Congressional Record S6497-S6561

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LDF Attorneys
Cooperating Attorney
- Leslie J. Winner
Organization
- NAACP Legal and Educational Defense Fund, Inc.
Matter
- Gingles
Case
- Thornburg v. Gingles
U.S. state
- North Carolina
Collection
- Case Files
Creator
- Napolean Williams & Others
Taxonomy
Identifier
- b31ad32c-da92-ee11-be37-6045bdeb8873
Cite this item

Case Files, Thornburg v. Gingles Working Files - Guinier. Congressional Record S6497-S6561, 1982. cdda116a-e292-ee11-be37-6045bdeb8873. LDF Archives, Thurgood Marshall Institute. https://ldfrecollection.org/archives/archives-search/archives-item/071a192d-d032-4085-9f47-1f291f9ce8ed/congressional-record-s6497-s6561. Accessed April 06, 2025.

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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - $I.111r r r s 6.197Junc 9, 1982

:
?

It ls s gold medel end tt ts costtng lor r Mlmcsot.n 8nd lt was lor on€ o( The PRESIDING OEPICER'' The

S2r,Ooo. tnd thrt regllv secms I UL1IG ey prt?"-ct"t-o13-iieft ft s'ould be ls' questlon- ts' Shatl the btU pass? Thc
blt ,oo* rhu nceessrty. approp'ii-fiJi--"Ii;t*rq up at thEc v-eas -anf nevs have bctn ordered. end

I lrg not goin3 to yotc 1aalnst lhe -o-"ii fa,-tiri flrst aays ot mi' s9nrt99 thc clert Ill oll the roll.
aedr,L t 8. not Sotng to nr886t r,t ta obi;f uirt-ri=-tti-tuturi t srtu rhe asststant legirletlvc clcrlr callad
Grs point Ic bG ch8irged. It lras-ione so obJctL thc roll.
flr-.i"dfi rhfih.& lcsi"iErlrc;.o.. - i-i;nr the Seaetor end yleld tbe _ Mr. sTgttENS-'r en:rounc€ lhat thc
€!s thrt lt Dtlbsbly $ou]d t:ke ilore ttooe 

: 
_ _ Senetor frora Tennesce (lvfi- Bat(ti).

Eonct to tr? ro ."r"rsio,grar- r! -!G: WAILIIER. Do€ thst tJ I ory thc Sct8tor froa Florlde (Mls- Ehw'
th6pol.nithratoooleci-tort--- 

-_ -- rsr-ui scnetpr. tocludc lly subs€- Errrs), thc &nrtor frol,r Ioltr (Mr-
--lfrl-WeiUd, -lrft ffi?e6q wIIl qu.st iola ;cdals eciatded to dtst!. iEsEr), tbe Senator ltoo Alesta (Mr-

tbi Scotor rrom Mlonclot rtEaa ilfirred Scnaton ol Mlnncsot8? MurrrorrsE)' tbe Senrtpr- from
-kr. BosiHrirffz- t yt.tii-to llt - M; BOSagcrITz. Everyona Orc8ou (ML P^sturocD). snd the Sen'
trldd fro; V1"ginlr Mr. WA8,IrE Et'eryona etor frorz SoutS Dakotr (Mr.
'-Mr. lf-ARN-iE-- Ur- presiacrt eff f,fr. gOREI. lvtr. Prcsidcnt' I Joln H.sssL:Es) arl necessarlly abs'al
UiraOcrs ol Conslela todat est vat? wtt! luy collca$re. Scnrtor Bosd' I further 8:lnounce ths'L lr prerlnt
Ionsciour oi ttre nccO to conscry€ thc urrtz. ln-cxpressin8 rcscrratlonsebout and votln& the SenaLoi tloE Florlda
a;Url,ls oi tbe r.r!pry.t!. tha use of gold ta strlllag oJ Eedals t.o rMrs. Elewnr-'rs). the Senaior from:t 

arar to tnc eircirtioa of ray dlstln- honor thosi who haee pcrJormed spc- Orcgoa (!{r. P'r(:('ilcoD) 8nd thc Sene-

nrisaea coUcetuc page 3 of tbc btll. dal scrricc to o|Ir courtr7.-Llke Sene. ior frcE South DaJ(cts (Mr. ttEssL8)
ina r saau reea troa s*ttoa (b): tor Eosqc[ra t certainly rlnd no rorrld cac.h eote "yea."
ft! E.clttrry ol ltla ttE sur? art caus. lault lrlth honortng Adrairal lllckovcr. Mr. cBAiYsf,oN. I anr:ou:rct r.hat

aiUcrrcr ra-6ronar o( nrctr racarr o uc I support r spcctd expression ol aP thc Scaator froa Eelasar3 (M!.
coii:ta rad lold ur:d.! suc! nrulldons rt preciitlon by the Congress to hlra for 66E!11 aod ihe Seoaror iroa Mainc
h! Ert gEct{b.. r!_ 8 9r{c.- sutJlci.n3 to LS patrlOtrsro aBd teaE o{ ablc sen- (Mr. Mlrffit) are necrssarily absenl
coyt! tt1. cd th.Eo(. tnctudbt L391.-E 1 tca - the PRESIDING OFHTCSE. Ar!
tlrid,q dt.a. '16 o( Eorchlt
ecr$a "od 

rbr sold -*fii:t1$HrT: .-ETeve!. r do qu.sttou Ehv Ee Bust *rire anv orhe! senalors lR:lle chan'
.doa us.d to en., o". fi. piriii[iiliof usc 8old to strik! lhe Ecdal 3! a c.ost ter dcslrinS to rote?
iu!.rc"Jon (.t shru u. ,J,iioiiiii';; ;i of soBe t22.000. Thc raluc o.( !-hc Tbc result Fas u!!orr:c:ld: vcss 91.

ifrr proc*a: of sucrr ..js--- acdal ts not !o the g6ctal but la-tJra tlys 1. as fo,o' s
ti E Ey erDccEtloB that t&c stril- uniqucocss of the expressloaty,_CiB' (RoU (2]l Tc!! No. :69 Le&l

Hi"ffi#Xfili:rg,f :H Ttr*:s,i'f,:J:"firuTgtro .*:--- r'-s-nl
hrs ta etcess of rhat requesred for tbe stn^rcl tn uronze or soEe otuer-mita 'ffi Hr il:EH?
Apprqp1.iallgn here- - tan exDcnslri! tha! gOld- . .-- - ,rt?'35'tt:r3 CrE !r"-n3r!rE
--fiir. il-OSdi.*niZ I theEl, the Sene- I sUl noe object to the bill today' To Brucu <;trs Mlvaihra

ror trtrrn vt ."tnil r unceEtaDd thar a-.nIit- *aJiua u uacr th-TYel_*: 3:g:a E::ff' IIHcr
rnoeca aup[cato ""n 

E -.aiot tuis lcglslatlve procrss- wou.ld. ltseu. lncur iliii-ur c-gr& ftu
aiO aupfilrcs cill bc;rd" lD fti; cost& Eo$ever. I Jota tbe Senator srrdl., Ert! PaE:,

and thri thcy qrill u"-;i;-fra ii.* lropMlnnesota LB serytn8 notic! tb8t Ba.r, saEs Pres'rrt

may bc a prcgl eut thii-rs no ieEsor. r rur oolect to (utule propo.G- '-riE :Htr E:llj[L GT,t -in LV :uanaent. to spJna-SiZ.OO0 for lrc lrs! lBone care la holdlag dosD U:e i'r.t 7-..!a ErndolP!

tj:c medel in thc flrst placc. Tbey c:an expensa' slti F- '':' Ect'::r Rtrll'

sri[ rasge thc brorEe iJfiLd;'T]ff 
--{o-ilii.e lrho are rg:eoPloved or are Bv:':r n'belt c' E?rEt :lotrt

cas silll seu rheo. They could cvcu racni-qlrrra.Lt-G thrf ir-$ E ilffil ii:1ffil'" StiHil
male a fcrr doller: ra- tfic p-roc-es fi sourcgt due to tbe glrr?ent budcetarr 6ilr. lSutDrbE j.ar.tr

sould not hurt crlslit' !22.000 - lr a --lot of noney' cehrr! ltouv? sc:i!l?r

So I Just serve nottce tlrat on ell tr,o"iu-rt-ilaibcsmall-Ln"+:f iE H]i'o-o :ifff:" !I;-'':'"
(unrre- aieaaS. it they are goins to bc toAl Federal budgel L€i us flld Ies OA!ryo tsEur -<Gjior<t

i;i4 i il 8A;g to oUject to tfreL expcnslv. ways to erpress- our appre- Dr.oroE! Kr:'E :rc:'rz

I ara oor goins to xlii"iriil'iiu oa iilui"-io ttr6si wtro 
-are 

deserv'ini ol 3f;lT* Hif iH#
thi flooa bu-t !n sooe rey I shall Fre- lL llke Admi:zl Rickover. ,- Dlxoa :*.tri T::rrr:icnd
i;tiutirrc bOIs froo arrs:ng. lvtr. WAE,NER. !i,(r. President' I ask Dsla i:wr ?o'^tr
' fi;-'pAElfGINe 6ffiEER. The for the veas and qall >)te tlnr 'rsrrc!'

u'e alrocaLed ro rhe Senaror froto fir'i-'eF.sSiblNc oFflCm,. Is nftH.* ii'ff- 5:1"
VtrCtnia on this :reasure has expired- tbcre a sulflcient second? . ?-zl?ioq i{.ur:lrair w'r:,:rst

lii. W*JlfEl. Mr. hesident, I ask There is a suJficient secoBa E s3 :1':rr!L':rl?

unantnous cons€ng lfrai thc renal:c- The teas and Ra,'s-sere ordered- yAts-i
aiioiU,e tilae be unaiiti conirof. t{r. wA.R,trEt' Mr' hesideet'' thst

Tlrc PRESIDTNG oFFIcsL with' t"qui.t-r*1r" r-"t 
"na.nas's 

is at the zontlslt'

out obje.tion, tt [s so d;dcrt4 
- sp&ifii hstructions of lhe actlng rra' Nor ro?:]Ic-€

- Tlt;S;il163 irom fvfinnisotr Jorlty lceder. Briat Jep*a Fact"od
iG. BOBC:I*1TZ -Mr.--PiestdcnL --llr. Aesiaeni tJre tlroe o( 2:50 p.!a- ::dctr \titchtu :Esid

thc Senaror frora Oklaholr:. (lvtr. haylni a:zf.:ia. i suggett to-the Chair sasllnt l'j1*:o--
BoBE() atso Joins ree tn tlrts ati,ttuda tnat ii tr iip.op.i.tiltrat at this tiEe So tlre biU i:{'t- 5{3i) r;s prssed-

EIe Sclieves as I believe that ther! are tlrc !'otc ba f,eld- Ml' STF/ENS' l,1:' P:esic3nt' I
iL-piopli orho hevc scnred their T11; PRESibING OI|FICER. Doqs leove to reconside: the 1'.--e bv *hich
;rll!t;i li nzs ACmlral Rickover. We tbc Senator yield back the remainder the bill q;as passed-

do noi i^n e.11y say rnern to ptlect our of thc ttroe? 
- ltr MEIZEIIEAIIM. i nol'e '"o lay

coB.Eents oo the rood idllliral. Quite l(I: wAn$ER. I yield back all rc- ihat:notiorl on the tabie.
GiEpo"tt.. gut 

"'e1o s€rei niitce rorinlngtlme,o!_b9qhs_ldg. The rnotloo to.la:, otr the tsbie \r'as

!d"t--d til]u1"re lt lhcre arc goin8 The IRESIDBIG OFTICE?,- The agreed to.
ioE goia medals stnick I at lesst for bill ls before '"he senate and cpen to
;il;ti;bEii"atbeilevcotherser' ar:aendrnent. U there ue n9,-1q114; voTING RIGTITS nCT
itors crUt 35 oel!. rnt to be offereC- the quesilon 15 or jilfSpfrteXTs OF l98Z- i ;ecaI vavy cell th3t one ol the the thlrd reading of the bill.
flrn thin'F I did in 

-ifri 
Senate *.s ftri ArU was oidered to a third read- Mr. SAFf6IS. l/tr. Presideni- iI '5c

iiG iii?ifa .eaaf uia sincr tt *as klg artd *as read thc thlrd tirr.- could have the sttenrioa o( thc

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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE June 9, 198!

leadcr th.t s€ ar€ trYing .to clcar
;;;d; tnis side ot thc ailla

I\&. KLYITEDY. &tr. Presldcnt' cen
*i-nefriderl rnis is a.a extrcmdv
uErort:!! plecc of tc8:islalioB iul-d r oo
thinE th1! thc ettestlon oI tJrc Serutc
ls required so tlrai orrr lcadcr: ca-B b€
hcard-

The PRESIDTNC OFFICETL Th.
Scnrt rill bc i:l ordcr.

!{r. ROBER? C. BY?D. Mr. Pt.e I'
dcnl se scre told that tllt a.Uoo thB
wcek *ould bc oa tle vot Dt riSbts
lq:rslstJon aJrd that ls shst eG .r(pccg'
ca 1tis sida o( tbc sislc Il ready to
proceed sith tbc votlnS rtghts lealstr'
tloD aDd ready to votc attlr soElc rea'
soEable slBount o( tlrtrC. not latrr than
toaorror. Tta! ls rihat sG sere rll
told. tllat tJi,.at Fas 3oin8 to bc thc
busines.

I can assurc the dlsttnSuishld scttnC
uajortty leadel that se os this sidc o(
tbC eiste wiu condDuc to try to hclp
claar soac of the othcr uaeasurtb Bue
I would hopc tbat q;e would Sirt on
wltJr the votlES rl8hts nca-lrre whicJr
sas arutotusced 2 eecks a8o lhat Ee
sould bc 8ctlD8 on this wceL I qrurt
to assurc hiEl arai.u thz.t tl:ls sidc of
the alslc ts re.dy to procecd urlth the
VotlES RtShts A'et a.ad reldy. Eftrr
rcrae llttlc dcbate. to votc oa th.rt
Ecesure thls trclk-

Mr. EEfffr@Y. l(,r. heddclt thc
Scnate is not ia ordcr.

Tbc PRESIDING OFICER- The
Senatc lr'Ill pleasc bc tn ordcr-

I!fr. ROBEA,T C. BED- :v1r- Pr.sl'
denL I tJre.aB the dlstiBelishcd acttnS
EraJorlt, Ieader lor hls patienc 8Jtd
le*1n8 us bternrpt btE to thc middle
o( hir spccclt. But could he glvt tbc
SeDatc ary iDdlcatloB as to when re
are 8oing to Proc&d sttb lhc votlag
rlshts bilD

ts tbere a,n objection on th3t sidc ol
the aislc? Tlrerc is Eo obieatiouoa this
side o( the ai:la l[ there ls an objec'
tion to EloclB8 to lt, I ther€ 8oin8 to
bG a cloture rootioa offertd so we c:ut
get on with lhc votiag dShts biu?

lvIr. SIEYAIS- Mr- President l -
lsrite the Senator to listea to my IB
Eark: and he aill sec. I thinlq *hY.
wb.ile thele B no obj.ctlou and I a.rn g

cospounor, t hara serious concern:t
about this biU as tt apPiles to mY
Statc. Th,at ls u;hy I a.a here to makc
rhis Eotloo- I had hoPed *e would be
eble to malte tt yestelday- I do tnttnd
to move to lhe cor:sideratlon o( the
Votln8 Rights Act extenslorl but I
flrst FzDt to male this comnre:1t
abou! hoB this ledslatlon iJa the past
has appiied to onc SEtt and lr'hY I
bavc such extreme interest in hoqt it is
bardlcd thls tlE -

Atair! lvlr. Bresldent" I s'tsh to go
bacL I asE that I not bc irt€rrupted in
making this stetenenL

Mr. ROBET C. tslGD. }fr. Prest-
denL I thank tjle dist:n8rished actin8
lrajority leader.

S 6{9E
Senrtc. tt E not our LatcntJon to hlvc
eny sutsterltlvc votc3 lor the rcrnaln'
der o( th! daY. I rcellY carDot-saY
wh.thcr tlrer!'w{ll bG e'Dy tltl! I do
noc llitcrP.tc I'ttY o( r Procedural
nrtutq bul tt B Pelblc tll4t theE
dshE 6e lomc. I thltt EY tPod lrlesd
froa Xort! C:Jolt$, eould lndlcatc
tner n rould bc vct? r:ncrDcctcd tf rc
hrqe rry (urr,Lcr vottt todly ol eaY
klud.
-f*r. a-slacat. rs announc'ed tY thc
mejortty lcrdes. I shall Elove strortly
to rst for eoD.!ildlBtloa ol tlrc cxtcrlt-
slou ot ttlc VottnS Rtthtl Act ot 1965'- er istart to Proceed to qdl uP thil
btll" I sould catl tac sttcntloE of thc
Scnattr t, tht fest thlt there 8rc only
1{ ScnatoG rho rrr stlll s.lvinS ln the
Scnsta tho srerr bct! whao ttrc nttt
Vottng Rlshttt AGt 9.sstd- Tlrose are
Scnstpr: -St-rrrs. Jecsor' Trtrc.
ftrrrgol(D, PsoE@r. RlrDot'g.
RorBt C Bta'D. C.r.'wor, Bunora.
Pur tosn. t-Eor@Y' Lrostz' rnd
IlAittr P. B!el. Jr. Th8t ls r llst ot
those pcople sb,o scrc here c;heq thls
subiect Ers tirst raiscd ln 19€5---lrtr. nosrf, c. BYED- ML Presi'
dcnt. sM tha Scnator tleld?

Mr. SllgVEIS. Ya
ldr. E!;I{EDY. Mr- Presldcaq

c5uld ec bav" ordrf--rrri rne-crDrNc OrIEICER- The
coint !s vetl t-aleo. Tbca Sesatc rUl
bc l.u ordrr so thsg Scaator: who arC
socaHag EqsY bc herrt--:trr. 

E-OBERf C. BIED. MsY I say
t,o th! drsttnfliishcd aettng Eaiority
leacier tbai tbis sidc of the aisle ls
rcady to dcbltt arld ready to votc.
reaai to act oB thi! rncrsutc. I
',hou3b: tL,e dsrlBCuishcd aedag urr
:ont7 lts,der qrould apprcclete kaor-
,l1r ..a.r: on chjs side o( lhe ^i<lc !5e srrc
reidy '*, go ahlld. ?7c calr votc tod8y
or Ee c3!t vote lcEorrolr-

at eoueaSueL BuL Mr. Fr=ldent. t
thinl lt ljt lbtolutely lnexqrsablc. I
thlnt SctBl,or: descrrc t'hat lrrrorrla,
tlon lrora the leedershlg. I booc lrc do
uot hayc to 8ct tnlo . posltlon Ehrr"'
b.iUnE to bc givea thst lnJoflDattoD-
r,! trase to $tarc conducdag Suerttllr
c[,rrere rctlvlttcl to roalre lute that v?
hrvc pientY ol vocs. and '.llcre e'C
g116 ir'^t rie cla urke surc'.lrat Ee
trrii pteotv of votr& I Juts iecl hlShlv
tnccniea thrt rsc Eer" Eot or8'li 1E?8e
o( tbc achedula I hrce Elsscd riomc'
thirs.tba! Eas vet? tlrlpofisat to Ee
by coalas bsc.l tbls srcelr-

!{r- SXS!:E-\S Let mc aoist out to
By kicsd lrora t ul'ieal t.b.gt Ec art
pieperaa to 80 toto cotrtroverid E3t'
[eri rigrrg aosr. Wc hzsc bcclr asked
lor elcarancc for tbc Eail Befota Act
Conounfty E:rchanse Act tle Fcder'
rt recU.uzttos biL tlrc oil shelc btll.
tbe wrtsr r6.,urc!!t rc:t€atlb bfl'L We
beve aslcd lor dearaacc oa lhe SILcs
AcL the F.rbUc tsuildlag Authorjzlr
tloa AcE Wc bave tsad a wholc series
ot tbiDg the! rc astcd for.

Beforc rnY good triend froEr Wcct
vlrgtrlb tetcs uobragq hG ls trdng as

bard s I4E to 8.t MeEbcr! oE bot'b
sidcs of ibc aisle to dcal thosc iteas-
sJld tiey a,rr coutaovrEial-so tha.t ec
earr pro&ca 8ut sc havc becn uaablc
to ciear eaything !o fas siuct \e€ re.
turo.d otbcr ttleB tbc biU sa Just
prssed. I bcllcve wc bave the aScat
identitlcs coafercnca regort for toEor'

Mr- SiligYElls- 1 aa dclight€d lo
hear ..bat. f-lra! aceas that qtc ou8bt
to hare ihc dlnd o( consideratloa ot
thls bill tlat I rhigl rould bc taPor'
t-FL.

gctore ta.kjtxs thc acllou rhlcb has
becn rc(-restrC by tbe najorlty leader.
I Tould trL! to cotD.EleBt oa tbls legir
lallon aad its iraportaocc to the esses''
tial tteedoEB o( out Netiorl

Mr. JOENSTOI{. WtU thc Seuator
yield?- Vr. SfgtfryS. I would llkc lo rtake
this stet.Eetrt. I al! happy to yteld to
nv (ilend t!o:r toulsieu

ufr. ;OelStON. I thall thc SeBz-
tor for yletdtng. I only Eanted to rnake
this conr.r.eaL Th.c ls thst Scnstors
ought'to bc nrdc aeate ol t.bc sched'
ulc to a 8rsete! detfee tha.a they are-
lter: are maay o{ rr oa thls sidc o(
the eisla sho askcd whether or not [t
eas really nece3lrary to coBc b8ct tor
thts sc€L We wrlr assured rcpeatcdly
t!.t lt lges absolutely oecessary, that
s! scre 8oinS to conduct nrzjor busl,'
nc.s. thet there eould be roaDy vot€s.
NoE. th.at Ec arr hcre rre are doia8 vlr'
tuaUy aotl1lBg: I ea Eot nrnllng tor
ofttci. Not Eccdtnt to caupairn lt ls
not illt bad lor oe as lt is for some o(

ros.
Tlrc Senator froa Loti8ia.ar tr ao

BOre drsturbed Llra! t aro- I ras up tu
Goa's councry. As D€oplG rcoeorber
EBy coEEeats oE tbc Ooor' I do trot
cajoy tba tiFG I speat ta tbls clty
wheo ,e ar" Eot Il sessioa- I hrtd to
coac bact to t:Lt oE ths Job ol bclss
rctlng n-Jority lead8 oDly to flDd out
that re rrc Eoc able to 8et-oul tlctlr
llto soE,c of tbls otbcr busincss. I
thinlr Eith tbc help ol mY gPod fdegd
!r'oE west Vtrcida, rc sill contiouc to
tr? to gct sicriJtcaEt ledslatlotr to a.et'

otl toBoros as6 599nful1Y rrc caD tli
an a5r?cracat to get some si8a'rlicaat,
a'cllotr oD MondeY. it rc do. re w'ill
not bc ilr on ttideY. !l sc do Dot 8ei
that 18r!emcn!. sG Flll be i^tr oa
Itlday. W'e EaY bare to 4otlou uP
soo.c otbcr thira.

But lrr are trslng to move \5lth tbe
bustacss of the Seoatr. My sood lrlcnd
lroE wc!! VlrSrnla staDds oE tbe oP'
ooslte side of the sislc bcre. \ftren '.he
iablas *erc turncd. I rled Eqy b€t io
hetp hi:o- g" 15 tfins his bcst to help
oc- I caa only ttll lhe Seaator froo
L€uisirna that so lar thc rlst of thc
Senaic has nog coop€latcd wtth us rc
that ec cao schedulc 8 Eeanin8ful
protfratrr lor the remainder ol the
*ceL As soon ari Fc c3D 8et thc atre.'
tDent Pe qrll]. lle fact coopeEte Eith
the vie*?oinis e:rpresscd by thc Sena'
tor from Louisianr

I y{cld to lbe Scn8tor frour West VIr'
ginll

!Ir. ROEE'RT C. BY-RD.'deat, I arE urle thc acting
Lfr. Prcd- Mr. STIXENS. 1 thank lhe Senator

maiority from West llirginia-



Jwu 9, 1982 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -SENATE 
S 6'199

!(r. Prenidcnt b€rort tsktns ttp tbet thc Dtpposed chan8e- would not flre trlggcr{n8 formule sas amcndcd

arrton thc B.Jorily r.r;i, rffiiu.rt u.rc i'aidaHiiitiri iricct----- -- tp briDs undcr coscrase o( the law anv

ed t tetc. I s.D! . E[Ilii.u-fr -Eni.If"*iieTGig-t-tli?roranlr 
a sErie oi cor:ntv thst Eas usto8 a lller'

tbtr legrslerrsn 8nd u"'G-piiilod to st tg l't;""w **-6iluint, uiEeitna *v trsr tn 19?2 e.Bd sh're l'ss tha' 50

t,re cgcattal (recdoar ffi;;fi;; *3 o ir'ili-;'ut.'a"y t s1-rniriec ou ecrcrD! o! ihc citlztm eugible to vos!

tlrt o( rbc unhiadcred rtchaor crery ro.r-cslrr--64;d 'r&-inra 
so [ad rcastcrca as o{ Novcmber L l9?z'

tdult Aaertcra to sclecC thosc ebo petet"f--of- * 
"9xn3'18c' 

rcsldcatr llro ot'hcr orjor provislons wcle

fia- s-droc lo;cctca o:rsc. Ga p"..'* #*:il,fi5:{**,mX ffi*,S{8ffi6i'lfif:i:&E:tilarp*i o" u.ttot etopollq= _--- ffi-{I"o* E -'iE r:ct 5'------ 
pcooirr-ir $;d.h h;ntric, -{n-cncaa'-oi"'iooiean ..o. tac.i?Hffi 

]"ffiik g!,,iiy!_"H:T!t':$ $tE*-"ir-cans'-ana 
eusrras

thl. rl8!t cl'r bY t!

ar*:.s;r,'f#?:ff*,tffi:ffi$"#,#iT".*'*::ltiffii$#ffi**
!o vota thrll uot, bc dc,
by &e UEiitd St3tc.
on accou.Bl O{ tzcc. co
coadllloa o( sclvttuda" -Fot_o-v-T 

r':: .,r*a for irectcaranc!:rs a resul!-ol ;."gJn ierc-of a sin8lc langua8E Bl'
regt: thc Con8r!3! hl
H,o rhJ rrsDo-lsiu'rrtvs "1*firffi ffi;l'f*Hf;frio1".ts'fuT=,f"1 "o#31o. m-reriars had been printed

"+iH*f;eard vottn8 equautv t"' f*Li?Ht'IS?.t"L'.?T:t? :X'.llt*tsh ror t!'e rs?2 PrEsiden'

all Amcrtcans hts go.! b.cE aB. ttl,Ev ta ari:om End EIawaiL My os'E hotle - 
iess sfran S0 perceni of the votinS-

oac, Dor hrs ii bcc! lully ac.htev6. St G of Alaslz, was captrred undcr 
""i citiz.rrs frad.-reegferea lor or !,ot.d

ID l8?0 aDd i871. CcnBesr paTT r.bi:. rr:gcering foraulq 5ut as_aay iiih. fstZpresidenrial eleclion-
tr;o laEs !ha! tlt.t Ccsifn+!.p proilT coveEC Stare coul4 lt !!lcd 8 dcclara- -tt..t" aEreodroesrs simificantly ex-

t":ff.1i"H.fi::'::',i:E il-..'?f f.g'iffi?:"ff13L"oil1t!,*"ii L*i'*g'T:",i: i1"ffi L?il'lf;
Wf'f'l,L'*iTll[1i:iXffi""I"ilt SfLP.Y='"3,"g'S"?ff'i""l3i *]11*. -{*".'Jffi*T"*=?if,,ivotlng rlgbts legisladoa ':Diu 

Lll. leel: eUsf: b.ad employcd ao tlst 91 99Tce Fftd--;a seseraf othe! Slat€s.
1960. 1!d 196{. 9ongrss :1::4, P: !'ith rhc pur?osc or cttec! o-8 aPndTli- - -ro- 

"aaifuo"- 
erovisions serc added

proridlnl th! rlShi toni,s;-d;u;il"d:""g;Hlj*Hlt"ffi Hffi Hi 
j#il.:T,ffi ,lffi]"lrij#x'F,n!crirainatloa i.n thos€

f#"","Ti}:|ffi IS$"E"T# de$i#.l5i$.ttt Eoderare- ii1-tj'diT*d"s-.se-citizens le.r" fiJf
mr*q"1?i:;e:ff:::::",H:"*E]ty,;imS,-L1iHI*:Ff *=+,!--*i"#t#**1[iti,th-
as e Drercquisite. !o .votlog iE Eeoe n vociaa rigbt& Eoeever, by 19?9' :_t l-= ii-diifif, fUttiracirate. Illtelzcy was
eic€tloD$ triul laullcll dcr.r th.gt ttsc aa!'s put?osc ozlE I;isL rortni a< iritrrrr f, eoEaDlet! tbc flfth

Despftc rlesc ac,uo'r. votln8. d!s" ffi iffi P"ir"T:." XrTff".LAH; *F.; * failr:re to co'plet! tbc

crinilrattou stlll co,ntlaud.lo Pi a sassousbtt'oraibea.6t'st€rlEirt4uoB "Ggqrasnotablctoagalnexempt
problera- aod by 1965 rltaDy Anerica'r:s darc. lerislatsve rr'Frro- thc precearance- require-

:I5iffiir'r'H'"'^TT il"t-oi'i3 o"tt"LT ,ff15'*,ItiiH*t:A; ,r:l',p::; ifrI "!i-u*.*i or an'Eag'

artora Eiloritlct piot."tron rrou ffilif, -ii, gr-zal, f"' H{fii.i H.'ilfi::"ilii,'I3il*'%;"i'Xr1
votins dlscrloinarloo. yee6. statcs a.tld loeal Sov.rrullen[s iii- ';a--.-:-c a".oitc th. fact lhat

r!, ea.rry rs6s. pr*ident Johnson ltr "*?:eiff J:t.s;ffi.!t |li},,*j:-ii ?e'piie-tr'e tact

submittld uis votrng'i?I-tr- pioi*ir" ;fi;r';;;;;"dlirir" a.'r."TJ,!'?fi.ii |tl3,l",f5"tir"f* 
had repeded rhis

ro thc consress and crithin t roontls- re?5. EDd tbe trlggerlag t:,3rHJ; '^i;;, ; 
'.ii-irt", 

the ts?s asrend-

Xt.^,lf,Hi,}#$';i5;"H: T,'SS *T;"r".f""ff:L:?tL'51';;.;;; o.!":t-"': ;; r";;d iiaia $'ith thc

i.ato ras. r#;G;;;;i .u"""&;lil:"'i; [.,ilj1gr"tlgi"["F"i,! i-E;]:]Xl
..Xffi"."tul5,ll".l*"ffl,.[r'f"#ffi; i88f "IHJ:ffTi:ir,?? ;)I,i,'fi;-. 

-' 
':9!li-?-a;ur:"'i:,J 

ci*""itee. on the

qlth various Meo'bet! of congresg uadar thc l9?o r"t ' .tdl- iitilear- J-uciciary, *as faced wilh a durieult

Ttrc ac! dtd not hare aE easy ttroe iu sncc Eqr.{re:neat appuei 6-i-h-"* lttL 111 on balancc' I believe [hev

the ledstalivs erocrrs. It took 25 days 
"."* iffiElilUv ,ne. !ie.e il"L;:; bara-answered thls questioo lrelJ.

to debe.rc ill the senatq u,.ttb tr, rou- 
"r"r-ir-'iiC'it[ticar 

irEo-visiorrs s. 1992 ext€nds the gresent corerasc

call votes-onc o( iheE to brcets a fllr' 6es &;t"d; i resT it ;i th; iiin o(' thl spccial Drovisions of rhc votins

brstcr launched by opponeot& tn the trisserina forzrula "t" a-"*"iiii"i- io Rlshr: ict. sectioos 1' 5' 6' ?' and 8: ii
Elouse. backeE rraa l5'-iier-stmggle etl?iilz'*-,-E"" to cir-uittil -: araengs. slct'lod 4(a) ot thc act to

to set r Jud.lclarT cJdsriit.c uru-our -t"-*i"-ln-clr-eitic,rL r *rii-i; g iccoir-i:dhidual jurisdicttoBs to Eaeei

of thc Rulcs comraittcc' when thc bill ldairo' 9 tosms tn vassacrr'ris-etii to i nes su'odard ror tenadnation o( cov'

flnalty caEG !o tbe floor Jrrty 6. 3 dar: t"*il'ri Nd'E"-;abit . fiil;-t" E erase ,bv. t'lrose special prolisions: lt
of drbsre o'ere requjred to psss lL Nec, york e'd t couaty ;-W;.oL;; a'nends-tbe language o( section 2 iE

Ttrc votlDg Rlgbt! acr,s Ea1or pro- lvrr. *criaeot Ahska *-t*iti*li ordrr to clesdy estabtish the sta'nd'

rlslons q;et.! desitned botb to correst ,raaei-1fre"c t9?0 aaeniro;;-{-b;i ards lntended bv Congress for prosins

dirscrlniDarory vorins practica and ro *r.Jiiri'ii-"d; i"e ar,a fr.-lliilpiiJ r. vio-letiou o{ that sectioru ii. exi ends

Drogidc a dete3en! t6 iuture oncr- ftu[inisc p-r-or isione . the la!8u3 ge'asststance provisions of

Onc o( thes. is the trisSering fonau' AJ*tiiiis-riiii liietuioa thc las cca' tbe act untu 1992: and finallv it edds a

12, that dcrermi.aes rhai Staces would uniii'tiuJ-Jri"ce."r,rr u ip-""iog 
"t 

a tres se€tion pertaining to roting ,.sist-

be corcred by sccilon 5. the grectear- -"irit.lrrlrri &rr4 oncon"i.itiilE ir,I aace.for roters g;ho are blind' disabled'

ance prorisioo tn"i-til"ii;-ita;a trnt6$it-1t::*I-S-llizeBs' and so or illlterata'

approval before any changes cP'b: rr'heo thc act carrr up 
"g^io-t-ot 

;;i;- Jurisdicttons th3! meet the criteria

made in a State or local election lar. A .f i" iiiS' thc Coni'r-ess G;;;A "" srt forth irl sectioo 4 (b) of the act '*'ill

corered s!3,. or county has to shoc, ort"*io"biarrorrreirye"-riJ- cotlt!:lu. to bc subject to rhe special



>

prorristons o( tlrc act untll such ttme as
tbcy obtalo t declaratory Jud8Eteni
Sfanttns tcmhratlon o{ coscrrge 8s
sct torth l.a s€ctlon { (a), !s uBeadcd.
but IB any ev€:r! not tor e perlod er-
cldlns 2li yean

A stsndrrd for bclloui ts elso ptu-
vtdcd by Dcrodtttns poltttcal subdlrl-
doar ln coyecd Statca. rs ddlned la
r.cttotr l{ (c) (2), to bsll out rlthouSb
tlre St$c ltsell retEdD.: covcrc<L Erlcl-
ly. uader tjre ser stesdard. whlcb.
Socr tDto ettcst oa AugusG 6. 198,1. a
Juildlctlon Eust shos, lor ttsGu rDd
(or rll govcra.aent:l unitr r;iCrl! lt!'
ttrdtort thsE FIFI" lor thc l0 yearr
prrccdlq t.}re llllng ot tbe baJlout sult
li bas r r:eord of Bo votlns dlssrlrdD&
tlou srd of coapllaoce stth the la\t;
rad sccond. lt has takeu podtlvc strp.
to lrcrcrse thc ogportunlty for luU El-
nortty partlsipatlou ta tJrc polttlcal
Drocq* ln6!u.lln3 thc reBot:l of aay
dscriEinatory barriee

tb.at Dsoot o( dlscrlElDelor? lDt st ls
Bo3 rcqulra.d to €stabush s vtolatlon ot
scctlon 2. It restor!!
sand.rds.

s 6500 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
since otzl votlnS esslstancr ts neces-
sary for those Natities who do no! reed
Encltsh and lio qrhosc langtratic 8
b8llot cannoi bc DreDared bccause thc
lenluage ll3 un\rrlttcn In fsct, I4L
Presldenl Alaska Nattve langua8s lr
hlstortcally r$wrlttrt! ftrcre ale es-
scntl8Uy s€veE Natlva lan8r:agcs-
Tltnclt, E idr. IauPiaI. F<klno'
UpleI. SL Laurr.cncc Island InuplaL
rnd Eultcbln (Athsbsscsat

I b^eYe trouble prououadas tbc
BaBG! of loEe o! thcac lang:ages, bc-
celrse lt bar only bccs recelilY thtt
soBG ol tJreor hevc bces Eaaslstrd
tato r rrlttcn Iora.

lD tha pesL Alas&t NaUvcl bevc
bcco dtsadvaaEsed l! tlt electoral
procls$ stDce eletion bdlots and la-
lorantloa wcre solcly to Etglis!- As I
hrvc aointed ouq the Votlng Rtshts
Acu Bos probibtts Engllsh-ou.ty elcc-
UoDs alrd prescribes otbcr rrnedles.

In uy opialoE, Alast: hrs firlly coo.
pued sltb the sptr'lt sEd letter of tlls
ler. Grrrestly, clccdons to Alastl atc
conduct.d by btllngel elcctlon boards
that, assirt Netlvr votcE irl onr of two
rrys. Oac ot lhe btlln$rd elcetlon oJ-
llcialr rosy .ccoEp-ny the voter to the
poulns bootb to tEuda,tc tle ballot
lor tbc votcr. ID the altcr:oallve. tbc
vgtsr taey choosc ta bdgs hls og'n
traDslsto!. tsho takes aE oath lo pre
trct thr srcllcy of tbc vote. Votlng la-
forEetloD. sucb ar votlD8 Procedurel
abseatcr bsUot& and re8lsuatlott

B rlso Bacle ae'rl'blc t.u blllg-
lor:a-

pleased to ser tbat the coulqlt
mlo .t€! recolnizcd completely the LEpor.

Ihis ues subslctloB pror'ldcs that the Erlnorlty. bllD4 or dis3bled lodlYid-
tssue to bc declded under tbc rlsults ual$
trst ls shethcr the. polluca,l pFocelrscr $ f992 grescBts a cotlPrehcndvc op-
ere cqually ogeu to Elnorlty voter!. portuEliy lor lhc Coafress to ketp
thc ncs subs€ctloD a.Iso statcr tJBt tatact ouc ol thc Natlon's Eo.lt lEpor
thc scctloa does not establlsb a riSht tsBt ptcce! of ciril rl8hts leglslatloD.
to proporttonal reprlscotatloD- snd as a Fl,epubllcan b! thc ctvu rights

Ar I LE sure uBD.y Scnatos are tradltloa of Prlsidrai Lincoln I alI
aBare. the 8r!s!!st controveniy over S. proud to be a cosporuor of this btll
1992 brs becn over section 2 and shat Ttrc issuc o( votinS dlscimlnatlou ls
tcst should bc the standard- SeDs.tor tDotr c€rngllcattd and subtlr nos. tor
Dor.r aod others srorked 1on8 and bard ob\riously taeaendous progress bes
lo llnd e positlon !ha! would bc aE- bceu uadc iu all areas of civil nSht*
cepteble 0o the rnajority o( botb sides and tt rould be easy to say tbat the
on this issuc. and he aud all those sho preseut eabJevcEeDts are cdouSlL
workcd out the legjslatlve lan8uage Tlrey are not, ard that ts why the
are !o bc clrDsended lor their dlll- wort of past Con8ressct rBust bc coE-
gencc a.nd successful efforc tJrucd-

tn addttlon thc blU has had the Ia ay opinloE the VottoS RlShts Ast
leadcrshlp of thc Senator lrou Utatr, has bcen successful Slnce 1965. voter
tlle cbal'aau of thc zubconnlttee. regtstratioo of mtaoritls to the spF
Senator Ehrca IIls eflots cannot go cillcally coveled States h3s increascd
lilthout comoent. te has bc:a a great lrom 29 perccng to ovr! 50 perceot.
leeder ln thls eflort. The numbcr of black elected olticials

Thc languaSr asslstancr provisions !o these States has ircrcssed.froo 158
of sectlon 203 are extelded lor as ad- to 1,813 iD thc last 12 tearr. Eonever.
dltlonal ? years by S. 1992. ID addltlon .lkc:{nrinatory clectloB systeus stlU
a nee subsectlon 208 ls addd. pre. odst, aad so tt is BecessarY !o e)(tend
scribinf the Eethod by shicb thc the 8cL
voter! $ho ere btind. disabled. 61 ll'llL lvfr. Presldent tlle essence of our po-
elatc ar? entit-led to have assGtance i.B Ullcal sl.stcln ls comproratse: \rithoui
e polllng booth lrom a pcrson of thelr lt. out denoctacy sould have ended
o$n chocstng. \rith tgo exceptions. long ago. and ln fac! celic very c!,osc

Scctlon !08 is extremdy iruportant to dolng so durirg our Chll war on
to Alaska aDd Statca shlch havc slg-' this sarae general issuc 6l equel rtShts
nlftcast nuabers oI Nativc A.oerlcars, lor all cltlzens.

June 9, 1982
A3 thrs Congress turrui to lmgrore on

the $ork of thc prcvious eontrcsses.
let us keep in rnind that the pur?osc
of thc compromisc b not to vltlals
cech proponeEt'! sld? o( an issue but
to provlde for a strenSthening ol tbe
collnuoa gur?osc ths,t two side! may
shara

No Scnator herc supports vorl.S drrs-
crrtdn ,UorL aad so lt only bccomcs e
queriloa oJ hoe to cnd lL I havc stud.
led tbe encnded blll carcfully and" la
gencnl' I la pleascd wttb tL as I
Lnos ost o( tbe Scnatc qrtU bc.

Eoeevir. I havc Dot closcd my urind
to tbosc rrho caa or eould suS8est uiu-
provcEreqtr to lL IE rcadln8 thrcu8h
tlrc lcrislatlon I havc lound areas
Ehlc.h I bcllevc rt least Farnrat sourc
fi.lrth* cl2,ritlcatlon- tbc 1982 amcnd-
uleE'ts provlde for subst:ntial cbanges
ts ihe acf- eJld ea.!, Scn3ior should
exaElac Lbc a-cuded blll car.tuly
bcfore qulck jud8aentJ are Eade lor
or agalDst floor aruea.r-eats ibaL Eay
be offered.

Mr. Presidcat. tE 19?0 and aaai! iD
19?5, I c-rlrd att€ntlou to the fact that .

Ey St8tc. letrich hrs aot discrirainated
and shou.ld oot be put tn th! cl21r of
St8tc! ehlcts havc dtscriainatcd,
sould bc recaDtutld- ASain I Fll et
t€Btloa to thc Senatt thst this 8ct rriU
do thc saEe ttrlD& ketp us under a.o
act whiclr rcc should not b. under. I
ijot€ld to tr? to ofler arncndraents tp
scr to lt that that ls oot done.- t thirktxrt Alaska havinS been rcpresented
ort thlc tloor for sooe 23 yars, ls e:rd-
tled, flnally, to havc thr S€nat! al3d
the Contr8s Usie!! to the ,acts as
they apply to olrl SLet .

Wc do have rainoritles ritb u.u,lrrit
teE l.D8uages- To possibly requirc us
to prilt bsuots ,! lan8rase which
UObodY an rcad to Ee IS atrocious.

