an often insur
mountable obstacle to election.
As a result, the judges told the state to
redraw the districts where, as in Mecklen
burg, separate, predominantly black dis
tricts can be drawn.
The General Assembly is to meet
Wednesday in a special session to make the
changes, and that means many voters like
Lucie! McNeel will become part of a black
voting majority.
The judges' order applies only to districts
with large concentrations of blacks. But it
brings North Carolina closer into line with
some other Southern states in which most
legislators are elected in single-member dis
tricts.
In North Carolina, districting before
1982 was based on county boundaries. Pop
ulous counties elected more than one repre
sentative to the House or Senate in at-large
elections.
See BLACK Page 12A
Credentials
Of Doctors
Investigated
By RICHARD D. LYONS
New York Times
In the largest investigation of its kind in 50 years,
federal and state officials are probing the medical
credentials of several thousand people working as
doctors or seeking medical certification in many
areas of the United States.
The investigations, reported under way in 15
states, stem largely from the Postal Service's discov
ery last year of what it called extensive trafficking
in fraudulent medical credentials that originated pri
marily in Caribbean medical schools.
Those who bought the fabricated degrees were
mostly American citizens who paid $5,000 to
$50,000 for them, the federal and state officials said.
The investigators say they do not know how many
individuals are posing as doctors, and they empha
size that not all those with suspicious credentials
will prove to be practicing medicine illegally.
But the scope of the nationwide investigations is
believed to go beyond anything undertaken in the
United States regarding the proper certification of
doctors since the early 1930s.
Dr. William Rial, a spokesman for the American
Medical Association (AMA), said the association was
deeply concerned and fully recognized the need for
criminal investigations.
The AMA "is as outraged as everyone else over
this trafficking in medical credentials," he said.
"The time has come to put a stop to it," he said.
"The question now is how."
Investigations are also known to be under way in
New York, California, Florida. Maryland, Illinois and
other states. A federal official who requested ano
nymity said at least 15 states are involved. He de
clined to name the other states, saying this might
compromise the inquiries.
Investigators say the total number of cases is well
. See FAKE Page 13A
. Maine Caucuses To Focus On
b
· Mondale Race
I ': By DICK POTHIER
Kni9hi·Ridder Newspapers
PORT~ND, Maine - Perhaps 25,000
Maine Derpocrats will gather today to cast
caucus vofes in what has turned out to be
the nation's , first head-to-head contest be
tween former Vice President Walter Mon
dale and Sen. Gary Hart.
But tytaine voters are considered so inde
' il pendelt ,that there is no way to foretell
1 . which presidential candidate will emerge
·~ ~t. from the caucuses as the winner.
~ On paper, Mondale's big statewide orga-
nization should virtually guarantee a cau
' tus.,win. But since Hart's unexpected vic
tory in the New Hampshire primary on
Tuesday, what is on paper might not mean
very much in this contest.
Maine voter hemselves were not saying
much about h they'll vote. Requests for
predictions ab ut caucus results usually
draw short, nkee-style replies: "Nope. '
Can't tell. Gott wait til tomorrow."
ently growing more nervous in recent days,
took the risky road of calling the vote an
"all or nothing" proposition. None of the remaining· Democratic can
didiates has actively campaigned in the
state in recent weeks.
A defeat In Maine, Mondale's advisers
privately concede, would be a severe blow
that would, as one put it, "leave us twist
ing" until the primaries in three Southern
states March 13.
"It's David and Goliath here in Maine,"
said state Rep. John Michael, .an Augusta
Democrat and Hart supporter. But "maybe
we can hit him in the noggin."
ks ago, the caucuses had
a minor political event.
Now they are ing viewed as an important
contest that co ld provide an answer to the
question that at the center of the battle
between the o leading candidates: Can
Hart's newfo d momentum and popular
ilty overcom Mondale's advantage in
money and or nization?