I do bcllcve thal lre rl.o shoutd have
3oElc conc.pts re8erdlng thc Dole
ar:1cndm,eat. I flnd tbe Dole aoend-
Eent to b€ a ver? good arneBdmeBt
prospectlvely, but I fa0 lo understand
why we shouid rely upon a commit!!.
report which states that that wiU bc
the tcst applied ielroactlvely tn the
case of a Stai! attempting to bail oug
lroo1 the Vottna R!8hts AcL

I think that prircipie of the Dole
a.Bendiaeni ls a good one, and 1f the
cor!.Eittee report means shat lt sa]'s,
that lt ls to epply retroactivety tor
bailout pur?ose., then Ee should
aoend this bill to stale that it applles
retmactlvety

FlnaUy. Mr. President. our eountry
ls stlll relr,tlvel!' new in terns o( rorld
history. and alLhouSh there ale opin-
tons to the contrary. roost scould agree
ihaE we have done much Lo beeoure a
progresslvc and elightened society. It
ls my view thai the day ntll nor be fe.r
off whel orrr goals of equal opponu::J.
ty i.tr ihe.political process ril! bc met.
and secer-al prolisions o( the Voting
Rlghts Act will not be ne.essary. Until
that day, however. wa musi continue
to lnsure by legislation thc l'otLrg
rights of all A.Ele1jc.n<

d
,fu
- ,!br'



---An6 crrrlrE ^ --)01

June 9, 1982 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE s b0

Mr. Fesidcnt. I mosc lor considera' freelv 8 Permancnt statute $htcb cogrB !9 hear evldcnce thai no dls'

tionof celenderrt.-is8:;-"v;!x"s nrs.ulo'oi'if,.J;-oot<s r"itl'H; @1"-1':1 lr:s occurred over a l7'

RtthtlAc!clt.nsloo.;a;;.td6-tii-lot"rry'iarslrar.ycar.pcrjoda.BdiodetcrurinctlretlhaI ytct<l tr. r ."o Ey sood frteni. tlc nt afi?iriu;tctv g'"ltd t7;-"' 6*gj" of c!es*8 Lu washinsrou u,r'

Senrror !rcrn utrtr *;;d';i;;;' tnt v6ir'iiijiitti-ici aocs no-i tl-iui iuatlv e'ervthins ertecting locel clcc'

+il:?'$L*;; 
"jL; 

il,. H5,ix-;E;-;iGxDrE 
s'v otbcs ""&;:#ii::l;g""l--r -P-,p'*ffi i:** tt'ffiffi*ffiSgffi X,fr *,ffi#ffi:Aig

*mg r., o.r.nro-to yrcr4 LiaA;-oi-rb;-b."rs.. pcran- ii-t 
"abs-trr;t, 

io .o"nuE-G xoar
!{r. tIELIyIS. Mr. ntriaeal I caDDot n"oe i.Fo--*;nd tB ttc future'-rrnfcrlr Ca;ilnt crlU ao longer bc trciled rs

lct Drs! tbc irBtcr*d;i 
-roingc ex. *e ;;[t;"-fr{ar,a tlc.Ptistdcnt secoad'class cittzcas- aad ll we c:ul

ch.naE t!et, ocanrre<iJ ferr udButa rg".*ri..iir"rlsr"c" iu.t ts rrichly ilvc a clerr ugdet=taadlns tbat noth''

eao oB tht3 noos. eirci pious procrr. iliill(.ii. trig se!'8!or gtP stt wtiL a tns ;' d6 -ls rhir charubcr qill rEur!'

nalions EGrs Erdc to--tli irreic thet biSb,',iil; oi-.ertainrv 1-trar tne trr-prolo*io""i Epr6eltalloD. theu r
.-tbis side rs rcrdy to "dij *i t 

"rc 
* notr"s:iiir.ts iiet-*ur..r"s,"tn pcrE . sili aicc !/ith the dlstinculbed scna'

aucb l,:rapor€nt u'sin-ii- ena mat o"ot'iii'-ii--tatc tuc {oreiecablc tor lroa west \rrrsiEia-lci os 8o

sors o( tEin8. future' So rhr! l{ tfrc=r5e1yff dreld 
'.od 

votc'

fhc tnrr,h o( thc oatter i! ttr8t tUrs _-ff-ot-hini 
-r-natsocrtel 

{out tbc Eoscver. vou lriU.flDd-thal tUcl are

pa,rrtsular piec.c o{ r"cii.ii"n ro..".iica votini nisbts Acr exp.i:€t durilg tJrls r.rasrllllng to do tb'aq Thcv west to
r!,c vott'a BtSIrut ec-iitrr,-sio!. hrs y"""Ir-aiilog-anv o.iuq.rear. So lcs a"ov. totet or 22 ststct tlreir dav !r
bcc'pushedbyrhcon *i'.iirE--- in rei-as-iEc-Ihc--?tsttoa,tuat tbGE B coiltt- otaerrisa' thtv Eould Boi bc

t szs lootsing tuc oiiiia"y er tba soac-sors ot daadllac. tn August-by tat:z,strbla
nr:r:obcr o( really r-i-i:n*-C urgcst e'triclr qri rnuse aci on t.hit piecc of lc8' I alo grepald to dlser:ss thB mett'r

lf i*]t;"ft i""ifl:iH Yfi"hil-HfYj;-iff.' t*-:,= B1tr'rs E-i, Tf;ft-Ey.;
rso ;i;rr.E- :rcra are-taiop"rt-.rt cst, ectzasea! Statutr o,",iffi,"?E 

ng*#;::#;*11J":lr?r""#"#;Ey couearJct qu3 ti--tr,ii't"rc r lusuit 6' 1982 ccriain Ju

stsctatoochigLs"dib;-fitrt""ra 
-tlIIE 

riven tna opportuEltv.-un$cr 
"a act wblch fotm.r senslor saE

iil;;il';-r ,-ut i"f iiiTbr as- tbe pirdan.ne !aB. to prcsr !E Fedcr' arua ac*riued l? ieers aao as bcila
ofir.} -r"- frie ai"pk-J oi-Ue so- at DFtricr Cour! fol th'? Dls.irrct ot-co' pu'" tyren,y
c,r.d vordD8 Rlslr6;e- -- -- 

trtrobre tbas tley bave not *trY: 
-- 

Let ae say for the rGcord' lvtr' Et l'
-T[r:Pr-.id;;i:lt is nift=t for there &i ou tbc basls oI recc durts-g rEe p-aitL deut that tq not onc o( the {0 cou'n'

to bc aiou:r pretclts€ o-u-tiiG Ooor. so I l7 yes$ aod tbaL g5.3g1erc. 
-thc7 fi iu Xortn Caroltna has there bccn

;;il*.p-riiia- e,:,r i rrrirr pior:s srrorild Bo loBScr b€ Gqulrtd .to _t_oP-: "o 
ecttoa rcponcd to thg Justlc! D+

ii*ii"-."f,i'i?-ii iaii'lia to' *u"t n"ngAf:*:1"'S*,'i-":"::iffi ffiT*l#H"""t!fi!.i:l1l fi
" Et sereraf t!j!E! bc cleal at tl.e uJat of ,u6t1ce a,!d Elead 1or o9!I- { vir"s.- ana yci thc propoaents of the
outs€L ag this -om.nt. the s€oate B they EaD,t to Eovr 4 votin8-.prcclngg eitrnsion of this leglslation *'orrld s3y

ili*a?oiiiii-,u? v"lGC-zugbts e"t- aorra tfrc block or sctoss. thc s-qfl .- to taosc {o counties and to counties LE

i["-S"ir-jilir-aeO"tf5g-ine urogtga-to ],{r. Pre.idenL -nothia8 .:1*.1..= othcr Starcs and Lndeed other Staica
i.ir- o-J c.r-""-a.t xo.3sa. s 1992. tbe cl".lret t!'84 lht lact.:hst T9, ::ll: lheE:rclvclr "No E83ter: ,ou ha't;a lo

e[mt-4i1Hijs*Jl."-tl$f"3:td!s?1*ii:-rE-]:]ffi #I.#:L*+":f E:-:1'ff i5:r
*:"J'ilr.{*;.trl":'lHe,r:ff i'"1€r"i:*".:Eit{f"}"ffi o#*ffi 

;.Lout.orthe40c-ouaires

i*:X-""i,,,,*jn',:: m,o;1,"8 ffif;"*:H:,.fifTii'"'3"Ti: f.["f,'"":ilHi"ffff:i'o'*1":1'A
H:;e". [,r.r'xtts'-tffi *?i'":Hr]?r.E*'."ffiF$,'15$kfi]i*TfH
legder. tbc poltttcd 3glrtirisicos 1'
'-it; issue to be. decided by ihe hsve thejt d.y !3 cc.urt

S"'"ii" E "'n.tt"t tt-ts -i"c lor tbc being uoder the tlr:nb o

S;;il; to i.insiaer t&es€ groposed crat. The court' cou'ld cetr

l :lik;,rji"T;'a1".xl'H:,i5 lm" ffi,ITt, r-!--.$1ifrFsff iit"iai.g""lit"rrml:ffi::i:t
;9"i1*lns.:l'ffi;:tlil;.n-g f#*l.':ffi'"1]iry:"*3:?.::"H S;;; saving to thc scnate. u q;c

fi-lli:;i*y{m,:"*:'3l:i iHiXf ;,I-H:H[':I:t'f;ffio" =:'i:* 
ii 

'"-'o",,-oaation 
on rair'

sion- wc all dcb.dD8 ooly rhe tr.isdoB r"iiii ;G.F.irq* fiJ ";eLi"I 1::-119 equ:tv to the people in {0

o'ffi.I!o';o. 
lssue belore tqe ilxJf'S*#55};;&1Hff; ETitiTH:{Li:i$f..1;

H;t"="*-tffi T"*"ti %:i veffi:? presrdent -Bf-. proposed ryXJF ihere this senate stands

Mucb falsc lo(om:atlon coBceralns 1medo:aior to t!r.- perna!"rlt troti"i on !h^e, queslios o( proPoriional repre'

borh tbr votlag Rithts Act atrd thc arg'ii'ifi1i-1i8-$trtd deav tha! s€ntasloE'

Droposcd aocoa:neiis'to ii rir"--rrled ricii-6-t'uJ icaerai. to-oil]'wtl 't thint wc shoutd sei onto thc 130

the publlc ana I uiitii.';;y s."* d;; i*ni!ga-;;d-;;;t"r--E pieces o( lBporte'nt leajslalio, bu! !r'e

tors *-lrh respecr to the purported uF ..y;1;-:id ststes "rra 
poiiifrr-iiur' iannot do thai bccause tbere hzs be3t1

cessilyforactloactuintrhisconeres:. *ttt-;;;Jvui-;#'H;;; 1.deru1nd that q'? act oE this lecisla-

whac is rhc uecessity, Mr. prcsideot? aav-iicourt--iou -,l"t.o-otii'.,i t,o ui !lo+.13d therE has been the Pr'lense

vrhat is rhc ur8ency? ,-L; il;;hii;';r ir,i-.l"it*i-oi that tt'.expir?s on -lu8:ust 6' a prelense

iylr. President whll? tr.e are debating partsrcor rcblch is totellv lals!'

the Eotion to procE d, le! one thing-bc ii'i?i*posed amendrnents rould Mr' Plcsldenl I subrait thal thcrc ls

clear llrc voths Righrs A.g itscu i" .trii-:-"#di-"ii"tr troo 
-tui- 

reaerat Bo ur8ency to laove to debate lhis le8'



S 6502 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE June 9' 1982

lslauon .t 8 tlllo shen thc catcndar lr erer t! bc coruidered by.thE body' I amcngEent $ould Initlatc a land'narE'

crosdcd Elth bilb ot far nore hnpor. ao noiuiiro.,i ri:ii mv .co4"a-n Jii6- traru(ormatlon ln the principal goab

."ncc to thG A'crtcl' pcople thc 6it]s-i-Mr.--EG;:B rar-iio- tt " and obJcctlver of the votins Rlsht

I thur, lhe s.lator trda gteb for roert 
-etria- 

rre 
--acscrrucr trrts as a acl ll shou'td bc undcrstood st thc

yicldlDa to ,oc. races,rre *{th "conscquencer-as poten' our,<€t tha! Droponcnts o( the r!3ults
"iii;i.&eEl !,tr- prcddcat. once ra uauv 

-rirlii"nGlA-r;i te{itego6. 
HLH"",,:l,lP?i$ fyl,t;il"},;ffir ili-*-n-u-s tlir-6&iEa*aln tcOs' evc!- cnactcd'" Thtr F lglttt'

trruoB qra! u'st be looled upo! !s r both iE-roi-a coEutuulooat i.opllca- abouE "dlsparatc !Ea9.cL" Tlresc coa'

setenlred qrlt! t,tspcc0 to tbG dtrec. Uoar 
-dil-Irofouna practlcal corue' cepts lret'c ltttlc to do slth oBr 1a'

tl@ br shlcb t'bls Ngtlotr ts gotng to qucEcc!. In-srmury' t'be lslue ls hos othcL
b6d. O11G o( tbcrc o"rifrO-fr-ifti fs iub -!i"ttog-ts ioinl io dcflnc "dvll Rll,tJ:,cl tlras s!.uplv foctrslD8 upoa

sblci thlr Nruoa coolrlttcd ltsclt to rt8hti;-;d'&frm'6adoo-" tbocc aubllc actlons tlr8t obstnrctd or
tbs sod of tasudnl tlrt- Jo etttzcn L lsurlrr or ?llt rltsa lnicr{aEd srlth th€ acccss of Bllnor'
rhrtevcr hir or ucr Ee-lor--c-9for. goth tD popular parlance rnd slthltr lU.. to tbc reglstretton end- votlna
sould bc dcslcd tlc 6pporttmfty ti nilcilflo-mioi ihc,coucept o( racial prcc€ssF the Progoscd r.suits. tcst
purtdpetr ta tba etccto-ii proccai es irireffiiJifii-lai rt"riv" -tnpucd tlc soul{ locus upoa \rhcther or not Enl'

thcre ere to dl Gtat oOtccivc+ tUerc 6tt8""til;t oi aSparztr tieaturcnt uoritfe sere succcss{ul ln bcing elcct' .

srr I cosg tnvolved-r cost relrttBr to o, iBi-dei;i; 6icG ol nce or silu ed to o(ftca DlscrJElnstion would bc

tbe tnot on,tj1oa ol 
- 

iraafUo-net 6f&]iitU. fsta eaena:aert to tba ldcntllled oE thc basis ol qrheihgr rol'
iliucs-or rea=.tall"-- uiiaeitua ises do'n]riuuoa states. to partr Dorttlcr wcre pi'oPo4lonatelv rr9rts
r.t lovcrlig Stato ,jriiE [c rqcufrca -;;.h; o( du-q o( rh. goltrd st t'!. scnt d (to lhcit po9uhrlon) on electld
t :*|fr,-6;;po.'rel ;athc-F;;rd to'i1i'iiiu -a"t-u. 

acaicd or lbrtdred b-t lcsrslsuvc bodles raiher thao upotr thc

trffi ffi 3i"*f;#"ffi Eslir*:"ar,B'*.ff*"ffi,i""#;3l1"i1,s"::iTE,H:g'.nHt
obugauoB tu"t ..oi'ii-tiEI-" !.wttudG the bellor bccar:se of tbcir tac or slcla

vicwcd el Inccnststcnt htf ,rili*p* - IE othe! rords' dlscrtE'Brtloa. hls coloa

H,JH?"q;H;;a;td""rHi#,i"-*Ji";'ff-:[#",Ti'51,',1T3:ts3,,:"ie:81x3l
;EffiTklm,mHLH;.'H"Hf 'tisi"*,'H',iffi ffi r,rx'.y"T:E;3,'i:H:.1"1fi,x!
iiliia *a r subEit it ls D-cc€ssirr.ik' 1"" co.ceerton o( dtscrimtnru,oa 3g;.grf:,1;:Ugf*"t;tr;5tsl3tloo todrY.

#i"ffi**H5#f$lg$ifr i'i'***.{{il'-r,",',#nm;s"xmim
ffi #.S*.s*ffis}-$,:i-,i,?ffi_iffi Eem;atiiir,tzi**,ffi it.::t'":'"'
i="iara"i;ipi+:e1ryffi 

$ffi#*e.3*,#ffi *;;*t'6xtf a,rrprlx
wa:l uccessalY to s€cuj
daneaEl of a[ rl8ht
dctlocEettc socicty-tl
for the candtdate or ooi,s-doicc. G-otE'ii' sordg as tbe court subsr- &nrittuuooat r18hi io .lcc! candldstes La

It saS fOr tijS reason tbst I suPpor? qUeaily Obscned: Drogordo! !o 
"ll 

nulIbcT ' ' ' rh' equ'l pr1}'

cd erteusioa ot thls.est to b9gF.!he p!oo( or rrcldly dtscriEr5rlor" Ffry g S:Xffi"ofjttt?*ijfr'3Iii.,H
Subcor.ittea ou thc ConsUtuuoE pu?osr ls ruqulrcd co shos t vtollu9-u,,ot irlliiri=itoa..
8ndtbclullJudlcia,ryconrEitt .. lhc cqr:rl prot ctloE ** 

";;,l|ilH 
--ip*c]io- r.he iact.,hat the ra.su.lts--lfr. prtsiaeDl toilay hov;evcr tbe rcdoa flll no3 b' hcld 'Jnc

senate begi* coEslderidoa oo legtsll. sorciiuc,irsela rcrultr ro. ."JiG--aGr"' tcsc loports into the votlDg alsj:ts

tlonlhaqinByvteg.Is8watellhedponrbneaJrnpecr'Actstheoryoldlscr'irnlnationtharis
rad Is ltkcly to dellBe lD qJ3 lEporteat Foof of dlsctlntnatory hrtent or tnconsisteli *ith t'he tradlticnal un'

Barl.r sh4t this NatloD ls all about' ptr'p-oi't' ri'tfit"t""tt of i avu-riitrts derstart'rrt'8 ' of discrirajnatloD' the

Agais *re legislarloo'Ti-t"-*i.Ia-.-".a ,toriiio-"-ri'i-tni-ii-pi" reason itat, publlc poiicv :jdFact ot thc ner te't

B de*rlbed as vottnS rlghts tegrsla- trrere--has--oer.l u..i au-ouiGattos woutd be fal reachinS' under th! 12-

rIoE .I?rb titrrc. ho*cacr. tlrc objcc. upoi .iiF.t-i"UU" 9r orivati iiilUE sdF -tg3l Federat courts ,i-11 trc

uvct ere d.iflerenr-vasrly dtftemBt. tp .i"ii,?- tf,il "riii.n 
i!. a menacr obllged !o disr:laotle countless s]'sterEt

Insrcsd o( lesdl'g utttEately ro thc a."ifr'J-L--G-*" -[.].r--6iriilJ '61 ot state and local sovernEren! tha! are

notrconsldcra'on ot race !a the elce- p-p'iiioriar repieseniatlon ty rainor- not desi8ned to achie'i'e proportional

toral process a.!r ses the obJceilve or ruo G-i-iprl6."r rror:stri. iduce,' re9se..entatioo- Thls l5 precjsely $hat

rlrc original vottaa Rtgbtl AsL the tron iti3"l }'ah; tua'Ee -traar' tht plaintuls attelapted to secur. ttr

prese'r lesistauo. ,o:iii-oiij trrr uo"i r' iuut"trin urae5 civu tgats t6. tutobil. case and' lo fact' ctere suc'

thc overrtd,ln8 considerallon lo decl- tao,s rras tiia to conduct p"6uc 6i-p.t: cesfi:r h schief ing tn the loeer Fed'

slons in th* arc!- hstecd of dlrectlug o"ti 
"lf"m-G 

i oracacr ttri!' do":'not' eral courts' Despile 'uhe 
'|act' 

tha! theE

It! gmt."tio* ton.'Jii"'rrrE"ia".i lavolvc dlsparate treatment o( lndivtd' qtas Eo ?roof of discrimllatory pur'

rs dtd tbe oriCLgal act-eBd as does the uqli 6""""J" t raci or sfU-cotor' posc !a the establish'6enl o( the elec'

consdtuttoD-rh. pr*cor hgrslatloB grh.t]"-6.Gi;;op"".d-t" uri coa' Loral (at'larye) srsteEo Lo JroDile and

sould urekc r:ciar ffiinJ?'iiji'ii t-axr o? tie-pres:ii foting Rterrts rct despitc .the lact that ther? xer? cle:t
protrctlou. Instead ii-rciarorqss iB q-"_ll,J r"-trr-.i-co"ges1 atier trrs tra' a-ud legJtlmate nondiscr:'rilnatory pul'

rhc lae the 8r.ai o"Ilt|it"ir-*erid: dlrl;;;I-sa;aara ror tdentuvttrs dls- pos-e-s to such a svste' lhe lo\rer court

9lc o( cquat protectloo. trr" p'reseat *iyrGtri-""-r.e- tti 'tDtent-" s-t3nd' b. Jtobik ordered l total resalngr:lent

lcgisladoa woura zuls-iiu;-" 1;;G er4 Ea luuittiutc a ncs "rlsults" of the citv's rn'.rnjcipal s}'steE beceuse

suen prbciplc ot cqual rerults Eaa staiaara. il-atu,er thaE foculira upon iL had noi achieved proportional repr+

cqual outcoEa - tbc proctsri ol- dls-crtminatlor,. tlle Beg, seatatlorl
Mr. Ftesldcst l,E short thc debeEc stantara "'ould 

focr:s upon eiectoral The at'lar8e systeEr of electlon is thc

otr t,,e ue!, veEiou of thc VottnS ".tt,l-i]-or 
-ouicoac. tic proposed principal im.Eediatc laruei ol propo'

Rtshts act criu locus uDotr oue o( the 

- 

Deuts ol th' results tesL' DesPit! rs
BOS3 ilggortani publlc poucy lssues ,F*-orrr.r -d o( rrttrL. peatcd challenges to lhe propriety of



l

June 9,1982 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE s 6503

st.lsrsg s3'3t Es. tbe Supreac Court Clvl]l RlShtt Act o( 196{.- aod fodccd 1950'c thet tlrc Fcdcral Governacnt
rtas cousritcntly re1est-j{-til E"tloB urc %itni RtgJrts Act ltscll rcttllated lts coustltutlonel coru.urlt

itret tle gt.terge rvii"g]ififi"iiii-tr -E tb;--Jsuttr tclt !s locorporetcd Ecnt.to equalltv ot votlnS- rtShts bt
falercoUv afscrfrninato-ry-'ti-ar,a E! fgto Uj VotlnS BtShE Agt-ald tjrca cna.stlnS ncs eoforclEleat leSjsletton

"oaUE3'ft. 
Cotst 1q,ibbrt tut ob- quitrtitctrtotooeherctvilrlghtsstst Bctrrlta 1957 aDd 196{. Cougrcsr ca'

saacd th8! Utrrally th9.'.-'r6" o( qu- ritcs as r it$rlt-the qu.stloa o( rzce ' .ct€d threr statutct deslFcd to cs'
nrcrpagucs.rrdotairiiEiEGd;;. sut tlr-tmas constsaui tnto declsloos banc! the ebllltv-ot tbc Ftdcral Gov'
af Lnrtr tbrou8trout ih;ly-;Uoil blce rcrauns ts thg yotrng aud ctectonl ctaEea! to clrsll'n8o dlscrtEdDatory
tdopt rl ea d.larzp systeo-. groccei i?.e- scrrrErJrdsrlEs eDd cleciloa laws aud DroccdureL

To cstablgb r resuftt tr!n, ts scsdoE iral Utoc votbg stll bccoae norad IE 195?, Conges elrcted clIrlf dSht!
z sosa u'-,***ff#m ffi%ffiEhi ffi"i#fln#**Etlcoad,llutloorl Jcopart
tlrs Nrtlou. prrttailerly
aq -sucr iIcc'la* -:Hffiffi ffiffik#+gffi"# ffiiffiffiril#.S#:sigtlllcrat anr.nbcrs ol
lscled gropoatonal rel
tner crltir *o""'""tiiriJili!-J" !! ,"H"o#ffiR*fq 

4rq ,Ir p-ri.1l l'"tri"x,IlH E ffilfi{.liii"H:ledslecures. Lcglsledve
ii-uet racrea l-eonroil-Jnryf* llttgfiffiS"*"o,,1ff,*'.Ht n ?lrl"S*rifgix5tg"}8:HUou of siEiflcrat ELuvr-1 tsvYF
rrould bc sub,est 

'o "fil'iirtfiiE 
har rcOectrd tlre ovcrshe!.rolng cou- don oE Clvtl Rtclts sEd Drovidcd ittnc{eacrql:uaraary.ffi:*1ffi 

ffiHposed rcsullr tt3t. To I

dcctorel csults bccoa
dlscrlnlnatloa aodysl
derlua the cxtstr'cr :i,l*li,*F* :5i effi:ilts*r:3"X'**ir11o" "o#ufi*. coa",ss sse.o .,sted too( dlscrlninstloa lt ls r

ccivc ho', proportronrr?pil;LnA !i:fg Eeesure eould Jeoperdizc tbjs strclathes thc Nrttonal Govcnocat's
it-rr€.-c"ri ariora ueurg'.-JrrErrrrr.a r:a con:iro:nui by ettcctF8 e radlcal trans' coEoitucot to lull aDd lalr votlDa
tbc larg as t5e stande,rd'fi-fa-iiiiiii foraatioo lE tht Votlas Rlshts As! risbtl thrcush palFsg-o! .lddl6ottal
dlscrinisaiton en4 *ua[;'ffi;ftil .lroa onc dcsiged to proaotc -cqual lcgislatton-rt rhc clnil Rtghts Act o(
rs the st€.Ddard ror **lri"iii txi 3r'ces to rcdstratloq and tlrc b.llot 1960 qreut sirolllcaatfy beyoud tbe
etfcc4vcoa. ot :"a:"jir-'Iili--r*f,8 P€x lDto one destsaed to l,jo$rrt equall' earlter le9.rel1oo by requiring_ th9 re'
ltl:ledt4 ty of outcoroe eod cquallty o( results' feattoo bi local and Stetc ofllclals o(

Bcyond rhc rarr ho*evc,r,. ,l!1t.3: Ilrol, ?r"l iljti},""ffffitf #"i*rtf:iT ffi,:t# if"'l".?,",:
resulE tctl IB lay Ylcr
ure,or trarufor:a,sttou "Ctt"'=ijil"o? total ,retreat 

troa the origlnsl obJec- aey Gencral to bspcct such records e!

aGrisrinauonaswe'-e1il"#i:I;;s=Jlff:Hiffili?3,ffi ffi1:F,r#eigffi !#henclE.nt of'tbt rolc
courts br lhe elcctoBl
sut s,*, 

" "" "","{#:Fjiff"$ mmg*tJ:"""'e1*f;'ilHf;x H}:il1hffi}?:Fjii&tldeutUflDs dlscrildnat
otbcr re3sons. Flr:t- t
wi' subs.Jtut!, f".-no iiliii-i'.fii rr.EdsI.(rrvrr"or'uuororrlrvqrtrro patter! aad practlcc. Ttle Fedenl
rna *E:uaaekto"a +:{-;*'=.# rbs litts "ffi, ,o rhe rr.* fiffi rIrT.*ltSHroT":f&?:has dcvaloped uDdcr tl
ard, I s*.nd.rd rlat d"t&"G" ffi;: constttutloo. rztltled ltr 1870, statls er€d !o eote! a Jurtsdictlon an'd recls-

taG ana coafr:srac at l-".1-.rrrl rtJ"lr sEe L th. rtSbt o( dttzcts o, tlc gD.ttld ter voteE

Judgs wtu eltecrlverv ll"Lilirri'.ii s:..g-c. to votr shrll Eos b. d.dcd or Ftuauy, coDsre coacted thc clvtl
o( laq, that up te aoJ'I:.-:;;:l: sbridsed bv rh. unlrld st:tlr -or_bv_a!v Rtghts act o( 196{ rt which estab-

tbc ar.a o( vorinr "ch,:ti#.'E# i;E,i;trigi.ilnca. colo& or er'Ylout usbed lao.t-ark eivtl ri8hts rcforuos !B

guldance o(fered Lo either the courts s5a 2-'frc cona.ss sh.lt h.1vc por.!',o l-yll|Hbar ol areas' Tltle I o{ thc
or to ildlvtdusl coroar:alties by tbe rc- rnjorce rhb rrdEl! uy .pp-prticiilisl'I act probibited local electtoo of'lciall
sults test aa lo $filc! eleciozl'stnrc. Uoo- lroa appllinS r€ appllcantq for--re8l:-
turca aad arran8eEents ere valld end Shortly elter radj1cafloo. conSress 8t1""..!:f or staldards duteleqE
liihicrr are isvalrd- cireo trre iacroi .riii.a two raw! pu.nruaos tJ-iii'E II99 i!":: thst had beca adsrinis'

:nt*I* :t'Jmi?"1 .ffi;'iE ffitHti;:::l*f,"8,,'f; *n i:#.{",i3E:."t'fg"'iHlil"$,#
f**:":lf"f,ffriJi";f.g "f; f;-'p;i"#{*\ffj:H"k5 ;i,.Hff",i,'l,lt3!"TlXt".3'i;,iT
r prtaa laclc casc-[ not .r1 lrrebuttr. i'rci;t Act of t8?0. ""t 

tg"n'J'p.l"t] cd 8 sixth grade Engllsh'speatlng
ble case--ot arscrrrainiiroa-v-o,la rot ii"icnorttcs lor trrr.d.;;?';;i *l-".*-f-1*tlon' Ia eddit''orL the act
be establlshcd.. votbg Lu Statc ana reaeral-I*ti"I estabushed expcdiied Procedures for

second. thc resutts test is objecuoa- ror re-asons ol rzce or color ,iG.iil;;; f*t"t rcsolutioE of votin8 rishB
auri-t-cciusc fircould movc thisB3ttoc tloo whilt the AntuyBchiDS (Eu tlur c:ls€:L

ia the dlrectloa of lacreasingly overt Kla!) Act ol 18?1t souSht to peuzuzt 
- 

r'?orrxcrrcEnl^c:o?re't
pottcier, of ncc consctor:sn*i This Stste actl6Ds shlcb deprlved persoos Despitc_ tbis renered comaiEaent
Louta or6f 8 shrrp departr:rc frora of their cildl rlghts. by the Pedenl Governrnent to etr'
the coEstltutlonal diyelopmeat ol this Despite tJresi c{for+.s, the progtess of fo_rcement ol the Suarantces o{ the
li-attoa-slscc thc recondtnrctloo s.od blo4ka !o secgrto8 thc protecttoDs ol 15th aaeedneot, substautlal re8:istla-
since thc clza.lc clisscnt by ihe elder the lStb araendrnent Eas sloE alrd er- tlon and votlnS dlsparities along racial
Justica garfen !n Ples3y t. Ferg'usoa in' ratlc. Ttre use of poll !a:<es. literacy lines coatlnued lo exist i,:o raaly Juris'
l8g? cafUns for a "colorbltnd'; constl- testr, aorals requlrcEents. racial 8er- djctlons- It was flnally l.B respor:se to
tutloL, This would Eark a sharp rc. 6zranderin& aad outrighi lJltlmida- the inconLroverrible erldence o( coa-
treat flotn lhe notior:s of dlscrboina- tioa and harzssoent cont,.trued largety tlnulnf rzcial sotlna discrir:rinatioq
tton cstaOttshed as the 1.o, 61 eq3 lancl uBchecked untll rsell !trto the 20tlr thar ConSless enacted the sinSle Bost
ln .Broraz v. Boetd ol EduEottot\ l,na ceDtury. It Eas Bot u.utll thc late lEportant, legjsiatiotr ill the Nation't



CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE June 9, 198Js 5504
hlrtor? rclatln8 to votinS rlghts-tbc
vogtnS BlShtl Act o( 1965.t!

thb .ct raarled r siSnltlcant deptr'
turG ftoE asllcr lcdslrtlvc cnastr
Ecnts tn the sesrc arla ttr cst blbhing
prtsrrrtly. ,or thc llrct tltrrc. aa edmin'
lstr:ttve 9rte'cls s'iBcd ts €llrulnattna
rotlnrf dlscrimlurttoE Eatucl legldr'
Uou bed prinartly tellcd upoB th€ Ju:
oldrt eniccsg tor thc rerolutton ot
tbea problcu ttc mljor obJcctlvcr
o( thg oer rdalnisitrealvq groctdur6
rrctG tD gEnsr q$,cdltlour rgolutloa
o( rllercd vottng rlghts dtltlcultlcr end
to .votd tbc o(trn cuobcsorne Proc!!!a
o( Judlc{al c2sc-by-c.lG dcctsioaaal'
laG

Perbrf thc Eost tmportsat Provl'
doa o( thG votlDs Rlghts Acg Eal tcc'
ttoa t shlcb rcguired 8ny St'at! or pe
llUcrl nrbdtr.leion coYcred uader E for'
aul8 prcscribcd lu sectioB { o( thc
rct-islcn.d tE ldcatuy Jurisdlcttons
lrlth r trStory ol votiuS dlscrislur
tlon-to 'prcclaf aay cba'Dgea -lrr.
vottB8 laEi ot Proct{urtlt \ritb thc
II.S. -Jusuce DcPs,fiDGBL No sucb
.h,nli! coufd tal,s cltcci vithout tbe
DcrEissioE of thc DcpsrtEeaL gnder
icct os t. the golltlcal subdviliou h4
tlrc r:sponsibillty o( sbostng tlrEt tlrc
propoiC chalr8e "docs not hav€ thc
ilrrirost 8,Dd E1ll Dot h3v. thc elleci o{
dcnyiof or abridgftS thlriSbt to vot€
on a.ccou.ut of race or color.-

"Covered- Jurlsdtcdona thet ts tltosc
rcqulld tO pnclear qrith tlre Jusdce
Dc-partu,ent- Ecludcd dl Stet€s or pq
llucal subdhisions qrblclr Ecet tttc tltr
prrt t Jt of sectton t

(1) Suc! r Ststa or subdhidon aust bavc
captoycd r "ttst o! drvic!' a! o( llovenbcr
L fgta Sucb.,"t .t or d.s{c.'lrs d!flnad
to llcluda Utrr:c, trsts. lans o( Eot?ls or
ch!rr.tt?. or lartr llqulri.ElS cducatloorl
rchlcaltEaaE or Laoelcdga o( soac alfilq&
lrs n$jcctr lld

(e, SEcb a SEtt or Dolltlc.l s::bdlr{sloa
mu$ hav! hrd cithcr a eota! rlsistrauoE
rrtt o( 1e!r '$a! 50 g€tElot ol ag+.lldblr
cltl4D! On !hA! data, or r Yotrr tnrnout lzta
lr.l !!rE 50 pcrcrat &rtna thc 196{ elr€'
U6-

No Dafi of tbe trig8er (or:aula ln
aecttoa { relerrcd to racial or color dl&
ttnstlotts aEons eltber registrants or
votctr, or to racial or color populattons
slthlD s lurisdlctlon

Jurisdlcllons coveed by tbc lriS8er
lonnula to thc 1965 act tnctuded the
eatlrc StetE o( Alab'64 Georgla

,, Ipuislalr. Mlssissippl South Carollnr'
and nralltJt' aad cor:ntles l.u NortE
Carolluq ldeho, Arizour' Alaska. and
Easall.

Covered Juttsdtetlou Eei'e to be cll'
gtblc for ballout-.or releasG- lroro
covciatp afi€! r s-year period dlrrinS
Ehtc! tjrcy lvltt rcquird to preclee!
votlnS las c!a!8e3 and to teEporarily
sbolisb tbc usc ol all t't ts or devics-
Il cstab[shi.ng suci I tlae pertod.
Cougrcss rccocrrized th.t tj:e remcdy
of prlelelraDc! was .n, extr&)ldlDar?
onc tb.t deviated sharply tror,l tladl'
tlond notlons o( (ederellsa and St3t€
sovcreisaly ovry Statl clectolz.I- groc'
c!s€!.r.

Othcr lmport:Dt Protrtsions of thc
!965 ac! lnctudad:

Scctton 2. t nlnrtorY eodlncatloo o( th'
tsth r,ncnamcnL ru:ltalrd thr Scnlrrl 9rc'
htutttonr o( thr! r8.ndElnt rsln:rt lhc
;acntel os rbridEr6t- ol vodnt rltlrtlr "oq
acaoun! oI. rra! ot colot '
--srcttoa 

C suthorizld tha At ort., C'!'!'
rl ta s.nd FedGre,l cr(rElncr:t lo llt! vo!!r!
,or r"dsttr,tlo! ln rnt coccEd couslt t!o[n
rhlch hc rltrtvld 20 oa Eor! wrlttlo coa'
DlrlEu o, dctrtrl of 'roclna rlrhtl c thra'
-evcr hr t,.ult Gd oB hll osr! lbrt nlc! r!
rtloq eould bc Dac6lrr:7.

S.sttoa lt rlrthor:ts d tba Alt€Eat Ci!!aa'
rl to rearl Glactioo obaatacr! !o r'E DoUrrFr
nrbdlvlsioa to shlcb ra .:rr.Elr!tt b.d b"a
a.rllcr staL

Sccttoa lO 9tlhtbtt d tbr ur. o{ poll trrcr
t! Statr .lactJoE3r'
-scctfoa ll cttrblbhGd ertlou! statsd o('
f.!s.a w{tb .lttgcca t. lell'.rt to r"a'st'!
rotrrr. oa cona! votst llt'FlclatLDt or
liltrt tills votat!. lrftlvldlaS lel'ra rrdstrrr
tlo laloranrrort. ald votlst Eonr tlrB
oDta-

S.cCoa f2 c<rbusird ('lrdsrl oltclsa
fi!! rEEtcg t altlririt br!,ot8 or 

"oun8 
tt.

cottr. eaa colsplriDa to tDtrr(ct! slt!
roclnS n8!ta

It tr lEporteat to eEphasiz! tlat
tlrc Votlag Rtgbts Ac! ot 196! E a Det'
i.-eat stanrti tbst tl aot lu need ol
pcriodlc extrnsioD. I ihlnl SeDator
?--. \rr 13361q tiet cleat 1te oclY
lrnporal prorrisloa ln tJre lag ls tbe
appilcab[Ity of tJrc aleclearaDct e'!d
dttslu othcr requtregcgts to co?cred
JuraidlcttoDs- By ttr. tcr:ls of tJ3e 1964
a.ct, suc! cxtraordlDzt? reEedlcr e-err
to be applled los a t'yeat pcrlod a.ftrr
ehlcb tline Congre.r presuecd tbe ra'
sidr:al ctlects of earller dtscrlnlnatlon
wcrc llkelv to bc sutltcieatly atteluat'
ed. and thc coeered Jnrlsdlcdons *ould
be elloeed to s€cl baflout'

t !t?o IETDXE!i.:!:t
Ia 19?0. howcvcr. upotr revicrlr8

ttre lrapr,gt'ol tbc Yottng Rtcbts Act
Coogtils coucludcd th.t' Enil: siFifl'
casf proSress had bcca aade riti re'
spect to votiD8 risbt+ therc 'ras aeed
f6r an addltloual extension of '-be prc'
cleara^nec pcriod for covcred Jurisdlc'
Uons. Sucb Jurisdlctloo* thus' $ere r?'
qulred to ccntiaue to precleat 1'oti!8
las changes for atr 4ddl{oEal s'yeat
pcriod as Con8ress redellned the basic
tailout rcquiretaraL Inste8d ol cov'
cred Jurtsdlctions beinS rrquired to
rlrintslD "ctea- harrdr" lor e S-year
perlod as prorlded lor ln 

"he 
orlginal

196t sctr this requireBent was
changed to 10 teaE- "Oean hands"
slsply !ac8D! thc avoldance by the Ju'
rrsdlcltou ol r proscrlbed "t!st or
dcvicc- for the rcquislte Perlod-

In addltton" the ba.stc coverage !or'
urula Fas au:ended bY updattBa it to
tDclude thc t96E electlons as wall as

tha 1964 elcctlons. A: a rcsult ol this
changr ta the trigSer formula ccun'
tlcs iE !7yomins. CalUoraia' Ar.zon4
Aleska. and Nes Yorl sere covered. ss
sell as potltlcal subdinlsions to Con-
n.€tlcut, Ncw Elar:rpshlre' lvfaine. ald
ltassachusetts. The 1970 aoendslents
to the a^ct also exieDded tration:*'ide
tbc s-yeat ban on lhc t,lse of "tcsts or
devtcg' lrs dellncd by tjrc a"st aad

souSht to estsblbh r minimum votln8
sae o( 18 Fcderal 1rld St'ate elcc'
tlons.r. s.cuon 202 ebotlshcd rest'
dcncy requirltDcnts la Fedcral elec'
tlons

IB 19?5. Congress 88ala rll'lcqrcd tlre
DroEitllEl actricvcd undcr thc 1965 act
snd thc 19?0 sEcndEcnLs a.nd coE-
cluded onc? Eore that lt E8! necetnar?
to r=deflnc tbc btilout requlrcacnts
lor covcrcd Jurlsdlsilonr Sucb Juris'
dlctlons rranl on lhe velaiE of satlgly'
tls tbcir l&verr obllSatloa of prF
clc-ara.oce and tbe avoid$c! of vogin8
'tcsts or dcvlcer." In thc l9?5 zEcnd'
!DCnB to thc Vottng RiShts AcL Cou'
grclr Edcltncd tbe ballou3 fot'aulr to
rcqulre t? ycen ol "cleln hasdg" Ju'
ttsdtctlons ccvcred under the 1965 for'
aule could oot hope to ball ou! grior
to 1982 r:adcr the "-caded lorllula

ln a<ldltloo, ConSrcss once 8tiain
rqendeC and updatrd thc bsslc coecr-
8te tonrurtr i.E scction .l to LBclude the
15?2 elcclon ss s:ll as tbc 196{ a.Dd
th" 1968 elcctlons. Mosl st8dficantly.
bosrqyer, Ccn8ress chosc to redellne
tbe aeasilg ol t'hat constltuted e
rrongtul "tesg 6r dcnice" Such s'tEst
or devlcc" v.?s aegly deftned to !r'
elude tlrc '-se o( Engllsh{Ely eleetlon
rnaterlal: or ballots tn Jurtsdtctlons
nhcr€ a sttgle "le!$re8+mlDorrty'
SrouB coEprJsd Bore thss i Dercent '

ot tle vottng-aae Dopulatioa- In sddl-
tloB to st3te3 already covered Pre-
clearance Elur requlred.of thosc Stat€s
oip.Uu-*t sunOtvtstoni xhiclr. ln l9?2.
had: (a) tess t-baa 50 PerlrBi votet
r?glstrztion or votcr tumoue (b) eE'
ployed th8[sh.only electton Eaterials-or 

Uanots and (c) had r "languaSe'ol'
aorltT'populatlcu o{ mr:rc ths.u 5 pcr'
cent. Such'languate'6.inoriiies" s;er'e
dc{laed ic include .A-oeriqan Indlans.
Asia.a Aracricang, Alaskan Nativei agd
penons oI SPanish herltagq-t:

Include'l '&der th. 19'i5 cove.ege
lor:nula c:e-, Lo addltlon to those
st3te3 corered !:y the 1965 and 1970
Droltsier:s. the SLat6 o( Texas. Arizo'
ira. ar.d Alasss- a.od corsltl€! iD CalI-
iomla. ColoraCo, Flonda- Michigaa.
iYonh CarclL:a- alld Soutb Dalrot5- I!
addltion to *le siSouicaat expansion
t! the concept o( cthat con:itltutcd a
*rong/ul "test or derice" to encoEl'
pass thr r:se o{ EnSlish-only uraterlals.
ConSress also cstablished other rF
quireEents relating to biltng:ralism- Ia
sectlon 203 of lhe act, Congress re'
quired billnzual bdlots and billngual
electlon rnaterials and assister:ce ln all
Jurisdictions in which therc Ferc pop'
tilatlons of "laflguage m.inoritie.s"
83ea!er than 5 Perceni and tn which
the llteracy tzte among that "lall'
g.ra3e urinority" s83 less lhan thc na'
iionel arerag!:tt llnally' thc 19?5
altrendments to the Voting Rigits Ac!
aade ger:nanent the nationn':de banr
on Uteracy tests aBd other "tests 1rld
Cerices-.

in this debate. a najor issue arlin is
rhether or noi Congress u;ill rede{ine
thc bailout stanCard rshen a nulrbe!



i't:

:

JuN,C 9, 19E2 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -SENATE 
S 6505

of Jurtsdlcttons cocettd ty tFc ortgtnrl lgy- tt"*toraed- stncc .1965' The o( preclcerance rcqutrcmGnts r"o tn-

1969 .rt afts on ..be ver:r- o( lltsrvtBi ero."triitEil--r-eilts-iq,;;*i;: ii"{j itsttttllve reapeortlonEr'nts tn

iiie.'uer st,-,91'e tr'it-r:- rr vt.,' lo"uol"if,S'rit'ffig#ii56,,E :1g*"t,:6q'*"*l64gil'#
*,ly:*":-tH*"r;Et"TE Sffi;'U;vcncssr-.ioa;iiia-ti; ;itl"d-to the Justtce Departr:oeat ror

,'il; * "q +3l"fi*;s Effi1tHrffii?:'jf .t :ffi #ntr.+.?:ffi: E:Eoa "ExDUr- l! soEC

.il";#-mtniffi T,"ffi,"&"{T};*tp.;ff i63;#EF;:#,&HH#tr:A;"r-d l',rrrsarsuoas 
-sut ttuttv bc +o4

icroittro ta 
-rpntv 

d*tul-fui't 9"fPti?;#"ftffirtffi;::ffi ;X.fr't"L tha! had-bcta LrDde!

f,ggJ*.,oJg3;',ff1He?"qi3l f*81-r';;;;;?ih;*!-+' qnsu' 
"**ii"I.lriiror 

uearrv 5 veas!-.rht

iuiira ui'l*u=*ffiffi*t H{ffiffi!;H$i.ii:tE ffi:#:;tq$ffid#Haad ouahi tP bo PCt-ttlJ
Nooc of tbs Pcranaa
it?tJiros niiat' ecif;b- --e'prre'r! cearzil ?ro"Eiel: o( 

=T*+*H **:"SgffiI1gtffHft.trllls--Elffi Hq;f"ffi,$.Hffi 
"#,fu:_#SffikTii#f;;haras,slcB! e8d totu

ffirD8 ;'""""c pP*ilHos.l"'5l Hf#El,faE"H,Jffir-"i 
ro.r.,Hf*ffoff :H.i:ffi';ttsbts trote deslal or'eiiGs or rzc! or color: rad so fonh' TII

Moreovcr tbc preseDs iii"Eir"es "sy 
rncc croslsioEs Eeae upnc

r***wffiffiffigffi*ffi
lEL Jttltcul rtqLE::lol

rl6EEt l*"*6:iiffigeffi,In"$ffi ffiFg=;ffiSffi*",*i3i,*t**%*m'ffifi-"ffiffi
Eathods aBd tecricl r
blrcls lroo resisttd
Federal aod Stat! cl
o:ssed Dr€vlously, t
iourtb oodera leglsl
insudrls lhc riSbts o
souttsers blaclg z

;ffi;{$ffi rq.ffii# ffi E{iri'i'#$ ffi:l::*ffi"iffii:",.,:,'*acce<s iblcugE lacilll
;;;.,}fo-f ru" u"frffa"-fol ;11 :!rL tbc cban8"r ro sr"i"-"r"*r a? ta" annexat'l-ou :-tr cltv of Rtchnond

f i?'-s-6i"s1pir*,#:*rffi#*,'r#"ul*tHIt}.- jiH+:ti",:ii*:Hfsrerc! on Clvll ElgI
rB lp.sri.roclry belore the . JudrcEry i;ffit co,rst-cd u"t ro such rhi:E I lI:-:11:, t..,,r.?il.t[.,I1i=lr."l.*.
Ccrnaittee:

rbe:1,sro' or thelrm8q. ror t{ {{1 L"-'"#flF;*#'**trSSTt gf:fit."?f"*.1ffi"iii",'o'io 
'n"t"'ii"iiJi-jn u rxerel st'te lad locrl :..

crcc!,orB r,,!. bacr, *',;; i.,roa or ."cor. "o-,roTtfr,ii".i"oE. **1.o ii"?ji"te ni*:rl;:"f"if?It.:"qQ'gi1:.t ;i
r$i'ftT,}g.ffi tr*d"sff."."Iffi 'jrfr il{F1=i,a#,xii;?*Tr':ffi ;fii:'j*,?r;*Ei
ir: fr**;-r 

ffi:fl.,r$:ffi ir#giJs#ffi+;*{ffi xia+l;*;i;,,"*acthod o( rrrlstl-8tloo
alnistlauon ProcsdtJ.rr
rect to lrards. tbci
fl8bLrr'p,or.."o, ** o.*** i:i,:,",: ffi"8ff*,*F:*-,1*s'l fg{fiitf-'+ ilhiF';,iii#Dal obrecuv.s of tb!

llha p.u?oa o( rh! rc! rrs graclsetv r.nd i.?t;"iil;;"i'tfr._of tUc sl"ope-.c' trictln8 bv Nes York as lt apPiled r'o

onlr to tdcrtrs! tl. oGxioi-u-L"i-.tas' Xt a.a tbe acr by AIIes ;;;d n -tb" iiooU:"4-a covered jurisdlctlon tu:de!
;t;"t; Ir th. l96o't rrrd rlrltQr' to *:
ttrosagbotougnrl#ll.ii.ir.ritdro.oiirysclorrurttier"*p.i':oi-orriEtii-#.:r,eai?orncy3eneralor:d.nd.
cru.ui, cr oppornurivirTf';;-.8 ertiiii."-r *ii erecti;r.adi; rn li-rurea-Lhar thele s!!e an 

"-'uJ:l'
oirnrnratrrtoror....'"-* .o7"ilf-:*i.afctioos. cicat Bulabe! o( electloa dlstilcts qith
--iloi-o;' 

Burzcr was ta tla acre+ r--"-rtfi;;, 1-or .?erki= $:t* XX*1"tr.L.T'L"'i:i'iiYfi
BGDG

Ortsrnrit. thc vottna Rrght! .Ac! *.r ",rto"i-frfaiilew-s'1 . "- 
Oiiiaii- S"' Ite attora"v 8cneral indleated thai a

ctc' thzr B srs ar*ui, to rcracarr.rr as" prffi'cilii{Tiri trrit iliiEuJos trlinoritv eoeulgtiou o( 65 perceni o,as

rtlJr8nc!:lrGEGac.s *t;;r;Jt"t-tJprectearanEc-a'ud reitr aecessarT- 'p create a sale '=inorlty
This ortdrar coorressional.obircuve .J;dl[;itis fiorarue fi; ":i;; 

i9"t'-'o Ii " 
ott ptan adopted to lgi{'

ot roesslvc ragistliUoa aad eolra.o- to-il-f.i.ge- *ccttoos *4'ift-tiffi tffegitf"t""r" Eri the objectlons o(

ahrqe'eat or uracri-ulib;i "i,u"tra. 
Tb;-cilrH nrrtuer .rp"oaE-tii Gpe tbc at'ionev genere!. but Lc so doi!8'



' s 6506
dtvidcd I cot Ellatty o( Esldrc Jcqrs
shictr brd Prcvtor:slY residcd ln e

. stndr drstrlcL Thr ettortey Seaerd' 
epprovca 15s Plrn, bul rocabcls of
tia Eastdtc coas'rraltY objeetc4
ct.lhli3 tbat thcy thcmsdvce hzd
bGGa thc vtctLas o( dlscrlminrtloa-

' Th. Suprerac Court rcjectcd. thelr
clrtE- Although un:blc to a83Qt oE ra
optnlog scrca ncmbcrg of tJle Cotrrt
aia rgrtc t!$ Ncg YorI,! rrse of rzclal
ctltarb tg rcvislaf thc relpgotdon'
racnt Dlrs ta ordcr to obtain ttra At
tomei G.ncEl! aPProYd u:rder tbc
Vorlia Rlttrt| Act did Dot rlolat tbc
l{th rBd l5th eocndrDcqc risbts ol
thc ErddJc Jcgr.

Thc prrccdlng llae o( cascs. rll tlr
prtgcai of Allcn egaiust Statt Bo.5l
b, Eccitoo*.r coustllutcd 1 mqjsj Ju-
ctlclel qrprosioB oI lhc tct'5 ori8&31
foglrl uPoB faciuutlD8 r?glsttzuoE
rod sceuria8 thc balloL{r As Prc(=sor
TlrctastroB hss \rritte!:

Th. t!:rdlUoart coaclrE ol ci?U d8hE !d'
voc.l6 htd bca! tccar t! tta brllot . . .
(Ttrgr c:prJlilorllJ lssr:r8a a tldlrzlly glttll'
r,nLcd ricls to E rlEu-E polltlcrl crtlct'lv}
!cs. No$drt!. locrl elcstorzl rrrz!8F
acorr erc exDrerld to coalota to Ped'lal
?rccllur'! tad Judlcjd nJdlitac' catlbttshd
to rDr:itaia thc poutlal slEqStlr o, t?dd
1rrd 4h!jc tdDoritl.s lot E.r.ly to provldc
cqurl cJGctorrl o ggoraulrtY."

Morc rectnt crPanslon of stctloa 5
occured lrr trro t9?8 decisioru IE
Ilnited Stat€s a8:aiDst Boerd of CoE'
rnissioncrr ol Streffleld." thc Colrtt
hcld that scctton 5 applled to potitlcel
subdlrisions aithlE e cosered Jurisdlc'
tlon shlclr have aay taflucace orcr
aDy aspest oI tJrc eleetoral proc6s'
'rrhethar or uot they eonduet votcr !t8-
lstratioD-.r Sbclflcld was rcquired to
pre<lcar lts electoral chan8e froa E-

eomraissiooer to r rDayorcouacil forn-
ol Sosemrlrat. Sbefrield reefflrmcd
tbc drift ewry lroar lb' ori8iDal loq:s
o( thc. Votiat Rlahta Act ol equll
access io thc r"aistlatlon aud votlng
proccst to focus upou thc eiectorzl
proccrs itlcu. lB Dou8bedy CountY
Board of Educatloa sSainss W'lait'.{'
thc Cour3 held that s school board
nrl! requiring all eurployers to tax,c
unpaid leaves o( abs€lce ehile canq'
paigolng {or elective oftice was subject
io prectiarance under sectlon 5. Thr:s.
the Court hetd that the Vottna Richts
Act reaehed chan8.! Eade by Po[tlcal
subdid.:ioru tbat Beitber conducted
votcr reaistl:rdou tror cven conductcd
alcctloDs.

c SDCrrot I Acrtrlsl src::ot :
Thc transforratlotr which had

takcn glace ijo sectloa 5 was conjinoed
by tha Court in C:ty o( llome agalnsit
Unit4d Stst.ait shcrtis thc Court
held thag ..ithouab electoral chauges
ln Rome, G&. were enrctd rithout
dlscttd!3tory ptlr?osa thcy rere nev-
erlheiess prohibitcd uder sccilou 5 of
the act becaus! ol their discrioiaatotY

. e{fecl Thus, the Court arfi'Itred that
the stardatd of conduct i.rl covered Ju'
risdictlons sec-(isg rreclearancc pursu'
ant to sactiou 5 maY bc oeasured er,'
cluslrely by the dlects ol a chaa8e-"

CONGRESSIONAL RTCORD - SENATE Jutu 9, 1982

the ecolqttoa o( secttoa ! rrr funde'
Edcntelly complctc-hgvtnt bccn lar8e'
ly tralstoftrcd from r Drovlsion (o'
irsed upon 8cces! to r"aEtratlon rad
the brliot to onc focustd uPoa thc
€lcctot'rl proct:sr itscll- ID the nrtros
coDtrxt oi scgttoa 6. tbc "drcds" tlcE
Fas coDstltutlonrL"- 

A rlccna nd telllas rppllcatloo ol
tfri -cgects" $ladrtd by thc Dlstrlct
oi Col rsbia. Dlstrtct Court caE bc
for:ad la CltY ol furt Anhur e88lt'5c
gnlt d Statct " rE 8!.aexauoa casc ln
shicb tJre Court ststad:

ll.bc coaclustoo rcrchcd bt r$! Court ls
tlac D"!c o( lha alcdorr,l ry$aEs Prc9os'd
Ui ptrlarfff Port Autbor rlrot{r th' bb'l
a-t6!t of thr citv thG Equisilt ogPorlu'rjty
to rclrjrlr ru9rasalt8dotl coaJls!:ruti1t'
gfUr- ilctr mttirg ttrloSt! tB th. e!.lrts8d
cotulunJqt. B!:ats coEEris! {OJ3 Det.elat
;i tla1oGn Port<tpsl:iloa popubtjo!. snd
rc cstLE ta utr.rc thcl coDstttula 35 9.tcar
o( rbc YotlDS'lar goguhdoE oloar st t5'
DrloDartd sc-iccaaSJ olrar r-hc irlact coEEu'
itti r rcrsoorglc Dostbilltt oI obrllniaq
rep-rtselEciaa r!,icb *'ould liloeaa goutlcal
gosa! to thrl Ettlailuda-"

Tbts tralEfomatloa froru e focr:s
uDon accls3 to the bdlot to e frrus
uiou tnc electorrl proce=3 lts.U. asd
DroooriioFtl rEDresc$latlotl ior coc'
irei :r:rlsdictloris undcr secUon 5
vouid atso hace ocsu$ed !a tJre coa-
tcxt o( s€ctlotr 2 but for thc casc o(
City ot Mobilc asairst Eolden-rr I.B

Itotile. hoscvcr, ihe court r"attlr:!.d
origiarl uldeEtaDdlnas of ssctlotr 2

enJ t,!c 15tb .neadaellt. llobile la'
volved 8 class actloa oq bchell ol ell
blact ciLEeos of tbe Alaba$, city
wberelB piaintuis elleScd that lhe
city's practlce of elccttng eoro-grissioa'
cta tlu'ou8b en at'!ar8e systeB u.trJair'
ly "dilutcd" lainority vot,la stFog,t!
tB t/tolatloE o( thc 14th and 15t!
aEendEacots. Tbe dlstrict co|uttrr 8l'
thougli tlndinc that blacl3s i! th. ciry
regisic:td EDd voted \c.lthoui EiE'
dcreocc. aonethelar agrced qrit!
plainttfls and held tbau Mohu€'s 8t
iarSe elecdor:s opcratrd rrr.la*Itrlly
E1!h respee! to bi€'ciB. The (Uth ct'
quit aIfltBed,r. but on sppeal tJre Su.
preEe Court revelsed and reBaa.je4
llhe pluratity opinioo stBlcd

T?re l!!h lBandtlt€nt doc! Eot en'-{' ttsc
rtsbt fo ht?e Netro czJldldatd .lact d . ..
th8g r.nrendacnt oroh.lbtts oaly purpqsllul'
Iy d.Ls.rtiai!3tor? dc!.Lal or atJridgEeqt by
GovaEECn! of thc fEadonr lo voi. -on t4'
count of race, colol or prev{ou! c.ndltlon ol
s.Rltudq" Eerlnt lound ibr! NQSro€. ta
llobll. 'rlaista 1od eot! elthout hiD,-
drrnc:.- 'lri aisrict cou!! lEd caurt d r9.'
pcz.lr slre to aFor lo b€licJta8 lhrt thc sp'
beuast losedcd lhc protrctlou o( lh.l
a.scndEan! irt LbG graarnt casG."

11rrr, tbc Court reaJflEocd thst
purposctld dtscrioinatioo is requircd
ior ifrc l5tb aues'tnenr to bc violat d
and that. siace sectloa 2 of thc 8at qrirt
a codulcauoD oI that attrcDdrEenq ibc
"tr:teqt" test applled i:q all acdoor
uDder ihat sectiorl."

Thc proponellts of the Scnecc
aEendtnen! !o sectiou 2 q;ould over'
tuEr th. Court's decision ia thc Mobilc
case by ellmiaatinS tlre requiretacoi oI
proo( ol intentro'-l dlscrisrinatioa

end slmply rcquirc proo( ol dtscfiEl'
naiorv ;risult-r" The chenge would
iicUtutc 8 trmsrorrnaUon of sectlon 2

iroo its orisinal foct.rs to nesr and dh'
iurbing obJectlve. of proPortlonallty
lB reDr.scDtatloa-

In sirnarrJr. lt ls EY vics that sec'
tton 5 oJ tjrc vot&8 Rtchts Act o( 1965
ig undergog. s srgaiJlcant Judlcid
cvoluuoE Tbc orlsi.E3l purgosc qtes rt
provtdc neid raiuoriucs sitJr accest tP
ihc ballor Is t5c inErening Yeer:.
tlrc loqrs bas cbanged to th. eotlrt
?lcstord procesr. .4s Plo(Kor Edcr
testUre(E

ID aor! Eca[i Yert'!! . . . cEghrslt hta
sbUtad (rca thc Lsire o( equel raclas to urc
brUot for reai:l rBLBorrdc! !o tlc lsrra of
cqurl rtsttlEl. Tlc issue Lr no loagcr tyDicrl'
It concrirrd ol i.E lrr1lr o( "thc riSht lo
vota." out iil t tE! o( "th. tlsht to en c{lac'
Uva'vot': ao loaacr lJl tarEt ot
'drsfts.Eciri!tE.!!' buE l! tGtE! ol "dllu'
tloa.- 1tc old asti.EErton thr! cqud lEc!!
io tts. b.llot aould irulucablt lcad !o pout'
leal poeer o( ,':.iDotl!:ca bls Sivca Fsy to
t!,c 

-proporiUon th1! tb. Poutlcal grooEr.
Dtrs!-Dr'oduc! solaathtnt rnora tha! equrl
rcce 1!c nc: dcaend ir tbet tna poiltlcrl
Drocllt ragrrdlcs o( cqr.r:,l aaarsr, Eust bc
roedc co ylcld cqurl ratulta"

Thc pt'ogosal to c!'aa8e scctloa 2
sceks tp bcs'j! rhis srne ptucest lor
tbst stctloE- hde€d, Ptt,ponelts o{
the Scnetc aEtrendE"t arcly spcalr ol
"t!e ri8ht to rot " anyalorr- Ilstr.4
such ptr.rascs as "equal poutlcal par'
ticipatibn," "equal opportuaity in tlre
poutlcal Prcc€ssr" "thc lair right to
iotc.' and ":asaningful particlpatloa"
sre uscd.rt I ao concerned by aay pro-
posal to iDstitute such a aew focus io
aectloE 2 and to bring to this scctlotl
concrpts ol Protrortlonal rePresenta'
tlon rhat h.ve beeB developcd is other
scctioE on higbly liEited consUtu'
tlonal 8Eound&

rt. ttfrlotr t ot ?E lcl
Sectton 2 o( the votina RlShts act ls

a codUlcatlon of the l5Llr a-oreadnest
end. lttse that a$enrr-ent' forbids dls-
criminatioo E.itb respcct to vottBS
ri8hts Section 2 staLes:

No ro!i8.8 qualiflcatlosls or grctrqultila3
!o voti.,l8. or standeJrd- pradicc. or proc+
durer shrll b. klPoscd or 8'ppllcd by aEv
Starlr of poU:icel subdlvtslou to dcny or
abridac thc ritbt !o vo!! oB 8acouDt o, re.!
or coior.

Segttou 2 is a pemanrent pro'ilsion o(
thc Vottng Rig::ts Act and doca Rot
espire this year. or any year. It appli€3
to both changes i.u votln8 laws and
procedurra. as *cll as exisiint la-e,s
and procedures. and it applica in both
covcied JurisCictions and noncovered
JurGdlctlons-.t For the past 17 :ieaE
iectloa 2 has stood as a baslc and non'
cootrosersial prorlsion to lrsure that
any discrlminator? votla8 las or pr+
cedure could bc successfully c.\al-
lcn8ed artd voided-

r- ll.:rBrr tjE*3rr! aE uL::3

Glseo thc sucelsg o{ the Voting
AtShts AcL afld the la€t that sec:ioa 2
ls a permanent grovislon o( tha lacr.
what is the preseni contloversy coE-
ccmlng secSon 2? Ae cttrreEt lssue



conclmin8 rcetton 2 t! thc qu€ltloo o( Suptlme Courg prc9.rly lnterpretcd
whai nrusi be shosrn ia ordci to 6trb- !b. oriSinal lngcnt of CoEtirrrt B'ltJl
llsh r rloletloE of th. scctlon- I!, otbcr rtspcct Lo s€clloD 1 I notc. fsr a<ar:o'
tpotds. lhc fr:adeancntrl lsrnrc tr tJrc Ala. th.t Congresr chosc spcciJlce[y t8
ona oi hqr slvtl rrthts Ytolsuons E,ul r:so the conc.pt o, s rrgultl or ctlccts
b. id!8ttflcd- Inherrtrt lll lbrt issrrc ul ttst tB othcr parts ol thc .tL In s€€'
tlrc vcr7 dellnltlo6s of -cfirll rLghts- tlou il and 5 o( ttre a€t, Constest csteb-
end ..drscrlrsfnr6ou--.. r(hcd eo cxpllcjt dthough biShly llE-

rhc suprcac cor:rt eddrcscd thl! ltrd usr o{ tlrlr tLt Thc t5r* tbzi
qtucrl tssqe la dty of Mohilc ssatE*, tuct lan8uagu !T s oEltt'd &ora src'
Botaco... IB tbis. icasoa. tbe Coufi loa 2 ,s corspianous. 8td ttlliD& U
held tbrl rcctlod 2 *rs lrtcodcd to Coolresr h.d tltludcd to us. a!€.o.ltr
caarty tte 15th uaeodru.Et 8ad thca or GItGctIl t€sttBscstloD a thsy had rt-
held 

-t!.t r cldnr urrd(r the rassst t!.dy d.EoD:rtratd tl1ri .tbct Eere
i&.frtqutr"d Droo! tlrt tlc votla: qutt caPabL o( drzttlng nrclr e Provl'
lrs or grlcldui h qucstloo u,r:st ston Coagess cbosc poiqtrdly Dot to
have bcca cgtablishcd or nrrntajlDedo do tilr,
bccausc of l, atstainjtorZ tqteot, or Tbe r:nusual staadsd ln scctloas {
;t rp"..- E tlc Court otfiatl.C rad 5 r1g r dcur fuactioa of ibc c:,'

whgc orhrr of ghr cgqrrir:u r,rasrd. trrordhrry ob,cetlvcs ol thosc scc'
,rt6r dcsjrtorrl fnrr cerl,-irii-arffc6, do!s.t' Ia t!,osc arotrisioos. CoaFeg
bluca lon h.r qgaraoaca tbc ncccssitiof gas eddttsdE8 stl€ctcd lt5ioas ol tbc
saogar Drr9os.l'll dtlElEbrtioa l! ord.r coualr? qritb, respcct to whic.b' lhere
t slrorlurthr8.saGltfiolalioo.x bad bcca idgstitrd bjstortel of dir'

It lotrosr th.n tlzt proof of 8 clei.E qlr.iartlon .Dd historlG of dtortli to
uadcr scctloB 2 cntsils thc rlquit> sirt1J:!v.!1-t Fldcnl eatidlssirnEatloa
6eniof Oo*fuS afscrfminatory ii*ot lnitladvfi I! *res only ar r resul! ol
or pur?osc. tlrc* tlndlncs tJ3rt CongB! Bas evcs

t?re-@r:tfs equstsoB of sesttoE 2 cousitituttonally ellrpoErrld to eEr€t
sttll tbc !5rh auendncat sas basld thelG scctloEr.rr 5pcctfl,callY. lt eas r
oE . lrlnlsr rod aaalfds ol ledstetlvc firnctloa ol th. l2d tbaE tbt provl'
histotf dous ln sectlotu 4 aad 5 wcr"e dcsicaed

S.c!1on 2 rr1a rD uncoatlorrrsld providon tO bC reAedld agd. tq1apqt7ry tO
ln rtsr voltna REbtt rrd il'crr-o-oi"r proa: Datt]r€ th.3 the CotJrt'sustaiscd tbeir
sloE! eo.glldlrtd Drctl1cltd dlsputt- tb! coEstltutional rralldlty.rr
Eou* tlDort o! thc biU siErpty lecitld thrE Mr- PRESIDEII:r Greet elrlDhasls
sccltoa 2 -SlzDts r rlalt !o b. (tc. t!oE_cE' baS beco plaCed upoE tl siaele remaft
re:nr.Dl o! ?tlorc!!ll,1l olloll!-1lll1:| d Attorirey Gincraf Eataanbach
||:HUXH'H*B|?'5-#f"1S: dr:rda ta-;q,=" ot Se-nere hcartao
E:1 RrE No. s!H3e ". I irl&f s.-if,i. to. etridrnc. tbat ra eltect t.!t qras

ro ssri2. prrr 3. 13 19-20 (ig;it-lb;'ri; oriSi1e[y iateaded by Congress ia seo'
ilet urjs rittoa. si.raptv ttlt5t d lhc prohl. tloa 2. Tbc Attoraey G€EeraL accord-
bitloar eirrrdy cnpErDcd l! ih. Itttr tR8 to tbe arSuslenq Eadt clear that a
an.q'(E!,!g rl.s crpclld lelthou! coouzdlc. SaCtlOE 2 violatloB COr:ld be €Stabusbad
uoa dr:ri!8 rb. s€.orr. hr.rtnSs ,ts!rq5' -B /e actlort's/ pur?os! or crfcct-
Dtr.alEr bdlcat.d .t o=__ryi": P1__.ll ,r,as'to detv or eU-naic ibc r:8ht to

:FEJtffi:t1T.?L;;{r'J, B: BH :"-ffl, c"rt apan-i'o,a tbc rarz urat
po..d l€c,llsuog ,g.rr. d;ti.;'r;;'&; a.slnSlc ctraocc re6art by au tndlvldu'
&isrGri,.r agai.st N.iro "o-clJUi-r"cU"a 

al doer noc cor:strtute a conclusive leg-
2 ?hich Ui ter::rea ":rFost r rrphledEt ol islattve history. the tatzenbacb stat&
thc llth ..Eradl!.ttL" Allorn€t Gcaer:l tr1elt c:rn be r:sed rttb equd silln8tb,
Elzrnba.h agrlcd. SeD3te blzriofr. p.t.t L by pt oponeotf o( roaiotalninS thc

Junc 9, 1982

& :0t (1965)...
Uatil thc pres..Bt debate- t}rere has

bcen vlfiually oo disalEelmcnt wlth
tJrc proposiiiioa thst s€ction 2 bas
aleay's becn, inteodcd to ccCUY the
15th ellendrleEL

coDirovcrsy coac.rD,inS the Bobilc
decision .nd thc Eteat test req'Jred
undcr MobOc. ste5r troo. tlrc co!!tca-
uons thai the dcc:sioE lras contrat? t!
thc oricir.l iBtcDt o( CootEesa." coB-
tnry to prlor las,'r end establshes s
te.t lor ldeErityisa dlsc:ireln3tiou
shic! ls dlJJlcttlt, ll uo! lraDossibic. to
satlsly... Slnce thesc ararErents s€rvc
as tJrc fourdatlou lor tbe casc that

. urobilc ought lo bc otcrluraed, tbct
srcrit careJul consideratloo-

the f&,lst arZuroeEt raised by progo-
nents o( e results test la scctlon 2 i[
plasa of the ex1st1n8 totent test, l5
that such a tcst Eould be raore consist-
ent witts the oridnal intenrion of the
Votlns RlShtr AcL" I s'.rongly rej.(t
thl! coEtentlon aad- bcljeve th3! th?

CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE

ptts€nt intent te6t. Ia resPonse to a
questloB by Senator Fong: about
shelber or trot restristed reSisttztlon
hours by a jut'rdtctloa sould bc t,he
kiDd- of "proccdurc" encompassed by
sectloa 2 that Eoutd peanit a suiu. t!,!
AttorDey Gcaeral responded' "I q;oul'd
suppos€ the.t you could it lt had that
gur?osa" t{ Ee subsequenily proceed-
ed to E'-kr arother stateEest alludinS
to botb Du$cse and effeci ire e con-
t€x! 5u88e5tiD8 confusiou betvte€n sec.
UoE 2 aDd sectloa 5. Thc AttoraeY
General's steteEent ls a thouy isolat'
ed remark !.I1 ihe Ei4rt ol thousead!
o( pa8r. o( hcsings ard Ooor debatc:
to tbe extcat lhai it ls treated as dls.
Dositlvr of tle lssue. it cz.d equally bc
reUed upon by elther side.?r

t coEsiCe! tht fr.t that Congrrss
chose nos to utiuz! la.a8n:age i.o sectioa
2 rha,t lt ercprtssiy used la sectiorE {
and S-l.c- "rffests"-to bc far uore
pernrasive of origrld congressiond
iJ3tesq as wcll as thc fac! that the coa-
cept of aa eltests str,Bdard qrls djs-

s 6507
eu:sed thorouShly lu the context of
s€filons { and 5 but no3 .t all in th.
contex! of sectioa a

L ti.lot ut
In rsponsc to thc sceond u8uneqt

of progoE.nts ol th€ results tcst tllat
Mobilc eflEtcd s si@ulcalt chrrSe Ia
prior llq I Eotc l3l,sia thc rerprrL: ol
tbc Suprlar Couta !i MobUa-

Nonc of t!. Court'r ltth rl,ratrdlcot dcd-
dsar hrr qucstJoord tla D.e.!dct o( !hot-
'Urs Du$oraftf ds{Eirt.lro6 t! otdcr lo
rhoe r lstlr rE!ndr!.4 vlolrdo,E tr

tlere ts absolutcly no Court dect-
sion th* lt3ullt progonctt! czr: point
to thrt hol& that prool o( dlsqialar-
tory gurPcG sr tatcEt ts EoC rcquirtd
eithc" h estabulhiaS r l5tJr r6eod-
rocoL riolstlon or l scclloE 2 vlolatiou-

IB t.bi! rt8erd. !trogoBeBts rclY
alEost excludvcly iD a 19?3 Sugrene
Couri dedsioE whltt 884lDst Re8es.
tcr.?t IE tlrt cart. tbe Court uphdd e
.ehrll6sgg to es Bt-lar8c votIDS systeE
lor raembcrr ol lhc Tcxss'Eous€ of
RepreseEtetl"tc lo scveral fr:ra,g coua-
dcs

W'bltc lr e ratbcr tcluots fouadar
tlon for tbc far'rerclla8 c.bao8es prcs'
catly belag proposcd l! s€ctioB 2 lor r
suaber of rlrsoE& Ftrsl Wbilc nrs
ueitbcr c 15tb rqqsdngqt llor 3 s€c-
Uoa 2 casq ll srar r l{tb ancodareel
casc. It ls stransc tbat ptlDcEeats
should rel, ugoo lt to sut8elt th.t t!,c
Mobilc lBtcrpEtattoE o( tbe tstb
aEr!.|-CDl qt?,!t Fi<tAllO-

Sccoud. U that ls Bot eoou8h, I,o dls-
€mdlt th. suthorlty of Wtrile qriih r+
sp€ct to tbe Mobuc lssuc, it shouid be
ootcd that nosherc lE Wtlitc did thc
Coufi cvcu usc th. tc6 "!!sujt&" U
lhet is tbc casc. lt is dilllcu-lt to uuder-
suuld hor tJjc teru, "resultr" ln sec-
tioD 2 is exDected lo tri88€r the apEli-
catlon o( tbc \trhite casc.

Thjr4 evrlt a:t a l{th a81eadmeat d}
cislon the Wtrite casc ilvolved a t.e:
quireaent o( i,:oteatioad or pu.rposelul
.ri.cnEitr3llOE

.As the Cor.lrt LB Mobilc obsered
about th. aJ8lJia.Fg fhag W-tritc repF
sented a ditfelrnC lest tor discrlcirrar
UoE: -'

!D \tritrttr. lhe court nllcd' upoo 
"rldenc!in th. record that inctudrd l long hisrot7 o(

o('t--t dfsiria.ir,rtion aazlrjtt lr.isorttic! .s
r.ll as lndiJf.rmc! to their a!cC: ltrd iltcr-
clts oE thr prrl ol the wllll. el€ctlon o(!l-
cirlr ' ' ' Wtlt! a.rrlElg P.es.st!! ls thu,
conslst.lt Elt!, tha basic equal prota.::on
Drinclple thst t!,r ttrvtdlous quellty o( e:3rs
CsiEed to be tzclFlly dlsc?imin.tort r3u.s
ulttaltcly bc ttz..d to a raci.rllr- dtsc:l=:.Br.
lot? pur?os..,.

F1.Bally. a^Bd perhaps most compel-
Unc. ts thc fact tjlat Justlcc r"fllite.
sho dlsscnted to Vobile and nho
Frotc tbc Wutc opinioE, a$reed rhai
tt sas consisteDt w'ith tba irtes! or
plrritolic rcqulreBenL Justlce Wtilc
dlsagreed Flth the Courg's opinion be-
causc he belleved that the piairtuls
had satisftcd the tltent or pu€ose
standard tn Mobile, not becausc he d-s-
acltrd sith the staBdsrd itseu. t. ob-
senrcd i.u dlrseqtr



S 650E CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE ' ' 
Juru 9' 1982

#F;'#:#',$ffi"$-ffi+ir'*xtrHHIffi$;Fffi
dlarE lba rrltt8 ot

it#'trS,tr
3T*Hfifoffi.?;;-*; nasrys ietcffil H*ffil',tr,unothi.DS Bos! thaE
ilffi-uy-aJcourt ts wEitc.sqtll' ruc l3tts sEcDdBeoL-
i-'g.''l"i' **-ff#".r#. 

ffiffiC-", "::*y *,$r*=."i u,,i,n .o, !es,,o
sary lo c.haDtc tlrc
Mobile dld not ovcr*'l*-**:ftm*t# 

g*_=-___ ffi#;"-ffiffi
tlst ls colsi5t€Bt E

f-o-'rrl coactDue o Hiifr*ffiBi ' 

P:* rseor:sibrc ror Bucn o( rhc

rltcr Mobtlc. Botb'
rrc iD crtcct'"odeY' ll

Jt'trit"*'i t:m:ii$i'E fi:"#'dfffi '*.s 
cu.c'r',.Dah' do ubtc<

H#E,*HHi#ffi*tffiffi Hffi:H;*iiffi#ifr*
$gffiffilFgtn*ru ffi,"g6ipe.'+n*i""-j f"Pg lti'sx'f;a:"m#
tota[Y coEtliltY
narner ra q,h,crr ."".rr" pnDponeots li"'.'**i.*-gntloo'tbc court '+E*H*Y,i1ii.f!i:Lt:','.:'i

#;S..3:l;:{,.t"l;#i;1.ilH#:ffi iig,H{ffi.p.irii#llpil#"sri.m,e,1grry;
rhar ldo,rion or t-rrlc-ret *lu read iato fi& ft;t "-.aap-:ats? 

tF"-ii*'u' * iffT;:lTJ.ti" tii?i'.l ,.o**
;ffi lfi ilil*,+*'igI*'i::,il..r*#"#"r#ffi-'l''LE":H*'inH;i.Ti1'#1;S-.*",iTf..T

Tlrc bistor? o( I

sioos ls totally toiiiiicnt oD lht foun' oosen'ea r-a rrrrar 
" 

* A!'. ;;d;4 ot'T to"tttv,has chosea

dadoast rcqurrefcii:nl. *T-:i.t:: --ilor 
or :,t{ {5tg1ll??r}Xl|o"F I i"ijiiif"iruE 91r"n as, iairness and

ffiiffiffi"*tr'r,Il..'t t'ffiltF-1gx1g1lq.',,,3E:',t-ts:'r*ffi t;*,,:nJ5ffi ru'i}.**$:i:;ilT'r,"":l:i
liri-"*ri'igto;i ttrat a'nvotrc beuiY{ iirai i-accisido 9"{f LJ
tl-s:a,;;;io',iiiff r."ir*vtr,i,,g :ffi.:ff:itil,i*:1-":l?"ffiu; 

.e U"X';1to*:i3^+'.".-TL:;3i'1t
otfiir trr--, *.1fH [:T-":*,:l ? sri]l aore icccntly. thc courr asaiD .1"Jt w.snington asainst Davis:

lgt*yl.:f"mii.H."i:i3tiii! *?1151R ff.'Sl*H'o-piri"s,i or raffig 
"?il"T1fl?H.:TXItl':1Ni,?ffi"i;1":iio;-itat *ioP: hT ;;-r{tb amendraent^3o--*t^"ati3 LTrlfir-'.il '.rJi.,:t 

,a".{, tncrudirs i::'

BH,i,i,H,'H:#$',,H-.i#[*i1i::-$#,i+]+:,gHffirrg'*-.I$,krt::**""*
prorrisioos' t 1 ffifl1ff::;ilil ttil.f 

o r ocutrzr 1"s hrs e dlroroeorltoo- t?If;-r",.." 
q,herher inr.idto,s drscnrninr-lut,llY Bo couft c

[ffi#,'S*#:ir*ffif q*r1*gm
"*I*;'.ik;'r* y"-bt?.sr 

-H::r"U!.qf-#tI;,*',TlJ 
L:Ti;-rui#$:i.i?ff:- 

evidenc'

cision is u^t ii-i;6ii"r,e. a,eqqg: *i'iiri--*;*ryi.Fi{ilffi ffi''*lli|I].""'i['ff,,'[,,"*JLfii 7o, '..;,ii$"iTfti53.ir1 ffi*;,Hffi";"1"ili";ia *.' uacrsouna or ao actior! departu'ls

thet ls "tagosslorc sr ErsEsE{ s



'June 9, 1982
lroa aotanal prrccdural rcqucacc. leg-
lslatlvc or ad8dnistBttv€ hislor7, the
dbprratc Lapee! of an astr6rr upoE a
tqlaorlty. and tlrc llke..r As thc Coqrt
aotrd. tlrcrc rrt only r tev o( tha eis-
cu.B.trDc6 thst cou.td propcrty bc tbe
ubJcct of ua lnqulry ua&r tbc latcal
ta3L'..

ID strort lt ts cxpcstcd ihat . Judl-
drl bodt sill rctrb tba'"totallty ot
drgtnstaaccs.- qrhatercr sucb cireuJap
ctrDcci Ery bc. l! cealusltD8 sbctJrer
or aot rn lafcrencc or pur?oscJul ds-
crlEt!.tto[ brs r.Iscd- lbe serne lnll-
ulte rrrry ol clruEst8Btld cvtdencc
con-onlt uscd by t$c cotrrts to iden-
tlly crlralnrl vloladon$ ln tbe abscaca
o( coalessionr of n:iIL lus also rllralrc
bcea eveilable io ptlsr dHl rights vto-
lstloDat.

Prolcssor Youaalr. oEe o( tlre Nu
UoD,r lortEost authorltlel oa las of
cvtdcuca. t€stltled betorc the Consutu-
tlou SubcotDlljttrt aod eonduded:

OgpaiuoB to th. ln!.!t tEt lrrs b..a
DErt Fr To e!2.1 lL fh! arlilrlBeBt 3o.t tJ3

to E.L tl, dllllfll! o! evqa, IEDossibl. lo
lFovr r tlolatlo!. A prrcllcrf obiecuon to b.
trra bul oE! shlc! slr88!fir !o Br tb:E it
Erlrt! laal prr.licd rxDcrlelct to tllc coDt
ducr of Uu8ador SDcnd ! lcr hou|! l! r[y
crtrllnd coufi ta ql1 t'ad- wh.t, lt tb" iurrl
on trl.l? Altrro3t rlsays. r quEtion of iltrnt
. , . ln Dcrrl, rll ciri.iael udgatio! rnd !B
lluci sivo llusetlot! . patty t[lrst prote ttlc
olhat prrly't bt nL So trr .r I Lrros.
qrccac lor th. Ea.ttlr ba(oE th13 subcoo-
Eilrra. lhc!! hrs ba€! no s.rlou! contcauoo
tllr! ll b .Jr uDdu]y dllllctdt or iEp6slbl.
thlls to do, OE tlc conttzrz. tlc couttr
hal.c gorlrd up sas.rzl rul.! to n.rida Juri..
b fari"ttna oui !:attat. Intllt Ey b. I.o-
f.md &onr ehrt X raid for cxaEpla buc
u;het X se,id doc. not concludt rh! tnqulrf r
JurT 6ry (lnd thrt trs tntentlon Fas th. op.
p6it of !;hat rlr! said- or Xi lntent r!ry
b. in/lrtld lroa ell thc circunstaircer ot his
bahsvioE. . - nosh.r! do€! tha l3r, of rd2
dcnc! rcquir! t "-oklnal Et.r,a" ln th! folaB
o{ soEconr'! exDrst. t.llroqrlcd8atllnt o{
tbr orlradlns int.EE and noshcre hzs th!
&lrni-l.u'at,o! o{ jusus? bc6 iErpcded bt
thr ncarlt unitrEal 1bs€act of suc! r
snolrln8 a^l8. . . laa?etr end JudcB 1r. fa-
miliar crith th€ intlnt tert l,rd Jurlca har!
[o gartlslrLlr troubla applyi68 iL"

I conclude that provina loteat is Rot
"easy'-lt should oot be "easf for a
Federal court judgc to make findlngtr
that, qril result in the dlsEantleEent
of a stntclur. oI rounlcipal sel!-gor-
errln.a!-but neither ls it so dltllcult
that lt pose3 au ir:surmountablc st3nd-
ard in seetion 2 czscs. Ii ls s standard
thai thr Natlon has always Uved qiltJl
ln thc araa of cirtl richts. as sell as
oth?r areas of the lasr. and it has o(tes
beeo satlfled in Uti8atlorr. llost lmpor-
tenuy. lt is the riShi sta$dald in tbe
s.nse that ncith.e! an indttridual oor a
communJty ousht to bc lD !'ioiatloB o(
ct!1l ri8hts statut€s. and ought uot b,c
cousidered ruilty o( discrigrinatlo+ ir
tlrc absence of intent or pu.r?osc to
discriminste. To speak oi "dlscnarlns-
Uon' LB aly olhcr ten:ls-to treat it as
cquivaleni to . sho\rinl of dlsDarate
lmpacf-is to trans(ont the mealai!8:
o( the concept, b€yond ail rccogniEoa
snd to embart upoa a coutlc o( coa-
duct r;ith cons€queocE tbet msy bc at

CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
subsbatld varlanc! sitJr tJre tradl-
Uonel purposes of the votlna rlelrts .ct
end ol thc Constltuttoa ltselt

a. rgt: ot trl,
I aJso bcllcrc that nalnttDaace o{

th" Drcscnt latent trsa is crltlcal l, the
lrr ls !.ctloE 2 Ls to Providt a[Y
urernlnstul 8Eid"lct to Stat€ eBd
urunldpeltticr ls tlc coadus! ol tbelr
tltstl,.s the nore I thtn.L, sbout tt tbc
aorc cogrvfBc.d I sE, tb.l ttse rld dr$
tlactloa b€tEG.E th. tBt€tlt staadard
rad thc lrsdts strBdad ls cvea gree.t
cr tlrg the lssrc ol Frogortlonal rcg"
rsco,EUo:r- The rcd lsma is shetlrcr
or trot Ee rre SoiEs tD detlae ctvtl
rishts ttr tus coultr? by r' clear, dctcr'
miaohf3 ste8derrl-t&rou8b the trrle Ot
Lar, as it rrcre<r by I st:udrJd tbat
lltarzlD no oE! calr artlcu.bt€.r'

ldJ obs€ratloo ls that tlrc rcsults
tcst has rBoluttly uo cohcreBt or uD-
deFtsadablc rqcaolns bayoad tllc
slnple BotloE of progortloBal llDra\
rcEtstloB by mce, hos'evcr veheacr:1.
ly tts propoaents dtay thi* Ultluat}
ly. the rEults tctt brilss to tbe Lae
cither err laflextblc sEDds'fii o( pto.
pofiroEal reDrsrenlrtioE os, i,rB tbc
sords o/ llgs:lratn EooEs of ttre
NA.ACP, ta describlng dlscr&atnadou
unrier g.Ee results rcstr

Llkc thc SuErcrac Court Juttlc? laid .bout
porrrogaEhy. "I !ra, not bG dlc !o d.lln. E
but I lno\s lt ehcE t raa lL'rt

Ia thc llnal aralysis. that Is preclsc.
ly ehat dlssLurlnatton botls doqra to
uDder the rcstrlts test becars€ tlere is
aot rrlttoaie standard for ldentilyiag
dlscri:r.inariotl short of prcportional
representauon-

Under thc .Dtr't tlsq for exraple.
Judgs or juries evaluate tht lotailty
of circuEstaDee3 oq tbe bssis ot
.rrheibe! or aot such circuEstaoc€5
raise aa inferancc of trtent to discrirai-
Bate- Irr other qrords, once thry havc
beca exposed to tle lull arr-ey ol relc-
yaa! evideacc rdar{'g to aJr auegedly
discrinlnatory acuott thE ulttEate or
tbreshold questloa iq "Does this evi-
dence add up to iur injerence of intent
to dlscdninate?" t}lat is the staDdard
by shicb, evtdcace is evaluated itr
order to deteEBiDe Fhether or not
such eddenc-. ries to a leeel suJficleut
to establlsh e YiolatioD-

Under th. rlrults t€lt hoEeve!.
there is no coEparable question Once
the evldeuce ls be{orc the Court-
shetber lt bc tbe totallty ol the Cr-
cumstalrclr or a.Dy othg detlned class
ol evidence-ther. ls no loglcal thresh-
old questlou by lrhich tbe coqlt nra
assess suclt elrideBce. short o( qihet.her
or Do! theE is proportiooel llpresltl-
tatioB for ainspigls* As Pro(essor
llltrn<lsia obseryed on thls Batter

??re ttrlnr you Erls! do uDd!! thc LEtrnt
rtrrtderd L to dreE r botlola Una ' ' '. tsad-
czlly. ts ttlc rrllonzl! rJtlErztait I shrra or t
prrilrt os I! lt t laaltlEalr ncutral l?tton
dc? ThrS !: undcr tha ljnl!!! ststdrfd aJrd
lhai b . tzct-flldllf dccrsio! !E th" juda!
or lhc JurT ' ' ' uEdet thc r€tults strEdard
It,s€lEs to aa t!8t you do not h3v. !o djzs
l$a bottoE llo!- You.llst lr31'! to la8rerlce
out r r!n!! o( lrctor: aDd lha probl.E ir.
ooc€ you h:r.. r8tre8alcd out r.ba5€ laatar3

s 6509
Wh8t do you har.? W!.!! a.! you? You
Lros, lt i5 th. old thtng rr! do tn lae ichool:
You beie.rtcr srd you brlr,nc! but ulllmrlrJy
hos do you h-lac!, W'hr! b !h. cott
vduCr.

Ttrere lc no "core t rluc" urdc! tht
resultr test erct9t for thc valuc o(
equal eleqtoral rcct:Its for dellacd arl-
Eorltf 8r,up.r or progortloaal rcprc-
s.Et i,rdr- Tbcrc h Bo otler ultlt!4ta'
or threshold giteriou by vhleb'e fart
llDder .aE cvalueia th? evidaace'
bcJorelL

Wtlle thcre bavc bca r suabcr o{
8tteutpts lo deJlne suclr rJr ultlu.ate.
cnaluatlve standard. raore probing !a-
quiry tnto tlc roeaalag of tlere standr
ards dur{ng tl:c SubcoEoEittee oB the
Constltutlon heerlng tovrrtabtt d€-
teaeBtrd tnto €ithcr laci--:slaSly ex-
pliCi nrfersce! to tbe rula€ri(3l a.ad
statrstlca,l eouDarisoos that are th!
toob o, proportton ,l represeEt $on/
quota, in-lysis or clsc t!.e trhouy unln-
structtve s!:rgl!!!!ts of tte sort *lat,
-you k.aoc, dlscriEiBatloa shea you
se€ it--r

Tlc i.repllcatloos of thjs are oot
rnercly rcademic. Is ihe elsenc! d
such staodardg the reiults test ailords
vlrtually no nrldancr whztsoev€r to
eo--unltles tn evaluaiiaS the iesailty
and constltutioadty ol their go.ieE
Ecntel arranSpcreats (U tbey lack pre
portiond represeotatlon) and it &f-
fords no fuidance to coufis ia decidins
suits (iJ therc Lr e lacts ol proportioial
!epres€nt3tioalroo

Given thc lack of proportional repre-"
sentation, as sell 3s the existeecr of a
sir8le one of the eountless "obieTr:i','!
tsatoc of discrln:ns,i1orl':or I Eelieve'
uot only that a prima lacle case ol dis-
crtr:inatlon .would be qitabIshed
under the results tess bu, i,hat rJr itrF
burtable casr *ould bc estabilshed
What rrsporuc could a ,:omreunily
that I! bein8 sued raise to ocereoEe
this evldence? l-either i::€ fic! thai
there lras a.q absence cf disriimi.netcr7
pur?ose rror lhe fact that theie *e.re
legittaat€. nonciiscrt:iln arot? reasc,n:j
for particular governrnental structuru.t
or lnstitutions, rould seesr !D be satis.
factory. Tlese sere ce!4-ainly riot -sa:is-
lactory' to eithcr plahtilts cr ',he
lower courts ir the Mobile case- qnrel
other elideDce or what other response
rould bc apgrogriate to rebut the evl-
dencc . . . described here? So long rs
there is'no standard for e..'aluaring evi-
dence. rhere can bc no standa.lC for in-
troducnS evidenca The slrndarC that
sould be fash,ioned rould necegsalily
be fashioned on a case-by+ase basis.
By nccx<ity the results test would
subsiitutc the arbitrary discietlon ol
Judges ln placa of the relatlvely cer-
tain nrle of 1zs established uxder lhe
irtent t€sa

Thc confi:sion introduced by the r+
sults teri is iuustrated soraexhat by
the near-total cisagree:nent as far as
one o( the most basic questiors in-
voived LB the aJ:al:fsrs: Does the "re-
sults" trst proposed in section 2 mean
tlre sagre t}tta8 es th. ''e(tects" test in



s 5510
sccuoo 5? Daplt. ih. funduacnt8l
llllgottsne. o( thts Esttcr, there has
bccn dt!8grcrmeni craong qrttnest
sltcr eltnes on thls- Rcpresent8uvt
SrrrsErl8Errr. one oI thc uchltects
o( tlc rcsults tt3t ln thc Eor.rsc. tcstl-
tlcd bcfora tbe Subcornmjttc? oq ths'
Cotrsutuuon andst3te(d:
t thtlt lhrt sr ur spltillnt hrir! lo lt,

taa93trs to tra r dtaulcant d(tarura la a
E rlE ta* or rD attacta taalr..

Ii,tr. Chrubcrr rcprcrcorrnS tb!
NAACP lagrl dc(cnsc fi:ad. oa ibe
othct luod. totrlly dbcleimcd thlr
lBGild8t:

Qsrsrzor. Ehrl b th. Elrttonsllp bG
trtro lla rrnlltr t 33 l! scc{oB 2 r.ad tha
dtlctt !r* l! !.c!toa 5it

C?^Ea!. ?hc, rrs Doe tha s.Ea trsL.. .
Qsrraor. Ia othtr sord* thG erDcricaG!

o( tla caurrs stt! !.c!roB t ?ould Doi b.'ttLerrt l! drtrruialrg hot s.ctloo 2 It
llldy u, ba lDtarrrrt cl?

elEE . Sbrt ir corlBrr
nf,s. !4artJaca represcatlaS: tba

Medc.D.Aoertcan Lernrl Detcnsc asd
Erlucattoa t\r!d, hoeevcr, st ted:

!h! coDrini'{i8 vtts.Uty o, s!cdoa.2 da-
DClldr uDoo r,D rlrrDdErcot mssrd by thc
Eous. L:rr rould DcrElt judlcirl Jlod1nf: ol
acctloa I vtobtlos upoa groo( ol fha drr-.
cttlrllatory a{trcE or r!flJt! of 

"otlDa 
prz!.