The feeling among many Maine politi
cians Saturday was a Mondale victory was
far from assured. ·
"Mondale definitely has the edge in orga
nization, money and people," said James
. Henderson, deputy Maine secretary of state
Former Gov. Kenneth Curtis, a key Moo
dale supporter, countered Saturday by say
ing that Maine voters would not repeat the
sentiments expressed by New Hampshire
voters. "Maine is bigger and has more
sense" than New Hampshire, Curtis said. Mondale's mpaign managers, appar- See MAINE Page 1 OA
UPI Pholo
one network producer said, Reagan, who was
sed in an Army parka, "hit his mark, he squinted
an slowly lifted the binoculars. It was a very classic
bi of acting, all costumed with the fur collar."
Takes The Presidential Stage
By FRANK GREVE
Kni!lht·Ridder Newspapers
WASHINGTON - Jimmy Carte 's personal
secretary used to underline phr s in his
speeches; Carter himself rarely t that in
volved. "He was an engineer whe It came to
language," recalled a former speec writer.
Gerald Ford practiced his speec s by read
ing them to aides. "It was like lstening to
Jerry Ford delivering a speech de ," said one
of them.
Before Ford, there was Richard
writers remembered, edited hi
speeches like a lawyer-debater an
,have his back against the wall w
ing TV cameras.
Before that, Lyndon Johnson's I
bery face filled TV screens. T
forceful in private, Johnson cam
"a phony Uncle Corn Pone on
Robert Squier, a Washington
g and rub
mendously
across like
, " recalled
Ia consul-
since John Kennedy to enjoy himself on TV.
He faces cameras and microphones with a
unique political asset: The confidence of a man
whose performances consistently have
inspired applause for 48 years. He is also the
only president known to have quieted aides,
who were sitting in on a videotaping in the
Oval Office, by shouting:
"Quiet on the set!"
Before Reagan ever ran for office he had
performed live on radio for about 4,000 ha,urs.
He had made 58 movies and delivered, by his
own count, another 4,000 hours of speeches as
spokesman for General Electric Co.
seconds of live air time for his Jan. 29 reelec
tion announcement, Reagan hit the mark at
four minutes and 41 seconds.
To deliver speeches shorter or longer than
normal, Reagan can slow or speed his reading,
without strain, by up to 20%, according to
A vram Bakshian, his former chief speech
writer, now a columnist for the Washington
Times.
Furthermore, Reagan always - and deftly
- edits speeches on his feet. It's a skill he
learned as a radio news and sports broadcaster
in the 1930s reading live from unedited wire
service copy. The changes in middelivery are
small, prosaic and important.
Reagan at the Korean DMZ in November 1983 taut.
Enter Ronald y president
This experience has earned Reagan the title
of "The Great Communicator." And it consti
tutes, in the eyes of his aides, one of his great
est assets. With the occasional exception of
Jesse Jackson, the Democratic presidential~
candidates cannot match his standard as a pub
lic speaker.
Reagan is a pro. Allotted four minutes and
The advance text of Reagan's Slate of the
Union message, for example, talked about edu
cation and the decline of "SAT scores."
Instead, Reagan said "Scholastic Aptitude Test
scores," thereby making his point to millions
of listeners unschooled in educational jargon.
See A SEASONED Page 14A ,
12Lr. CHARLOTIE OBSERVER Sunday, March 4. 1984 • • • • • •
Blacli Voters See District ng As Tool For Change
Continued From Page lA
Mecklenburg is an example of
such a multimember district, in
which voters elect more than one
legislator. As a result, all eight
Mecklenburg House members are
electe.d by a constituency that Is
75,% white.
Single-member districting could
a~ign two of the eight seats to
two districts in west Charlotte
and North Charlotte - where
most of the county's 107,000
blacks live - with black majori·
ties of 60-70%.
In 1982, the U.S. Justice De
partment ordered the General As·
sembly to ignore a 19th century
state constitutional ban on divid
ing counties in legislative dis
trlcting. Redistricting that year
pr,oduced three such predomi
nantly black districts, but many
multimember districts such as
Mecklenburg's survived.