Uclt.rx
Profcssor Cox four:d hLrosctl tB dlh

egreclBBlt oq thi. point shcq he ob-
cered:

!I you ra:ea tlr ci!€dr t gt l! latltlrlt d
by thr courts stth rltl.rlll to srctlou t. I
thitr.I. thrl I5 coltsidc!"rbly dlllclslt froB
the lcau,ltr trrt In slcdoa ar..

Durtug the cours€ of botJr tJrc Eousa
and S€ne,tc hcar/.ngs oE the Votins
P,ls.trts Act. eppiox&:.atcly hall of the
ri:ne-sses crho discussed this issua
claiured that thc resu.tts trst tB seetioB
2 crns slrdla or iden{cal to the etrectl
telt in secllotr 3. and heuce t!,at tbe
judicial history ot lnter?retatiotr
under sectloo 5 wrs rclevaat: tllc othc!
hau a*ued i,hai it m...!t soErcthlnsi
substac,tialty or totauy dlssirailar'.tc.
Glren the ir.herent uncertainty about
thc results '.cst in thc flrlt place. lt is
highly iF<tnrctive- !!rat so iaucb coa-
tlnuirlS conjr:sroo could cxist ou 8
ques'uioE as basic as tha reiatlonship
betq'eca the 3ec!:.;n 2 results test aBd
the sectlon 5 efiec6 tese

ln suramarT, lr. is ray beilef that lt
would be a gEave aistaEc for Congress
to orertula thc declsioa of ihe Su-
prerae Court in Clty o( Mobile against
Boldell Such an a.tlon sould eftect 8
raajor transtoraallon lrr thc las o(
seelion 2 and vould overtura e work-
able and seitled test for ldentiJytng
dlscrirninatlco- Thc results !e!t lD scc-
tlon 2 rould bring to tbe VotlDs
Rlghts Act aa entirely new concept of
civll rights that sould crcate conJu.
slon ln the law and. likely, Ieavc thou-
saods of q661gilrniltgg scross thc coun-
tty vulnerable to judlcisl restnrclur.
ing.

L tioFoi:nor^,. tE?iEsErt.lt:or !t t^ct
Pcrhaps thc most iroportart and dis-

turbinS tssuc brouSht to light durinS
thc hearints rari lhe lssue of shetber

CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
thc proposcd ch8ngt Ltr scctloB 2 ot
thc VottoS Rtghts Act $ould lcad lo
sldespread court-ordered "proportloB-
al representauott." Put slaply. Propor-
tlonal represent:tloa rlfct! to e plsa
of govaumcnt lthlch edopts thc ra.lal
or ctbnlc group es the pri,Iery unlt o(
DoUttcal leprcscBt:ttoE end appor.
UoEs s€ats ls clcctoral bodles eccord-
IDS to tJre cornpsretlvo aunerica.l
Et3ln8tb of th6t SmuEE ror Tbc con-
cept o( Frogortloud reDEs€atattoa
bes bccn cxDctlneqted crltb--oftca !c.
coapaaicd by subttBtlal socrrl dtvl-
doa urd turEotl-ls s handfirl o( ua.
tloos rsou8d the !,'orldto' Tlrere
sccr:cs to bc Seaeral s8T€tlo.Et thsi
tbc &aratrr of our Federel Govcn-
Eeai rtjcsttd oltlciel ncogaltlou ot
tBllrrst SrouDr! as e brsE for represeu-
Etlon and lr.ietd chose tbe ln(lvl{tt-l
er tJrc prln8ry unl! ol govemEent.ro'
f aE dctply coEceElcd qrttb tbls lssuc
stuce thG proposed chrnte Liq sEtloa 2
could have tlte corsequencc o{ brtag-
tB8 about a substatrtte,l changc ls tbc
fuada.racntsl orfaaizatton ol AEerlcaE
polltlcal society.

r. rErcuH! r.l.D trox,!18!orrrJ:rr
t}le analysts of thl.! lssttc bcglns

rttb the t'rguag! ol the proposd
chantp lo sectloa 2- ExistLB8 s.ctloB 2
prct/tde! thlE

:{o eotlEa qn'll{63N[6q or plEEqursluvc
to vottEa. or'it.odald. Dtzruc!. or grocF
durr sl4u bc lEposcd or .ppllcd by lly
Strta or polittcal subdti'1sloE to drny or
ebrtdgc th. risht o( lDy cltlz!! o( thrgdtld Strtla to vot! on sccouag of rrct or
color or ln clntravlotloE of !h! guara.altat
se! tort! ir srcllotr {(tx2).rr'

t][C Senate am6grlaqgl 6llmlnrfgg
t.lrc words'to dcny or abridgc'and sub-
stltut€s tbc words 'tn rna:rncr which re
sults tn a deanal or abridgement o['The
Elouse committtr Eport explai$ tltac

E-R- 3lt2 siu r.D.nd scctton 2 o( th! art
to ErIr clesr lhat proo( of dlscriEtnrEry
purpo:rc or intlBt Ir oog rcqultld l.tr cisra
brougbt u.ndr! thr pmvlsioo.rrr

Under the curreat la-tr8rag.. a.s con-
stnred by tlc Supremc Coun i.u tbe
Mobile case. a vtolatlon of sectloa 2 rQ-
quires proof of dtscrioinatory pulDose
or intenL T?rc Senate bill chanSes thc
graearreB of thc claia to proof ol a
dlsparzte elcctoral rttult. This change
lo lhe i'.r? ess.nce of the claira flled
under sectlou. 2 necessarily chauses
tbc rcmcdlal optloru o( courts upoo
proof o( a sectlon 2 vlolatlon- In thc
prcscni situatlo& a cour! can provide
au adequatc reEoedy mcrely by dectar-
lng ttrc pur?ose(ully dlscC.Einatory
actlotr void since thc essence of the
statuiory clgiao ts e right to (recdom
from rron8/ully Eootlvated offlctal
actlorL Elosever. uDder the proposed
changc i! secltoB 2. tbe rlght estab-
llshcd !s to a partlcular rtsult and so,
tDevttably, muctr more qrtll bc required
to provldc aa adequacy reaedy. Tlre
ob[setlons oI judges will require use
ol thelr equily po$cE to structl^Ec
electoral sVstear io provldc a result
that BlU bc responsive to thc des
rlSht.tte Othercrisc, the nee rlght
sor]ld be lrltbout aE ctlective re=edy.

June 9, 1982

a state of alfajrs which ls loclcally and
Icgdly unacc€Pteble.

Ttru! launched ta seareh of a rcacdy
lavolvtng resu]ts, lt seellls that courts
would beve to solvc the problco o(
mcasurln8 that reraedy by dlstribu-
ttonel concepts o( equlty Bhich 1le l,D-
dlstlnnrisbeble frou the concl9i o(
proportlondtty. .Ttrc numcrlcel contrl-
butloo of tbc 8rou9 to t.}lc eg+cleglbtc
vote! aroup qrlU rl'oat certdnly dlc.
ts,tc an etrtltlcErctrt to otflce La sttrlllsr
proportlon trt It B Eay oplnloa that ll
th. substaatlvc n8ture o( e scctlon 2
q[rln 15 changed to proo, of a psrtleu-
lar elcctoral resull tbe principlcs o(
qqulty will lcrd to sldespreed estab
llsbment of proportiotEl reDrtlcnt8-
tloD-

vlrtudly the saae conclustoE ltas
stated by Dulnrlouii witn.ssc: who tp-
peared bctorc the Subcoro.olttee oB
tbe CoDstltutlon- Attora.y Gencr1l
SEdtb told the subcorEllt€r:

ttrudcr thc nas t!!tl {ry votln8 l.r or
procldurr b th! cotl,rtr7 q;hjc!, produc.t
d.ctioE Ferults tha! t:ll !o ortror thr Dogu.
lrtloa'! ErElup !B r pettlcuLr codrn,tFlty
sould bc rrubcnblc to lea{ chaJIaSG ' ' '
U catTtld to lts logtcal @4.!usioE propor-
Uonal rEDr8rutat oa or quoEs sou.ld br 3h.
rld t'lllrllrr.

Asslst:at Attoracy Genenl Reya-
old! tcstltlcd:

A r!r, r"d ptospcct ls th!,t tbls .-ead.
Errat could TlU lcrd on to tha usa of quoar
!o thc elcclorzl procrg ' ' ' s'c rrc decpty
co[crraed lha! !!1s U,nguaaE srtu br con-
stnrcd lo rrCUlr! SorcraErnEl uEilr to
prelcDt cornp.lltnt JustltlcatioE ,or lly
rotlnSi ststcE nhlch dor! not llad to pro.
gonlolal nDEsctltettoE- ! r.

Professor Elorositz testtfted tbat
under the results tesc

W1:.,! th. coufis ar! gotnii to hr,vc to do B
to loot at thc proportloE ol Etnority voteE
Er a 8lf!B locr.llty 1od look et lh! propor.
tloE o( tltrority rrprercn!8tlv!. ln a 8lr.!
locality. T?rat ls ,rherc tlrct rill be8tB thlit
inqulry; th.,t is vcry llLcly sher. th.y BIU
crd th.lr loCuiry, aad rh.E rhcy do that-
*c wlll hayc eth.aic or rer:al propoltlon2l-

Professor Blshop has qrritteu the
subcomEittee:

It s.eE to me lhat th. intent, o, thc
ancndraanc i! to insuE thlt blacts or trrlE-
bcrs oI other ninoriw grcups ate insured
propontoa.l reprrsrn:ation- U. for ex,-.
plc. blacE! arc 20 per!.rt ot thr populaiioE
o( 3 Stst!. Elspanics !5 prrc:nL and Indjs[t
2 parcr::t tha:r at lezst :0 pcrcent of th!
mclDbet! of thr lealslature murt bc blsclL
15 pcrclnt Eispsnlc. 1ad 2 pcle.nt
IDdl.ILru

Professor Abrzhar:r has stated,
Only thos€ rho lh'e in r drsBlo s;orld eaJr

lail to parEciv! tha ba.sic pulpos. aod thnJst
snd lnc"iBblc rerult o( the neE section t Il
b to catz,blish a pettern of proportlonal r?p-
rs.ntatloG norr brcd upoE recs-bug Bho
t! to say, sir?-pcrhaps at !, latar moment i.o
ttar upoa g?ndcr. or reilStort or national.
ity. or ercl lgattr

A simllar eonclusion-i,hat the con-
crpt o( proporiional lepresentation o(
race ts thc lneritabie result of the
change ttr sectioE 2-qras reached by a
large number o( addltlonal crltnesse.
aDd obseryer:-,!1



.IA
Jurc 9, 1982

(Sc! rtt chEelt, A)
Ar.:roEttA

SEJglitD Qsotzr or Src::or 2 era ,

horofrlor^r RE rsEfirtrot
-ha th.or o( thr dlsrcntlnt opllrloa

f'E$lta' t rt: . . . tp9crr3 to b. thrt
!rG, DOuuCal 8'OUp Or rt l.{t Cftr' .uE!
t,ou! thrl Ir t! lhG tltDorlty tts r ,cdclrl
coa*lluuonrl rlsht ta .l.d cr.adldrtr. !a
flDonloE lo ltr rEltrbcE . . .lbc Eq--t
Ploracdoa Clrltr. doc! nor rtqulr! pRDorF
tloarl rcoc*atallon g.a IEDGL'sdy! ol p
Uucrl ort dzrtlo!.--gs SuEr!r!. Cgrtt.
Xobtb t. B&ri 119l,o)

'tbr (t t ur.t E.abcr! o( s trdrl or tre
nrraa ElDority froug hrvr Eot bc.o.lccld
!a luEb.r! lqr.Irl to thc troup'r groporctoE
o( t!. gogulrdou . . . pould b. blthlt rrl.-
"rat lu.adcr thc pt'oposcd raca.rFCELJ--
gou!. HrDolt g?-Zft (Votlls Rlslts.{d,

-(Undcr tha E.r !rr!t rDtt eorrn' b' O!
glrldtJr! !n tb. colutr? ?htc! productt
clccrba tt dt! l.b.t ,.ll to lEll"or thc po9r11-

lrtloa't ErIG.uD la r prrttculrr coElEudqt
tould b. tulDlrr^Eh to lErf
clrltca{t . . . It cer?tcd to ltr lodcal co8-
drJSoo. Drogon oorl rrgElaDt8uoa or
quoEr rrould b. tb! crd r! UIL'-U-S. At,
!omc, Gcnctrl wull..6 ttlnc! Slljth

'?o ovcmU. l!.. Yofu dcclsion by stat
-uta sould ba rD cxtEEaly d:'DScrou.' corula
of rdloa uJrdcr out lora ol govcm.EaoL'-
Foract O-S. Att rBcy G.lcrrl Orltflrr ArU

'A vcrT rtal grosD.ct ir th4 lhls aaread.
Batlt couJd wcll lcrd us to th! use o( quot8.
l! lhc cllclorrl proals. .. WG rr! dr.ply
coEclEld lh'r thi. lrogu.aS! stll bc coa-
cuad lo rtqulr! tolrcrnlllcDtC unlt! to
Dr!.r!t colrp.Ulla Justulcadoa tor r.gy
eori.t systlB Bhlc! do€! nof lc.d to pr}
Dortlond GDrcaaatrtlo!-"-Asrl AttorEa
Gcncr:J (ClrU Rlchts) \e.tllbE Brrdtort
RrSmoia.

"s:acks co!r:?rls! onlthlnl o( South Caro-
llerr's i,c?rlarlon and thly desrri€ on!-thlrd
of lls r!?r?3cntltion-"-Rav. Jae<a JaaIsoE
Columbir, SB!r. Octob.r 25. 1981'thc rrEandE6t Elu:r inrzrlelly
opcr:.!a . . . lo crcaga nctdly daflaed serdr
throuShout uruc! of lh. muotr 1Dd !o
coE:p€l tha aor!! tandcndc! tolrlfii r".!.
besed ellrglencc. 1nd dlyrsloE---ho( WU-
llr.E Va.o Alstyra Uair. o( CaLchool ol
I:s.

'The locrcd tltEdnd potnt o, thot chrl-
lrBgc3 (to ilobilc, is thatr elcctloa dtstrictJ
ulurt bc drasa io 8lr! proportionr.l rcgG
scntatior! to miDorttlca."-wa5hh8lon' P6L
ADril 2E. t98O

''It s€rrls !o oc t!.! !h. intelt ol lb!
1EcndErent is to rnsure tha! blarks or EaB.
bc!! ol o!hc! Ellnonty 8toupr I'r en!u.r!d
pro9ortlonal raple$lDtatlort. IL foa cxaE-
Dl.. blacks rr! 20 pcrcln! o( thr populattoE
o( a Stlta Elspraicr !5 p.rclnt. and lndiant
2 p.rc.nt lhen 1l lc!r! 20 pcrelnt o( tbr
meobcr: o( thc lcatslatuF drust bc blaaL
l5 pclc.ot Etspuic ud 2 pcrceal
Indtu"-hof. Jolepb Bl,shop. YalG L.l'
School

"tha tntan,{-cBt b lntrnded ta rEr'lnta
th. Suprrme Cout'!'! d.c!.dou in .!fo6iIe . . .
U sdoptrd. lhi! aulhorizer Pedcr:el courts to
rdulr" Strlc! lo ch2,n8r thri! la,Er to
ctsur! lhat tiinoritlc! eriu bc rlactcd ln prr
DortloE to their numbcE . . . P.errelcntr-
Urc 3Ev€rntncnt do.!! not Ilrply proportlon-
rl ruDhrlantatlon-'-Or. Waltr! tscrs.
A.rlcrlF a Ertlrprisr Instlluta

"gnlcsr sc rGa l Edlstricllna Dl:! thrg
her thc po3ribltlty o, b1..,€ baring Urc
grobability o( bci!8 el.cted lE ttlportroa !o
tht3 populatroE ln $uth Cesolln!- s" elll
illslr h.sd for r ncs plu-"-Dr; W. P.
Glbsorl FesldlnL South Cl'olln! NAAC?

"ODly thosr Eho lls! i.E 1dtlej! Borld cz!(.Il to pclceir! the ba.dc thrl]st alrd purpo!.

CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
rnd LDcYltnblc tsull o( thc ncg r.clton 2 lt
b to dtrlllsb l p.t!c!! o( propotttonrt rcp-
rstantltjotl nos baJed upon racc-Pcrhaps
rl I htar lEotrlca! la trme upon Sendar or
tludon o? nrltondtty.--Pro{. Ecar? Ablr
hra. Unlverlty o{ vlrglnir

rlay tlrt uacqulvocr.llt lor tbc
NA.AC? rld ,or tir L..d.BhlD Con crtncr
oa Ctvll Rlsbtr thrr ,r r!! Eot r.€tsln8 9r.o.
Dortloarl EgEssttrtlon . . . I thLal th.t!
lr a btr dltlcrctlc! bcrtrco grcgoraloorl t!9.
rErlt:loa rod regnscotetloa lg thr Popu-
!r!oa la proporlloE to (,ralBontyl po9uJr-
tloi i-&njrirr EooI! Erccutlvs Dln+
tor.$a.AcP-Whrt tbG courtr rtr aolna to hrec to do
urdcr tla!.c tlst l! to lool rt tha progoF
tloa of Elnodty votrn la r tlvla loc.,tlly
.Dd lool rl t!. proportloa o{ Eilority rrp-
Gt.otsdvct. tbla B rih.lr lhcy rlll bcfta
tD.E l!qu,r, !!d thrt Is very lll.ty Ehcr!
151y rlll .Ed thcir lrcuiry. Wc egl h.ase

"tttdc 
o! r?alrl D.'o9ot'ttonr.lJty.'-P?oe

Donrld Eorori{ta Dul! IrEiy.trltl Lrr
School

'It rould b. dlflsul! to krrrlDr r pollu-
crl rodty coatrlElag r sigrlrlc..a3 nlicr{ty
populauoa t!,.! F8 aot rlDrrlcBtrd propor-
Uor:atdy thu Borlld nog bc in vlolalloE ot
thc orc srctloo---ho(. Edr?fil Ehr. X.'
tlional Err;r4luc! Crntat

'[t?r. rtrultr lesc Bould rtqulEt dlvldlnt
thc co6tBuEity lnto tha vsrlors nccr rad
rtbrts tto,r* thc lar h!ppe!r! to cov€r 1lrd
t*ytna fo provldc cacb slt! r n!Fr!:tc!r!^1.
d"!.--wrll Stract Jou:zrll. Ja8urry 15.
1982

"Equrl lccrs dora not !!cra cqud tt
sLUts .. . (tlndcr tb. ur.ndEcoc: propoF
llonrt! lrlultr hrrc bccomc th" trst of drs-
c'lElistlon "-Or. John BuDzlL Eooca! lE-
rtlSutloa (St$tord lrnlre!:dty)

'tha e!t? laaa:r8Q o( th! .Ecn*ncnt
Dlopo3Gd lor Sectlon 2 lrlports proportjond
rcprGcnta,tton lrto t rc Act Ehett ir dld trot
exitt bc(o8."-Prot. Barry G-.* Ctty Col.
l.gr of Nee Yorl. "By FiLiis Shacf ntrraeric{ OUtCot!!
'hi8h.ly rtlcsa.ui' .s to tbc l.adlty of 1 pro-
crdur!. th€ Eoula blll lBovcr to raplaa! thr
OutaotBc o( thc vortFf as lba flnal arbitaf by
uothcr strndrr{-prcportlon lliy. Thli Is
Eog corlrlsrcnt rttb dcEocrzay."-Pro( -Ul-
checl Lvia. Clty Colle3r o( N.t Yorl

'Ahc A]abe.or lcalslature (by tts dr.srrict.
tag proposell ls goirg on Ecord s.ylra td
l9E2 lt !t1U docr not fc€l 25 pcrceot o( th.
pop,'rrlloE o( (hts sta!! should occupy 25
gcrcllt o( thr ragonsibUlttca 1tld obug&
lloa! of tr:! lrgislatuE-"-41r,5,6., !lep.
T:toBra Rrrd. Washtn81o5 Posq JuD. 9.
1982

'Ttrc proo( (ot dlscrirnineilon unda! the
"-cndcd 5rclion 2: ls thc nu$b.r o( peopl!
sho 8ei clectrd-"-U.S. Rep. Rob.rt Gasclt
(N€s Yor-t)

2. .PioFcrlt:o!^I. r.E"tEsErllttot 
^5 

Ptrtl.lc
lot.rcr

My conclusiou E that proportlonr,l
rlprBcntetlon ls thc tnlctablc result
of thc proposed change in sectton 2,
notEtthstandlns the dlselaimer. leads
thc tnquiry to cihether the adoptloo of
sucb 1 systerB sould bc advisablc
pollcy. Olr this poinL thc tcstlroony
was firtually rxranirnous tn conclusioru
Foportlond rcpr*enution lr con.
trary to our polltical traditlou and
ouSht aot be accepted irlt e general
Dafi, ol our systeE of GovemErent a!
iuly levelrrt ftofessor Berns. for ex-
amplc. indicated that thc franren con-
sidered ihe e€ry qu$tion irhlch I havc
address and rejected any systeg of
regrescncation bascd otr lotele3t
8roups. Ee testuled

S6517
Replc!.ntrtlva gorentmcnt do6 no!

tmply 9rlporttonrl E9r"s.ntr!to& or ury
vctllon o( lt lhrt l! Ukcly to cnh.nc! btoc
voi,lnt b, dts$cta gloup3 Thc lrrncn o(
thr Cor:sdtuuoa rlt€rr.d to such gr(ru9c .r
'trEtlonr.- .,trd th., dld rh.lr b.5t to Blnt.
Eiz. qhlir ln0ucoc!.-. . .

Wtcreer th. rrittrcdctrllsE cellcd for
EBrll dl4rlctr rDd. thcrGrort m1ot R.grtt
!.ntrruva. th. tr:mr!! cz,llrd for (rnd got)
lrrfcr dlitlct, srd ,ca!a ReDracatrltvcg
Thcy dld !o L r Et.ur o( cncoEgrsJns
s{thl! 

"rc.h 
dlttrlgg 'r tsGatot vrrl.!, o(

Drrt&t r.Ed lst rrrtr.' ** 1pltrt thC
clactad Ra9rllcotaglvlr trol! rn crcaasll.! '
dcacadcacr oa tha utrlflDrd lld nrrFo,
vlcrr! th.l er: lllaly to bc rsDrEsrd by prr-

. tlcul{ foilDa of Lhau' coDstitucltlrt.
The t€stlEony of Pt'otessor Eller

sourded lhc $rnc theEtlr
l{ot:rlns 6oL{ fu more ellco to tha A.Ercd-

cr- p6Utrcel tEdltlon tha! rh! ldra ol Dropoilon:l rcprqtantrtloo. Pro9o616n1 p9-.
rEcntadoa Et!3 lt tmpoqdblc for thc rr}
retcntrtl"! graroanr to flDd I clEuioE
Srou.od that, trznsccadr f3ctloDallzrd lntlr.
ettl Eycr? Bodcta 8!"!rtrE.ta! bsscd oa
tb. pllpor'tronrl s}ltlE ir hichty fizilacat
cd rnd unstrbla The gcajus of th. A.Eerr.
cra systrE t! that tt ruquir!|, fectlon! {rd
lDtlrlats t! t.ua 1! ctilerard vlct, o( thllr
or? waltart. to !e!. ilr tt e!!!. lhctr orra ln.
terlst! tlrout! lhe fut.! of thG coEEloa
SooA Ir lhe A.Ercrlcaa rtrtaE bccausa of lts
Culd elcstorsl .Ilguunts. 1 RcpEsantatlv.
E.Jst FIEr! CDt Do! ooi,y ilteststr thrt rlcc!,
hir!- 5u! tholc Eho votr .8zrns! hi.E a! sclI.
Tbli, ts lo s.% hc urusg rlDttrrnr !h.
coru,Eon lorcrlat Btha! than r'ny p.rticulat
or E:rros lntlrl]:rts. Thls ls thc 8lnlus or r
dlvels! counlr7 Thosa eer, ?l.c!ord Lnstltu-
tlons-prrtlcularly thc polltlczl party !t..lrc.
trsa-a;t11539 lgalrut thr idas o, propor.
llond rupresrn(alion. P:oportional rlpra-
s€nu,tton brinSs uarroE. parl:cl.u.rizld ijr.
terlst! to lha lora end u.!dermu:6 tha nF
clsslty of coBproEni!! l! Lha iDtrrert of lho
c'os:.Eoa Sood-trr

I adogt these viees and bclleca lhat
proporlloDal representatton ouShg to
be reJecttd as undesirablc publlc
pollcy tocally apar! fror:r the constitu-
trorial difllcultles that it raise!. and
the m/.:ial ccruiciousness that it fosterr-
Shce ii has concluded thai the pro-
,,lsed chanSe iD seclion 2 wiU inevita.
bly lescl io the proportional reprcs€o-
Etion :ind lhat the disclaimcr lan-
nraSe will not prer,'en! this resuit. I ne-
cesady and filTdiy conclude lhat the
Senale aroendErent, to s€clion 2 should
be rejected by this body.

tJtctt! utlt.tcrttort
In addltton to the serious questions

lnherent ta adopting any legislation
qihich recosIrizes inter60 froups as e
priEary urll o( politlcal representa-
tiorl. !t Eust be taken intc accollnt
that the particular gsoup immedlateiy
tnvoived ls dctlned solely on racial
Srounds. I bellevc spccial caution is ap-
propriate whcn ihc enactrrent, of any
Ecc-b:Lsed classiJication is ccnt em pl at.
ed alrd riSorous analysls of gotential
underslrable soci- | conscquences i:lus!
bc underta.ken

Thc flrst problera enccuntered is
simply one o( delinitlon- Legislation
trhich tends to estabush representa-
tion bascd oD racial g3oup necessarily
posct thr questioa of how pclsorut



CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE Junc 9, 1982s 6512
illsll bG rssigned to or exetuded lrom Uon rhlcb assullr! thc contrary msy pryTi.ltE. crould bc put on sctregated

thrt 8rouD for politlcal pupo6c.r ttsc[ iravc uc oetriroenrat tonsi Lcishborhoods- Fofcssor Berns used

Rc*nt history irn thi! and other na- c"eao'6i-es6]Is!-1ns;cb1-poladty !F.i tlra "gheltoizauoB" to descnbc

Uons srrg8es6 that r,r. resolutlog o! tg votfui-*E;;6ile-ristld.-or was this procst' "U cie 81a Soing to
such e qucsrlog cr6 bG dcmeanluS r.od -.rcrf-epl6ai; sd ofistiltstring Sbetto'izQ' q'hich iD a scrusc !r rtrat rrc
ulttmrtety aclumanialai-f; tboi! h- llcr n ei rcep-ica re.lqr.q tbc dect' are doinG-rith ttsgcct to some 8roup!'
volved- All too oftcE thc t sl ot r"sier sotun"rEir?iiictea oitt"i"tr q;hy noc 

-do -lt for sll Eouns?] rr' P!']'
er.<qificeuor lE a$d of ltseu hls rc- FtnlllJr:;lt esstriptrou t-hot r race- lcssor. [lcMsDul eEptrasizld in hcr
sallcd lJo social ruraoiL A! t, Et-l- b$cdft;*BldGtbepoltusal tlstlEny {lg! vlnlal<tratlve Plactlces
uuur; the ilsur oI clasdllcatioa rould inlluciii-or ragoriucc ls op_; to cou- la the coutc:! o( sectloa 5 

'CCEed 
to

bcGh;; tect 
-csnscio-,rslE aoa coa. sfe;bd a.b"tc. no&ssor 

-Utcr 
tcstl' . cscoulilSc sucb segtssttoB:

ultliiio nce pofarizeu6n- es grotet nA thst lt tr not alselrs clcar t}ral tbe A prtrliura tr prrt 6 ldcolrfvlnr rrcirtlv
sor V.! Alst:ral prr tt tilttopGrd ttrt,;relts o( rzciel urinorltlcs stU bG hoao8ucour. pEcilstll lalt usins ur8 l'
f.",f Gi-Jiifi"-i-E6- Gvi-tebly b€.t-;;"i b.iiproportionat 6r'st E: !h. ta r8d tt &cEr to Etr th' bottot! llna

ffii'"f ffi#tkrum *ri*#tr ts$ffi ffiry#"#"ffi.ffii3:'S
slonr" ttr Thir prcdisltd rc$lt ls ls lr. bet! s:t'rd shc! !:rr@ ffi"T; *ii]rl itua-""F n .a to rc"rpr.. e ctrrzcr-
snarp cstrfil-s! t,tib thr adnoBiUoEs oI r,l nrbruEld *1thl' r tersry pol

the elde! Jrrstlc Ea.ilanTfr;Gtt tti tatt ntEr! t"sr doca not alftri potlucl ln'
plelst ter-*r.-tlc overpb.ltauu purpol or-ttr. I rdect tlrc preulse th3t prDportlou-

rrrtl,'oo€.tlbt!.eoulco,.dErrtoEr lffimS.tf,f.aft"g*;f f*; ffi:ffiXftf""itifl* ffi"n
colorbuad" rod o.ithlt lr{:?-t_g$ [rrftq-*nirr tbi coasoa r4_trresr 93. F ;o Ei3ority reircscntatioD- Even- hoe-dtar!.F6t sittzr! . .
Ers n ara- oo'-'" t',Hm kH#'#jtr{s#ffi rsis#*+uq?"*-:u$rt1luodina or of hir col
ritlts r,rt nrr'ngtetd bY tl
iaTrrnair-e.i:rvor"ea,; rt3ts suclr r r'rstoranrtoo *,tu'cJffit,ll aortty iroupg Lode€4 progonional

Uorc rcieotty Jrrsttce Stevens called ;;r;;a;i"s-tii-poaritiutv "ict& 
crr- renreseEtalloE svsteEs wouiq place a

t5c r}"j-atEEpi to oifie quetitiins ;E;i;.lr"n-ioEricsorcoranoasroqhd D!!Ed'a upoa tbc Eairt€lance ol
rerlat CierZCterrstlcs ttlr3 tlzDseDdt rrcirl cLr'' coEsdrr.'. sUCh 3tSletatioD' For tO tlre rxteat

ol:lpugtrot t! or8 conrdtudorrl idills. r,tloD3rlt t.lrac e mjJlority floup succccdld tf i-D'

. .. ii-rdNaaiouer corarancnt tr to ureta Profcssor McMa.uus rlcrlled 8a ln' te8radns itself on I Bcoglaphicsl
i-srrr"G-cffoa trr d.tinr rrc:sl clrs... by staacc strer: polittcallV artisulate besis. tt Eould concoEltantly lcse the
crltlri3 rbrt cr.a 5" rrarrtnr<lttd objccdsF tfacf arArea saongly aCailst propor- begeflts o( e card sjstelB of rottnS.
lr. tt Bust rcudy P!ry.{ent^Il*-H_q.-1t: Uo-uat rep-res€ltasioE' Suclr e st:teB would beneflt miaor-
rtauletioo !o qg-allclrl clliz.nrhl9 riE ol -ilIr.ato. ot bl.cl6. tcd tst scv2gzl sr.r. lilcs oDty-hsorar as residentlel seire-
Nos.-bat 1.!L 193:Ltt'' Tfi-i-n"o i*. t!r"-'fjf!1s.d-A Eo.jfit$"il[*{fi":ff.5:nn: pil,* *"" Eailtrlaed ror such

slgr:oeai o( cltlzeas to poUHc:Ll EPqp: 1ggu.ac. raan8 chra co!trE:isr-iou.t! - Tbu$ analysls su8gests tbat the pro-
it s poteatlally dlsnrptice tas8,_ sbicn ralhet' ?h,n brfl!8 r sirgtr blrrl--_Irsr!+ Dosed changt ltr sectioo 2 incolve! e
lpp€arlt to be conut?ry to the NatloE's hc.d- co6F;sioEct'- St8tc P-e?r:3cnt1ue' listas:efrrt q]jestioB 

-ot_ 
rac:al classifica-

ftH#XIfiHr,'X?i1T'or 
iadr,idu' :ft!.!rtryE!"1'S:qiq'"J.L il ilon rnyorr''e" scoerat doubunr assu.slp'

fte sccond probleo involver doubt- n .a..a [o 
"oo.pGh 

r.ovttrins *iIEuii tlons about tbe relauoDslrlg betrreen

rur-assumpuois o,rricrr-aH_i4y:I #*T"?X.U{gf*t';tg"ffi ffi:,#:"?J**"t"?3}1Lffi1AXI
to support a:ac+based srsteT,o!_tt A;*;i E*ii eoitrrir ririoa u u ;;-con#i/ gq prudenr putlic policy.
Fesentaiio!- Ttre acceptancg o(.1 ?tl{_ b.i!"r-foi rla bl.rt coEurlultr, lo hav? flcsc ffkeli uniesirablc-social conse-
ifroup a( e political udt.iEpUca. fot ,os1oatc:eleloathr.lcoEEussronlf^t!= qnfiaer argrrc strongly agairst the

:H" :ffi -f;lii SJitI'#&H. 5*T'l T, if ,f 

"l".T,f. 
ffi ,:Hffi 

L," 
.lLT ilFlT*fi ,,,i: imy *eace. Yct there is cotsiderablc elrl' thr pap'6 flv up rnd -d9P'"Jt'.

eJ3a ttn ltack pougcal fir.rres caa tnalo6 ar8uld thar Dlcldr:' all tI
g.i^u substaDrial suppori froo shitc o,,c_arst-ri-ct t"es i:r6c ia trc u."i-rJni'tirra ray distinnrished colleaeue lroa
vo!rr:r. andsi'ilarty, tlat snitC caod- OUttttsLittriqolun'-i1y'-r{ MarylaDd" lfi' lef'ttIllAs' in ehich he

dates czl! !.itr the rotes of black, ott- --The city ettomey for Roma Gs' obseres that the com'dlon inlere$ on

zens. . Arto,o€y Ceneral- SrnitU ac- f*r. firGin" 5imil351y obsered: 
- the part of Drogonenis of the inlent

scribcd rhe eride::cr. Ec refered to wtllr t5r proposed arc:nd'rrcai io sccttoo standald is that tr! all q'6-3 to crllte e

rhc im'licatioa that blacts c-ill o.ly 1_T-v--ocT-iiitca as ur clt#-;;;i;i; ''homos€nous" Repubiican Pa''v'
(ot" for black cud,idates alrd Ehites proponionit repr.3cnlatloo airned aiaidiug Wlth all due respec! 

"o 
my friend fron

onry ro.shjre csndid"iiio?Lii!"'- :guf .Hlig:i'H,P-:*'ftli.lt=itr; Hffit 'Frf*#.,J1'f.':H::i*
Tlrar. of couJrr. ls no!.ttll!. On-C-oI tha the Eror:p'r porlnti:Uy su<.e*sful etlorts at reruion that mOUretes Ea.ily of us On

b6! erzhDlcs o, lbai i5 Lbe ctt, ol Ldl AE coalllioa buUdtDS .cross Eclal- lhes. Ttl. I.r' tfri: siae of the issue.
3ci.!. sh€-= e blact E tor o.(-cotui3c s.r qulrprn.n! o( e qioa o( raclal Dolittel suc- *;:;; iii-*re-am-,en! of prbpo-elcctld..rtlE:.aoyshlilvotcl-r{ &s'rould rcnd slronSly to stirylrtq: El- 

""'.rt-iilfaa resu.lts test is that theysElilarly. a r:ace-based ststeE llll1- norttle!. deeart-E.nrallz! the .leclorale;H ffii;s;'tic io,r."pt o! Einoritf repre-pllcr thatihe drfisiogs of eiected offl- 15.rorc! 111y lt3rablc bloc rotlnr
eial: arc predominartfi "d:1..fii,;]f,;i rr,J pie*cit cnontv raerabcrs-fic,excr' sentalloE 'rlth mjnoritv inr]uence'

raciar crissinca:ioo ill'fiitrlx ffil$ffif:* *,fxftX ffi,fi:{#fi##+}f,:t'ffiiquestlontd lhiq 355ii;a
tihonr

t querrroa Eh.thrr r u,ct can bc lalrty l!!l1tio" 
-o{ seEseSated residentlal Aleutian incrividuals on a city councir

rtsr.olntld onty br . :r.:firii',ri'rilL'. parteros. Sincc our clectoral systera is or county.colimission or school board-

un,te. by r perer e*ii'"'i'i#i1'Irrii" lstabusrred rii!,in geo8reEhic panrE- tbey totlllv lau to recognEe. iB trrv

e1tr bc (lirly rlprcs.nred only by e ahite.! eteta ghe prescriptios cf race-based t'iew. thst tlris may Ee enlirely incon'
ioiioriiiihprl&Jq::dlps6g4,I prop6rtion.t rcpresentatlon means sistent with the idea o{ n:axin:izing

In otler lson s. rbcre is eo cridencc ttrat minonty croup raerabcr: riU iD- black or Eislanic or Aleut:an influ-
.6"i,;:al bioc s6cinSi GeiitaUfi ,na dileetl)- be enco'uraged to reside in the ence on Lbese rcpreserltalire bodies.

ieason-to aoubt, thai fair rrpresent3- sa.coc ireas in orcer g6 sssPin iD tbe The proportional representalion
iioa Jillnas on rzcial identlti. L€clsie- racc-based poutlcal group. A polittcd grenisg on lhe part of my colleagues



Juru 9, 1982 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE s 6513

on tJrc other slde of this tssue t6puc! than s singlc 9o.pcrc!!t rrinority dls. 
-- 

Eow could ttrc ldez of racially ldentl'
o( courEc. thc cteatloa of Ostrtit or trlct? MtSh! they not bc bcttrr regre- tlablc wards or dtstrlcts cvcr b. looked
rrra systirar oiiorirnocnt thrcuth- scntld even lt they had feqrer reprq. upon es a dvtl rlShts objecttvc? Eas
out tUt counW-tn pteca ol rt"terlc acatr,Uvc3 \sho slrt bta'cl, or lllspanlc. thc dvtl rlShts tnovetrlcnt caoled so
lqlgt Et rs seU rs oticr basic cburger or Alcutlsa, frerry ovcr thc D.st d?cade that 8U
ii auniaElll rnd Stetc Sovcraaiat- Scnrtor Mrr nr B r.bsolutcly hoPcs a.nd 1-btUoas of cvcr achlevlnS
ctrugturt In r cornaunlttdth r ZO' qrroai to Ey-di"toa. lo h1g sug8€!- egglorbllndsoctctr.h.vcbcea dlscard'
ecrerot ElDorlty ggprrtaSlqq sad 10 Uoa-Ii'rt opioaeintr of tbc resu.l,B tcst ed? PoF eDyonc hold --thc sllghtest
ity c6"aat scrts. [Uir. lt ls prcsuEcd. ;;D6ala tiieusc o( tJrct lntcrcst to a bcllct that resultl or etfccts strelvsts
vtti tc (ar alorc tttety to lusurc 2 Et- ;f,-onoCeaoru" tcpubllcaa Pafty. rfll do lDythiD3 othcr tJrrn lDttndly
uortty lEgrls.Btsuyc! tlra eould lE Wtilc cy osa prtuery iatcrest !o UrB color coDsclortct.$?
rf.Lrsc str'trctu!!- - laG!, hl. uotbtng to do wltb psrttsalr- EoE could thc lder of r lGyeer cr-

tbet any sell bc frrq,elthoufh.I. shtp onc sly or the otber-rnd ls prl- tcuslos o, ttre Votlag RtghB AcL
rs lrr BorE GluctaEt- rlrr-. ttsulE Disiily rcfrtrd to eo-nrtttutlonrl coDr rdoptcd by the nrbcoEElttc€ end
DrcpoaqBtll t,o lssals that Edtrortult er.:rs-I would cuaSest thrt U 8 hoEro- !,Uta t conttuuc to supporL cver be
rtu ttrcyttrbly clet alsorltlc! _to Tq genorE Rcpubllcaa psrty sss uy ob. dered as aDythl,Eg othcr tlra.n tbc
ltstot thclt Dolltl!-t-1o1"t"ots. I reJect iccUvc, I soufci be dcltgbted wlth thc btshest gMrurattoc of civtl rlghts? t!tll ld€a trqt oDIy blrcls c-l rePre- itsulB ttsL I eE hoeiver, uot lBtrr. saliconstderedsucbonly l yearEgo. It
lcqt blscB or tbst only ehl!? Rl stcd |Jr tbls. ras only I ytlr ego- th-gt vcraoutlpEsllt shltx.- I" laI--{:1L9: r would bc dcugbted It trat Eere Ey Jordan ol tai urla.a t*asue satd o!
lostcal out oEe-of 

"+v,T:S--o-t-q#:t t;;; dth mJ opportrurtty to heci ili act thsr. 'u lr 8il1'r broke don't fix
syst€E drst$trcd to 1ryry-ty_11191 trd;: uftd dlsc-"d-rn euicl e.il the iL; it;.r-ootii y.", eso tlgr Bcnja.
sta racid rcpr.escnt:Uo

'' q*-*s **-=,',s*Er:E 
ffi+sf}ffi5'ffi:ffi $"j3ffiffiffi ;"*bc clustcrcd lBto rrhat

Uttal 8b.rb€.. We qrt
trtsts l^u ttrlr corDlllxrcoacca'll-a,oos"r-"rfrrj;ti,riHL-*ffi 

,f*:+'*-#-1,ff 5..fr:#-*^E#*:$]]!ftrnry rcll clcct t't o E
ud,s to tb? repttscnt3tl

ou tbc otbcr bancL rrnrkt aB 3t or !,,ur:nbcr of 3t8tl agd be ablc io but clra8ct for chr'Ealt 3''lr' It q'ould b'
lsrae lagilB lB c.hid .X]iil.otif, r-ocr:s trrl .tteatloDr ol my pariy rclcly bctiE to cttcod lt b lt! etct'D! lotE rr
tEen rould have to b. ;E;;i":"-i;" qp3,9-th. rust of tb. sea!* r would be r uadcrstend tbat pouucal positlons

lersc descc to -iojiii-'6'ioi*i deushttd that I Fould oot.h.y."..P cha.asc rad evolvc over ttac. but I
uDder tbe sy'r.t' a."rilfftoi;;"E stlf, bv calculations lu eacl-d-lstlct slnply d9 trot ecr:pt as ctedible ttrat
piEriG-"iit-rop"otiEirA- frIi rtth considerzuon ol a'h8t::-:tla,f thc positioo unanlroor:slv endoned bv
eould bc E co'aclUrcn rU-i--'r-orrfa-"ot, doae to 631rnlz6 supPort or Eo]liA 'lz: tlre ctyu riShts coEEunity less lhan a
bsvc io p8y oEe rot" oi-"itiiEo-'"-ii lp.p_osiuou. 

lrom tle uainorlty cots.Eu' y€a,r 88o nop rrflests aa "{rti<ivll
rlnorriv Gict rts. potcntlally succesh -!y. .. rlchtS posltloa- That ts not t:rc i.otent
lrlf elroits at coalttiou-[-uiiarig across Inoth$sords, llonc'siDicrest_weE of Enyone ilat I kaoqr who opposes
ractal llacs eould likely b; bl1111tcd-15 a homogenoltlt Rc',,ubllcau Party. I caE tJrc Eogsc Bessiure
rzcial ltnce *"re ."ioioriia--ana-g11. thjn.kc(nobetierq'aytoachlcvcthat E rr,^.,orlE-lor!
pnasrzea- by thc pmponlouar .cpre"eo- Faq by !!!Dot1l18 :that is lodav a prF
tauou sysre,r- r:rc itiffiAf;i aoainintrr De=locratlc ,otrri cr-o"p -,lf'"^gl attoEev General Revn'

rhat !o rrrcct rnoqsted to a quoE, outstai tui bouodartc.: cf aoGg6-pe; 9l+ emphasized lB his tBtlEony
systsE o( reprrseilaulii- doura't""a ccct of ttsc dlsL'lc'-s la the cor:ow -*4 bcfor-e the zubcoinraittec that the pro'

slronsty ro isoiare aaa-streuitrza ai- concadlD8 thcE a BcasL'r!, *rilTl 3$f"*:::"*frii"tl3l,i "['.t.i?ljl
ao.ritiE bt dcparrEcuUttaii ttri etce. 11opat'r.9*scnt*loo. I eot
toraic tDto tla"r a8tffiL'i'*'iil; riirrtra" ti ttrat wire l[v taterest Eltu t".'* 

"Pd. 
would ba a pertlallcni provl'

dlstricts aDd ElspaDlc dlstrtc5 a6d tne nr-ti of tUj l sUt- Depart-"i't ae' slon of lhc act. Tlresc obserations co'

Alcutta:r dtstrisrs. rwdoii"-ii-a.T vitopca rrr ini"" v""rs tiat a attrist gentlv estabUsh the pararneLer: lor as'

EaI8hr o,eu rr.r. -o["il";;;-;; requ-trei it least a-55-rerceng ul,nority scssin8the practical iBpac! o( lhe pro'

their rzcc or eihElc Cr";rpiii#;'o"t poiui"itou tn o.aer go ba cl""Lfled as posed chan8e ttr s€ction Zt'r
aii councl. u"t tu.li--op-il-tt-r-tr* one "llkely to elect 3 Elnority repre- Every polltlcal subdlld.sion ln the
roi exercGirig tnfluenie Ji-ttiiEdu- s€ntative." I would b. dell8htcd oot to United sEtes *ould be liaEle to have
cal systcro o,itsiac tberiaistricts Elibt bave to start, each r:d e,ery conStres- Its ele.toral pEclice. and ,rocedureg
rcu-be inJluenced- sioaal or Stete ieSlstadve or city coun- ca8luated by the proposed results test
: f1oo{it *ri 11ouse ot Repr$ente- cil racc 10 to t5 pereent behJld be- of seclon Z It is irirport3nt to emnha-
decl. for ixarnplc. aad aote ti:at there causc o( the presence 

- 
of a minority siz! at tbe outsei thai for pur?oses o{

ts aa lg.Meabcr Bfact Ceucr:s. I dtd floup dlsproportionately sttrastd to sectlotr tr tj1e temr "polltical subdirl'
Jnst I tit of rcsearch oq th13 Eaatter Ey partlsaa oppositlorl sioa" encornpasses all go{ernrnentrl
iua noteC tbaL on the aserzSe. e:cb Eoqrever. noae o( tbai !s rut tntcrest units includlng city and cou.nty coun'
o! the d8trjcts rrpr8cnted by ihcse 18 aor. as far as I knos, the lDterest of cils. school boardg utilily dlstricts. as

. Meabcn containid 8 Blnority popula. aoyoBe elsc oppcst:g ihc Senator sell as S[ate legislalures. All gractices
tlon lD excess o{ 80 pclcenL Nos, it I &onc, Maryland on tb.is ssue. I stoply and procedures in use on the e(fective
!rer! . Mcmber o{ lhc caucr:s. I migbt do RoC accepg the pren:isc ol tbe Sena- date o( the chan8e i! the laB souid be
sell bc dcllghted stth tbis st .tt of af- tor. or that oI the ci'rll riSbts lcadel- subject to the necl test. as lceu as ary
laltr I eor:ld love to hace a dlstrict ship h this ccuntry today. thai the iil- subsequently adopted chalges in prac'
that Ess nearly totally horaogenous ln tertsts of roinorltles arc best sewed tlces or procedutes. nrther:lore,
this r6p€ct- Ou tli other hand. t qrhen na.rios racial concerns are glvea since the provision would be perEra'
qucstloa scrior:sly 'ohcther rainority gredominan! focus tq the electora.l DeEL 4 poUtlcal subdivisioo which sas
lntluence as ogposed lo Einority ruD- process. I belleve lnstead that tt B i! Boi Lio vlolatlou o( s€ction ! on the e!'
rcs€ntetlon is maximized by th:s staE the begt lnterlsts ol =inorilies-all rai- lec'Jve date ol tbe proposed arnend'
of affeil!. Mtght trot, ior exa$ple. '&e oorities-that ractd and ethaic con- ment, and ehich oade no charEes in
urlnoriti coriatraity tn Detroit bc cerns bc subsucred rritlrirt a lar larger lts clectoral syste!::. could a! some sub'
be!,ter ieprcsented iu Washjrgtoa or pollttcal contex! ln *hich tzce does scq'Jent date find itsell ia violation of
t ansing iJ ther^e Erre lhree rolnonty not deJtne polltlcal interests. l.D. shic]1 scctlon 2 because of neqr local condl-
dtstrictr of 30 pcrccf,t e3,cb ralber tlle two ere not con8ment llons rshic!. Elay Bot nos be Coot€ltl.



s 6514 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD _ SENATE Junz 9, 1989

Frorn tha foreSoinS. the subcomltte?
on thc Constltutlon concluded that
thele E r distlnct posslbillty o( court'
ordered r.struclurlng with retard to
t$e systea o( .lcc!ln8 membcr! to al
lcast 32 StBt lcctslstures lt the results
test ls.dopttd lor scetlon 2.r' (Scr at'
t ctrEr.nt B.)

fha subcourralttGc erphaslzed that
thc tbrle or fotrr'objesttve f.clor! ol
dtscriralnaitoo- dlscussed abovc are by
uo EGillt exlraustlve of the possibill'
t1c5. AddltloEal lastoG wblch rajght
scrre a,a e brsis tor cout:-ordered
ch8D8E! of systens tor eleettnS sca-
ben o( St3te legtslatuEt which hare
aoi Eclrieved prcportlonal represcnta-
tlou iBcludcl Dlsparity ta literacy ratel
by race. evldence of ra.clal blgc totln&
r histor? ot Eogli,sh<nly baUots. dls.
psrity lD dlstribudon ol sen'ices by
mce, aurabe.rcd electoral posts, probi-
biuoDs on slnde-shot votinS. Bajority
voi! requlrcEeErs. signijlcant candi'
dat€ co6t requiietrcgts. special r+
quiraacnts for.bdcpende!! or lhird
ps.rty candtdates, o(t-yesr electlons,
ald rhe ltLe.

ATTACI{rilB{r 8-SrAm UCXr}iG PRoPof,IlOfiAL REPnE-

sar{IAlut n otlt 0R iJolll HousEs 0t 'iHE SIAIE

UG,IUruE ArO P?68'lCt 0t 18Jtl1M FACIORS

0f orscnttir{AlI}r

tSG Brf EgE rE EEnu i a t 6 !s t r f
.!*rn'l

phtcd end trhicb Etry bc bcyond the end votcd ln the ctty rtlthout hta'
iffiifr. "o"trii 

o( tlic subdli,islo'lrt. drznce. Not\rlthsqldlng this flndlng.--Wit*a tbesc gen.ral ud far.reach- ho*evcr. tlrc Fedenl coult dlsest3b'
fnf-i-i'"rair,crr*, it epgeer: th!! aD, li+rd tht gorcrnraental sf'ste5r
ilif[r&-iuUatli:ton etrich hrs r sl8. clolcE by the .cltlztD! of Mobllc.
;iJl-c.llt rzctel or lan$raae EriDority thercby strbtthrttDs its osn Jud@cEt
populsttoB ud E.hlch br! not lor thri of thc Peoplc-
icfti'ca proportlonrl 1apr6cntatlon 1te pqrpore of gbLt srcttorr ls to cx'
bt r11g! or-haguagc rrorip?oia Ei U Dlorc t.11c ier-rcrching tmpllcatlons ot
ft;.ldy-;i;iccriodZ vi6ta3too gadcr 6vcrtr:talng tbc-Mobile dcclsioa- Bc'
Itriproiosk-resultt t tt U euy oac or se1.ch cooducted by tll€ su.bco66ltttc
*H;7a;-uoUciotaaActonsi"objcc. rruB8ieltE tbrs [r r lirgc numbcr ol
[rcLctorroiAfcininrUoB'lr. Eet? St Lr tlst ci.sts solar coobinrtloa
ielna i vtolattou ts llldy ead corrrt- ot s h.l o! Drogortl€nd rcprescater
6dcrcd- rrstrusnu,l!8 o( tlc ekctorzl tloa l,D rh. St tc lcSlslature or othcr
systtE-dllost ccrtata to follos. SlovcrnEeatal bodles aod at lcrst onc
-'O,ac crtEcst' r!!!!rls ere eloqueat ia rddllioarl "obrccdve factor of discrin'
cepturtaf 'a sca:E of tbe potcndel laatloo" E,hlcb alsbt r,cu trl88cr.
UriaOtU 6l tAe roeudncnts tb scctlou undct' thc raults t 5t, Fedcral coufi'
2 tt'ls no oYcrstateEcni to sey thrt ordered rettnrcluring of thos€ elcctor'
tUe c{tpgt ol tht uoendEent E rwolu- el systeml ehcre tfie critlcal combina'
ttonlry. lnd rrtU plece ia doubt the vr' tlor:s occurt
UajW iri poUttcal'bodi6 and thc elcc. Ttrer= aggerr: to bc a lact ol pro'
tlon-codi o( EarDy Statcl to ell pefis portlsarl rEpr6cntallou in oac or
ai tbi Onioa . . .-Ttc a.mcadseut to bot!, bor:scs ol the State legtslatuE!
3act[E i vttt U]3eU htv€ tb..r cogs+ tn thc (ollostng Stetcs vitb slglillcaat
Acnclc plrsa r-rdl preclude 8Dy rrlnority DopulstloEst{o Alabr-&
iieeningnrf rrraexatloa 6y aunic{prl. Alaskt .{rizotu. Arkarel Caittorara.
idqT fovenr'eat coirso5&t1ons. Colo*do. Csu'ectr,cilt- Delaqrarc'
couity $nsolldatlong or othcr !i61gs 1llod.rr, Gcorg4 ltense$ Eentucky.
gor.i;Jocntsl rcorfaaizatlons iD attas Illlnolr Indlana. Loutsiana. Maryland.
iarini a roiaority iopulattoo- Sccond. Massac.busctts. Mtssissippt. Missourl
tt rlff- outlte ai'tiric votlDsi tD eoy Nesr Jcrscy. Ncs Mexlco. Yes; Yorl'
sr?r shcrr ray raciel color, or laa- Nort!, CarcUn ' Oklaboua. Pennsylva-
81r..8G FrForlty is torrnd Third. lt rill nle, Rhodc Lrtend. South CarollD&
iiacc ta doubt Statc lass Sovrrnlng South Dekot . Tennessee' Texas.
qualUicadons sod cducatjonal require' Utah" and Vlrglnia-
i-enaior puOltc o{flcc- Fourth. li 1e'i1 ta additlou"ihcrc appcar io be addl'
araoattcatiy E lect St1tc laqrs cstab tlond "objectlve tsctors of dlscri'ina-
ChilS coniresEou:t disfictr. S13tr tlo6" presen! lp virtuaUy.evet? one of
teglsliUvc atstricts" and locel gov'ct!- thcsc Statet. For exaraplc' accordlnS
GiloJV appofilou.uent o{ dtstricihs to tbc U"S. Comraission on Clvtl
sctreurei }.nd ruUt" tt criU place in RlCbts, cfery Statc listcd has some
doubt provlstoos o( uraoy 

-clectlon dcilnitr history o( dtscrirainallon-r'r
JoAcs ttirou8hout tlle Irnlted Stat-ca Thlr oftcn has been ercmputled in the--ftri proOiOlc natut! of a seedlon 2 eristcnce ol segrttatd or "dual"
order G fllustreted by the actloa of thc school systrElsLr.r In additlon-. the

' dlstrlct cor:fi !a tbe Mobile czsc-rI At Cor.rncrl oI Stetr Govrrflnents has rF
the tlme thc acdoa t'as brouShL thc 'portrd thst Aleska. Arizona, Arka8sss'
ctty o( Mobile, Alr had 8 city sonni<- Coloredo, Delag'art. Florida. GeorcjL
sion forro of goset:uaeBt qrhlch had Ellnoir ladtens. Eent'ucky. Loujsianr
bccn c.tablished lrr 191L Three Cora' Marytand- New Jcney, Nes lr{exico'
F,{<.ionct! elected et lar8e exerciscd New YorL North Carolin& Oklahoo4
lcgtslaLivc, executlv!, and admluistrr- Ptnnsylvantq Rhodc island. South
tiie poser t! thc city. One o( lhc coE Carotlne. Soutb Dakot!' Tennesec.
roissioners *'as deslcnated rnayor, al- and VlrrlnlE proddc lor the cancella''
thouSh no partieular duties rrere sPcc' tion o( r!8lstratloB lor fallure to vote'
illed-- Thc 

-Jud8E.nt of th€ district s tFical "objcctlvc facgor of discriai'
coufi dtseshblishcd th. city com.a,s- natlotl"
si,on ana a ner for-El o( aunicipal gov- T?rc cor.racll has elso EportaC thet
er-rltttlnt E?s substltuted consistln8 O( Alabe-4- A]ask4r'r Arizon4 Califor'
1, Eayor aDEl a, nine-mclober city colr.u. nis. Colorado, Itrlnois' Indlana' Missis-
cO *itt ureorber: elcctld lroa ninc sippl Nest JcEey. Netc Yorlq North
siaglc acllber t"erds or dlstricts. Tht Caroltna Pennsflvanil Rhode Island
faci ttrat L{obile had noc established Teruressec, Texas. ahd Utab estab-
Its sl.ste111 lor dtscrj=ieatotT Purpossl lishcd a miniroura residence requir+
as stu as t!,e lact that cle3r. nonracial raent before llections. eDothc! typlc-t
Justlticatiolr exrsted for the at'largc "objectlve lactor ol discrlmina'
i!:te uas considered largely Lrde. tloo-"l" Ilrrther' accordtng to thc
rint by thc lo*cr eou:t trr:s. rirtual- counci,l such Stete! as daska. -trl<aa'
ly ncae of tbe ortsinal Sorernacntal sas' Caluornlr Colorado' Deiacare'
slEteln rlllaLucd a{iEr dlsmaDutns by Florida ntlnots' Indtanr Kentucky.
the dlstrict courl Ttc co!.Olct be- Mlssourl Nect Ir{exico, Oklahoma'tlicrn the disttict court's Mobilc- deci. Pen:rstilznir Tenne<:ea Te-xas. and
sion and tuadac,ental notlods ol Ula.h havc cstablished staggered elec'
democratiC selt-govcn:oeBt ls obliou,S. toral tenr:s for member: o( the Statc
Particularly notie'ortb.y is the dlstrict senate. stlll anothet "objectlre fa.tor
court's fhdfDS tlat bla.ls re8isterrd of dtscinlnatloD-' r..

. @ aad lrrrtt r .u r=l
E,l ffi H TErtEila-try

rl$:€- I I---
1a- I- I
t.a-- ! !
lE-l-r I
Orm- I Ib, 

- 

t- r- r--:
CorGEl- I----
oah.n- L- l.- I
tbo- I- l-:

l- i--
'ri- L-- L- 1- I
tnit- t-- L- l- I
r!s-- I--
lclrrt l- l.- I
[Bm-l- r--
vtrYtt!.- l- L-9..Est:l--
rim_ f-
rrs-- l.-_.....-- I
tE rat 

- 

r l--- l-
lL, xa€- I-- I.-- I
lii t6.-.- [- f-- f-
lldtt Orfira.- L- I-
O{rE- l- r- I
Pfialin.rr- L- f-.- ! - I
G:r Ear- (- L-- r-
loit Arorn- I. _- f._-
$J:n 0rro 

- 

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L-L-I-Ilaa--- I.--- I- I

uur-I r r
frla- I..- l-..-

Er ,1.r ,G a r Sltt d I :i:g !=!r rrr, C
i r-:gra u i- n i JL:Ji o :i sr l'tr a m

nan d n 55(. i6 1136;;5 F$i::!, o lil. dJt a tllt 2il !
g&tl afi r I td rn sr g€ n t). m ! r'{ :!a }.
crt Fl! I nd! ! 4)f f::tt 

" 
d :5i5! nrt.lr-{:1.

!t *j :r 64L , ,F , m rad 1.{ ral::! E* i, ,Jrr a

!*d t l.* . 6d l:, or, t st-1 i l,t 'ti!r:[ lr5 C
&.--u'nqloJa.l,ll6.t

tn additioo" thc subcomnittee ana-
l]'zed faetual circurnstances in such
communities as Baltimore. Md.: Bir-
ninghaa:. AIa-; tsoston- Mass-: Clncin-
narl Ohio: Dorer. Del.: Fort !.auder-
dale. Fla; New York City; Norfollq
Va; Plttsbursh. Pa; Sao Diego. Callf;
SaranDah. Ga-; and WaterburT. Conlu



t-itly
p€lor

Jwu 9, 1982 co N G REss Io NA L R Ec\tD--s E:\ A TE

rnd condudcd thsc €a€b, ol thcsa coa'
nunlUct fecel r siglllcant possibillty
o( bctrof rcquired to rcsui1rcfiJrt thclr
lystlE o( rouaidpel SovcrtrEcat as a
rinrtt of ttrc eraendan.ots to scstton 2-
frcsc .re drscussd llr t-tat r dctdl tn
tb. nrbcoEr8ittlt rc9org d 9.^gB !'5{-
? o( loY addltlond rtcrr

Tlr& cxeaplcr rre but a t€? itrtJe
tEttont ol Utcrally thousrnds o( elc+
torrl srstlEs r.rcs tbc coultr, rhich
tDrt u.EdGrsD E ,ltsiYQ Judldr.l rrstruc'
tnrtaf rhould lhe proposed Esults t!tt'
bc rdopEr Tbc lulortnatlon prE*Et
cd hrs iflrlt Elth n8tc legislshrrel r.ad
urrurieipelltlcr, but oLbcr Potitlcrl su!-
dlvlsioan cueb rt school bc.rds !'ud
uttltt, dlstrlcts'rould be slrbjcct t tb'.
serac- ludtslel s€niDtlay should tbe
trct, sEmd3rd be .doDC,td.

I aa 'rcll awsae tbst DroPoEraS ot
tic rt ults trss coEsidcr tnA dscus'
don of tbc inpaat o( !.ctlotr 3 ta €:€t'
3?rztt tle sltu.ttoE coosiderabty. la
icspoEse. tbc subcoooitt c sould
ankc tlrs tollost!8 tesctrl obsarrz.
tton:s tllst l!,e br:rdao of proot iD tbll
c.!c rEttr sltJr t,bcc who eould seel
u, slt r tbc las, qct tbost sho urould
delcad lL Secood. I do Dot bcllecc tb.!
proDoaeEts ol tba r6ults trst brvc
tcci convlnch8 lo explrintaS bos Urr
tcst would sorl ls. s oanner othel
tba! t!.t de.sribcd lB this scctloo- !s
shott whene ln t.tle text ot II-E- 3112
or elscwhclr ts tbere asfthlgg shich,
rnctudes a sccuotl 2 violalloB la tbe
cireunstaaccs descibed in Siates and
5rrniq[pfltflsg in ttsls scctlon? IDde.d.
thc rusults test Eould seeE to deEa.sd
I vtolatloa lo thes€ cireuiasiancta

FtosUT, I aE uttz:lY confounded as
to whet ldnd oi eYldencc could be sub'
Etrittd to a coufi by I dtleDdaut jurls'
dlcltoa tn ordcr ro oveleoruc ibt ladi'of propor-tloaan ?!ureseDta;.1ou- What
ccdcnic ao'dd ttbu! evidcncc cf LrcL
of propofiioeal rrpt'eseDtation and tha
cxistence o( aD addtttoual -oblecdvc"
fsctor ol disctLuisetton? I have yei io
hcar e com'incing.responsc. !n }lobile.
for esamplc. rhe absence of CiscrirEl'
nator? put?os€ oD the part o! ihe city.
as scll as thc eilsteace of :e8Jt'i5ate'
nondEcrildDator? r:a:ioE:t behl:d
their chailenacd eiectoral structun:'
at-lar8e syste!:. was considertd lnsuJ'
ficient to overrcorne thc lack ol propor'
tloDa.l represeDtafion- Repeatedly. ee
havc beeo't!.<ru!ed" tbat sucb coa'
ceEut are not Eeu founded becausc e
cour! $ould cotsider thc "totallty ct
circu.Estenc€4." As noted lr sa:tlon
vl(a). thl! bccl thc basic questloru
Whrt E the standard lor cvaluating
any evidencc. lncludtng the "tor-dr-ty
o( cker:EstaDcer," under thc results

This nes dls€lrlnrr. In u,y vles. rlll
bc ltttlr dilleEnt l:1 eJters lroo tbe
DurDorred dlscl'i-er !o 'uhc Eouse
teisure dtscussed iD the 5s!46aait'
tee-repo6rr' Both Drorisior:s lall to
ov.rcoEtc tbc clear and laeritablc
n-ndet! for progorzlonal repracnt:'
tlon establlshed tD subsectlon (a): any
diflereacs bctEec.o tbe Eousc aod
Seoetr disclaiaerg prorLdoas are
largeiY eosloetlq

rla 8t
EllC.

S 6515

I wlll focus vet? brreflY on thc dll'
fcrences. lE larguegE bcterccn thc.c
provisions 8nd tlrtn rr.t upon tba
endysls l! tbt subcotrlEittE rlDort as
aa expresslou of EY vlce!-

The cooproalsc dlscldncr rcJer: to
vloletlons b.i.qS c.tablbhcd oa the
brsrs ol thc "totallty o( ctrcus'
rt3acra- Tbfs..I ratlrcr. is suPpostd to
be hetp(ul lenguege. It ls DoL Tbcre ls
Ittus questjon tblt' uDdrr dtJrcr t rF
sults or .'u i.utcot tLt I csut'! sould
loot to tlrc "totauty o( cilgu8-
stsDc€&" Tlre dlllercnco ls tbst uldcr
tlrc lltaEt staaderr,. ualike nnder thc
rcsr:tts sEndarrj. therr! ls sooc ultl'
lEat cort valuc saatrEt whjcb to
cveluste this "totauty." Undcr thc
latent staBdr,rd. ttsc totaUty ol cvt'
dcnce is placed bcfore thc cotrB Ehic!.
loust ulilBately ast lts.U rrhetlrer ol
uot suc.h egidcaca raisel ag lalcrcocr
of tntcEt or put?o:x! to dlscriEiE3tt
Under tle-results staDdanl ttsere ls no
comparabll and eorkabla ttrresltold
quesuotr tor th. courL As oor rit8ess
obserycd duriEg $r.bcoEEttt € berr'
l!s$

UEdlf tba r!.lrltt t st oEc! rolt har!.t'
tlallt d ouE th6. fz.!!t- rbat do ,oo
brvc? Wtcrt rr! tou? You lool tt ls thc
old thlna sc do ta lat lcboot tou bdrac!
ud you b.Juc!. but r{xn'121r' ho, do tolr -
ta.taiccr wbrt L tlr cott vrlur?rr

?hcre Is no corr va.lue undcr tht rF
sults test othet tha! elcstlon result-r
ther.! ls no core vdue that car lcad
aayvhcre otbtr thra tossrd DroPorl
tloirat rrprescntatloo bY t?c? aad
ethric grouD. Tbcre I! Do ult{-'te or
thrcshold qucluou tha! a coufi lBssc
ast under tl]c resultl tesE thet Yrtll
lead ln a.ny other dlredloD- Irr short" lt
ts not the scopc of Urc evldencc-'to
talliy o{ cltclL4staEcc.' or othcrslsc-
tbat ls at lssnc iB thls debate. but
rather tbe sta.Bdsrd ol evldcncc' tbe
test or criteria by ehlch such evidEoct
ls assesscd a$d.valutcd-

IE thls regard. it Is instructive to
recall lbc SuFreae Court's suEJnat?
r{{<Fi<<-l of thc argu.BeBt of lbc dls-
sra! by Justlce Marshall in cltY ot
Mobile that proportional representa'
tioa Ras not tJre object oI lhe resu.lts
test aDd that other lactorr would havc
to bc ldentlflcd rs weIL Tlre court
stated

thc dtsreotins op'lnon sccls to dkclaiE
[tha progosttonel ragrercntadonl descrlP
tton o( ti! theot? by suS8r3tioa th3! . cla:r:t
of votc duutloa Elay rcquita. ln .ddlslon lo
proo( o( clcctDrsl dalaat rcrne evidenc! o(
;historical or rociel (za!oE" lndlcaltaa lha!
thc gouD LE qucsdoa lr qlthout ?ollllcal in'
ftucoce. . . Plttlls to th. sidc th. el'ld?nt
fert th13 tb6e Fu:, soclological cotrlder'
rtlolr! hlrr ao colJsututiond 5.s'& lt :F
ragins far froa ccrt:in tha! Lh!, could- la
ray principled Etrular. cxcluda l5e claisr
o, 3ny dtscrrtt pollucal Srou9 tJtls hep?e:rs
lor whatave! Feas.,rBi !o clcc! !r*cr o( its
candidelca thrll artttr.ulcilc i.ECicat4. it
Bishi. Ilda€d.'.hc Furauvc linits 1'r Lrcund
to pruvc illusory U tb. exDrEsr purgosa ln'
!orij::s rhclr appiicatiss ro:ld bc. ea ihc
dlssaot assu.E,a !a radtls. tn. "tocqu'lEblr
dlsiributlou of poUtical Eunu'rca"r rr

tEea,sut!.
Ar auch er

rhsa tJlc

s&
shlt

Eousa

to csbracr
thts tentuare t^od cl8lu r psrtl8l Yist€'
ry llr lEy osa e(orts ro ovcrtlrta'-he
Eotrsc tegtslesloo. I canDot iD sood
consctenct do tbir- ll PYr?hl:s trld
mray ccoturl6 l81,. 'Another nrc!
vtcrc-ry ovcr ..!c itronrers aDd *Q 1re
unail;'; Ttosc eho h:vc sbar:4 is
esy rtlpccl Eoy @nccetllt aboui tbc
dengcn of tle ucl, rr$rlts teat EaY
tooti apprccietivcly upoo tlre polltical
-ouf'bcins. Eltordcd r:s by thc prcacBl
coaDrcErisc: I sould bope. hoscver.
t-ha!' Eoo! sould dcludc rhelrsrlvc.
toto bciicvtnf tbat lt reprcscuts ilDt'
thinS raorc subste.ot r.l th3.o that.

f:rc proposca eEBeBdEcrlt to scctloq
2 ss11ritni tso grovlsions. tlre ltrrt
pronlrdoa k tdeotlce'l to tbc prcscnt
kousc amendscnt t{ s.ctlorr 2 dlr
crsscd la tbc s.acotnpaEyi!8 subcoq''
Eltt a repolL It l! ds

(l) !{o Yot&r qudlllcetloa ot pErlqsj.dt
to eor{'g orrt:lda}d. Drzatlcr. or ptocldur!
s!.I! bc-l.llpos.d or r99u.d bt ury Stat o!
pouucrf nrbovtstoa lE I lDrEEG! rhlE! t!'
irttr ta t cl.nlrl or rbrlda"Ecst of thc rtglt
o( rDy cfirz.8 ol !.h! gnittd St8t a ta vot'
oB zarouDt o( rrct or color. or t! coatn"lD'
tloa ol tha nlrraat .t slt lot.!! lrr rlctlo!
{O(2!. .a Brovtdld l! sub!.ctl6 (bL

For all ol the rcasoDs outltned t! thc
subcoE raittet ttDora I bcllevQ tlll
provislon to bG daD8erously raiscla'
clivedrr.

Ttre questloB thcs Is Ehethet or not
lbe seeond grotrisioB-. ncs dlsCdac:r
oi proportiinal rrDrseDtatios-oould
rnttigaia aay ol tbese dlfllcultres rDd
toprovc upoo tbo Eouse dlsclainer
psorAsiou- It rcids

(b) A Ylol1tloa o( nrblt(tloa (1) b cat'b
llsh.d tL basd oB lbt tot3llt, of drsrne
silsnclr. lr b slolra t!a! rhe poutlcel proc'
csses leldtnl to oolat!:tioo or elef,JoE lD
lhe St:t! or DoUUcrl subdlYisioo rr! noi
.qt-lty opca ti p..t!tciP.tlo! by ucmbcrs ot
r-ctrsr oi cl!&r!s Prot cted by subs€ctloa
(a) In lhr! lt! nrrEbet! havc l'- opporlud'
!y tbrlr ottrcf BCEbct: o( th. elcctoraE to

=articiortt ttr tha gout1cal grocas .rd t€
it:ct rcgrtscutruss of th!!r clloic!. nla
crteqt io sblch BcEb.t! o( . protcct'd
crsl}avc becn elcctcd !o olflct l! tllc St't'
ot 

-9ollucrl 
rubdlvlslou lt oEt "drsuE'

st{it" qthic! Elry bc consldare{ provld'd
i,ha! nothlna ln tlrjs saclloa estebibh'd 'r18h! !o lrevi ree-bcr: o{ r pmEc{.d c13's!

elccted in aunbct! equd t! thetr rroportlou
b tbc pogu.lrtton -

tcat? W?lat ls tJec r:ItLoate staadard by
shlch tJrc couri cssesse! rbate'rer evl'
dencc lt before tt? Apart lloB thc
sEnd.nt of plopo.tlonal repres.Ets'
tlort I see no such standard-

Y"eolatiortsr rvErDxErl
Bccar:sc tt has bceu characterized by

somc .s r'"cooproo.isq" I Pould litsc
to add sorae addltional spccillc t='
Eertts otr the Dole coEElttec a-rnend'
EeDL IJr \rhet s.eEs to be the cupho'



s 6516
AlrG compr.otnlsc provtslon elso pur-

Dor,ts to c.t blbh r! expuclt ptohlbl-
Uon upon subsrctloa (!,) sld!8 ris! to
rrly rlsht to proportlonrl reprcsenta-
Uon- fhl! ls no3 qult ttre crse..![ort
potntcdly. pc!hrp!, thcre ls aothlnt tq
tbc plovlstoo t}lt! sddle scs tbc lssue
of progorttonrl rtgrescotrdos rl r
rcrncdy.

tbera tr Uttle doubt tlrrt EarY Pr?
poncutr ol thc tt$dtt tad- lB t!.L 8r"
rdralaUy detcrulacd lot to Precludc
tbe r:sr o( DrogorttoErl reDtl!€Dtauoa
r,' r ba$ fos flshloDlqf ltnedlcs for
vlolrtlonr o( slctloB 2.u

More firudr.ocutally. bosever, tha
pnrportcd "dlsclelmcr4 lensragc lu
tbe r.aendcd llctloE 2 h lllusorT lor
otbcr rcrsons ss s grot€ctloE 888IDst
proportlond rlprqr.Et8tloa- I! stet€s

' ' ' nolhl8 ta thtt stcdoa C'tr^busbca a
dsbt trt hlv. E.-b.r! oI r protrclcd cl..r
.lrrtld lE DuEb.lt aqurl tD ticlt EroPofiloa
l! i!. pogulruoo.

I! ts [tlusory b€cil:sc tbe Prcdsc
':t8ht- bvolvcd ia tltc ues sccdoa 2ls
Eot to pK,fxrnlonrl rlpr?scEtatloa pcr
sc but to pouucal procels.lr tha,i ar!
'equ8Uy opco to PsttisiDattoE bY
racEbct! of a class of cttrrcE protect
cd by subscctioa (.)." Tle probleo. ln
short- is that this rtSht is oD? tha! F n
bc l,DtcUl8cnUy deJlned ouly ln tenos
tb.! partalc largely o( Drogortlonal
rlprclr€lt:tiorl T?lB spcculc riglt-po'
llUcal procr<es "equrlly opeB to par-
tlciDettoB"-is onc riolattd EheE
th$e ls a latk of ptoportloDal reprF
seatetloE plus thc exisLcDce of what
havc bcen rcfered to .s "objecuve
factor: o( dlscrlEinatlon-" t"

Suc! 'obiectlv. factor:' purport to
explalu or illurnlnate the failure o{ ,trI-
uoritlca to "fully pstlciPat€" Is ibc
prolltlcal procs

Tbey are dacribcd ln greater dctall
to tbe subcornrojtte! reportrt't but t!'e
EBost si8B1ftcz6t o( thess (actors ls
clearty thc a!-lar8. electoral systcE
lte at lerge systeEt Lr vtesed by soore
tD the clvll n8hts comnuaitY as as
"obrccttvc facror of discri:reiaatloq'
bccausc tXrcy beiieve that it s€r?es as I
"bardcf' to Einority eiectoral partld-
petioE-

Under thc r6ults ttsL tle absencc
o( Drogonlongl representatlon plus
tha exlstenc! o( one or morc "objec.
tlve tactor! o( dtscrildnattorL" sucb as
aD st.lar8e s,'steo o( Sorernrreqt-
rrould constltulr . sectlon 2 vtolatloD-
In e teclrnicai srnsc. lt eoul,d not b€
thc la.l o( proponlonel rcpresenta.
ttoo lD and of luell thal would coE-
suEulagc the vtolatlon but ratl:e! thQ
Iact o( prc,portional representatloE hl
combinrtlon Elth the so-called objee-
tlvc berrter to rairority particlpatlou-
Il sould bc lsrScly ir"elevant that
there was no dlscriraluator7 Eotlvc
bchind the a!-lar8t syst€El. lor exao-
Dle or tbat, Uler.? lEere lcgjtlEate, Dotr-
dlscrlolnatory r?asoru tor lts estab-
llshraent or mair t rna.oc!.

A partlrl lrsr of t!C!G 'objectlvc !:c-
tota'''r' gtea'Gd tsora venous sourcca i!-
cludc+ (l)-somc httr.ry o( dlscatElandoo;E
(A l?l.rlE voung systcE or rEultl-ocEb.t

CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
dtttrlctr:$r ctl .06! hbtory o('du.l'tcl!@l
rygt.aa, d (a) clrlcllbtloo o( r"fiJttrdoa
(6r lrllun to.vot4'- (S) G.ld.Dc, rcqulrtF
Eaata for eotatri d (t) spcctrl rlqurt"E.atr
toa tDd!p.o&!! o! thlrd'garty crDdldst!{
- (?) oft-yarr .t6ttotE o (E) nrblt$tlrl
crndldafa cr! rct$Irra?atli d (9) l!ra'
rltrd..arEr of oclcg d (10) htah ccsooElE
istr rsrocurra Ert! rsFEcloE: s (11)
agprrtq7 to rot ! rl?alstr$loa bt ncq 'r(lti btrtort ol lrct ot 9tlgordoarl r.p!!'
r.ltrtlsE: lE (l3) dlsPrdt, lrr llt nc, rat .
Ur nc- - (1{) lfrdcDc! of'rrdrl bloc
v|ttag ; (1!) blsgr;1t ot t\rrllrh€llll brl-
lot* L (16) htst<,rt ot DoU t.-cc - (l?,
dlsg.dt, lg dtstrtbutloo of t.lTlca by ncrg

--(U, DuEb.rrd .lretorrl EqtE o (19)
prohlbtuon! oa st.d.-r!ot ?od!G '- tld
(2O) Errorltt vo!. ltqultltEcEt& l.

Eech ol thesc tgstot!. tchen tbey
cdst g,ith.lB 8 8ovrrEEeDtal systtE
lacklng proportlonel rcpreseatauoa
uay slcscdly explrin ttse lact of 9rt>
DortloDr,l rcpre3€Et3lloD- ID ry vicE
ihc rcsults tcst leds lEcrorably to
prcgortloEel FDrGscDi8doE bccalJs6 lt
[c- tlc abscacc 

-of proportlooal reptp
srntaLlou th.t tdsat!! tbe s€ue.b lot
the "objccttve lactot!" o( dlscrl.Elre'
Uou ta bc tst place- Tlra tbeorT ol
tha rcsults ttlL aSsi!. ls tb'at sucb tac'
tors eUcscdly explain shy sucb an ab
!t{!uc. of Proporttoqd rEpreseDtatlotr
exlstr Gtven thc YlrtuaUy unilmficd
a,rrily of sucJr "obrccttvc factorr'' lt ls
dttlcult to UracrDe any corooualty.
\Fltb or rltbout proportloDsl reprcsE-
EtloE. thet sottld Bot bc ctlalectc!'
iz.d by at least scvetd sucb tr.tol':L
Identllfina aa "objectlve factor of dls-
cd.EEins!1oB' could easlly 'hou.D't ,to
Uitlc Eorc tha! a EechaDlcel aEd pcr'
luDctory proccss. 6 tr plactic4 tbe rq'
sults trst. Fltb, or wtthout the requtre
Eelrt thag "objectlve la.ctoll of dls'
crlmlnatloa" be ldeutltte4 Is ettcctlvc'
ly lldfsttBgtrlshablc lroa a Pun ttttt
of proportloaal represcntatlou.

tbe-root problem q;'itb t^!le aaended
3cctloa 2 thetr ls aot wttb sB tB.d'
squately stronS dtsclalmer. altbougb
the prescat disclalEer ls lrclcvant
and oisleadlnc tbc root Probletl ls
qrltb the resuli.s tcst itseu. No dls.
clatmer. however stron8-and the l.ul''
uredlate dlsclaiuer ls not very stron&
ln any event, becarsc o( its failure tp
address proportlooal representatiotr BS

a reuedy<.n overcotac the toerora'
blc aad lnel'ltable thrlsl of a resu.lts
test, lndeed of any test for uncoverla8
"dtscrlraiaation" othea tha! 8.n ioteDt
tcslr,.

U the coDcept of dlscrlminatlon Is
gotnS to bc dlvorced enttely ,roE the
conccpt o( wrongtul Eootlvatton' th?n
pe ara no longer referrioS to what has
tradttionauy been vie*ed as discirol'
nation: wc are refeniug then simPly to
the Rotlotr o( dlsparate iBPacL Dispa'
rate iEpact can ultlmately be deflned
only to leEls that are elleetlvely ln'
dlsttnguisbable lrooa those ol 9ro-
Dorilonal reprelentstloB- Dlsparate
,.Epect ls Rot thc equivalelt o( dls'
criminatloa-

T1re BtteEpt tn thc "compromlsc" to
detlnc .the resr:lis test as onc focused
upon politlcal proclsses tbat are noL
'equelly opeq to partlcipatloB" ls flne

Jurc 9, 1982

rhetortc. but has bcen tdcntllted by
tlrc Supreme Court lD Clty o( Mobuc
tor qrh33 lt t! 8! heart The Coutt ob'
s.rved la rcspor:sc to 8 slaUrr dccc,rtp'
tloa ol the resulE t€st by Justlce Mar'
shall ,rr dlssc!tr

Ttrr dlrsrntlaf oFlnloa rrould drsclrd
flxld prladpl.. (ol lre! tE trvor ol . Judl.
Crl tDr€ltlrco!3 lhr! erould 80 (rt lo$rrd
E tlJlt tbl! Courl r "nrpcr-lcddrtur." ts

IE sbotA tbt cotrccpt of r Ptlct l
"equrlly ogcD to pertlciPatloE" brtai!
to thc rorc rrhat ls perhsps th! Eajor
detcct of the restrlts tcsL To ttre
extcat tbat lt lcadr an:mhcle othcr
thra t€ plJra proportlonel represcntr'
tlou-sad I do Dot bellevc thst lt
docs-thc tcst provlde absolutcly Do
latelllglble sulde.occ to courts tn dctlr.
EtnlDs \rhctttcr or not a s4tiou 2 vlo-
latloE hss beea esi:bllshed or to cot!'
uurnttler La det€rEini.trs whether or
not tbelr clcctonl stJiltctlse! and poU'
cics are tn corforElty srlth tJre las.

Wtrai ls s.rr "equallr opcu" polltlcal
proccas? E[oe cas lt be ideotlfled i.B

tcras other than saiisttcal or resultg
orlcatcd aD!,lysis? Ouder shat circua-
staDccs ts ea "obiectl"e fartor of dls.
c:lminatlon " sucb 8s lls at-lar8e
systaDs. e barrler to such 'F "opcE-
prtrceslt 8Dd wheE ls lt not? Wtrat
\rould e totally "opca" FoUUcal Proc.
e:s look iikc? Eoe *ould a comtaurity
etfect:vtly ovQreorae evidcoce thst
thclr elcctcd representatlve bodles
la.ckld proportroBal represeutstlon?

tn uc,y vlee. Lbese qucstloos can only
bc ansqrcred tn trlEs eitber of stBi8ht
proportlonal represenlslrYr andysis or
in terrrs ttr8t totaUy substttute for the
rule of lae e.u arSitrzr,' case-by<asc
rule o( lBdtvidual Judges- .{.s Justlc.
Stevcr:s aoted l.u lus ccncurring oPiD-
lon in Clty o{ Mobile:

Tha rlsult! ste,ncard ez..ltnot condcrlg
ever? rdvena lrlDact otr onr or Eor! poUU-
cal groups FithJut :pe*.l!ia5 !:rorc d0uiloa
UU8rrlou the8 !h" Judicle.i" e!.s dllnagar"

Oa t&,e openi::s d.ry of heari-g:. I
raised several facru^l situations crith
m? eollea.8:ues on ihe cstrLBjtiee: relet-
in8 to Boston !{ass.: C'.oclrtnat1. Ohio:
and Baltiroorc. M{ I 4kcd repeatedlv
bow, gi'ren the cltarJislulces in lhese
com-uaitles. rrould 8 r.j:ayor o! Cou.o.
ctlmaa thcrc assllre thernseives tha! 8
section 2 rlolacion could iog be estab-
llshed I have tet to he3! arl ans*er
oflertuS tbc sliShtest tit ol Suld-
erlc!-r.. Each o( thesc coonunitia
laci6 proportron4l representatlorl
eaci has erccted a sHalled barrier lo
minority partlcipatlon in Lhe forra of
aD et-lar8e counc:l systellL and each
possesses addltional "objective factotl
of discrlninatloB'' such as some histo-
ry o( de lacto school seSregailoo-
There are thor.sands of othcr corr1lotr-
nitles across the Natlon ltr si.utlar cit-
guEstancla as well.'

I relterate roy questloru Eoe doe! s
conaunity. and hos does a court,
kros wha! lt rlsht and rrong under
tbc results standard? Elow do they
knoe erough to be able to complygittE tbe lasr? Eoe do tirey kJros

\



iune 9, 1982

rhlci lesc ind proccdurcs sr raltd.
and undcr whr,! cireumstancer, end
ehlcb ere lnvelld? Eow do e€ avoid
hevlar 'dlscrlEjDltlon" bou doqrn
etthcr to ro e'bscncs ol proportloarl
tt9rc..Dt ,tton or. b thc Eord.t o( otle
rttDc* "t a',y not bc ablc to detlsc
lL but t knoE lt ehca t sG€ lt.? t..

ltcn erc'otber objectloas to tbe
proepscd sastlq 2'eourprcaisc.- but
tld rrt dlsctEs€d thoFus!,ly & rE
ce,rllct potat of Eqy ststlEcat. I eould
lotq boB.rer. tbrf :Ir oE€ lEporttDl
ttspcct lbt provLdou Is evcs aort ob-
Jectloublc tban, tbc Eorrtc arwldoa.l! rdcr:r csl€3sly to tbe '!sbt" ol
ndrl rad scl€ctcd ctlatc t3ouDEr to
"elec! rcDrrseEtatlyc! of tbej8 clrolca.-
thll lrl Uttb Eole tbao r cuphenlsd,c
tlfelEDc! to tlc ider of r rtg!,t la suclr
.rauD! to tbe cctebuth.Ercat of sr,le
rad scc::rE FoUUcal 8betto€! so thaE
tbcy caa bc rssured of soE! Eai:tute
of Droportload rcDlc.rstation lu tbls
t?.8as( I eotc thc rreslt stetao,co,S ot
G.or8l Sl8t! ScErtor Julbs Bondgltb rcfcrenc! to a redrst8tctlls pso
Dolal iB thc Stattl
I rrrat to thl. cohEdva btr.t c@ErJEltt

to !r?" rt oppomEftt !o Glr.n t cr.Edd.ra
o( thcis choic!. Ehltc Dcoplc s!. Eotlirti
rtoaf vttlt havlns r 95 Dcrccot Bbrt dl}-
t'ltL Wb., aa'! Ea hryr 69 pcreaof bbcl,
dlrtrlclto

Sat r:Jtr--Ely I! shet tbis to
cdeC rlgbt to -dect a-dld3tlr ot
oqe'! cboicc" a,EouDts to-t!,e risht to
b.zse Etablishcd racially boroogpnour
drstilcts to lrsure proportlou rlDrcsc[-
tstioD througlr tjrc clectlon of spccillc
nuaber: of blaal Ellspaalc, tgrr{en.
.AJeutl"a, and AsIaD.AEGrtf'r ol-
flceholde<rr

Perhaps rEost lraportantly, thc prq
Do6.d '?ot!3Dronisc" suJler: froa thc
d€frds of the Elouse pro!.lslotr lD thal
tL atteclpt.g stshrtorfly to ovcrttrra, tbe
Supreoe Cou.1's dccisloq tr Clty o(
lvlob0.c tD:,erfEtlna .!hc 15tb amead.
Eelt. It ls zltogetber es r:ncoostrtu-
clor.al iri Eay rice, as the r.rnanended
Eou-:e lang:agat.. Under our systeE
of Sovcrnl:oert, the Cou8ress siapty
6D.r:ct ovefru.ra a constltutionel ded-
don of the Suprelue Court througb a
Ecre statute. T?rc court has beld that
the 15th :lnen'{ment requires a dea,-
onstrztlcn oI int$tlond or pur?osctlrl
dlscriminaticll To the exlent that th.
Voting RishU Act Senerally a$d sec-
tlou 2 spcciJlcauy are prcdlcatcd upou
this acen.t'aent-aEd thcy a,rB-thcre
ls no ruthorlty Etthin CoBcress to r+
tater?ret 16 Equir.Feats and lo
trup<rsc grlater Eitrjgtloos upon tJre
State! tn tle conduct ol their ora a!.
talra:rt Therc is tro porrc! rtthin Con-
f!?sr !o act outslde thc boundaries ot
the 15tb ancndment as htcrpret.d
by thc Coufi. a! least, so long as tbc
Pederal Goverament renains a gov-
et?ro€lt of dclegated po$et:t. '

VL COtI'rITtriIOll/rtJrl 6t SE{AI!
Ir6tgrttol

Coraplctely apsra ,!oE thc pubuc
Doltcy Errita o( lhe Scnaie.proposcd
alncndEents to the VotlDS RISbB Act
I belicve that ttrer" a.re serlous constl-

CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
h.lttonrl concrrlut rbou! thosc chan8es.
I! ts concchzblc that lhe Scaegc
aEcndtnauts could render substaatlel
part ol thc Votbg Elgnts Act c'onstt-
tutlonally lnveltd.
Tlc nrJor consUtutrond problca

r'rlsinS froo thc Scastc rlelr.liu^re rB
latcs to thc propos€d chaaSe ta sectlos
2 whlcb substltut€! r results trst tor
tlre prescut llt trt str,ndr,rd tor ldesd-
lylls vottEa dIscilElDrtloE

f note !s r Drel&alarry cot.slder:edoE
thrt tJrls rould ovetfira tlrc rultng ol
tlrc Supreae CoLEt ln tbe Clty of
Mobtlc 88"at!st Boldca de.{sioB t.' |r1-
trrDrctlD8. both scctlon 2 end end the
15tb rocndo.Dt upoE rhlcb sccttoa
2 t! Drcdrcatc4 to rcqulre r flodlng of
pu:Doscfirl or Lntratlon l dtscrininr-
iloD. It Is r rcrlous Ealt r lor Coa-
8resg to rtt Ept to oerrtrlc thc Su-
greEe Coufi. partlsularly EhcB thsi
rctlon reletes to s constltutional hter-
Drete.tlos by the CoUJL As fomacr At
toracy Geucral BclI has obsened, lor
cxaopli:

My vler, brsad oa lonS arpcrlcacc la Gw-
rrllllEt lrrd out ls tbrl thc SuDrtE. Coult
rhould Eot b. o"rrill.d bt Cocgar crccpt
lor tbc aort coapcllb8 rld cnlzodr.Eary
eulrrE.tanoEr-to ovcrnth tha MobU! dad.
rloE bt ttrtuta sould bc ra ertrlBely daD.
illous cour:r o( r.t oB urdar out lora o/
SErrtlraEcE,Lt..