N.C. HOUSE Black
Candidates
In Mecklenburg
Slacks have lost 12 of 16
campaigns in Mecklenburg
legislative district elections
since 1966. Here are the can
didates, all Democrats, and
how they fared:
1968
• George Leake fost nomina ..
tion for House by 5,076 votes.
1968
• R.B. Phifer lost nomination
for House by 5,760 votes.
1970
• John Hicks lost nomination
tor House by 5,402 votes.
"North Carolina is the state
that has put up the most resis-'
tance to going to single-member
districts," said Brian Sherman
with the Voting Rights Project of
the Southern Regional Council in
Atlanta.
N.C. SENATE ·
• James Ross won nomina
tion for House but lost In the
general election by 1,676
votes.
'1972
·Lani Guinier, a lawyer for the
Mecklenburg - Cabarrus
' •. .
• Fred Alexander ' won Sen
ate nomination but lost In the
general election by 3,031
votes.
Staff Maps by GEORGE BREISACHER
• John Hicks lost nomination
for Senate by 13,668 votes.
. NAACP Legal Defense Fund in
New York, said North Carolina
has long been viewed as a pro
gressive Southern state. Yet, she
said, "Nobody really looked be
hind the image to see what was
happening to the voters in the
state. In North Carolina, as well
as · across the country, politicians
do.not want to change the elector-
Redrawing The Lines: Changes in
state legislative districting ordered by
three federal judges could elect two
members of Mecklenburg's eight-seat
N.C. House dist_rict from predomi·
nantly black districts uch as those in·
dicated · above, left. the four-seat
Mecklenburg-Cabarru Senate district,
one senator could . be ected by voters
in a predominantly b-ack district re-
sembling the shaded area above, right.
• James Ros~ won nomina
tion for House but lost in the
general election by 6,626
\ ate or the type of electoral system
that brought them to office."
:one result of single-member ·
districting is clear. More blacks Leslie Winner of Charlotte, the
haye been elected to legislatures principal lawyer in the suit that
in ~Southern states that have gone led to the ruling, said not only
to ,single-member districts. South blacks will benefit from more sin
Carolina's 124-member House in- gle-member districts. Candidates
clddes 19 blacks, up from three will be more evenly distributed
be'fore single-member districts across the county, she said. Six of
were drawn in 1974. Mecklenburg's eight current
. j3lacks make up about 22% of House members live in southeast
th_r N.C. population. Before 1982, Charlotte.
they accounted for no more than ' The' key to the judges' order is
six of 170 House and Senate mem- the requirement to break concen
ber'' - giving them one of the tratlons of blac.k voters out of
lowest shares of state representa- multimember districts. While the
Hoi?. in the South. judges did not specify that single-
the first black N.C. legislator · member districts must be created,
in •this century - former Rep. they said the existing multi·
He»:ry Frye, D-Guilford, now a member districts illegally dilute
staUl Supreme Court justice - blacks' voting strength. ·
was elected in 1969. The order covers multimember
Helped by the 1982 redistrict· House districts in the urban coun·
tnt; the number of black legisla- ties of Durham, Wake, Forsyth
tors grew to 12, or 7% of the and Mecklenburg; a four-seat
seats. House district composed of Edge-
'!'In recent years, the major combe, Wilson and Nash counties;
obstacle to black representation and the four-seat Senate district
has been white bloc voting in of Mecklenburg and Cabarrus
combination with either at-large counties.
or:Unfairly apportioned electoral ' A single-member Senate district
district,s,." Sherman said. covering a!J or part of nine cou·n-
. Not e,veryone ties In the northeastern part of the
Winner
agrees that sin- state also is included. The judges
g 1 e • m e. m b e r said the district line cut through a
districts will heavily populated black area, part
better serve of which was assigned to an adja·
black resident~. cent district. ·
and some, such The state is appealing the order
as Rep. Parks to the U.S. Supreme Court but
H e 1 m s , D - failed in two attempts to get a
Mecklenburg, delay on the March 16 deadline to
say the switch · redraw the districts.
will "resegre- If districts are redrawn as ex
gate" _the politi- pected this week, eight additional
cal system by · legislative seats will be assigned
isolating black voters and the leg· to predominantly black districts,
islators they elect. creating a total ·of 12 such dis·
But Guinier, the NAACP Legal tricts across the state.
Defense Fund lawyer, said that Some of those areas already are
view assumes the current system represented by black legislators,
works well for blacks.and is inte- but the redrawing could raise the
gra~ed. Guinier helped prepar~ the number of blacks elected to the
N.C. case that led to the federal General Assembly to 17, or 10%
judges' order. . of the 170 seats.
"There is no evidence the sys- "This is going to make it better
tem is working well for blacks," for everybody," said Ralph Ging
she said. "They're fooling them- les Jr., 37, a black Gastonia law
selves thinking the process is de· yer who was one of four plaintiffs
segregated." in the N.C. case. "It gives every~
body an equal chance to .partici
pate in the political process."
If majority black, single-mem
ber districts were created accord
/ing to maps considered but re
. jected by the legislature in 1981,
black majorities would elect two
of eight Mecklenburg House mem
bers and one of four senators in
what is now the Mecklenburg-Ca
barrus Senate district. That would
be one-fourth of the seats, ·nearly
equal blacks' 26.2% share of the
county population . .
"Single-member . districts are
our best guarantee for electing
blacks to office," said Larry
Little, a black Winston-Salem al-
derman. .
For example, in 1982, Jim Rich
ardson, a 'black Democrat from
Meckl~nburg, narrowly ·missed
winning one of eight House seats.
He finished ninth, just 250 votes
behind incumbent Gus Economos
in eighth place.
Yet, according to an analysis by
Bill Culp, Mecklenburg elections
supervisor, Richardson received
more than 75% of the vote in pre
dominantly black precincts; most
of which probably will be drawn
into single-member districts this
week. Richardson's share in pre
dominantly white precincts was
under 35%, Culp said.
"If I had been running in a pre
dominantly black district, there's
no question I would have won
against a white candidate," Rich
ardson said •.
Single-member districting Is a
potential boon to Republicans as
well as blacks. Republican offi
cials ~re e~bracing the federal
judges' order as an opportunity to
gain more seats in the Geperal As-
sembly. ,
If many blacks are concen
trated in majority black districts,
their votes no longer would be a
.factor in the remaining, mostly
white districts. Black votes -
usually . Democratic .,.... sometimes
have made the difference in Re·
publican iosses.
1'Black districts vote ·over·
whelmingly Demo~ratic;" said
·.,
N.C. Case IS lst Under Extended
,, , ... By JOHN MINTER
Staff Writer
black candidates and blacks' socioeconomic
status.
· The black dots indicate the residences
of incumbent House and Senate mem·
bers, elected in multiseat, districtwide
elections in 1982.
vote~. '
1974
• Fred Alexander elected to
the Senate.
M$cklenburg GOP Chairman Sam
Wli).son. · · .. ·
. pponents of single-member
di ricting question whether such
a Ian necessarily would better
se we the interests of blacks. ,
Is the right to vote for and
int uence the actions and votes of
a 'inority of our legislative dele~
ga on as important as voting for
an influencing a majority of the
,de gation?" Helms said in a letter
tp ecklenburg elected black offi
ci 's and community leaders.
elms and some other legisla
to believe splitting urban dis
tri ts to create black majorities
al means urban delegations will
be ess unified and th~s weaker.
· uilford County's multimember
di rict was divided in 1982, with
m ed results, said Rep. Mary
Se mour, D-Guilford, chairman of
he delegation. The redistricting
" inlshed the effectiveness and
cl~ut" of the delegation, she said.
The delegation was divided
over whether Guilford needed a
hotel/motel tax, she said. Because
of the split, the General Assembly
la year did not include Guilford
·in"' bill allowing Mecklenburg to
i mpose such a tax.