Cou,Fletrly rpart lroa lbc publlc
pollcy InpUc.,ttoEs o( overfirraisS a
Supreac Coufi declsioD. there are i!r-
port.la.at questlous relatiu8 to Ehelhe!
or Erot CouSress bas tJrc constituuolel
autborlty to uadertalre src!, aa a.cuou-
Althougb. scctloa 2 o( tbc Yoting
Rlghtr Act has always bees cor:sidered
I restt:ieEregt of thc lstlr ar:aen.l-cgi
to tlrc Coastitutloo. tt is. o( cour=!.
Euc that Congresr may choosc lo
r-ead scctloa 2 to ..hlere sooe other
pr:.r?osc. Ia othcr sords. I recogaizc
tb,.t, scctlon 2 oecd not bc EaiqtaiEed
hidetlDltely as tb-c statutor? e-bodt-
EClt ol tbc 15th arocldllreBt.

To the ext.lq bosever, tha't U:,e Su.
Drel:lc Court has coEstned the 15tb,

^hendaeD,t to require somc Cemoa.
stratloE o( purposclul dlscrtaina,tloo
!a order to cstsblisb, a coEstiLutional
vlolatloE aEd to th. ert,€na gh.ag scc.
Uon 2 ls ena.ted by Coaglcss uader
the coEstitutronal authority o( the
15tb aeneodnent, I do Bot beli.ve '!.h,at
Congress ls eopowered to legislate
outsldc the paraneteE s€l by tLe
eotEt Indecd by the ConstlhriloE-

Sectlos 2 ol thc 15tb aE.EdFcot
Drovldcs

Contfar shrll enlolE t5r ,rorisioDs o(
thls ettlda by epproprte.a leSlslauoDi

Congress. horever, ls Dot e!3pos-
ered here or anJarhcre else i.u thc Can-
stltutloa to "deflae" or to "1nser;re!"
tlre provlslons ol thc lsth aneudsent,
but stEDly ta "enJorcr" thosc subs:.a^u,-
llve coEstltutloEal gua'aat€ca a,lready
ID exlstcnce. To allos Coa8tFq io llr-
terpret thc substs,ntlv€ llnits of tlle
l.5gl: uaeo.l-ent lja a liore erpacise
ara.rEler, or Indeed lo a dlsparate
raanner. than tbe Ccufi Is to s!r.r"ly
alter tlre epportlonureot of poseE

S 6517
under our constitutional systera ol
scparald Floscnr.

Il ts also to c!tl8r8e nrbstantr2.ly thc
authorlty ol the Pedenl Gov.nr.trreat
st tle rxpera!{! ol thr Statr govet!-
acots sincc lt Enust bc recoe.izcd thatth! lSttr a,nrandEeEt fun.rrhetlr-lry
involver e restre,lEi upotr tbc autlority
of Stata ggserE.trrcDtr and E conlerral
of autborlty upoE the Fcderal Govcr+
ErcDL To p€r!:l! Couges lts€lt to
delLue thc nstuE qf thlr srrtloltty, tB
coutravcatloa of thc SuDresc Courttr to lrvolve Cougcrs Is t Jndiciel
fir.uctlou tot fU outsidc lts Droger Dur.
Vletir.l..

Thc ens.trrcat of r ruolts t!st, lr1
sectloE 2 would bc equelly isproger to
thc extcot th:t ltt prgponaEts pru-
gort d to emDloy tb. lttb a.acurlaent
as 1t8 c.olstltutloael predlcatc. As vlLh
lbc lsur rEcrl,{Ecqq the Supre-e.
Coutt brs lrpc{rdly rrEde clc€,r th.t.
It is aeccrsery to provc s6519 ditsfig,!-
E8toty notlvc or pulposG in otrlcr to
c.'.hllsh e, colstitutioE J riolauoB
uDdet tbo qqrr-t protc(tloB cle,ls€-r.?

\trIlrilc AropoaeEts of the aclr rljults
tcrt srSu! tls! rclcctrd Suprerac
Court detsions cdsc to Jr:.seuy thr er-
pa.uslvc cxcrds! of coagessioDal ur-
tborlty proposd he!! r.. I rejecl, thcs"
tttuEeat& No Coufi dedsioa 8p-
pro:rcbet the propodUoa beiag advo
cated helr tlrai congess may strllc
dogtr ou 8 Batlorllildr basb aJl entlr!
class of la$s that are trot uDcor5tlta-
tlond aad that iDvolye so llradarre!.
ta[y the rl8btr of republi-E self-gor
eranrerit nrarantced to eac.b State
urdlr artlclc IY. seclioo { ol the Cou.
stituttoE-

It ruust be crcphesEed a8BIn that
Ebat ConSres ,]3 pu,rporti88 to do !B
scctlon 2 is vastly difJercnt thaD B.hst
tt dld i! the ortlaal VottnS llishts Act
ln 1965. In South Carollna against
KatzenbacL tie Court recoSnjzcd ex-
tEordlnary remcdlal Fose:r i.o Coa-
g1'ess under scction 2 of the l5th
aEe3dment.t.t tatzenbach Cid not
authorrze Contfess to rcTisc the Na,
tlotr's eicctlon larrs as tt sa!, flt.
Pather, tha Coufl th.rc Edadc clear
that thr renrdial poser being em-
pioyed by Congrcss in the oriaaal ec!
*as founded upon the actual existencr
of a substantlve constltuilonal liola-
tlon requiring sorBe remedy. In Eatz.
cnbaclr. tollowln3 a detailed descnp-
tion of a, history of co!:stltutlonr.l rilo-
latlons Il1 the covered jurisdjction+
Orlcf Justloe Wanea cond,uded that:

Uad,a lhac crrrJ'ljlc'1c€* tba tsur
:JtrcndEcnt }l8s clclrtJi b€ln eiclatcd.rr.
(ErEphrlis addcd-,

Whlle tatzenbacb a-ad latir ctty ot
Eome held tiat t!. cxtraordjiary
po$er: employed by Congress ln see-
tlon 5 Fele o{ e clearly 1gs16drel s[a3-
ectcr. a.o,d thercJore lustlfled the cr-
traordln ,ry grocedr:rcs establlshed Ln
s€rtion 5, thelc ls absolutely oo reccrd
to suggest thgt the proposed clange i,n
s€ctroa 2 isvolres e similar reaedial
cxercjs€- Becar:sc sectiou 2 apples in
scopc !o lhe eotlre NetloL tiere L: thc



S 651t CONGRESSIONAL RICORD - SENATE JUru 9, 1982

neccssuy o{-acrir9g1l1ths t!8t.thc * lt;sm"}Ii *Tt,rH't*E ffiH.ir[f"TJ'-T.?,xilf.I'* '
;:tjni*.,gtatr"::t'dl ilil,#,?#h"*{."[rri;""-,ti .*',t*U:.ffi1t;H,:[.Jrtt.1":i
H!r#.F*,nt"Ulm"#ffi: ilrfi"*"?ernorutrated "oiniciron" 

i,ni'iu"s u"--c.q',iir-.i.o" ta Lni ctectorrr

i?i-,8-acnnruoo thc i-o'ipt-o-ei- o * :H]#f*tftlt"3i"'* l#Ae-mircrr 
queruoa o( r'ndvrdurr

f:f;.n;1ffoura 
seeal to 

:*"0: 3l'S;;;i-;o;r-.*A;1 z- o? tne Respoasr- 1te tDtrot tcln tras trevcr

'han 
tr, bcc! !o ructr etrrdencc or- iitu -iiiisaraeni sbatavlr o-act "oa- coiir]ieo-tts s'rtsrs t thc blstorictl

re*d durlo! ertucr iii"i-;i;;; iur'aotr*rui'J{d-cbou;ue cB- ti-tries ':nacrtvrns 
rbc es.blishlre'c

s€Dlrl hcrrrqe roaoif,-tu-J*uJ""s i;;;;s roi-6i concllo! 'uacer '5c oirorre *.H, ffif,ffile
or vot'lnr arscrirtaau6o iltsae 'tuc ;;;strlitloE e'racsasents asd bos' tsce or groc

covcrcd r.risdleLiour nliti"-iFn"r: ;;T;;;fi"Ei-.reaure;; iq ;;;il;-'si-asou lor'-!e r'Et!51€t'

'ffiiffi;ffi*:L? ,f*i BH,f.**,9"LTff.1 3&!iil;Iai"-;irirrrcr ;',-E i;trrJcrou *E e-coa-c'E Ee'9$I

ffir;iffiffi"ffi i#;'T#ffi Hffi?"r:ffi*m"#S*q',sks;ffiiTffi"#'Hffi #.Er#iffiffi:ffiim ffi :,X*n*fl*mCoraoisston .ct3osl€

3,ffi ;titffi iiEH:'"ramil"#*Es#g"ai.:".m*$;Ut"'Sffi lT?'f*lilf ,1ff 
"'iH;;r"t"d';iE"'-.FliffilSE!y1'EBi?b?*it*-Cd;b^f*,i$"*gtS*!ifB*

8bout condluoEr outs
ilLaa;'*''**' Pim'ffirq$ ffiffi #ffi,#*:ffi;ffitiuch ecidcsc!. lt ts IEI
grcs t! scrlouslY co

::fffh"?l|EI5"trfffi:"*$E f;ffi"4.;-iod-arvrsoor"' rbe;b.'"in"';;fr;tG [iaeq'.lr*;ry.*-rxffi 
Leffi-ffi#?ffi ffi,FffiS,#r,*,EelforlA5rresulltll

doubt t$at such r cl
tbc tedslattse autJror

H;tffii#"#Ati[ti.S,:EBhffi .ffi ':l?"i"5fJm#i*y;xff f r,qq""*ffi'*
constltuttoaal as s!11 ar trngrustlE scou.sess to.tccr€d rnto 

'ilil"l"iiot sotts".trare Eeea achievec' To defiEc a

public poUcr.rt' ., _---r.- .d decistonra&ing !r a. re1Lrs-=::A: 
^'3liii-,'"?-JtifF""t riatant soa- -*o ieivcr. 

^ 
*.,"*1,,1,ilo-J ffiffit #ffi#m ffif$31,$ f:,*#: gHHi

of tbe sort conteB9la'a;d;;'is-.=Hm# 
qffiffi,ffi::iffisould aPPIY to existlr

hrlts as well as chanS
turg-hslr never bccr
Coufi eveE Eitb r"g4l
;E';;-;d;;c -Eistory b( consuar- *t-i.gag;as 

?as rhc pur?olte- cf i,be rr:stoiToi descripilon ot section I as c
iilil"r-"i"-i.u"r,. In--S-6utb c-olEl ;;eLfil"iid e"riits-a9i-tbe prg lfruiiattontitie tsth ancn'r'nenL it
l#fr't"iitreiiuacu',,T:":g*tl': tilf ,ffi"*F.;T,f;.*:t,',+:tE l;lui;x,$9":*rl?ffi.i!$.ll :lnatur? ol lhc sectloD
;;le;"ry to chanses la vgtfng la,y1 ;;.i[ffifii.Eo"siaetattoruo(ta"9 A;-votGi Rrents- Act under:tood to
."a pioEa"'o-1."'ff1"'Su't"111 **i:Hix.tt**9";miii:i: ii"'lr","u:1.':t*lHii"3".H$i:Court's det€EBilatlo
ilrv.in -ttis *as ctosely related lo H.l.fi"far i[b- elher 153 purall! iiiJOne sor:ld have thousht.that' ihc
Gfii'e' ui congre's 

"l?J" 
.l",HH n.'*n'.*""il:1""*1!h.# 

t'lu iiffiSt? Ir"',?"',1H"1.':.r'i:'?f:EoeDts iE certaia areiii.'*,'s"'"'m,}!Hffi 
ffi"g'6*6m

partlciPatlon in tle
Lscn fastcr than the:
Ued bY the courts
re$rd to covered
Court has never ul
enactment that sot
traordlnery test o(il;iii;'*d i"*,--Tll"i"i"p"iHl ,*:l$':"H,tli"fg.m "*,"m [ifift:::,Yfr.i lii,i3-Sl:::Hff:
durcg

Onc othcr genenl obsertatlon m,si Uf"-iiiiei- tlan Z "ttgi-"tia 
ihiio ered ll:s issue to be relessff-

not b€ oeerlooked- r" iii-JiiJ4r-t n 
"'5.ii-otrtuallv 

tro opportr:oicy to c- vrhqc tb! conr'itt!€ rtncs ttlat ccn'

enas! cha.Dge. tB the vor{n8 Rtshts .""'**i'Ei"'riitse "-arciittv. 
t s6ula criss did.not sc'ts to hclude 'E 

lntln! 
"'st

act rhar rrourd lead-ii en erecuve re- grl*tffipfrE uJJov-to rc'j;;arb; G,-llc-oris"':.1 ?ro'isio. o( seclioa r I pru'

versal ot Mobila the Senate lJ1!1tes st"ie-iie-iii tu tbese ,ie*l iiilt-'otii *'g--"1, 
"*-Jusslc's 

tE cltv o( trlobilc

tbe Federal judid#-tE-strue aora "ii'lGrv -i"'prese99 "t.i:#if;: l*lBordctr" 'n::*t:,':."t'o"'
tHlEll**rnh,Sia;:H':Ti fii:il.?E'H^r&:H:1["il-'"-' - 

Responsa rn additiou td the rour

reclnr vrDtsse ana s6mc reacbins back priliilii'"'It oi ttnGi-tsriinifr 8.." i":-tic".. in the pluElitv opinion o,bo

over cenlurieg 1!i conncctroa whicb a.ifiuiJ id,.E it lrv rI1 ;;u;-; uiueced that sectloB 2 coniaired ao



Jwu 9, 1982
tntent tlst. Jusuc-c Whltc l! dlssent
czrlc to thr sa.lBc conctuslon- {{6 EI-S
55. 9d (". . . equrl Drotceuoa c.t3ulc
forbidr only purgosclul drscrtotnrr
qloll.- Justi(.e Wbltt laUed to dr1s sny
dlstlnctlous betlrern tlr equd protC-
Uo! clr,ulr rnd scctlon 2.) I! sddlttoE
Justtca Blgclraun la hls concurtng
oplnloo. draply ts,urd to rddrEs thc
lsma. trhll,a Justtc! Strrrms, lu hls cos-glrrriDa opiBion rtjcsred bor,b I pur!
lltcat or ettrcE ilErDrrt ,Eioa ol re
UoE 2 ot thc lstb 1.E16srtn61g ftrr1rl l€rlt Ovc of tbs clght Judge! rd-
dlElstrS t.be bteat Isgue lottFd ttts to
bc tlle s9pro9riat" staDdard lor idestl-lyhf <llscrlslnrtoty coaducL

D. Coucs lor Erud dlddr rhcthcr to
hrct ractloE 2 catllu. to b. cDaxleDsiycrtth tbr FUtt ot! l[d Fourtlaotlr.AJ[rEd.
ECrtS. Or rhci,har tL 6.rF?-ti slctloo 2 rs 3
Drwuoa r"rllrbtc lB dt[ruoDr Ehrrr d!l.crlEi[rlort llt at lr aot prcvrd. Todrt
CoaBEl (rrcll rx-t cholc!. but lt, dld lot b
l,!r6IL (DG l&)

Bcrponsa Congers sas uot lrced
rrttb that choie ir 1,965 bccausc untll
thc Suprcnc @ufi dcdsioa la Eolzctt
bg.g,tt v. Moqar\ 384 Ir-S. 6{l (1966),
vlrtu8ly no scrlous cor:$ltutloBal ob
scrrcr bclleyed tb.l Con8rcrs Do6-
scascd aBy coEstltuuoD8l suthorlty to
soast a statutr uncler the l{tJr or lSth
rEcndlteots tb,8t EEs uot corstrzincd
by tle substaatlve pr-ov,l,siorll o( tbose
aaendacatll Con33c< taflure to cx-pltcitly addrcs thc toteat/eftectl
ls$re ill i965 uial Eot b.eausc lbey
consid$ed it irrelevant but beeausc uo
oac bellevcd that tbeE sas tle sficbt
€3t constltutlonal basb for t.bc excr-
cis€ of authority goiDS beyoDd thc
corstitutloDal tiEtts establr<hqd by.
the Cour"-

E 'tha gr{DctDl. thri tbr right to vot! It
d.n{.d 

_ 
or rbndSld Uy djlutlou ol votUa

slrln8th dcrlv€ ,rot[ th! ca..pcEot. oEa-
rcta llappottlolllcB! casc of E lrlold, r.
.Slrir. (P. 19.)

Rcsponre. ?lre concegt of vote dllu.
lloa articulated In Reynolds, 3?Z g.S.
533 (196{). ls a! eltlrely different coa.
cept thas the oBe'that hes evolvd
undet provlsrons of tbe yottng Rlgbts
Act 1tc Reyaol4< conceptlon ol ,.vote
dtlutlon" eas oni that Eas ,.eas[y de.Eoilitrable EatheEedcallSr. Id- et552. U oae contressional dlstric.tqitbi,n a statc coDtalEed 5oo,ooo lI1-
habttants ead'saother one 35O,OOO
theB there w8n "vgtr duuuoq,' lr-the
eontrxt ol tllc reapportlonEent c-(e{Tbe Votlng RlShtt As! coDcept ot
"vote dllurloB" Eas lDtroduced to-Fort-son agi.tr.s! Dors€% 329 US. {33(9165), and refen to soEe far raore
l?guc notlou of raeial Siroups poss€ss-u8 soEe!,hiag lers lhaD tbeb luu
sh-an o{ Egr€senta,tton, ere! tt tbly
1JI bclgnS to dlsrrlcts ot equal populi-
Iton ?tre Reyaolds arrd Fortsou tro.
lloDs of 'ryote dllutlon. hace nothlEsii -comEoB 

'out the Ea-e. No witressIt(ore Lhe Senarc Judlciary CornEit-
:le Fas abtc to g.ive anything apprord-
Lattns l coheren! understanciin8 ot''rha! an'.rrndllured.. vote looks uie,ri:ie conrex! of aejal IEouF.

CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
F. Justlc! W'hilr srjcl !ha! thc plurdlty

hrd lncorTectly rlcsld ?tch o( thc Zlnuncf
frctoE ln lsolatlorl r.Jrctlnt Whitcr' !ord.
Ity of cklutnstanc- t!!t- (P. 2t.)

Responsc. Justtcc Whlte sald that
tbc pluaUty had lncor:recUy fallcd to
llve adequatc cvidentlarT valuc to th€
Tlmras3 frctotL Ec dtd aot hosevcr.
q3tabllah 8 "totsuty ot'sireurrstaaccJ'ttlt end Do rucrb tclt Ess rejcctcd by
tJre Court" Jrr.succ Wbltt sffeed wtth,
thc plurallty thrt thc prcpcr tcsi F.s
tbc ll3ttut t€lG 4{6. Ir.S. t5. 9{: hc dls.
sgt€d acrely es to lrbetb,cr or Dot
tbe evldeaca tavolvcd ta tbe Moblle
cesc ss!8lted thk 513s6314 T?rere ls
Ao $lch .hing iri a..tots[ty of ctrsun-
rtanc€a' tlsg thc concept ol. "tat .Uty
of drqrustences" stllptr dr{ltres the
lcopc of esldencc tlat Eay bc consld.
cred urder 8 glvelr t€st fo? dlscrhrfurr
ttoa- It doe! !,ot deltac the ttst ltsc[ltcre sas Do dlsagf"eEeEt betEe.E
Jrstlcc Wtltc s.ud the pturallty ovcr
clthcr the prpper test for dlscrlmlrz-tlo! (lBtrat) or lhe pertnlssiblc sconc
of evldca,ce (totaltty of cjrcuEstas,cr!).
Thc ueh.lre of tlre dlsagi.eqreut sas
over tbe leat"et detet.lrl&atloo o(
crhetler tbc ctrcuEs&Dces ln tbc prr-
Usular hstaace ol Moblle, Alabana
lzve r8t to aE i!,terence of totcDL Jus"
tice Whltr bellered tbat lhey dld: tbe
Dlurauty dr.aSfccd.

G. the'?"5ult!- stendard Is E".nt to r!
ltorr th! Dr+Mobllr ltrDdarrl . . . (9g,- n.)

Resporue. Wble thts. of course. ls
one ol thc main gpcsts of the sectlou
2 coDtlover:sy, tt is *o66 6qgla8 that
thele ls no decisioB prlor to Mobile
tjrat ever descrlbed the approgrist€
st-ndard for tdcndftlng drscrlEb.B-
UoE uDder etthcr scstlou 2 or tle l,5tb
u6,endEcnt at a'tesults" standard- I!
,! aot at all obvtorrs Ehy the tca r+
sults should bc used to descrlbe tbc
pre-Mobile test evea B onc dlsa8recc
tb,at tlll test qras an llrtcEt t€se

E Purginf o( vot.t! could producr I dlr
criEln-tor7 rEult U fei! ptlc.durlr w.r!
lot fouoq'ld . . . or tl th. ECcd lor e pur8c
stnr Dot shoEA or U oFportuEitlea lor rF
rcgtstlluon scrE undu.ly rrEitftL (pa.
30n.119).

Responsc. Thls coaa.ent tllustrates
Just how tnrly objestive are all the ob.-jeetlve factors of dtscrirninarloo de.
scnted in the report. Wtrat ls a fairprocedure for purdllg reglstratlon?
Eow docs a communlty shoc, the need
for e purSe? Wtrea ere opportuDitlesfor rclr8:stntlon unduly llrnited?
What doet aU of this bavc to do wtttr
tradltlonal obj€cttres o{ the Votha
Rtghts Act so long as blactss and
shites are treated equally?

L T1ie rasulls tr.t ts $..Il-knoElr to F!d!r.
El Judses. (pf.3L)

Eesponse. It ts so well-knOsa tha!
spproxlraately hau ol the wltnesses
testlfyins bcfora the Eouse and
Senatc ln favor o( the results test ds
scribcd lt as equiva.lent to tb,e eJtects
!e$ ln section 5, while the remaining
hall vlested lt es something entlrely
diJferent. Sec ruy addjtlonal riews at
138. For t partlcularly revealtaS ex-
chaDSE otr tbe clarity o( tbe results

tlst. scr ttre cxchange between rayseu
end Pro(. Archlbald Cox. Senate hear-
lngs. February 25, f 982. Ttre de{tnttlonoI thls trst har evolved mone as I
Tatt r o( polltlcal lrnpcrauve durlngtbe couri:sr of congressional debati
than froo erry r:rorle endurlag rulc otbs.

J. t1lr dlsctrlrsr. . . Dulr to rt3t tDt coEclmr thrl, hrvc bcla roEtd lbout rrdrl
quocrr. (pa.3L)

Responsc. ?otally rpart froa the
bloadcr aaalfsls thet I oftettd eerUcr.
tJle llst of cascs clted to bolster this as-
c€rtlon 8rE hsrdly asrurlns. la North
&mlt:ao, Slatc Boord, ol Ed,rrczlion
Sue4a {02 g-S. {3 (19?1), a coDapaD-
ton casc to that l!, shlcb torced school
brr<lng czs crtabltshcd'es aa Bpproprl.ett reEedy tor sclool s€gre8zrlon
Sudarz v. Cledott -McckJenbuq, 402g.S. I (1,9?1). tJre Suprerac Court orrer.
tuaed a St:te las lorbiddlng thc as.
sigunent of students ou accouat of
rac! oI lor tlc pur?osc of cteattng e
tzc!,al balence or raElo. b the case ofthc /Zizo& Congmsioaol Rcaugot-
t|onncfll fllc No. 81<-3915 (1981). 1
con8rEsloDr,l dlstrtdlns scheure ras
establlsbed Ia the Stele of Illlnots the,t '

dld reseobla r proportloual repres€!.
tauoB rEEedy l! lts corurlturent totle prescrvatlon ol hooogeneor:s tai-
Borlty dlstrlcts et whateve! politlcal
costs. In Green v. County Sc/root
Boord, 391 g.S. {30 (1968). rhc Court -enbarled upon Fhat raaoy obseryer:
!'lee as a retreat !rctg lhe pollcy'o{
abolishinS dual or s€greSated school
distdcts to a policy o( requiring the es-
tablishEent of raclal balanca See. ,or
"1-mp.le. 

Gragli+ Dtsaster by Der:ree
67-89 (1976, Cornell Unjv.). ln Kirt<.sctt
v. Bootd, ol Supetrisoa. SS{ F. 2d f3,(5th Orcuit, l9?0), a stngle.number
dlstrlst plau qras ovefiuraed ilr a MIE-
sissippi corJrlty uatil two seats out cf
ilre on a county comlaissiou were ert-
ated for the eounty's {0 p.rcent bla.ct
population- lt Is preclsely these casestbat gjve rjsc to the conce!:: aboutproportional representetion ra|h!!
than allayinS any sucb concerrL

E Tlrc Comarlttec hls bcco *all asara of
the 87!at :riport:rncr of tthe issuc o, cjuca
eLrlnarablr und€r L\! results lestl urd rc.
cordlngly hss era.mined it a! 8r?a! l.ngtlL(pg.3t.)

Responsa On thc contrary. propo-
nents of lhe results tcst have done Lv.
erlthiDg possible lo asoid discussioB
of tb.is issue. T?re quesrion of q;hic.E.
cornrotaitles rill be nrlnerable under
the rcsults test br< been one raised
solely by Assistant Attorney General
Willirm Bradford Relaolds and other
opponents ol the results test. Indeed.
despite repeated efforrs to elicit expla-
Dations q;by speelllc comrnunities
would trot be nrlnerable lo sectlon 2
litigation undet the results test: for
example. Boslon Ealtlmore. Clncin-
natt. and so forth, opponents of lhe re.
sults test have been E,e!.$ith silencc.
See: for exarnplc. Senate hearlnS&
January 2?, 1982. What exaraharlan
ha.c occurred hes, I! fact, suggested

s 6519



S 6520 CONGRESSIONAI RECORD -SENATE 
Juru 9' 1982

that r tsgmcudou! EurDbQr q( 4snnu' .lcreonst- thls E- angtber nclpful not such elt'cts trnpcdc tbc abillty ol

niti6 actosl thc coqlgy;outd uc tul. o.ol*,.fii-r""..ii or -asd;fi;fii* nrinority goups to par-t,ic:pate c(tec.

ncr:btc rurdcrrJre ".i'i"i?il-sE 
co'-i"iiitr5--;cr;n *re'-E-"ii; irelv ii iue poutical procels? what

,o, 
"1anstG. 

rdatuooei;:H-.t-15;i: ,toofi*t;'.araEri-uc. prtoi-ipii aoeiegecrtve panicjpaclon loolr like tn

11he coraslttcc U"s uol eiaalrcd *,i' ,roU"Jt5iiiiuiioui-puUU6;lfii-"ff *nr1253 to trieltecttve partlclpsiioa?

ffi.rffifldiffir,.H 1frffi#iqf##n g, ftt:f;S,3#H,qii!,#i ;

H;.'-. drss.r rB.lrrr,rort *g' Efl btrtc-aqa roca poucics of scl!'sovera'

r' oa proo( o( aouruioiuE.Irrro u - th.c rubltth*r rro4-dP'Et codlltcr - ffiftOl#"[ur.ff 
is-the stats'

rb. tl.r tlrr lhr acrcaofii E;ir6et to UotOtrr ta WDlt . (DG 3a)

lttl! thtrt dEr!:r:attrl cvlrlrocr ^by 
glr8le EEpoEs!. Not qutta truc. rt lelsl a8. ec .co]Ft luvc tlcognizld th!3 dlsDl!'

rassrrrrrtrlrorcrra-c-r-prni- 
- *i?irs -ro othcr. pr""r.r"fr'Ii--s: mm.. *11ff"t-""ffi*"HiliffiHrffi E ffift.irH":",ttjffi ffiHffiHffi-;ffifrqirainrf srset Eosy ro6sili.. wisl to Court ol the lrdted-Stat€!

iffi-f"ag-G iuder thzl trc rrrv tn rggo la Ctf, ot $obirL1t
wtsh E rcdetlne ue qi.ii.I6oi cnrEl' US n:;-ffiUla. t93t w!'lle tl il;a Aeiututs lccd los ptlvc rot lut'

-rr co'duc! Partlls lB lttlSatj,oq e32 q"itgjl"Etiiltrst-tag"atUysg af" ih.t, i++- ncru! b'cI !o tbeir dbparatc

slrrsgl lllr to perjure tlerselvcs. or *il!&i;;;';;d"a-i!ts-E T l€sc scro.cono-rc strr'Is rlrd 'Je c'?tttscd

crltta lalst tEaib or evtdeocg tt ls tJtg tl"t-6"-"'":"ary- vles!- "pp*""ttv 
lcrd o{ gouucrl erflcpldoo'

DrovtDcr ol tbe urer'or ract-to dercr- Elect"i;frilitJre"t-ncoe-[6isprob' Report at 29E-t1d r bopG th't Ev

r',or sbe. tb' ," rrrrlns place. It--B f.-.-hriJi.i;dF ;;*" tnroro G tn coUiinres wlll cor:sider cardullv tbc

ircnict!$tUosc-ojifior[treto-uu: ah" 6;-i--a--tootagtr.-np"t et fspUEuous of ttrir Btber sstou'Bdlna

8znyc sborr *r E,tti'ii'i;-il cirll. zso"rii,-t!"i iuqr;-or- cdrrlsi lEeas crtbrt ac establisblrs legislatlve histo-

rtsbts dereldr,Drs ,i'f5;- ttise-tuc thli--fre ;; E;i -aaogq: uc' wtrttc rv ior tae zroen'r-ests to seclion z
Eost grGoccupi"a *tir'-Gsilis luJr ttddd 'G afitqulate'i 14 ztmtntz t' B' TEr rra:aluro.s "d ulcon'.rzdictld

due Droccss "oa 
procJirii-sa,r&"ras -uffiti"-l+e5- FJd- 129? (5th cE Esdlooo, ot thos. EltDcss.. erss thrr thr

Ett! ,.spc", to *:riIt-aerco-aaoq rszj;.'i;'irhe?idras.-in-uecuea4ing i"r.:craoa'Jra coun dld lo3 loclJs oB ii!
rbc ACLU. and tEe Sraericaa Bat e!' '-fr."bin6--taJ-tcu.'q;;;-_wllltc ;;qF ucuad rha chcdoa Ecthods bclta

sodattoo, bciDs Sood uaragleg ot tJrts. "sj;;;c'"sr*-"."drr4-;; 
;G;: cl+jcssa terlorto llobucl' (P' 3e)

,tl,Hg:e?fi #;fJJ"i:ffi ffi "-.$ii#irl"goffi 
oH'ff Hf dH-T,-.fli,:lt{#

b. c:r,Gclld r"tsr,cs'oi-*a.|lr.i'oa" .r uv t!? i.i-n-9 -oyrt" not as dellncd stagce l11 tbe 1aa'joritv viess tha

gltcd . ttll:ltr or.Bold6 lEt.!,l. lsrl,gl3 lv .,ii 6[I ta't u"ppcBcd to issut leseDt.l tle ulaD,iBous ald uDcontla.
(p.i.ta) tue?ioEaid, irut to tlit.-stanaara as eictea derc of ritnesses-li least Dot

ResDonse.-lodsci. Bu*tol\ 639-F. aid;T;;riiiria4ut-court- oue o-urtnc sen3rc hearlnc! wheE l/tt'
2d 1358 (stb clr- 1981)' r?s one ot 

" 
a"Jili'ioii-iuc-wt'iti-stanaara uetsErepreseatinsaoruthanasinsle

BoErEra au.uber ot post.Mobgl .cas.! "i-iry-w 
tiriu-s ii[s aoa--oatiEes of poinior vies sere tnr.ited io testijv'

thai brs Dot hact .-d;i'arfi:"rrtv ra *ot-a( rilt tnc-wt'ite casc. renot':'c8 T::at moriveanaivsts tas :1ot iul aFra

'odeq*tyilg " or-:ifi"io?-ir#o"" it iil-"if,rirs.t cor-rtextr 
-ina carrlng ot tocus bv courts prior to lvtobile was

bcbisd varlor:s efectorar e.ra!8c- rt -ffitt7l fiiiliarsi-nvertislng- neither ur:anmo''s-nor u'coDtaadict€d

Eents. Xhe regort acgr:scs lnteut pro' p' Unaer tlt r!'ult! tt!t' ih' coufi dlrtlB' durtag thc hearinss'
poaeffr or categorufic*Jfi;;-;;; niir,fi-*t -ii-.o-t"r.;-. s shrch :?r:d s fi" =roDosad 

rocsdncn! - . . '-o sct'

thosc case! wrricn gE ioE--propariv p"uiiiipiii---.riir"t 
"-rotc 

io !h..l.ctot' troi i lr-.'.r-eiiiv corutitutioad exrckc o(

ilfft'..""r *'".i:s*i",t5 tl-,,ffi-,sconnumticr'_:,T-: "1mjffi;lll?,,.o.-*. o.
iil'ffi H"r?H"1nffi:r[:AE ,-L?:r;*^I":,T?:]i:,::'.',:P * .,"*iE-o"r?*-i;uJi*e-i5' cechanse
rlon- Report "t s2"-fifa;;i;A*it. Jec-ttvc factor ot dlscriE,rauru*. ? iE sectiou 2 ls hombook laqr or not as

the majorfty rtess siiii to-arfi; -th;i rz,eial oolrtics plav aB *T*"rffS susle-stt' bv rhe majoriLv vless rF
rbr evide'ce *r" 'offia.]ritig- oi the etdctor8l prgcels? iuo$ T:1.=.:: oains c,o bj deterraincd- w?rat con'
ihat rhcrc * 

" 
r..oiiig-;;-ffi"6 otb,c! objectlve factors * *:51:&T cress ls. doi-ss here^.. rd 1?911.5-Plactn8

casc in euica asffi.:tory rnteni ress o( eiectorzl pollcies. P1:.T3:: tn tegal jeopardy tle Eunicip^l 1T:'
,ff*'Tm?""';:tT*l'1,'"tn t*; U"H.'1,i":S**!:i*i1lff.fi.H ;***;*31fl""'';lx-Satmt';
lu.S,rcnt otr tts,s. i ?o noi-i[ tfrr^t asytbius other thatr pure<proportroEal 

i:_E;_lo.::*eni that are enti-relv and

cas€! sucb La Lodc.: llcMillon v. Es- regresentatioa. tE.ans :-g?Y,--tr: incispu:ably coBsisien! r;ith the con'

. carn6ic, Cot'lty, ssa' i.-za r:39 (srb. federai cor.li-ts itlll hare carse blaicn! itituiioa oi ttrc Uoited States- con'

cri.-igeD;-aeiisi.'bii ilkottti lo-oveniee tbe ereslorar TSr'#:'Hl fFr.!"*Xlfirli H"t"?il?":S ffi::oY.Acglonro.rs.zbz.i<s.-brii._.ua.policic!ofevewSteta-----
1982): pcnkzar v. ciilV ol wat HetTq and school board across tb:.::*tq:.- donstitutton eveB though t'hes€

No. 81-1516 ra.5 i[.-igaZJ, invotrea ..e. Typicri !2stot! tDo csteblis! ? ttoq aa,ina-ents<qually iadisputablv-
fact eireuustrrr".r-.*t=-o-.iitf'G uoi,r;iude-..thlenlntt.t::tt?c'o; requrr" sorne demonsttation of pur'

Grariior*'""-ii"ri*H*:rEH$-Hffifl,#:t"tffi#:#X*t[!'i:Xt"-qr*';eniifj
2 UtisattoE- Certair
maioittv '"* to?",i=":TJIT iiHfr;e'rn=":11tr#a, G uc xur- oraer to-or:ircocrc trri luuitantiar riskfrcEr its aPpareit
gtaiDrfts u""e ueeq 

-s.u-Eituit -unaer iulii"iit-tp. lcJ - that Eore subtle, purposelul \ioiations
ihc lotrat st"rra"rl. 

-,i;!.s ls aE c:r- ' n.roo*. A11otbe! objcctlva tartor of ttri Cor,stltution BiU go undete'ted'
traordlna.? exp6naiion-foi:frf:" . ol dlscri:ainatloa- Does'"rri'o"e U.r. uncorected. andlndeterred under lhe

N. Addrttotld laclot! thsi ia sooc caser the sligb'tess ldeg q;hat tlis-hi-z-*ibo LuteE! ttst' This b equivaleni to

har! had probar1.r lztuc rs pen o( ptalo- a.ny of the cosponsoo oi-dGl.gi"ia' saring that. becatrse some indiliduals
titft.widenc! to .a.ursn1-vioietion arc iToa ha.re any idea *n.i [,r"- ii""sl riio La*e conraitted ciminal actiii'
.:.4;'th-"-;L\ip.ri.-v'Gi1'ayi,iitnisur" li[.[;.Ed*riti i.riEeli-ierrt. iies ni:l e-<cape conriction u-t1der a

;; ;;fiil."b.*'o'ol'i-'"e d-r +:l-loti1: I. tao whal t,,. e'ecs oi d;td;1; bel'ond a reasonable coubl evidence
q"iuricario". ertrcsucsu .to vonn& or fil;; ilG;;;;a;ir"ati;E .-- stindard ttra! we oushi !o establish an
s-terra:ro. pracucr. or proc'rdtrn is tcnuour xi"i--;;;; u."i-ta ail-ilith"r or enrlrely dirfer!$i stand,ard Tbe intent
(p3. 29.)



June 9, 1982

st8ndrId lr tlrc constltuuonr,l 3tzndard
grcclsctf beceurc lt E tha ProPCr
stendrrd for ldeatJ,fytns dlscrlnlnr.
tloo- ?o cstebltsb r rcsultl st3sdad. lt
ts truc. wttl lnsure that ao puecelul
dllcrlElrrtory coaduct goct tLurr:Ets
dlGC lt etll rlso llstrre tlet annY
tlEG! Eolr couraunlUee t!.t h8 t uot
eocgsd la purpoectul dilcrlElD3tory
coaduct stu bc tst3td E .s .q,rltn
lcat a nrcr to ivroBadotnt coaoual-
6e* Tle oeoftude of tbls occt'
bradtb eould bc lncelculeblc. Isdc€d.
ilrtr p6tEt bccoEct sretl IDOltr rpprt-

'cot ehco tt ts rccoElzed tJrrt tJre clc-
E nts of r rearltr vlolatloq ere dlllcr'
eot Bot acrely ls dcgee lrour tbosc o(
8! lDirB3 vlola,tios but istbct dlller-
cat lE kiDd- Ibe ldentlllcatloa ot dls"
prlltr turprgt-tJrc objectlvc of lt3ultl
sndysi!-h2s oothlat ?hatsocvc! to
do sttb dlscrtElEatloa-tbe obrcctlve
o( iraEat aulygs. Uuless oue 89prcd-
st€ thls fact. oEG cal!.Bot apDrcclata
tlre crltlcel stGtllcaace of th! rctlt8t
IrcEB thc tBtcES sEDdrrd.

Tlc lujortty vlers also lebor to dls.
tlryuish betrr..u tJreir aroeEdneots
asd proposed aEcBdr]leDts to statuto.
rlly overtura tla Roc agginst Wadc
dGdsIoE re!.8tln8 to sbofilon- I llnd eb-
solutdi nothlnS tB tlls rralSi5 !!gl
explatus the dlstEctloB betEcls tbrsc'
ellorts. Botb tsvolye attlBpts by CoE-
8,rclt to iEposc st3tutory obuasttoDl
uDoB tfic StalE thzt excccd tJrc llreltr
o( ttre obuaatlons plactd upoB the
Ststc! by tJrc CorutltutloE, overtulrl-
log la thc proces aa expllcit lrter?re'
tettoa of tbc Constltution by tbe U.S
Sugremc Cotrrt-

l{r. PrtsidenL I havc uot toucbed
upon other conccrEui that I bave about
the ua,orlty vlccrf dlsct:ssloE ol tJle
bailout pronlsioE Lu lhc a.Ern.{ncEts
to tbc Votln8 Bl8bts AcL Nor havs I
dtscussed what I beUeve are dublous
intar?retstloE of sucb cas€. as E !it-
corz0 v. Otc,ail 403 U-3. 12{ (19?1);
Fotisctt t. Dotr,ctt. 379 Ir.S. 433 (1965):
Paltur v. Tlrcapsor\ {03 g.S. 219
(19?1); @milllorz t. LiehUooL 36{
g.s. 339 ( 1960): srd othclr. W?tilc I bc'
llece th.t it E iEporunt to focus upoE
thcse casca Lu order to deteEBln. the
statc o( thc !4s Prtor to Mobilc, I
*ou.ld hopc that collea$res sould oot
losc sigbt of the STeat moral and cou-
stilutionel lssuer ldvolved.lB S. 199:l
rhilc focusla8 exclustvely upotr tbe
{i.ac legal issucs tovolvctl

rrt. coticr.gslotr -

Ttrc chaE8c. th8! eiU be cEought bY
tbe a.raendcd VottnS Rlghts Act-pas-
tteilerly the a&endroents !o sectlou
t-(t'lU not cmerSr overni8ht TheY
wtu Bo3 bc.(elt tuuy rhB ye8r. or ncrt
yerr, or durlng Lhc reloaining terta of
rBy MeEbct of thls body. Over a
period o( ycars, hoscvcr. perhaps only
over a pcrlod o( decadc+ tbe Propos.d
auren,{-ents will have I Profound
inpact oE shat this N8liou staids !o&
Each o( us can speek all the platltudes

. sr EaJl! about concem for cirt riShts
eDd minorlty riSht& bu! le! r.Is r:lakr
no Eistake about lt-bolh thc purpose
and thc clrcct o{ th! iEEedlstr Eoelr}

CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
ure rtll bG to lD.rcct tzctal consldcr'
adons tnto lnsl.aastug nurcbcE o( elcc.
toral and pollttcel declstons that tor'
EGdy hrd nothjng to do $'lth rzce. ts'
creastngly. Ee slll bc oovln8 la lhe dl'
rcslloE of provtdlas coBpett aad ho'
tloScncout3 pollttcal gbctioc! for ul'
noridcl 8Ed coactdl!8 tbeB thtil
slare o( olllclboldeE. letlet than ult'
dcrt*ttrS tlrc ruotl dtglqrlt-but ultl'
Eatdy uore lnlttlul-tcst of attcEpt
la3 t! tDtc8lst tbtE luto tbc elcctor'
al nrin<tr'ecr !O thlg COUEII? by ru-
qur.rtE8 tb!!r to c!8a8e l! Be8otlatlotr
tad coaDroeisc, rad !t eugc! iDto
ctectonl coelltlon* la ordcr to bulld
thejr lnflueacc. MlDorlt, repres.iots'
ttoa lB the Bost prinltlve scnse EEay
bc cotranccd by tbe proposcd eEcnd-
oegt.g ElDortt, la.Oucnce rtll sullcr
eaorraouslt.

Thc BEs'Votttrg Elshtl Act E,iU slso
rElleoce enotaor:sly lhc rolc o! tbe
Federal Judlclary tJl t&e Statl aad Eu'
Eiclpal govenaeat:l grocess Rac+
ucutrel or ethDlc-olutrel dec5ioas EI'
f€ctiDs couniless a.rgectt of this proc'
i<. wtll suddedY bc tubrect to Des
scnrttBy by tbe courts oD tb,e basls o!
phctbc! Sucb aspects 8ra teDuoss.
ebetbcr thcy coutrlbut! to ra equal
opporfirDity to pertlcip.tc' shclher
they Pcralt protcsttd !tritrorltlet to
clect repEscDtatlvcl ol thelr choic!.
ead so forth- As thc coEldtttc rcport
sacurately st3tet. the Bre seetlou 2 rr'
qulr6 abovc ell tle aP9llcacloa of
"tbc court's ovcrall jud$!cDt". Ibere
Is. t,l lacL lltUe EorE to tbe test thsE
Ihl<

Above all. thc arcscat ureasun PI8YS
havoc rltb tEdltlonal Aotions o{ civfl
rishts aad dlscrlrlaadoE and dlstortt
tlrcse conclpts bcyoEd all rscogaltlon-
In tJrc proclllt lt ca,u only coDtrtbute
tos'ard underItrlrlns tlc vlrtually reel'
tzcd consensus ID thlE N.lloD Ia bchall
ol equdlty a[d slvll rl8hts Ltr their tra'
dlttoaal f ona--cquallty of oPporturrity
and equaltty q( accco. ooc equallty o(
resr:It a.qd eq-uattty of outcoue. Tbc
historlcal evolutloB of thls NetioB
away (roo thc coruidcratlon ol race il
publlc pollcy dccisions qttU be helted
Ttrc arescat aEeEdrBeEts to the
VotlD8i Rl8hts Act represeBt nothi.o8
less tha.u 8 lull Etrest lrou the color'
bllnd priaciples ol law fostered by
Bros;n agatnsi Board o( Educatioo"
lhe CtdI RlShts Act ol 195{, alrd the
orlcinal Vottng Bt8hts Act itseu.

I would uraE By collea$res to study
thls ureasr.rrc sttb'8Eeat case Ehllc rE
qli-lng that thc politlcal realltles ot
thls debetr Doakc it unlikely that flnal
action qitll be deteroined by anythin8i
approxlmatlng a caretul consideration
ol lbc lnplicatlous ol thjs leglslation-
Ia tbe llkely event that thi!-EBeasure
becoEBca lae, I sould urSr the coufis
ol lhls coutrtrT to look criticelly at the
constltutlonal lnpUcatlons o( thls le8-
lshtiorL qfhjlc the courLs. to ary vier,
oEe grlat dcferencc to the aclior!! oI
th{G br3nch of lhc National Govem-
Betr!, lhey also oee loyaity to thc !uD-
d--ental prtnciples and insdtutioEs o(
thc Corrstltutloo-Eclu.{lEa thos€ ot

s 6521

federaliso. the scparatlon of poscr:.
end eeual protcctton of the lssis
Ea$ing bc€tr sD a.Uve psrttcipant !a
the lcgislatlv€ history suroundinS
thls mc5surc, I can only urSr lhe
courts to recoS:rlzc ard appr.cliete thc
cxceptlonal pollttcel clrcu:nsEnces o!
this debatc. Gregt princlplel of constl-
tutlonal lars. aod publlc poucy. elr uot
non:rally dectdcd by 389-2{ votc Eaa-
rtns udcss such circuEstaacr. cxlst. A
closc exemlaatloo ol thc documentary
history o( ihls Ec4tillre stll. I bcUeve.
csst 8 greet acasur? of doubt uPoo
thc tlDdtag! aad conclusloDl o( botlr
thi! eoE!,.lit c reDort and that of the
Eorlse ol Ilcptls€ltetlvca lrota tjre
gcrpecdve evea of lhat cotrA lcast l+
rrtnctl to questloa the Judgdrcnt o( the
Cou8-ss. For thc <- ke of the Corutl-
httloE aDd lor the salc o( prevenilng
thc rc6teollshracBt of segaratc btr!
cqual la this N.UoE I ferrently hoge
that there slll be lhose on the Cour!
sho r11l canry out thls responsibllity.
ConSre+ I r?8ret tc sey. bas. !c thls ia-
strnce, tailed in lts oqra.