But the federal judges said such
political implications are over·
shadowed · by the issue of black
voting strength. They looked at
the lingering effects of racial dis
crimination in registration and
g practices and the use of
as an issue in political cam
They also looked at the
political participation of
a result of lower socio
ec41np1nic status of blacks linked
the demonstrable un·
of substantial num
the racial majority to vote
any minority race candidate or ·
candidate identified with mi·
rac;e interests is the linch
vqte dilution by ·dis
, said Judge J. Dickson
n"""-~ of the 4th U.S. Circuit
of Appeals, who wrote the
.,., ......... for the three-judge panel.
Black candidates typically get
more than 90% of black votes but
only a small share of white votes,
said Bernard Grofman of Irvine,
Calif., .a voting rights expert who
analyzed state legislative races for
his testimony in the N.C. case.
Drawing districts with bla~k
majorities Is a necessary step to
increase the chances that blacks
will be elected, Phillips said ... The
judges want to speed the process
of giving blacks fairer represen~a-'
tion and a better chance at politi-
cal participation. · .
Electing inore blacks because of
single-member districts will have
a "trickle-down effect" for blacks
beyond the General Assembly,
~aid Guini~r, the NAACP lawyer.
"There is a spin-off in terms of
minority representation on boards
and commissions," she said. "Leg
islative positions are not only im
portant in terms of representing
blacks in the General Assembly.
They play an important function
in grooming other people for po
litical office and other leadership
roles in the community."
• John Hicks lost Senate
nomination by 7,556 votes.
1976
• Fred 'Alexander reelected
to the Senate.
. 1978
• Fred Alexander reelected
to the Senate.
1980
• Rowe Motley lost ·Senate
nomination by 2,345 voteS.
• Bertha Maxwell won House
nomination but lost in the
general election by 2,195
votes.
1982
• Jim Polk won Senate nom
ination but lost in the general
election by 1,359 votes:
• Jim Richardson won
House nomination but lost In
the general election bY 250
votes.
• Phil Berry elected to the
House.
EYE
·EXAMINATIONS
·AND
CONTACT LENS
FITTING
SERVICES .
AVAILABLE BY
APPOINTMENT
. CHARLOTTE:
DR. RICK D.
~orth Carolina is the first state in which
federal judges have ordered legislative dis
tricts redrawn under a 1982 amendment that
·extended the reach of the Voting ~.ghts Act· of
1!}65.
Those factors, the judges said, could lead a
"reasonable" person to conClude a voting prac~
tice Wjl.S meant to discriminate against blacks. ·
That abruptly halted in 1982, when a more
conservative Supreme Court overturned an AI- ·
abama case and insisted on· strict proof of in
tent in voter discrimination cases ..
have appealed the ruling to the
but have failed to win a delay,
the May 8 primary elections
coll(l~!Cte~a under the present district
BARTLETT
:Under the 1965 act, plaintiffs had to prove
tftat voting practices discriminated against
diem and that pubUc officials intended for the
pt;actices to do so.
;.Proving discriminatory intent was much
tougher than proving discriminatory effect,
hl:fwever.
: 'In the early '70s, federal judges began inter
pfeting the voting-rights law more loosely,
uSing a standard that evaluated int~nt by con
sklering such factors as historical evidence of
<{!:§crimination, whites' refusal to vote for
Ironically, that ruling helped clear the way
for changes in the Voting Rights Act that are
the basis of the N.C. ruling in January.
The Supreme Court action sparked an out
cry from civil rights groups, ' which persuaded
Congress - then debating extension of · the
Voting Rights Act - to remove the strict in
tent requirement.
Congress complied by including in the law
circumstantial measures of intent that some
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for a delay wa5 sched·
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no decision was announced.
'Ucm:a .a.• Assembly is to meet ·Wednes
changes, and House and Sen-
elections probably will be re-
hne~ · ·
of the change in the Voting
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DR~JOBNK.
LINDSAY
398-0870
FREEDOM MALL
'