' toottrofla
I gshi['iona. Dafi* {2! Ir3 :29. 212 (lytlrr
rwuaea al /,ial^Cto, llaCtl,r 1. .l,rlrcroalla[

Eouaj hdogt*rtllrt ,a^ta, U9 E-E. -2,:!{-5
ctt?)..{ra o-s 59. tt 09tor..On Dmqisla! rotlf rlrhtr Uttrrtlt !dr.
Ara.nd Dcrra.t ol t!:a JoLEt Ctntr? (or Potltlctl
studlca grd lorfi.rl, ol tl1. lseTllt colrlaittt
(or C:itl RIBh(t Otrdrr !.3t, oaqFcd drtina Clr
lt?t h.rrlEar oo !ll. Votl!! P.trns A.r.

'And I tou.ld ho9. $.rt arlto. ?.4 y"rE lrcE
aor Gr sould hry. lcrtllad ,5d p?ol"6rGd ?nout!
!o lay thta to? satlG o( t..lc trultt ihrt S€uoo I
hrt don sa no loaa3t E.Gd lt rhil! lor olhct
tlrtnp tt Eifh3 ba tiEa to pu! lB gcErgtlrlt bans
Po? cnEglq ra Eitht Eant to put U! pcrEr1a"aa
br8r ulra brt rt-lr.r!! llt{oEs aot orJy Lg !tl" ,5t.
.rd strt!. bua DGd:aE lD tlc rct: 51 ih. ecsiltlt
u rall El.at'l:g Ealolt tht Erusa SubcDrEJ!:.a
oB CoErtlludoul rtd c:vu RlSnt, oa th. Vctlt|l.
niSnE l€ Exllnglotl. Mr5 r?. l9?t l! lll1"

Pr!(er O'Boutta lrt obsF.{:
'U Ura rlvt3loa o( Sd?lon-l b noc lrLndid lo EF

nlldar. utlontrd. rt-hz! 
"!*'Jotu 

ia !lrt, cl,
nlh r $adrlcats El:rotlty Dogubuot! JrcE i.' n"t'
atrhatGs nor.hinl la t,lr. lu31larr o, sdtoa : !o
toclsc this d2sdoDE.trL S!a!!n"nt rulmitl?d t
tlta SubconErtt!! oa tl:c Consilludoa ly rljao*.,
O'tourl!, .Fo(cssoc. 6niv.rrtt, ol nrajrra ltlrllr
t. 1982.-.S.1 ..t. Cll, of todik r. 8old.1\ {{t 03. J5
(19lxr): *Ait. t. Rccato, {12 t,5. ?t!. (1573r: ft:t-
€na 

". 
C]!eE8 {03 Ir5" ::l (1971).

.({t qS- .a 60. AgOrcrtBa!.lt l:.COo. or l,so.
tt:lrdr o{ !h. t!.0({ q1i:^alc:gdltiu lrt rl\. NrliotL
ba,ra rdootld rt-Utaa sr:t.tti o( .l(:ror Thc l(u.
niclDr.l teu56l. In'.?i:rtlonrl Clli l{a':18rtr 1*
soci:uoa (r9?:). tn ldditlorl o( '.ha IUty lu8sf-
shool bor(l' lo tlra gnited Sl:!!a. r9groila:tcit
tB'o.thrrdr o( ttosa usa rt.tataa clEllon sjSt"rns aa
t.ll. .8lcsl voLta a.,ttcroaousA 563 P.:C I. : (llt
Clr. lg?i). For tlnrtal dlr€Eon ol iaflous t?t.i.
odt o(:rr::rEiDrl rlc€-tlon ud tht arsuttcttl lor
EIL sG E Bsrrhid & J. wllsolr. Cltv Polltict l5l
(1913): Jcr.ll. i.6l Syrt.Fs o( AcpE*nt:ltoE
Itltual Consdu.ncE ud Judlc:{ Cioia6. lt
G.o. !t.sh. L.Rtv. ?9o (1,964): M. S?enrood. L€al
Corua:.!r.n! la gh. gnl4d St3trr ( 1933r. T?ta
Sroach o( ttla lt.iltt et€clot{ stslca ffiuntd
durtaa Urc "dt 

d.crdc! ol Ln. 20tt crnlu!, a r
Foarrttit!.l.asDi.rad rr(o.rtr 18 r"3ponsc (a th! coc.
ruDlloc tbra brd orttn b.en chffiuriltlc o! nu.
oiclgd rrrd --tt?43 I.l:? t!6r7 ta th1!' nor? G
tpoElbl. municigrl rtloB jculd b. trl(e! U erh
EaEb.! o( tha q.-t counrlt E:r GgoBlbla (o lhc
cnltra cllclanta nt!.r t::ln lalaiy ta hls osal a'r.td
or dtst!i4,

I Plust a. .Fcrgusrt lGl g.s. 53?, !!9 ( ll!9?).
.A.1 o( Mry 31. l8i0 (!t StaL llol, m.ndrd 5r

Ac! o, F€lNy :& l8?l (16 SllL r33). tha:uitt-
ln{ 5ta(ut!r o( thlr g.rlod ur lt O.S.C. S€ :tl-2
ra.l {: g.s.C. Sa l9?1(ar. 19t3. 1985(3).

.Acr o, Apnl :0. lt:l (l? StrL l3l.
r.c:dl RirlrE A.s ol 195?. ?l s.rL 5:{ ({2 g.sc.

I'?:lL



- --^-^ errt AT E June 9' 1982

S 6522 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATEclm:.I::IlIH ffi-,#,ffi#g.m"*.i,-i ?' srrL {t' ('1 Hi

I*-sialo S.Ion S.rrt'
ffitEA;l -"t*-il! 6nrrc !..t' d'ar':

ffi.ffi#Hf;ffijHffi
#'1e's'Erifr tr'THf THtSffi;;ilH##tr#ffir,#ffi 

=ru.ffio*rloo',li*t,. Nudtg,. I*--'ffisrnurorul !!til Otontron E

il#.ffi1-'31"ff^"
dlotlil^lla mso'rt rl !D"
dil rnd ulcotr#3uuon3 i

It#;ffi'1ffiq*-:i#ffiffiffi *F;*:mn*ru*r.licc4oa 303(bt caYcta

#ffi$
' ' xilHG'jat'f15' 1-amr c:clr-s o s

EiliEra'r-4".''"o f'.* *+:.ff."H;;l%l +
f:13"##;ff+#.Gisili'idoia{ -- -- H

Hm,ffi .r#*g#s*#'""*,*

ffiffiffi#'th:Hl#H
dtll.. ss.ror .,,.* ts

:lt i?1" ro tsb dlt'rl g !s :hc colstltocloe i:
dil;'iii;; 9t* L'a't'ilaar' acrzalboc* fl
;utltct Ela't oo'rc'6:;i-.b.'-. tf.ffi*o;3"fJg:H i
nntctt rlt of aotcfiE 0l
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il-il-t"d go('il r^od E! ocl?r* rrld 

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inli.ii- u le'* .t,,. !!! slruet !:3t' 

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to Ll ,Gdard suoortgtt' ; iai; (looraoL oor!4rl.)
F IA rt 3:L

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!t Id- t3 !!Gga
tl! tlta ,'llan a"' Jutllrt Erd: ' dftr'lltttt 

'!s'srl oi.tacc
-.-.lG ct-t"r tu' no' cosrnlctl lt to t:qultr-'
ntltuuorrrr, t!flnuoa l! '{EGt!4t fovar:::ll€l
;;';;-d Lvo"a tr'tr shiclr 81r 1e1TPtt*5
;;i-frc]"-i! t'cuon ol :!' AG" iul r::r'itD
i6,i& uoon-t ry;;t fiffii?J.B'il'g3g.oglr !! rrin "cts6-",ii- *i -a (or d! Bu3 "!'' 

rtuoo ':t'to-:I
6no'r,. 15 t{ prrcrrdld oo t:| -eL11,j]} ffiN'ro" hrd't'r!'6 Tilffi#'ffi'?='o; 'E *;"'oii!icar.".*"ir#*Ir;E 

Fr*,gr*4,ffi,.i":il,iiri
nata torltnasgtr a0

il' s,rt,ffi sffiffiH.E;s ffi# t ffiii*Et-
trca- lg lt C5nGr3-3s-:-:r,-=-_-.;; ounty r ;nrs& :5r lrEI It
iiliarq"J tarc a=r?or,d '{!l,!+! l:!E Eu'48 ta



Juru 9, 1982
tt.td.r..t r. .nd lEl !E tlr ttlrloa! tlr. 9E t-
rioa. o, t!. Votlrur il3nla fdl- t?t-laO .!.1 tli.a
!!r frrn, rrurnalorl ':ra pt-r-rt r crltUBtuottrl
Er.rho.l o( .aloErsa tb lt t .!li r{E 6.lE ai-
t4rl r&L.

r. t4ntLarr. E..rr!8. fttntr., l:L l9t1 dll.rrrdE
Xtlrra I,3 S.'tr.c C:isL lorrur. .rd EF
E,rtl Pto(cs. YrI. Schof o, ur. rtarrilla At
rEU, OG.ilf lErtrar.clt r-.E,-d!, ta a!. ltall
E ..laE rE rt r,!a qislrl lstE3 ct t!. vdlDa
Blar.rcl

'. l9al S6!a h..filE IltcloL. Dr! Er.E
b..lL alr.rut C.a.ill oa t!. gllld Slrlr
farrt!:L ltct rr, l,l-l

'r Sa. rultl a(. lL S.. .!a l9at Eaorra EarL
l!- r!:Oa t! tiL! Artatl' (}r!.lrf Ert !l..!
rgtri rtr! S.!lr.E Ofir.! l! lrt .rE.ai d
tt d6 t s .llEr- r frDi'rrllr o{ lft Utt!
^-rAfrirB- lt tr d- rE.ln DOCtanl tirf lgfEr
bai rr. dlrarrira !!. l4 E trlE o( Ut stiaErl
ollcalrat-Gtual aEtr U, EtlS(ardd rrd f.ba
hlLr. Ti. ,luitsil dltrdrt tlrs hrE Gurl!(
,.. tErl S.GiroE E drrrt trrssrotEta tf!. &!
lrrto €a (Eturd uE@ Ur. .ltctml 9tE llru.
l(aEEhEl dlrt aoc rlludr to anc! lst- ta artlqt
rc161 Alirla stllrEl dlricrtaa !8c roritroo'
Baa3 !ilri- rlrl tla l8a. Ea €luld loE !rt! (or!
r.G lla Erarlrd E ?rE t?bda d tb, Votlra
IllrlErtct LE !b lt(E rErErt

'..t{l3 U-a.r aa
F tl:l g-a .. t!5 (ltt:ll ,yotiL tl. r.!r l!E! $i

tsroa @urr ar .rtr to drl rrtE u|tr rcEJrst o,
raa rr.[trn ltriaa ot rwcaaac E lla cEt G tra
lal aEt.rnEaaB

'ri{a g-l rr tL S..rJE Gmr..Bat r, 3.til t
SuEf ?0a (wIL T!!3 lllnll tbi..!, dl-1rs I !.E
l.r!rt! iI. racltrf rrr!,l| b*trE,-i E Drllra rEd
Earrt cou8!- (ta:ra, tlrr rra barota !!a Courl
Ls 9i'tl!. t. tucall' CrlE yr. adlr-E d bt tla
Sucrrca Court lq f,i7.b t. tuocrt,'. tt.rr cls b.
utlL dilrB llra t!.rr r. tu&r5drl dllEiEi.E lD
t':t DurEoa rt rort l! 'h- qra8i6 oa tE lraia ol
!!. gtirE! Co|rtfl (brtlag 18 Cm It b rlt. l&
tr"!3lsr te aora ttrt t! @ll^.,a. c:.t8atal {Ul
U.S. 'fls (l9tlr. dtsCrd oa t!. !rE. drt s mtla
tli, Cotrtt Dor8tarl 6rt rt 'n { t.!tt EarrltLEGEDG tU}
trlcla EJ!E! t rullrtrlL 'tl rr€rl os poutlrl
troulE hara !.ra latd, oal ol t.ha gougcrl 9toctra
rnd !!.1! rotir rutlat! lnirl&!{l, EtarElz.(l.-
(t8glrrsir rl9Dli.d.,

'.({a g-t ra IOL (Jutlca Wtlt dtr..!!ba, t!,
gnrBrs, dltturnc. !.aE ra &rrir \ghJttr ,tndtaa
rnd thts o( Juir.r St 'rr" lrt la !b. ttr! tlrt Ju'.
ttct whl!. folrld rhs tlrc (r.5 aat i.. u, lIle
tcr.lrca d drrElDj.Erfailrufa. tAUa Jud€a
Elrnrd dld aaL Th., dld ooG Ctlrar oE tla
,'E9.r rar.odrrd o{ 9t!o( tlr.ll-t!. l!r.!r, tlrE*
rri,

hoDoa.lta o, t!, rlirltr t!3t rf! Dot oalt b c6'
fl.! rlt! tjrr Court ltr.lt oa r!. Ecldla ot P,ril
but lhet rrt tE coallL't, rtt! laclrl lorat ctr.lfia
uDo! rhlclr tlrt iou.ld l&,r to tdt lor r dltlnltlor!
ol t!. rr{r.ltr tarB PtDgontair oft!! trl, uEoa a
lrn rrdcuLt d 18 t!. Fut! ctEtrn l! zlrilrG a.
Ncecfilgr. {t!t t:tl l2rt (lt?:lt. yc3 ll rh. !r.E
tltlr rrt crplldt b rrlccdDa ona o( tla Erlor fto
tot! iaElld ln tlL ta.t =aDnsstvtEr! ot ctc€lad
o(ndab to laiDdrtt coEEniitIr tAlC! Ul. Eousa
RG,o|a rr.ctr r. 16 "!larbl, ru!t.d?ra. EL R!0.
!fo. Yr-Ut sE:&E(ta Ir.3. .t dL

.tsca spll nota tf...1:t U.g 219. ?3t 2t! (!t?tl ll lootBot E
!fc&t!u gtln dtsagDrlflrla ryrral lo3!r cout! dd-
.ioar dld a(,t incjudt tatr eodna ar.1 14 lt sora
la alc rcqqtrlar!3 o( dlsstat$tar, tutD6a (r8
ultdrt.C va:f$aar 

". 
DcEt holda|"- Saa. a.t-

Yrcl Vo t. Hottial lft g-!. 35t (r8!a, (Shourb
th.lr, tlx{t b. lrlt oq ltt (.c. r8d tap.}=lrl l! t}
D.ar"8cr. y* U tt lr rlDlLd rrrd l'r'rii't 'td l,
Duhlic ulhont, rtt! r! r'll at! srd ra u!.qurl
hlad. ro .a 9trd6!lt u! Ert uElurs lEd lll€or
db(rta:ngioo b.crlra p.!!€6r lrl rrrailrt qtEur.
tt:scB . . , tla &rdrl ol equal Ju$ar l! stlu nthj!
th. Dt3hlblttoq o( th. Coniltudo!.'? Saoodcr r.
llr9,t t, t2l Ir-3 (19{a, (-b. uilrEtul dFr.Bal,,
tloa b, Grtr o(lcttl o, r rrta tl8luta frir oa lE
trca lt uttllr lrt tta tl!.qrlrf rggucrt,ao la lhqa
rlc l.la rrtttlrrl ta b. lrrrLd rill lr lot r d.-,'r
o( r(tsl grlr.djoa udar lhrrt lr rhotE ta b.
,rE !! Lq tt ra alcraatr o( btrlttl6orl o? 9utDe!}
lul dErEnfnrri8'1 tta rtguiEE-. ot b!r'r a
puirora ra a ,lu!.bstc!!rl !t!a.a! o( dy{l r!81r!a
lrr l| ra olC .a tlt. dcv"!ogE"E! o( 

'lJc! 
lrr ltr.ll

ra !.i4at of atll^ctm iladttt r. t.tfr?olita,
Eouno Mewia /rljtontlL {,!, 95. 252. 2ll.ll
lrl (19m. Sa dto Jrmli! v. Gr".n {51 g-!- lm
({nl.t!r!(rnt I lgtl o( TtU. {2.. codillEadoa ol th.
Tttrt!.6th AE.adECnL to rlquilt gurDor(ul dr}
cli,lilaal6-l

CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
- {a2 U-!. tL (lttll
..1.l g-a ,nL tn. 1:!r fant 6.. It rlto ll!-

F.lr8c la clraolrdla uDon !h. ld.. or "dlEiEin}
lot, Drrr!C.",ia tba @gl?oEat'd

'lrtEfEllrract ilr'af IEDUI Eor. tlr.E
ffaaa r yout 6 0t lst a! rr r?lt!na- o( cDE t
qrr.tlo . . . Ir IECL qrra l!. d.aslon-Erllr r-
k|EtGl o" rtdltsurt r D.sdsulrt caru:r q{ Eltott ra
Lr* t8 D.r!'!sur of Dot E rdt'1! tglt. of
Ita rrtiil €oEI.s utrl la Id.4l,f.'5L
cliltli rt- {:l U-3 as tll. loL al E rtticl, r.ba
ful, llj€ g!. oott6 o, lsa.E3 oE r&?c. ldnf
rtanatEolra n!! tba Dodoa ol tlra (otE €.iil&t
o( tla {.!-tu lE a6, o( rE EIIEL rhrla rl tla
nta crEa ltcslB,EES l!1, ttalot ta dEgL .tt
CG rhlci Ert hrra r rrlatrat D.afinr oa tha
l'rura SG.rr 8.rsEr-. l*[rrr., 1 rtal Mfcbr.t
trrta. ll!(.-. Clt @tha. d N.- lori.

- {lt u-3lta !!L ,lL :l:l (lt?ilt
n Gtt P5 t2:t9(tt! or. t tll
-clt L2a lllL (5t! c:t- tLtl
-yrul. rraEl rlirllrr brrr qE9hrdrad tla

tdaa !fu3 llrooaiont olrt Judldtl b.Eort l!,
coqr"t brtrr tma'rllt Elurad to arr8i.lr th. ED
dtlt ol lcdilrlala.thtr t!.t do ao3 -ohrata L
thrr ur€ualDut tur EEr hl$ory thr cauEr hrtr
rLr ri ura ta l6t b.rood 'h- fraa o, a ll3lut t4l
ldErs.lt, drrsrtolrrrlr. IIra E ,.t. l, r.at crs-
Dnot t! Corllid t. Lidlfal3&( g-9. 3!e (19€O)
b tA&i !!a BuDtrEa Coqrt trrllct dota r ltllllL
riLi, ru E3 dllcrtEtslrtort 6 ltr (t€t Il rrr lg
futtiJli,,t rd l! dlcana ll Lstut Cant, ?.

{t (1t6tf r,!r. lDr Corlrfdrn b.tr! !o .ur3rt tlj
a ,rtwa €ould ba gtnEl dota bal. of dltsrtEt
Errot, tltaat ar.! i!flr.! tlirrt ?ra Do dltcf.llilD
Uo! og tba (raa ol a ,trtrrta. S.. rlo Pc&a; r.
XhDrt,E\ {Ot gt U? (lyrll tltl l!.!. !!Dtt
rat.d r dEitlEr.Br .drrrr. tor cfrl rltltl Dtr{r'
drtr lirGgri t!a! hrd aruar b..A bayond ra!&l
b.cur Go!,r!!3 cos,ld 8oa trguirt iat. ladrldlvC Bo-
Ur!. €oqld E' b ddrsd urllrEtlErlloEl t r
drsrallrrct tEoct . cosfd b. d.coEfutd. h!.
DooEga ot rla €Ctctr t a aot tlaS to trL liL
d.ra{ogE.a3 or ca9 tlfibrt Th?t tlDi td .Gtta
dolB rrrautr tlrt r't Es3 dllalrlrtalot, oa tlclr
!E l,a! rharr !! lataat to dltslEllrta !:,. bcc .

d.aossrlrd. tii L EE3 l rct rloa to t!. olC
nrs(l|rrl o( trrEill! to loot rg l,ai.at but t:3tD,c" a
Da*rlElos o( tla na, arElttl6, l!, thlt ttrodrr{
shic! rrEltt Eoilra llt arigt ra otlrrtll. tact9l,
rlla Eru{ca.

F {26 g.s. :2t. :t,a ( l!t?t L
.r ,utt E-S. :a2. :ra cgrTr..!.L ra:tl}aL
.rgaa. c.t- ttra {.Eh.!, p:rlurlrcrd Garalre

Erd A.doe l uot$rtlo! a::lort ot t!. crrltdah
ttoErt &E rr.--i Rtcrl Dlralrqllrtitd.' 15 S.s
Dllto IJt E t I (lyrt) ra 10ta thctt t!. rut.htc
dlsarEra ddluottrl llDaa o( cvrdtocr EDEi thlc!
i,!. dsarEll8llrl UrIrrEra o( !.E dnr&rnrl Eotl-
nJoa Ert bacrlrE

(1, oyardt rr.lrl nrlra c lt|Irlrtlot|a Lb$ Ert (l,
ba .1,!rttrrEr^Ca ot ps?jtldicr, (Dl Eaala out I 8ra!r?.
It, rrdrl EEn! or 3!sr !a dat dlt!.lturtr{t. ot
(c, hrrr Battiar of l,!s ltdal ;lll:r.lrrtstlct ol
rbrrt 06r or !!a o!!tr to &Ea tnc!r!Dl.t. ril.atr
(2, rvtd.aar tlrg &r rctioa .'rrnFqtl, dlsadru-
trc a tlaEts o? ErcEbart ol a ELttott!, rrdrl
t'luD rtlrdna ro otlrrr ntlLs !,ta rllarar:t pooul}
dsE (t, r8 .tllrlrtaE ot l.!t pur?ortrClt lEno.
crd torb d ri. chril.lr.d ..tloa lbr! lr srttg-
cl€acl, coEttttlrllt gG(trfla t! nrrrtr! dlsbaud.
({, 6t&!Ca tlrt tla Etroa'r gur?onrdlt llllcat
rcllr corld lrrra bao EoEoiirbcd b, Ersonlllt
lrdrbla rltttr*lya airlt nt! r 8i.E(lcracly lcr
trd:llt d!:gEgortlo8rta .llccE (!) Jlrdlcirl o" rde .

E rrlrt.ruty. driioaa llrt rrd!,r rlcr rt ola of tlra
cEuldt o( drdJoc (tt .a tlttlhtuorrl r"dElsrloE
u (ot crr.E9L a grtarall o( lcllttralo! rrarrtlt
D.uird oa tE tr,ar tlrS ttcitlr r ':&*lal ,urlor or
r.a rdEisim t,' cosalal rrDrsrlclEt rlr insrttu'
Uon thl tool thr €!,rl,IHra!d lrltoE: (?) €{ldlnc! ol
r coE!.raral peullrnff lE tha p'ocln thrE lcd to
t.5r cbrllenrrd tdatrr. .r lor cxa.o|Dla lla oElr,
tloa o{ r Equltrd or crr$oErt, hlrrl!8 (lll etl-
daacr tlrt !!r sDdflc ErEbcE!.lt LDs4tuttoa h:,
,rcdouJt b.ra lorlld ta hr?a laaaatd !a rcirll,
pErudicld rrii@< (9) dtdmct o{ . rcrl-potl'J4.1b-ec(Frd c coatct! tuallauut ol. trdrl ptlJr.F
dia= (lO, arrdr!- ol tlr dua raa rrfl,lroll
sh"!!af tst olrt$dcft or a!B!a!r, ,rlarntd lo tla
tostlrulion durllJ3 thr lrrort rdoo-eE.firt lld
dallLrcnuiya urrEss lhra I.d t3 (!,a Etioo.

Sa riro t!a!i|tu, Elt "l,iglrl1tt". rad Adrlt:l}'trrr,iv. lvtouvrsloc b @nsdludold L.-', 19 Yda
Lr. f:05 (l!ftor: BrtlA "ta D.(tr- ot thc taat-Dl}
ei.tlisrdoa ki!clDl.-. 90 E tTlrd lir Rlt I
(llrltx CoodEra. -D. !!c!a Scbool D..cs!3:rioE

s 6523
A Cotr.tltuuold rrd Elgltt6l f.ar[rda'. llo CrU-
,or!i. trt E . 

',3 
(lgr3l

-S... ea- App.Uad's R.rlt Brrat Fllnl R.
hrt.a L.s?Gtt' CotlEltt . (o! Clil REhl| gndct
Lar. rflr*r.t t. *t af Jd6tut\ t{o. tl{004 (5rE
C1!. l9ll, rt lG

Ihr rbracr o(.'srttotllt na' la th. flxrl lci}
bctra httot, dq no( conErrT lo (bradrat rt
nrlr.at !.trar Slra.rld.rE o( dLs1rallrr.r, tutt
9-. . . rEd tlua d$alEEarSttll erlCrs tr bl|ilt
groiltra

Ionorq. tha h., clt d ra rldaE o( dEiEl.
lrEat,9urEC

(r) Ura arcaadt,. ga6et,d6 tlr* btrclr tGr a
poUtlcrl ilut!.. litorrtlrrw lllfr gcioc (b) lhl. u.
l$ar rcttla ra. rl.r.a bt llt l'lrt ca lctlrtrdra
lardft rho fi9gortd thlr l.arlGla!.. I9rlrpos
lul d.rta (a ,r.7!!3 bl&t golltlal tr*liclrdc
(c, clll tladtrbta rod ,oruarrda €oril(rrrnc! ot
tllr ldalatioo na t sduda blrct rrtlEaB$ooa
(d) lD (t.1 lt lrr. brd !!rt .lrlGt b J.ctrrrE ro.l (.,
ranrrt bt dlrt. lcrtstlo[ rhiEL ldwhr" nt!
osh.r turgo6lgr €{l.lc!ca o( Cltg,rtulltot, t$ttltL
-lrrva 9r!vld.d r rlrl! b.alr (o? llttdl!,tr o( lsrido{a
Durla.l! cs.a ntlrin th,l Clta{r-

..S.nrta Ecrrtttg, !S!rr$7 :5. 1941 Irnnf
You!tr?. FIIUr:lr sc C€Eout. lbtto.r P!n(Gs?.
@!rt.g trnlsrrsi!, Sclrool ol Lat.

-S.att Ean:n31 Juu.s, 2& l9lIL O9anlnll
Sllt 66L tr-g. Scrrt€r Orta O. Srta!..'S.rlr. ElaJl!.t. Jr!'qry ,'. fgt:!. B.|!,rraiE L
llookr. Elctrltya DtrE!,or. Ird@l asrcirtrlo ro?
tha Adri.Dcta.at ol cotqttrl PtoolC

-s.antt E.rrl!.g. rutlr8t t2. fgAL J..Erc. ?.
Elur!'taE P!o(Ed. VEd.rlUt Uafr.!! Sc!6f
o( L.t

r. S.G ru9rr aot lot EIt! sr.p.st to t!. S.€tt6!
,'dl6f !d t!!rt L rt Lr3.! obrcdr. Ilr4
rrd bt rhlrh !., ,udt. t!, lErr! o, c!3!rs u!@
lB5orltl4 Lr. Lha rr:tur quo r8ta 1tr,' tlr "rurD
t:rEdoa- n rErrn 6l.AUrEd la 86 hra rl lE4
roEa Escr.olrt lBd.D.:rdaat o{ ,tlgoruoarl r"Dr}
rqlruoa. sha,ravcr a!!rr dllllFJ.lucr tlrrtr? El, ba
rit! (t!r rlradari.L {:5 g.S. !3O (19?eL Wtra.riJL
taf lrgr rr! illrJrr.ald. !ora?at-.a ogDc.d tol.l,
to cir.utrr la tlr" lar-.a that tould ba urdrr t!,
S.€tloa 2 E=uirr utl l!.rr lr ao porarbUlt, of a
.iEilrs n:rDdsd ta t!r3 aur$rt d la 8.ar. In tbota
tE!!! It Do fia.Edafil rhon o( coEDrri.Er aacurl r"D.
nr/tat3uoa ot ElDorluE sltts tla rr9!!xni:{oa l.
rhia^A q:at rould b. "ladtlad'uadar r groportloD
rl r!9tlaagtrtloa ttqulrtEall Saa Sarut. Ear&
I'l. ![rrc.! L lrtz. .l.sJstr.Er AttoElu, G.a.nl o(
rlr &tlrd s!:r.r lor clvll Elslrs wl[l.r[ Blrr]
lsdE tloldt

Plo(c.ror O?ourt. Es tlr'tltroL.!t d
-A e'::.ll$t3 to rll r!.Lrtr !,raa q, a.Cr'ltl,

6!!E ba Dr!:dlcricrl or r coE^p.rlsoo bc!,Brca .l-c-
taal eopo'!u!lt, 'Jldat thr .rirabt glra rld r!.
oDpoatuDlt, t!,! roulC os El8tt Dtwarl rJ.odar oEa
os Eor! altaEad/la. :J iha dtcmrtlvri atcd noa b.
litlllad t€ t!6a ?hictr Ot 'lliti th..ristlat 5u!a-
lutn o( 8oyarEgtlgt or tla flaE6! rEr o, thr 16l
tov?,'r:!u3 tEdr. rhe! aharr lr tltda tal pnylol ljra
corirldarrtioa c( prcaofttoorl r!9lEaEta(oo { tha
Eodcl raalrtt ailab, tla eJrtrrt ayslrB could b.
cnlurr.d- s'.aa!o"n! JubEttlad t! ah! subc€E8ll-
ra oE sltr Calsatralon bt I:=oc!, O?ourl.. aD
lE t giryrslty.:{ rrr.J|?r.orr. lilrrc.t 3. 1962.

r- Aa !!. Sugr.-:!a Coula l!, Itodr& sid in crtrr.
,!a lhc r€aultr 'rJC prEgoaad by Justis! ldrllnrll'
lor ibr Plrta"lrh -{Errnd.E"nt rrd s€ctioo 1

U!. J,rrlcr MzJlha,il't dls.ltlrr oEinioa r€uJd
dlsrrrl iltH (ir4d prl:c:9ls (o( laal LD lavo! o( r
Judlclrl 'urf rsttcatrcr thrt rould to lla tasuri
Errtla3 tllL Coun r su9ar-lctlttilut. . . . w. rrr
oot lrt to do s. {.(6 u-s.55.7c

'.r Saa aota f3O hrE
'.is.Elr. E.$-aE F bilrr, {. l9!il g..S- Rr!...

rant:tlrr JrulE S.nrcnbrmlrr.,..srilij iicura5 Pebru.fl 11 19112. Julur L
C.:rrEbGF. Frsrdcnr. NAJle Ls.J D.rcas. !\lr4
IE,o.Sart! galtl,tG. Jrntrs? ,. 1912. VUU UrI\
tln.a ElEutirr DiEL?, l(rticalr Aa.nBn IrGl
DaJlr'a ud &l.rcrrlotral lru!4 Juslla Msshr.tl 18
d&J.At !n .1'Oo!& a,i50 .{urrd 15! IlaiL 16r !o ..o
"r(.ctr- 5t:rad2rd. {f6 g.S lrl l,l3 (dtssrnttnlr.

r..S.ut! !I[n..ls. PabEsr:t. 1982. AEnrbdd
Coa P:olc.a*. Ilrryrd gErslEti School of Lar,
llgRncnt CoElroa Crura.!-OE ocgsror! th"nt rltt drn dlft€-ncB o(
oDimoo E€nt !t!a sa s!::rs u tlar ilsrifron,
b.ror! tlr EIous. r.ud tl1! S.nr!!. Sa!. e-3- :sumo
Dt o( DEr Dat:r Pro(6aor. Yd. S.hooi o( IlB,
S.nrr! !I"u:nar Fe5nrry 12. 196A FIos gE-
L!.6, Jqn. :5. l9El: g?nr7 !j{eJ:ll Mryor. Rlclr.
BoDd. 1/lrtta!1 S.Ett Ellnna!. Janurt 2!, l9!1
Elous. B?irrrt* lllry 20. lgll.

I
I
I
I

i

i



S 6524 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -SENATE 
Jwq 9' 1982

''!'l E'lE'h ** *{iff*il' ffiffiffi xffiffiffiIffilad, a ratutual dl,,'rs

ffiffiffiffi'ilTiiffi.*=-* *!-til.-Ji;-;'ii" o-"tf:I.--3ffi,??1# ffi,try;;; ;- .-- !s0 .!sp ur rt nnd'srE li-..r C.EE:I, .r rs.eliffiffi#,rffitH

ffiffi=*'**-m fu**u6dr! ol lla dIJtaE or
a:-%ff#l,f #-;;e,r.ry46-*H+'flffiffiriffi'**'ffi;ffiq.ffi,;:iiiiEriJin ot r-nr oruaelo T! *5 f-'
ly xi."ir-Ti. a-o.b.d'm 't:rct 

o( lllrtrtroE -tI f:ffi;;*-Eii, L[Jr an-"-.='6 lEinc.a r-.rer-p.r.asr-*.TtHi?rit - ,,.-5ttHH[hffir,{,S.'iE:il ffid.-ffiStl*rlmrffi* iJiii?tl.ictrcruaa.d-ron trsn'rco,rsrr'
?Hi-'a;,.ar-qt*ff*ttiqf q '#"Hffi
6rr5lEn.d 1116 !lr' c$rtlj

ffiffi*Wf*mm il,#;fftr1,no s.-o "H.irffi-t-"'r"i*rii-r-o'*o1eli *--.thffiil;; o( rhG conc.et o( rrdrr "*ffiffirff H,1*"di;. -- mi'r?m,t": **i"'' ":'l:gii 
*.,1

1gffirqffi,ffi,ffi,ffiff ffie*[:fr*
ffi 'tffiBq"Eui:E{:;*ST:ffi+#iu"*j#*W;#i11*hn:;*X.i}*,It -',ira'u"' -**HH":#';:E'i#r.; 

_. r"i"{r##t! nir tsuaoa:t. ha c!'r
(ollorG'Errl(.llt. tt c!'l

g.:tffi**ffi;1i E il.fi #fi ffiiffi=ffi *:ffi***1ffi*;o'*:r**,f 
[#:g,{t*iifl*ffi":ffiG.ntrrl ol tbt gattrd

loEt Rrtlloldl

"I:#*gr JiTil":L,"'t*i""1 s

5*ffi1ai""6"r"*0 f;!ffi i"m F
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AbtrhrE P?€(cgor' sqY-'41'":'-.'tr:'iJi ;i,k;;;;ia; crs.- th€rr *ou
oth.r rlrctd quol" oE S'ctloE 2 Ild 

'so9on'loE'r 
1

r"gt"r"nlrttoll !" ^tt-fiii-ii 
nu iEErcr ugoo *irr oslonl

m,',ryffi*Hffi##ffi4Gz"Uiior tn-i urdlrtdudt tErv b' aoe ?cr' I

m{S$}['[:,*r*t':r,,m:t *ffi:*]:'r"i3i
iar -eoraorsnrsr''n!n:2a'' r* F.brur, {. !9!iL IIt.!r.. .g satL E

v""il f "='fl*H'ffiflffs 
iffiH,r [:ai,,ffiHRliifff-i.iii,ii"I$

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Iiilic]ito"r':t iouia Dt rsarnss erooonionr rlr :

lii'o-.i"L-f tlllr trlr':''opl' E 'nutl'd 
to votr 

I

L;?;;l.tt- uta consttiutronrl sv3!!t!.14d urg
iiE*""'r -'-"'l#-H'Sfr#r'"'# 

E-i 3r *cro'. iltl;T,A I $ifri,I-.*",o* or rcd!'., courrr oorecrrons o(n'rtrc'i Sanua EGr
Jutrg crrub.tl e.r.,ilifxllcr rinr ocrca:r o*.*t;T,:-rinrrlon srnad.!1.:11*3f.* #tolr-r.-.", o( Jusrrc" ro rrcee"d cias:l
!'\nd Inc 

ffi:H,: Uli,r+t*i**;T+,u$*t fH#{I,1.i}T,{tif;dlffi#'{
rl's.n.t Ecrnnta, rrnu:rt''-teE2 wrlrrs d;35*tt':5lj:il!!tl?'-*

&trt Rardro! S"aort"'-ii-ti"til'grttorsr ta' Pooul'gloo il:d floustnt' Aotu
' t(rtuL.--sin . Fr6rinG rstu"t 2!' !e82' EdEerd t'-' Eff'?'ffi1lili:tfiih:pii'.llir. -x.got1l SuEr'artlca crn(rr'



Junc 9, 1982

-!tc.. ..!- E . E r, lfo. t?-2:ft. t?tlt Cona- 13
S.* tC-ll (ltllr. (!.l.mrrt!? LB tttL t .t!6
-tlosr Erro'!-X S.araa Eaartnal JrntIr? ,.
!93a E llrall L Eocrt ErGutll[ Dlr€to?'
!.&LCt: 9.. dto €..r.! Ctutr t Untlrd
sr.ra 3lc (,-!. 2lt !ra-? (l9.ll. oLsltd,rgtoa
.5-d blsll (ud D.rhat otlat nrmnlatl h{
b.€ DrlrrlGt tbro{.,r.rr! th, gnrua st8- rla
r,.lr. "drl.rter 

C rrEt dEfr!.tnrrfot\ rlthoua'!
aolnt !.cl Ernt aattatllttola laror. riu n.ntrt|la'
l- b. ur.a |. tla Dttdcrr. (u bsErA La ttEtultl
tdL, lEdt rn, lrt aila ClrD.Era os drElElrlD
ut't E!.4 ra r Ea' sclta EaartsE Pabarrf, t
t'tl f. Frros Lfltrrf ^eF t EIb.rraE
CGa

-!t .. ati- tor AEft ra tlr-ll: thlr tr. lla
rnnrE 6! ol tL Dldttt ts !:!' clf, c/ Ioital l-
W..uat-lr:L.974tlt CL

tbaJuttcaDaattEas!!t rct Jtai, oat dadln
*.lrflr nrs6r 1q1aa -rr-46 19 Srcrrog t Oo
d6nncr xrlllrsbnG a& rrrrg couart' oaoG3lr
t'.'-?,11t rlaGsr MltistDd (z-ztft); E !.too
@aat' (r.cr Ea.r! ot &tu48$8 (u-a-?tB
E r+' canlSr. ltalt! qrllllr (tl-ul-?!, s3rrr.
EariDE Utrc! L l9!r. lmllrl! Bttdrod R.r!r
oldr Jlt.irt:rnr Astolltt G.a.trl ol tb, UEltld
SlrsGa (.ltglslE ltr D.l rDC D-t): r.. .l!o. S.!s.
Barlra Jrsurr? t . r9!:l B.atrE ! L Eoorr. l!
ts rstarullla !o ada tlra trrc! 'obrrcllra !2.!oF o(
cl-llErnrtlar!' ,a tlta rt-lgtr ft-alq o( lluna
hrtt !.rn rsrrcild .trra tE !!a c!a!.tt ot dtl:}
116 l! rlE -Eltorrdf rllruAl tOtulrlloa
Errlorttl.a n!tsla I c6an Efft a.t Sra Aatoalo.
fl* S.r Srarlr Eeglaa. Jrt![rr? ,. l9EL
VttE !al,!!t-. E cutlt. Dt'ls€t Mr:i6a'
Asrtncrr Lal t).fr!I rad E tuc{toa tlEd-

-!!aa. r& CaDiorlR4rl ol V'lr7|aizt. Umt l
s&r.r. 3!a t suB, rlrt (DlLc. l:rt{l r.cljr!.{
{, g-L tootnl'.

-3... .J- Eour. R.Oott u ,l a l0!r: S.n t.
Etrr[!. J.8llrl, ,. r9e!. Bartrei,l L EooE
'!arTr.E ta Sllacftt hrtct9ailil !E Ectot{
FolIU.f Vor.r fltlEt oa Prot.(a tltora l. !
(!t,Ei lrat! tb. Jurril Dlg.tr::istt hr. oblc<!.
d lo rrtE purst Drunliont ln S.cloa 5 s!!tl}
.ioa! c.t S!u. o( !fislstiptt (a'..it{l); S.aa!.
E6rtna. !arE! L t9!a E1lllta EEdtod R.rD
ol.!r (AltsiEaE3 !L:l

-!t .. .ri- EoUr Srgt rr 3GlE tha Jlrdaa
D.lart!!.rrt hra orLo o!r!c!.d t ttddt!3, tD
quirtEiatt al.d la SG{fo! 5 Ftcl.uuca
lulrdrloE .8 Eo3r.lul lrid.rir!. (ls&?:lt:
\f.r.rtot!. Souttl CatoLlD. (!-2!?{): Firt Cou.ot .
AlrbE (l-t2-?a} Shr!o!. Gnlt.ir (2-to-?al:
S.orr. EanlrrE lifrEn L Wlnt.- B:zdrostl lttt-o,
016(Al!$a.El.Dl tadD-?l

-!.rL ea Aut a. st4t aant 4 E\ed,t* tt l
o-3 5{r 570 09{!ar

-flr. Jullc. D.lrsladl bg obiclcd. lc .r.
lrlota. ut tDGtal GLdEEr l! gttd6ja8aa tulEl}
d6E 6 dr €daa1 Srruir E.unfr l(Ec! L
l9ltrL EtlUrE BEdlosd &taoldt (^s!.i.s.a D-
2! l! Eir!3 sia.ilrst, b. stlrd tlt "ot -v!lf
Glt("ios t.ad tn !tul! lE dllsDEgottio.-i'r' lot
sotatt rt!flt rE€tt E jnorttlr'

rsaa. Ga- S.lrta Earlatr Jrauerl ?r. 1942.
&tr.iarus L Eoor8 votar EdualroE PFree
R"ootr. "8.#.rt" .3 I (yrtc5 lgltf T:1r Jtiltra
Drprn^ornt h.rr obr.<tad io rujta ,aca ta Scdoa 3
tubEistEtE ..G Ocl,llr. Gcorar t[Lat f.r ,or
ild"B.n ot lrago" ( 10-?-?t)i 3lDrE . Oiortls
fillnt ln(!2-?-?lt: S.nit Ecsltla!:(rEi 1. l9t1.Euli:o Br.dl6rd B.yloldr (att-I:EGa!! D-f Ed
D2r I

uS... ..t- S.rt EGl'{8.r Jlrurr? ,. 19E2.
E EJE0 L EooLS TEa Justlc. O.gs!!3st 5r.
obicr.d t. sarasard !.rE lr1 scdo6 5 9r"ct6a.
uo tubEls3or oa nullarout occarloos a.!:..
hlEir Cl!r. AlrbE (lt-t2-?l)i SIL Ellaa.
Psfri. t rr5rl:r (t-?-?3r: lfdnro- eftrtr (ll-tD
?S): Eridrvitl., tlott! CrEllDr (t-3-i9r: Gn nL
\1r81srll (e-l'-?9): S.Et 8crdn6 Mrtcn L f9t2.
FlUtr.B E"tdtor( 8,.t6oldt (An 4.h8.atr E,-t r5d
D.TL

- r5... a.a- S€rE E.t iEL. Juurr, ,. 19E2.
&6l;rEi! Eotr-'wb.thd !!! goulnt ,l.rcg rtt
cslbla ut tha c€6Eunttl6 rhcr Ure Bioorlrr.a
E!r.ra. Ed tlECa cons€l.aa (o? ula eotr!r'. Tia
Jadca dlpratEGar, hs obi€lad to 9otlllr 9ll.t
cir8rs -c.atl.ir:rd ln Sactloa 5 gcl.rnna sD
ElsiorE rI- suELr cautr' Alr:el (Io-l?-alrts
!t rrn y.ta Vtrtrn.L (!l?-sar: N.t Yort Ci!r.
X.r Yort (t^1-?{)': Sdnar. E.rr'3g. !lr:! L lg':l
\fl'rtr- 8!a.Uo!d fuplr:lr (l!tr^r-aa!.aE D-l r8d
DaIE!Gr. ..t- vodsr Rtrnlr lrt o, 1965. l.l(b!. 42
tr.s.C. I ffilbabr' Sa sou.i C:tdira r. ,rat,€;'
lc,L 3&l U-a 3lll (l96al

ds.r. .{- Bous. Et'ort .a 3o-it: C.!, a/
Sfotilt a. 8&r. {'(c O-!- !! (19EOt c::v ol lom t
C^it2tl Slola. aaa g-a f:ra (lgto'.

CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE

-!GL rr- vdtna Rldtr. l4 0t 19(Il. I l(lr. iul
t t-C. I ltfixrt Atat Cout, 1- UiluA Su,u,
t9t u3:rll (rr6aL

-SG.. at- Hoillr Rcroa rt ,O-t; C1l, ol lioalL
t. EC,tt a{a g.L !t (llt0!: C1l, of tuil t.
Uiit d Sfst.t, {aa g-!. l5a (l0a0L S.n.t. Bcrrfgl
J..E t, lga:L a-tr.Ei8 L qet'; Vo..t Educr3loo
Frof.ra n gcl '8rrrtGr" rs t (!t(lrll. l,aU

.jsa oL vodsa niahrr Ad o, l9atl 120t. {2
9.!.C, I tla(axtxft ttst Ju.sIE DrlrrEE nt h..
obfcrrC l, -EDruln.olf, b'rrd' lE Yuba Csrrltt
(lr-at-?a, rod Eat rrt Couatt c:Illlrl|!,r (r+
lrL s.arr. E.lriE xr|E! L ItcL wlllltB Bt|.l'
tal RatE ldt (ettrcistt6 tLaL

-!ri e.g voriqr Rrrit. /lcs o{ rral I lq {,t
u5.9. t rfrr!!-

-&a .r- c,,r, ol P,oa. a. O^ib4 StzaE Ua
V.S lta tltaoE td,s. t ,istorL a3g P.2{ l3!tt (5!!
cb. ltat!S.arr. E..rt!aJr!-r. lra2. BaalrEl!
EmIr

-g.r.I: Eo(r Rrrlc.! .a 3OJL ,l:it Judc.
Dr'lrtEas3 bra c€aalsaadft ob.,.€ld t, !qar'
b.rtC dac!*rt gant' 18 Sclfd i E-l"rfla,
erb.aislr!: ..L BEain|llr4 Alrb.Er (?-O'?lI
tlr. Slrsr o{ Crcr (?-&all butstrsr (a-3o'?:ll
}udri!* (Tto-?LL Nort! C.rlLltr (Fa,-?lt
So{t! Cr.dflr (0-Ir-?:!! r8c t.:.. Cltt' ?.rt {!'
lG?rL Sdrt E.rllE M.rti L 19a2. Eltura
BEdtorrt B.tt ldt (,ltt: iE.aEL ff url D'11
S.ilr. Er.n8a. J.a ,. l9!1 !.!jral! E€l*

dSGr..a- Eor- Rr!€t! ra 3o.tl -.. Ju'*fc.
Daxfia.a3 brr o! €aL8 objas!.d lo 'raal}
taot.e.orubiuoar' b a.ctlo! t gttclatrrtr tubalD
dma Gt- tr.tt d.G, Al^lrE a?-tl-?l): SullLr
C:r!r. (llr) Dr6oc!|.s& Eracudrc CcBrilglF (tL
+?ar. SGt Ea&8!. laE! L !9&L wuUra
Btrdr€rd E*yaofdt L{ltrhactr D-fE Cll, q/
R!,ila. tldrd S,3t,E, rra E-a 156. lla a-lt (l9tots
U,S. CotEltirrio! 6 Clrll Rla.lrla -fht voclla
Elrhl.r a.c Ta ?rrt Llr.d 9* loa-Aqt (19?3)t

It !.(. ErsiaG. Jr! l, l9!A E !!rLa Eoola
-S...& Eorrr A.!on' rs ,G.3L alt JlJ'tl6!

DagartEt 3 hr r€uttlalt obltltd t! -Erot{i,t
,o!lr mqEnl.' l! sa€lloa 5 grrclarrartE tu>
ELrloo3 a..- FlL Coultt. Alr!.aa (!-Ul-?{!
Ar!.61 er- (l(LA-?st &.tJtlr. Gr. (3-3{!} Oli
lelll Flsr !. ir (&.t!?5): St$. o( Mlslr.iEgl (l-
U-?er: Ctt aftlt. ll.C. (!$?.€O!: Ret EIll. &C.
(l:-12-?at Di:tar (T:D ttdrorul-' 5.:56l pl}
tns! (3.12-if). girlr. EGlriDr !{rrc! L fgA:L
WEUrE EEdrosd Ettaotd3 (A!tl h.Eart, E-l raC
D.aL S..s"nt EcilfaEL J1E. 3r. lgE:. &oji,Era
Eootlt-ttll| b -EGilt trua rEta ole rGotaiz-
:!rt $a o9.!zdr! ps!t!,i.ra o( 3r.aJt 9F9oa.as o(
ila rultr l.* b lhrs EEgor-La..l Egtltagtadoa
tst:.g o" !il!.aid!, ot4lrt L b. tsa ngusrl strla ol
!k rrl l{ldlr raC tlrl d.rlr{oat (toE :ilr aot:!
rn orcrss{l sttrtbutrlh 5 sE dlr.iEl8rra?
goltat 6 Dt*rd:rn Pltaa tus! dltdiEilrdo! tt
!o3 Eadllt rrriE! lt h talanllt sur!.d UirE tt
hu JllE9ft lrtrq, I tlont sttl, !!:a- Glvta i&
lrct t, grogofltacrl tt EtatrsloE !E!t tAt<,t, r!'
lctfsrl' nlutri t!.t @ otlrGttra tla!'ctutrzl
a dtttlc.aGJtlrl 9otls, os ,!c-dr\(r tsa ri.surtld
[ !.!r. !o!E lltgoottbla lst tir r!a!trt. !a o!!al
Erila !o ura r lrrEit, tatE d Etult, 9rl39€n!o!l
&sr L o, 'o!r?e!ln" Ey t. dar.rEit. sll'lll'r
or rot a goaclgl 'o!rac!:t: tac'4E al dlsBI3lt}
!toa- l& i.B !!3! ttlponsbL !o? di.sisl.arlloll
otlar rlra ro uctnria ttlr:ls of not !l:"t! ir 9r!'
pot.l,lodl ttltE t:!8rot! ll Urtt? ! n'n t=to"doE'
rl rt E atrltoE. t.hrtt I no gruaDl.d bslt
Ed, l!'r Eultt trG lor alosarSrrlnt t!t3g E
Gr.s "obtccdr. (rl:lc o, i!r.tlai.:rcaE'' rs oot
Egonsill. To crltlr a ,lrtos o( taa '.tu! brsarl!.b,
ol lor t!!a. -obr.GliYt fr.toE' nat 6rl. tt i, LE.

t!!ua'i$t lo aoaa t5a drltt! !! l.a t5r Csr! Utlr
A.to,tt. -0, ilL hrtt rrorai=d ttil drrDto
Doftloa!. .ducrstonrl GBtloyBGnt lrtFEa l.etl
ud Usllr3 otrdltler rfair:,a lrE pEa 1isiEi.ol,
upE t ac to drEss Elilot c7 Eoll.-rcrl gatu::9rdoB
..- wlr.r, ltE coadluoat rr! rhota snC si?n
rba Ly.l c( Uaaf 9lnJdEallon la ?ogCE It dF
glEcd. gLiisgtr Bt d lot ;rGd l! fut:s.t
a{'ll ocnra battcr, tlalr dllaEtt sslo<clnoE-
lc 5!:a:t sd ur. dt3!t!ad t."d o( gouuaal grrdd'
fdm.'r..i!bc, tlt ,ulll6ttoa ol tl:, ruH3Eif-la
ltFta ura 6r rgilrtt lh. int"nt !! t s :-s 1ta'
96bla- oE (s Gisa VI(rl ol'.!t rioll, hr.
bcra ,ur'-r.E traaatstd It ltlEa Hlnl 6ura
dlcidos rI fbdlla Fltlemlh AEcndlrln! ed tc
U@ t r.tebtioEr Sa Sold.tr t' JtoOiIs Ct'. AclloE
lao. ?!-Ill,-P (s. Dlst- Alr. E!2): .8toa !. Bcatd d
Sc,tooa Canasonrr: C!v. Aclloa yc ?S-:9&P 13.
DtrL Ala 19E3t (bs.! drccroat oa r"=r.aC ltrE
gS- SusrE Court,oUorlEa e1t q/.'rooJ, dr€'
r,odi ,t7Hrr r Clff c/ 'l.tc ficlna- lac al-f514
(tt! or. l9a:ll 6t16 0t !tr. lnlrEt tst rrl =ot

s 6525
rlro|t Ut.tt ta crll tt u! "'ut .rt!t Dl, dllllRll-
lcrt r?!h.r thsr u -tR9o.rl!L" ona I th?, hrra
loraarf, &!r. TlIt Vsa $clraa osa rlto uk.a
cl:ar thrt tt b aat ntfrna, tl, .alrEllr! llirt .5
lilrat o! dtr.rrarsata rrirt d thr! tla allltcd dlt'
(rrrliJldor.!2 lt, ot gtEdrrla na ctnlru, €arE
Itrlr.4 b[! tlra rcn a! r8(ort i. Ur nolroos C lia
zuhlttl AE.ndE tr3 o?:r€!l(E 2. ttctl(' c Eo3
tlall ?I. dlrcilrLilr&lrt 9ut?a la llr rsbllr!.
arlt. l,l !!aF tra r dl$rilt8rtor rur!{a Lhild
lt| nar'tflra! 13 !.EEa lrrc D.dod 6 tlEa.

r-ll{a US |a ?a th, CsEaEti Errc rrrrr
&rt tia@EtgroEi{ llall{.t b d.aEtd u, Ftllcl
ei& 1 R4r,l.r, (t:l u.3 

':lt 
(1tttl :lrtr L

htdUt ELl.rdta e- drlElt b.ocr arci lr&
tuaar E ugl, turotr Ellita (Foo ltr lrtrE3 lEqtF
!Elr. raa aacll(E 9-l(aj o{ ilr. tr!@!i.!a r€tr.
btrs tt !r Eo3 .'.t . ,rlurtul ildl.6o! o, !!. tull
t .a rttttsd b E ttlrs T'lta aplr- EquimGrt
o{ Pf,itj lor c!@1.. !lir3 t!r[ n't!?tdldf
dttsrtEtBadott b lYqdad Ult lhl tl{!, ln bcch
tla a(rsu6r, rnd npo'! Irr:arar o' t!. mlrD
Er.. {1, g..tL rt ?!a ?!1 ?t!. ?llt ?lt?. 1!r ool,
DIE E Ef,ita rhar r,lta taE! 'rEnltr- o$rtta
plGirarrdt b l! atla *:14!rGn trltt ,!!t! t,tt
lorrt Eura! oElnlo! thra yart4ra-A.ornerll |n
ttta dd.acrDl€u$? hs loar ":tdr!ild !rm. llltl

lvsadJEu Clscr:.BErrld .8d L-aetnE I! llt
tLldr €l rducrgo!. ?tlglotE at Gtrottttc!. ha.lllt.
Doutle Ed osltca' al: U.S rt ?L. U u'!n&3
th. uta o, !!a EaUE 6Er9! tt Util csntltt.ogld
r..o ta clElrt thra lhG -tttrl.llo[a- rlquir?a.rlt ll
lDdlstErtllLlrrbla !t!o r slquiflaatrt o, iil.at ol
tufDana.

r.t aaa q.1 rt 90 (J. Sta'rrr clo€urnE r.
tetir @EEi!!a Rrgoft quoc.r lroE r iraaG.

tldl, rllanra! Juslca O.rrtEE tt !Eu4t rld r}
slrlta ut ilrr3 clDd,alrrd. lr: ins 1t.! iat'Etlaatrd
la ttt. cootai of vota dlludoa clriEa. ia no3 ta vio
lrtioa ol lha ht ADtar Co8 t!, (,d ttElr $ud,
,rr tEdrrd tEa dFdoraar o( cttllrf'Jt. Eour
or Scorsl laaat'trSlts lt !.3 !!r !a{r qutllro8 o(
ra^, eJrclnnrtl o? a!, otE.f eolErnurult L not l!
nol.UoB o, tha tat Agra! EoE s*by€tr ,ludl-
drl dGtarEln {oo! (o" !a tlls cril. crx-bt€r.
.isstcl Dcargrlant Larc'r.llttlottrr. ia liar! ra,
aat tllt r.cota.Bu.ailt can conduct il: d!€lorzl rld
SOrAE!:rqnt! rrtau:s t. cntnrE thll tlra.b, d!tat=l.
nr(on3 o? tnrrst:t:sl5nr stll no( tlrC thE !a vtol}
Uoot Daa9rn tEa :!:!ronc llout th! -:ot!ll!v o, cl'.
cuattiDct'" I do oot tF urt lntctgl:d rry 14

shre! sa c.rt arold l.la t!nd.!ry usdar tla n , r
rrlqt t4.S O( tt{UinnS :.Dc.'arinSt, guell nu.o!c:
o('cbletir. fl.tor3 ol dltctirur:lioa" (a.baa nUl
tla Lat ol ltlgorrtontl taErEa..ottdoa., ta 6Lb
llr! r violrgoa.

r..S.ri E rrtnE. Jr!ur,, ??, 19t2. Badjrllir
Eoolr Er.Grurc DlErot' Lrd.rlhrg CoarltllE
oa Ctfil Rlrhlr AllhouI! 9t!9oa.nts o( tl'lc r"fllta
ta't lllr to drrar:b. tt s:a'o!t.€tls.'tsL rad dD
Etb. lt l.a ua comr!:! RlEota u a "elart ud
rttlsht foF'ui l-s". i:e'r tl oo laEou c:PlaED
Uoo r.!, tha R!9oft ar (s ra hot t! lr to b. aDgll.d
Th. GsG t Uirt @t!.E?Elt i! !.bt C:mittta
erDort r !:18 r!2 aarg t! L ia dElph..td ia
trtlt a ot "'Jtr coufi''! otrnll ,iudalt.!t". Ploudrta
aqurl dtrErro! '"o comunrtr6 rllan=3Ea to utl'
daBtsd tlra gorliEar o( tl'la tltt n snncslt
t.lrrE lhr clufJ r to 6ntld!"' inlr di4. "vh"?h.f
tha gougt trndatlyint tlt 5alL oruolltiol subdlvr-
noa't ura ol sG5 totl:r ilslultruqD. ,-reql8L
!o vottDt or rt$ldatd. it&::aa or grocldutE tr ld.
rcr'

r.. N{ yori fit!!.. :!!ry 3. f982. pi. E:tL
r.r SaFltat lL!::E hu obra^'!d that llta

coErnoa lDrn*t3 ol i:ttna ,togonrntj lt lhat llat
rlalr lo crllraa r 'llsco'jlnotrt' Rrou:lic! trrrat.
N.r Yort T:r!.. Agr.f 2?, tgEa WIU: dl du. F
rD.ct r€ B, (!U!1aua I bcltls thrE h. (and m.I,t
oaltr pr!9o3c!!ts o( tlrt multJ lEt) atr ir eonlut,
Loa tha qoncrrs o( Einorirv ErrE?ntatioo sltll ti.
oo"ity lnoue@ Sd !h. ditR:sron tcnlrdly in (na
shMtlla r?rot-! a! 5ltuoE rtl(c). I!. ln (ac!. I
saE |tterEtad i! ra'homotcnoq" R:9ulltcrD
lart7-shlch I rE, aot-l lould ,EbaSly b. dF
llthlEd l1li th. oBtoa'ru.Elt, !o har! c-tted udt
urd sEt!6-t dlscrc:J Ur shic! |!:lroity 8mu3t
sart €nrnil:ta+ Crg tn Ey siE. r t!:c ln6':&
bla erftci o( rlrt orr ist- ! vou.ld 5. d"lltnEd ta
cfiada to !!1n6ttt stdldr'cB llEa fai dts!:ictt
urd 5a tbla to conc"nl:3r. t!:E rl:rn?:c!E ol Ett
,..t?7 Eld, uDon'h. r?=:u:int dlH3lr I 'wldb. d"tlShq.d !:rrs I sguld not har! to !.tin nt f
tltal dlculrgorlt i,r ?ralr dL!L'ie. flsll in, dL$d.
rasr:t! o( Euront, SToqg aaslltt dlrprc9odloe
r!!iy EClnad b rota lof ily o996tuo[ 'lfl:r3lYrt
tlta llttlnt o( Drc9onlntl o( !:tG lt ultJ ,"tg 11, nll
b. lJt.r Eu.ltr lEtr thl ?Ul lerd to honot"cou

i
T

l
).
I
a

+
I



S 6526 CONGRESSIONAL RICORD -SENATE 
Jwle 9' 1982

d.,'rcr.rrdho6,,..'tonre..r,,'rrEitbrauar lr#,ilgpgi-g:"6 ffi;ii#l!"E$irt#:'+S.. ,.!..1t, t ctroo vru(b, o( irrr ara lt^ g-"t 1rl.gtff'i.ffirif$t;;aZ: ruuio. ot. trt. 6EErcra.n'' hrvr couuttnu' 6t'

,t{.*mi**iH'ffi m.,'JHt.?58:LE'ffir.'H ilt?l:gd"r i'anr stnr. h'r''lncl'I !o!

*Effi;'"'' ffitr Hl:tffilfH;hr### Emm*'Xx*L-*l***tqE aUta troilot! C ltl'

ffi f-,ffi *+-1ffi*"$iffi*,#H#Esisffr.*T"r,'s*ri-*:
ffiffiffi,ffiI#*ffi H*r;*ax,=*H."ffiro:

;.E'*il'.i-*! ={#ffiffi ffi ffiffirffi 'ffi,'I:Yt
ffii S#ffiritrffiEE!4 [*:S;;ffi,f.fiiffi'"iJ-rr '-Er' 

-ao,*hu.,.il-s.; Rreo' ci't'it rr'cttd th'

;d-,*.,--* o''' mm fffi***ffilH# siffi;ff-ffi.i94,p.E1
ffi?'ffi*H#ffit'[-
uldd.rdft bir! 9lrr.ilLT.;*;_-,d**T,ffi;H 

ffi
=ffi{.#.ssed.*= ffis,ffi=ri?o=irii.iEEss,oo ire,r'- -.-i-riiG--u' **ia.''c.-o'-***

t'Su..r. -ra rs.r3 of ncr or coto" trrrnr.. . jl'-Y.jlllrff*ffi lilJi.riii-ffis6!:Gi.rc- lsmchos-er?E tulp'*'"".ffiffiffi$ffi;iil"ii.'-r-Dd.t";-!.i#,J[,**"3rt ffil;;'ru ti..r.|' g3ll-:a r rrrirrrcr8s s6urc t..a '" - 6n r'ltn s io ootisatloc rtxta

iliil Ii-Ei". ..g'-:#HA3t;*Yg lllll;;;-*..{ *.-l:--.o-l''ro co'd'roiu.io-i-i'arzr H,#'':H*"1:fff
[]stXil*.-J*J.-"s:[*.Tr:r%1X fi ffi'&-;;;J;;Grur 

p.ctuar-;roporttocr iu.'-susstE:

rsouis or s.,r.-) ce'r,t rr, r!. !fis.r..o..E .!c ffiffiItiii:i*;lffito*:,::1'$g *tr:i{'€:T .Gal ,.{?r..'f--Y- ?rctcc'Jon'
. .rc!rr€t,,! r'dae 

ry*.- 
:;:; }1.ff: r!..rd o99o'r&r'a E iNts'--- b.;i .rt nai--toi:.rr.o or cttllltrs prccrcrld t,'

r.t3.? ct- iruttiq:rrt ? Darit {2! U!'.::t T}:"*
{ l9?!)i yut4e. ol att{^etus#.:-Jirl. iitaE,lttl2 ,-t0.iii$r!hor o( !:l- coE,T.9i: f-rt'il 'a?"!* ,ubttdoa (i--' i 7* tr i raot' :::G- s eo -cltl-

;;,:;;t;.'; -,utt ,,"o^tLo.tr1?,,i"? ;.Xfllff#""-qnff::.=,,::1,'S iiffi*1,'"n"f**:*'1"?::fiTfff:
iigrzlrr**l*q:.-I1f*::3 uricrr'''e ii"ffiry- -a ta* u rt r -'ell af_T yog! 1='.-5 ;-'.1fr;-;f,"ia& nrna'

vabit t.!old.* {{t o.s. :ii G;i n""E;''- en_i tatr rr 'ttt f 
-itu-t*augnta nti-r arr#-ii-- t civl:r:loa o(' 't-t Fl'

-;:ri.i,..-roa-'+ I;,3gil:1,-.'.i.{i} sffi'"ffiffi*rg-L:,H.g r* gffii.H.t"li=''iJ'1*1r *'""'*
t 190!t; Ott ott r. tl$'& 1

ot ,.o4 a: unt d,stat.{.. s.s' r!' (le!n' H}*.LEH:iiAEil;:qffi 
;' 's' Xe} gx;"l*t;5 f"1i1ffi"'L:H

,.'3&l t 5. ls a3G (r) tlt. coErd&E p.GF't rr !r9rct! t! ttr rtIG+ ;.;t n r.rrs-E' Ito"rat !o! erDllciu' -tEt!c!4d

:::sl ...- ,t'.'r, o(-ss-!.er!.!!!: xilffiS3*'mHrxi:* Ai"Hsi'"it'.S'J..sf.#I"$.Iiflh
i,ffi *,H:f; ::r; *.;rtllffi q1*ft}'ffi:, #. ffi t'- I;'#,tr;'J:*tl'* fl fl'ffi r'T3"1 o.'"".'

iiu*ir rrrrna rt E!'?E: octob'" 5' rear. c'oo,E ,efl'ttffi:Tng.l51frt1T.il ffi?##*itgm-t'"*fmfffiJ
siolrlEtcotri. . - --,..tfrrr .a.r. :ffi?;afi-'tzr-ir.-t.-i.rrr.t r! E thtt '"53 l,rrtrromhlr@llG''-'i?.?ip--Voit51r Rl8h6 AcE g!(ulrltlld Godr *:
srutrEtr,:scin-:.rtL1**,ilo,![1'"*. U'SFA.gH':ffi;i1o;;'i1""]i ;i'&ffiJ#]::'tlf:'':*;i:'"r,t s.ilaa Ealtlltf, 11

r'rn,li'F1.-,n:- "'ld'a.a' 
s'it'd srrtE c:la ffi":l11l-''."TTffi#-Xi#mf' 'Hlftl-;:"ti:::*'y'::;n:l;';"*f'Hl

Rtrh6 comls,G . - rould rrro oE t . rlrr airriiiE' ;d- ;r..1 o tly-iuii"td s en- llar' u..oi';.rtJ i opootc th'. taL I do !'lrc1..'
rr.Tbc SubcoilIrtltt t,,,,viitni,.i,.csnsulusond#f5r":l: :ffi"[t]T'ffiS'kFt";G'ff:i l:m1;**':T"i;"fif[:;*LflH,?T;

contlrE ol Scctlon 2 h1! Y-=' jH,,:-':: ii-.i--naia Ir not curcnlly !h? h: o(i.l-" 1::: $t!h to 
-consr -ctj:..T: ::.'.'^I'"':ll,rv-:c unacr.molrrr o( l?$sradoa . iln Jurr sup*o, tr,.i*-,viiiilr-nii-lLrntrv-tnc,i1J'oiir:-a ;i;;#;;;iLLior rito( there (raoe i,'c

coura'r aboaloa axsloa ri i'x l] ;iiit-G t"ta nt'l' it*iir lii cc!'n:t!d uv'ttrc court ir: ctrr ltootta rarndntrnl! cruro! Prceerlv :

issscrBConst.Clrros.ioirnrurFrint"tDFlct.f-iiiiZ?t-*iot'"t"'dedoffi;'r'o(?l'ii"ir""ttto"i'ioiiaopreutiono(luchletlst1ust
conrmutron .t ero,rsioa -'['ii-,.i'*trii ir-iirr su' e*liii']iitfrtt1i-ii*ag-*di3ou(cd rrstl hirt'rt'

irI[,'o",T;H'siE:53.S;.r;iiE igit..#j##$5ffir'iYn:n M"' setcs' Mr' P'esident' I ask

;;; i' il;;; s, aaa', ttr .:"i.Y%*' i m'li'*, #gff+"1*l'i"!*i n:E*:X :UX"t': "Lt 
"'"""T 

f; t
l9!L Addltlond vtc?t ol
ir.t. coro-rct--r,,ac ot-il.-s-;b*-rr,tt!.. oo l1"gffitfiIl"l#Ltr,SfH 

-.Jh-1.- 
beins no objee''ior'" the metc'

in is.a.r*roaorro*.'hEril?z',it-"'ii-ii *lr-*ls.'..rhr3"--o-.,.;i:riiii-a-; rial was oieelea to be pa.nted in the
Irts...ioE ll' or! .Ec b.t8a i.Blrt?Erd d. troea.T€ .ttl' R=cosO,5 folloqE

'n!t! g! at 3tt
rr. s4a ssen nott t5t t:r'#-tr'-t1-tati-itti *o*ll'-,till?tfrllfrtil Ss"rE.' Cornt or tl* gxl:s Sr rrs
!t' {30 O! l{{ ( l9?!L tu'o r' EiD{'&ud tht.! Dotnt E

"filtifui:***:lrurs,:l:l#T EHxId*a'r*"rsil6,r.'ffH xo.ilra*
tsruuat As!.6"t ct"iili -niii till TiootY 9't"'r t reot*i:r' th't cont

rdelrrdirlr. n.tc!,borr-d.-rtooa'.ouo rr r.oraonr .iiJ,?sl-iJ'riJte"qt trt 
=rl1!| 

#F cuv-o! ,tobitc Atebortl el cL' sppeilant&
. r2r',.urd.nnr .'.o-riEirio"sre,"ala"r t-..',1,to?t.ll].i.-oli.llff.T;-ri;..-.e*;,o" r. wltct ;';ii;;;a ct-'on lppeel (rorn

Li--iGou.art ud ur.onuo("rttbt'.-irud .o 3
E!rr{..rosrdFro.rcrtlritiiiipo*trrvrruTttliiii;-;";;i;rott'-toi-itiii-ol9"9'incgni-udstrtercouno('{Ppealsforthe
'D.cr, 

!o rulr ncrlnmraJE' trri-J'riii=t ra 'e d#H;;'i';"loili tt rtduc€d an!'uall'lllt t! ruth ClttuiL
iioo-r to.ra urpq. r-Easi,iulronrl oElltruoa ifffi* th. -:.6{lrr- lr^anq!. f-f ry11; (.t9nl 31 19801m.ffi Hfr"*=niff t'Ei{i*5",r# -* i,' il'r.:,Hsl ::i[ilT",ii'"i:i"';'#:,19?"fr*.-TH #d; iiii"'r rr *ii-* JG"iE oEs ctrr



Juu 9, 1982
!a ?hlcb ?ra CirD JEs"re. )tt- Jsstla
PorrEa. srd b{r- Jorirtca REnrraots! Jot!.

th. Clt, o( Moblt!. Alr- h!. sincc 1911
balo tovaaad by r cltl Colr8ls$on coa.
sisttnt ol thrlr Ett,rbcn .l.ctrd bt !!a
votlt: o( tbc dtt rt-llrrs tha gu.ldoa ia
th,r crr. b rhrtlGr rh,r {,lrrsG lvtt E o,
aunlclprl rl.ctloE vlolrtaa tbr rthtt o(
Moblh'a Nctro votei: la coatlavradon ol
,adcill rtrtutor? or coDdtEltoul ht

tDr rporllocr b.ousbt lhlr a{t t! tla
Fr(t.lrl Dlrttlcs Cour! tor tlc Soulhrr! Dtr.
trlE! d AIr!.Irlr rr r drs lctloa oa bGhlJl
ol rll lrrgo dtlzlEr o, !(obuG-r lf.Eld .a
dclco&rt trit !h. dt7 r[d tE tntl. lE-
cirab.a3 CoEtdldoact!. ebo rr! tba rppct
Lnur b.tqG ihrr Court 1ta coEplrbg rh
lc8rd ilr.r ti! gndlE at elcgtlDt tha Cltt
@EElrsloDttr rt,lari! ulrairt, dllutrd thc

"otlDS 
d;rtnl!lb o{ Negrocl l! Yiotatloa o(

| 2 o( th! voltDs Btshtr.lEt ol 196ll.r ol th.
Fourltclth AErBdErcBi rad o( tha zu.
taaoth AEGa.TGEL !'ouorllr3 I bcncb trlr.l.
thr Dtslstct Cour! touDd lhlt tbr constlEr-
UoDrl dshtl o{ th! .9D.llc.t hrd bc.a vlo.
bfrd. !!t!ttd I ludgslmt l! llclt trvor.
rld ord.tld t!!t t!. Ctty CoooisJoa bc
d8csqbllrbld rlrd Erlr..d by r raunicipd
tpyaril:raa! coEslsd.a8 o{ 3 Mayot &d r
6t, Co'..-t vl!,h EaEb.r! dccfd froB
3in8l}lErEb* dl't tct& {23 P. Sup9. 3Edt
1t Coirr3 ol Aoocefr rlllracd thr Judt
arca! lrn lt! cotlrlty, Eolfua J. Ct$ af
Mobile l7l t 2d I,t, rsrtrils that ![ob{lc't
ra.lr.rtl clccuoar opcrztrd r, dlsarlElD.to
rsllrt*, l{cgrcr ln r{oletioq ol tha llcur.
t .st! l'd Ft t!.at! trssarn3rrgs. {d. rt
2tA rad !t!,rtni thlr tla irE dy lorEultt
.d by tb? Dt$rt.t C.]trJi rrs sDproprlata
Alr rppcd sz!',3l!a to tbls CouI'!. !!d {a
Dotcd probsblr Jurlsdisttoo. - o3 -. Thc
crsr s'es odgladly eflucd in rl:. l91t Ter: r.
r.ad Efrs rrrrSud ID tbc Dreraat Tarlr-

I
rn Alabran thc (ora oJ an:aicdpd 8ov.

err.mcat r clty Eay adogt lt aovcrnrd by
srst? las. Irntu 1911 c:ues iog covc:ed bt
spcciJlc lcaElr!,on acrc llEll,Qd ic Siovcmlls
thrglsllvr! tbrougb c altor e:rd a:ty coo!,.
cil-. ID thl! ycrr. thc Ai.!3Et lrslslalut!
luthorlzld evcrT lar3e roujrlciPsllly to
adopt r corttltisllo! (ota of go(rt3Ecgt-r
Mob0a C!t$llshc6- tts Clty (.ioanaisslou tn
lhr saE! y!rr. .Dd hzs 6-.laEin"d iba3
basic systrB of EuDJclEd gosltllrtl! evc,
slncr-

Tha t!:Ee CoEEisstoRat! .,oi!Uy .:!!EEe
aU ]?alsl1drr. cxlcutlvr. rnd ad.D3tnistlatjve
polrlr LD thc i-luniclrr.Uty. Ttry ar! iF
quirEd aIt.r .lcctioa !o cra:8taic oue o,
theit rullbtr !s Mayot a ler8rly cel:!!ot'[-
.l olttc!. but no (orld pror':sioa b lBads
for dloczstng specUlc axrcutlr! or o.ia.inls--
tlztiTc duulr uEont !!e ttrrea' ,.5 rcqu'lreC

I AEDroxtrrrly ,S.rt ot t!. llridrlts o, liboif.
ut Natrcr?t shr. 1t?. {2 E|l;c. I llrt:L Tlrc coEglrbl
rlso contlnld cl'r'. bu.d oa lhr FlrJt er:d nrl'
tlcorh A.ur*rrEcai! ud oo {? Ir-S.C. | 19at rrrd 12
US"g t lga! (tL Tha. clri.Er brv. not !t a
grtlud !a thrr Courl

.Tba Dlrsrrc! Couri l.ut rtrlrd tL ord"'r Drndl:{
dislEttton o( lh. prcrtt rgt rl

'Alab$ Cod.. C:rrg(Gr ll-{3 (19?lL
. Acr :!L ltll ALbrE ,lcr.. r! gL
. t! l9{lg tha Ahlu lrtl:hautt lnrcltd A.i

ta. t9a5 tJ:bs itdr. rt l5:r9. | 2 o( rhlcn d6l.-
naslc rDct lc rdEidrrr.rJva lu!€ lo b. pcr{om.d
by aclr coaagrloa.f ud gforldad i,lrrl li. tltl.
ol Lryor n ro(rt.{ uoaa lh. tirr.- Atllr tbt
lFEt.as Lsrlrl! rU c!ffi"n-d. th. Ct, o, Mob0a
b.lar.cly rulEltrld A.3 tzl !! ihr Arulrnct G.n.r
rl o( tb,. Onlt rt StuE und.f l 5 o{ th. votlnt
Rl3iir .l'a, ot t96!. (2 8 5.C. I l9?3.. Tltc Allornrt
G.nrEl oorrtrd i. lhr l.ttla(on oE tha rtousd
tbra thr dtt hrd aot lhotE ih.t | 2 o, lha Ac!
sould not hrr. iJr. .llr',. ol rbndtlrr !!G nrhl ot
Ncrrrcr ro "ot- llo rrlt hrt bc! brEsahc La tla
Dlnlirt Can's ,E i!. OldnrE oI Colulibir t t..t

CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
by tha stat! trt ca..!!d tD l9l[ srch candl.drtr tot tlla MobUG Clly Comttltsstoa run
for llccttoa la thr ct!, at-lrt8. lor r lcn r ot
lourycrrr t6 otta ol U!t"a a"-bcl.td poata.
rad Elr, ba clcctld only by I EtaJorlt, ot
tba totd vota. thl! lt tha 3aEa b.sic cl.c.
tord s'ttrttl tlrt L loUotcd by lltarallv
thoulalds ol EtrDldprllult lld oth!! locrl
govGrlrlaltrl -nlE thrcuilout tbG l|'tlogt

tr
Althou8h ttculttrd Uy fsacnl pr{BrCal!.

o( ,udlctrt rdlrtElitrruo! to do !o. slEflo"
tto,,/" @. r. Ycb'4ehllr\ 323 US. 101. lot:
/,rh'oa;;ntu?a. frL 8l g-S. 28& 3{? (3rr&
&tt. J- coailElaAr. !.lth.s t!. Dlstrt*
Court Da t!. Coult o, APPGdT rddrc3lel
tlr. coEDlrlErt rt8RutoE cblu-ahrg ttsc
MobtL al.ctotd .yJt !! vlolrlE 12 ol !b!
Vorrit Rt8bta Ad o( l'96t. Eucq r cllnocr
ctrrain.lloa o, tlrt cfrlJ!. hotr!'ar. ctrrrlt
,{rrcl6r! lhll| lt ddr Dothiir to tb! rEpal-
ic6'coBplrraL

S.ctioo 2 ot rh- Vottnr Rlsltr Act Dro.
vidr-

-!to vot Dt qudltlc{too ot pr!!.qElsltt to
?OrliG o! stendrrd. grrctlca OS Dloccdur!
sh1ll b. lEpor.d or l9PUd b, rlY St t! or
goutlcrl nrbdlnlltoB to d.!, o! rbridSa tla
rtsbi ol lrrt citr'.i o( tlr gDltrd St:t!. oa
l.€oulE o( lztr or coloe-

AsJuElDS. for prcsra! gtrtlos.* thrl
thcr! crinr r grteair rl8ht o( rtlloa to .q'
,orca tnl, strlutor? provlsloo.' tB ls ap9.l'
clt thr! t!. la!sr::a! o( I 2 Bo Eor! tbtB
.labotztcr uDoE lbrl o( thc Pltt cltb
AEcodlB.l!.t rld thr sEaI! l"alstatte! hls-
tory ol l2 E*ta dcrr thrt li IFrs lat€ndcd
to haee rE.lt.c! ao dlllcrrot lroa t!.et ol
thc FUt!.ntIr A.Bctrd.E.at ttslll

Scctlou 3 rrrr rll u.ocoltlorrllld f,rovlslo!
ln gtlpolcd lctlshdoa Bholc othrt groel'
slons elslldcttd pr(,trz3t d dlsPuta Th.
Elous. RIDott on Ur! BUI slEply recitld
tbrt 12 "E rnt! . . . r rlaht to bc (rt lroE
coiatEag! or ccforcltrlclt ol eotlDS
qualltlcaUonr. . . or przctlcs ehlctr d.Ey
or ibridSa tbG risht to vot oE ..cou!! o(
t?c! or color.- E& Ra9. No {39, 89ur
Con& lst S6s- 23 (1965). Sc! alro S. R!p.
No. 162. pL 3. 89th Cona- lst Sc!s- ut-20
(1965). Tb. vlc!, thr! thls s.cltoo sLEply t!-
n.tad [ha prohlbitiols d.rlsdy coltelncd lD
tha rutcclttt AEeoc,{-ast Fls ?tptlSscrd
srlthout conrrzdicdoa duri!8 tbo Scn 't!
hr!t1r.g. Scn .tor Dltlscu hdlcelcd t! oEa
potnt thrt dl St3ta rb.ilr.! or not coe-
rrrd br thc prrclcrraDcr proslsioos oI I 5 o(
thr grogosd lcci5lrUoa. El!! prohiblt d
lroE dlscrtEtnailDs 8|Blnst Xego votcrs by
! !. aHcb h. tr!1!cd '-t-ost a ruPhrzstng
ol ttr lSth (AlrBG!.r-.oL- Attomly Gca-
erirl E3tzlnbach afrccd- Sc! Vottns Rl8hts:
Eesing oo g 156{ bctorr th. S€netc CoB-
Eri.:!! oa the Judicf.rT. 89tlr Con8- l5'g
S.!s- 206 (1965).

ta vleg o( tbr *ctlon'r langusg! and tt.!
sD.Bc but cllar l.glslatlv! blslorY. tt is evl-
d.nt thtg lhIr strtutor? provlsioo addt
nothinS !o tbe 19p.llcd PU!!!Etb AI!.!d-
Etren! .l-in WC lurt thcltfora. to a consid-
crztloa ol thc t .tldlt, o( !,hc Judgrm.nt ot

cllar?nc. uad.f t 5 o( th. VotlnS Rtshta A.t ud.
raroidLntlr. I ? ol AEt t23 tr tD lbcv@

r Accotd&t lo Lh. l97t Mudcigrl ?"rr Bet
:!ori muntcrp.lluar o( or"r 25.OOO t?opl. onducttd
rt.lrta .lrllont o( tiait cit, commislronEl or
couacd E.!tb.6 !a o( l9ft. ,4. lt 9S-99. !l lr l.ra-
rnablG t€ tu9po'. ilrlr ra dca hrat! ErJoal, o(
oclcr EEnldErllus dld ta

. CL l,Ila e. Slai. 84td. al Ebclr6r* 39, Us
5{{. 8us r.c tEilcnrlac No"lTaqa adv1rca, !i2
t. LGia - O-S -, -.foudra4og 4 Cd". A.dlaaF
la-U5+-

. S€cttm I ol tir Fllt rEth AE.ndlr?nt prctldcs
-?ha :'ighs o( th. eitluat o( l!,4 gnlitd Stra6 t
rclr 3lull nos b. d6icd os rlndscd 5, l!. gnitrd
Sia4, os bt uly S!:!. oa EE3 o, !:ac. colos. oa
9r!f1or8 caodMoa of satrlurda.-

s 6527
th. Court o( App€ab slth t!r9cc! to tbG
zutelnlh Arr.ndmanl r

.tII
th. Cout-!.s carl, declslonr undcr thc Fltt .nt! AElc:rdllcng srrbltshcd thr! la tE-porer_ but ona ll,mltsltoa oa tha gor:ltr ofth. Stat .. It torbtds !h.m to dllfftd;.larfdrr3 Negoa! lE Ergt r: brvlnr !o dortth vocln& S.t Ar *,tU Yot,tto?,rA ttog.S. tst. 66lr: Ir.al t D.lo',6;t?,, 103 Ir-S 3?O.

389.39C Udld Stalrl t Cral&r.lr4rr&, 92
U,tL 5{1 555-356: Unilcd Sl4t,E r. .erc., 92
U-S. 21l. t:r. Arn.ndElstt coEllrad r.od
.(cct ar! sholly aatrdva ''Th. Futclutb
A.ocldaca! doc. tro3 conlcr tlc rttht o(
$rrlnsa upon r!, oac.- but hlt "trvc.t d
th. dtlzl!! o( th. gnltcd Strtlt sith r D.?
constttutlotrrl r18h! shich Ir sltllD t!! 9rD
t ctlng Dosr! o( ConSrsr. Tlr.r! daht ls er-
cEgtloo (roB d&cllEllauou l! !h. ciltdsr
ol tlc elccglvr tlr.achtsr oo tE u!! o( tzrt
color. or Drev{otrs coEdluoa o( satntud..-
kL.t2L7-2Ll.

Our dactsion& !Dor!oyr!. h8ya E8d! ctaar
thrt rrtloE bt a St:tt tlrt lr rz.idly acu.
tnl oa lLr !:c! "oga&. tbr Flftcrlllr
Altcn.rH.ot oEJJ lJ Eouratad by r dlscrE{-
D.st!t? gurDctr. Ia Gtriaa a. Unitcd, Stat2l
23E g-S. 3{?. thjt Court rtrucl docrn r
'8!rardtathc!' clausc la t sttlr constltutlon
rxeEgtFS lroq thc EquircE.at lhat
rota!:! bc utanta 1r, p.tltto or u1! dracrE-
.r'it! of any 9lnrcE eho had beca cngltlcd
to vott b.loE Je,nu:r? l. 1866. It qrll rsi.rl.
cd by rry o( drf6s. thel lh! provlsoo trs
,Eanuna froE succlsstul clrlhotr. sinca r
lre could oog b! fou^Bd utconstltucloErl
cltb.r -by rttrlbutEs !o lhr lcglshuv! ru-
thorlty u occr{L lloclyc," or "bceausa of
conclusions concEEun8 tts oFatadoa la pac.
trcal €xleuttotr rld rBultErg de3criElnstloo
rr,rils . . . lroB tncqurlJu.. nlturelly i"tr-

hcrin8 l! tbos. Bho Br,st collG rithiB th.
stlndr}{ i:e ordcr lo aojoy t5e ri8ht to
yota" f4. .t 359. Dcspit! thls..r8!ricnt. the
court dld Dot hcsltata to bold lhe grand,t3-
thar cbusr uDconsututlonal bccaurc lt sas
Dot 'losiblc to dlrcorrr aay brsls Ln ruesoB
for thr sr'nd.rd thur (1:!d th.a the gut
9o3c- !o clrculavctrg tha FtltRntb d-ocod.
EloL d- tr 38t.

Tha Corrrt'r lnorr rec!trt dcc:sion! cEntlrza
tbG prrnctplr ihat !?.lrlly dbcnErnatory
Eotlrstio[ B a EacllserT ilSrrdlcnt o( 1 Ftlt-
!r.!th A.rr.ndI:1cnt vtolatiotl Ia Gorniliiol
a. Lichuoo| 36{ g-S. 339. l,hc Court hcld
that sllegattoas o( r raci.Ily motivatrd g.r-
rTEa.od!! of mu.Blcipal boundaric! sti,Lad a
clalE u.Bd.r th. i'lrtlcnth AEendlocnt. Th.
ccnst:tullonrl i::.tor':tdly o( thc stat! las in'
ihe! czs€. accordiag to thc allcgations o! the
compl-inL ras thal ln dlastnS thc municl-
p.l bour:darirr thc lcgrslatuE et'lr "solcly
concrrned rlth searegatln8 thitr and col-
orcd rollnt by fctrcina Netro ciiizrns out o(
tosfr so Ir to depnrr theE o( thei! ptt
axlstln8 Buruclprl vota' /d,, rt 3{1. Thc
Coufi Eadc clrar that l! th. absrnc! oI
such 8a tnr{dlous purp6{!. r Sta!! L! consti-
lutlour.lly l!!r to r.djze poltllcal bound-
arlcr ,r 1lry llannrr tt choos€. Id- a! 35?.ro

la '$ric& t. Rockclella, 3?6. U.s. 52. tlrc
Court uphlld by llkc r?rsonin8 a statr con-
rtasslonal ra3Fgortlonmcnt statute asaiIr:tr
CarEs that djsuict l1E6 hrd be?n rasally
Scrr?"!.idercd. bacaus€ thc p laintllts f eilad
to pEovc that tha legislatur! "Iras cithcr lDo
Uv3r.d by r2sial coa:ridrlztioEs or tn flct

-

'.Tha Crqri hra tepcrtadlt citad Conrllioi v.
Ligh,.,oo,. l8a U5. :39, ,os th" grnsDlc thr! sr la.
eidtout Dur?oaa raust ba ldduad to suDgod r claiE
o( ecotlstltutlonrlltt. Sa FeEonel )<lata't all
ttschu.lL r. Fc6.7, f{2 05. :5{t. nZ Arlir*
bn Ha?.ilt r. lrrlEroltlaa ltount Cor?- (29 g-S.
:52. 2t5. 26C *'csrttrtlo,l v. ,cra {2t g.s. ::9.
,ao.

I

fr.:
:1

tl
:

I
I
i



S 6528 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE June 9' 1982

ffi;ffi
dJ&&T.d"6* urfr airrt rttl ctl- qd }1lffr ot u5 sq's-- - iio-iii u.roa r conittlutlosul vlol:doo cla
ffiooa. ht qu.'ttoo d 9'-rt tbGDr.rtslctr.' ir-duaaraccou*stcffiffiffiffi. ffiHlzif US e{0. r.ad fart r
ii:JE lHr|?"13,#f#,f;'trs Btl
tr'-a'}Us,torf esmg g6rcelcat tt -lo tervr
il".fffi-GloOa.ogr 9ro4s.!oD- Al-   6-;Uo,rnar.n r rcr! iEtfri.ar:-r.3latr
ffiA ffiE-Irlt' d'!i-L'.5;5* E: :!. c-;i rlrg r?rrry-.Jce.ar:l schcstc a; .raltlg3tfrr1otjf#r"ofi' -
auccdo! b bot'ts c,s!'ffi;;:L;*6*-rffi"$ mjH:ffiduc! o, rrdrllY etclusio
dotrt to Erllr lltal
rbrldrlE it ol th. rtSbt
sln€ !h! tcrrs o.=oor?r.;i# ;r,t-fi .r*,ililiE-Ctirt"-Lr-constllucgecs 'tEiltut-tE*tr'":rzs '5c 

'rcd:d 
ot r sterc

ra s,rrri r. Ano;,cr*..Tririrlh-u!-rt i 'ttdT 'lrrt-tc$:r"s"! 'leeortio*61 Eiitu'mf;f1n iie*"1.:tr
I#"H.ffi ffi ffi :rsEH3rr---------------"'oi'a;;r'i;e*T1=

a#urffimffi*l;Hffi#
cult qucstloE ol sts!! lD?olleE^eBL rr erv S'.qir effs:cgl !s rcotad !Effith€ Pltleclr'-h AmendJill

rffiffiffitmm,mm,'ru
.lcatloa 9l!ct*
.*;l:frr::;i^t*f'9ffi ,ux fl:H;:ffi;:i "ftffiH;qffi ffi'g,jtffitb.1 Srnltlt 7. Arrq7iehl

hHi3ffilx:ry##;-#*:Bi&tH,lH*a;;ffi " -P##fl,H: 
f,;Efi;ffiH: :#lm,*'ffi$,F,:'T# +,,'"p;u uir.a! o, r racirlly crdu

onIY clr.eracranstlc. ho
tfu"rry prtazrlcs tlrr o(cnd-rd 

"Dc -l]' boiey. surrB To pt'ove sucb . pl?9f;c-:t-I -;'L; vr.ifc"n-.roetie:ts !o Perts o( .
Lin,r-,'i,"cnas*'{;r"lH:n;r* #*E:ii}*d.::,l*l*:*.:#lE [frfi:,ilrH,Hi=Trs;it'nlgnot Dcrtriltld to sot' i
Iil,'iuii-iii-"i,errc! thr'!ef i1.11I= ;;;fr;ilplfioruoa tD tr5 nwus:I
i-re'a rs-' *., ffiffi m?+m**.tr1H.,t#;,*{.+f$ir:is;-""S-.ri,,i"?*HFractictd bt r noE{tu

ll.s"-Iff*.'i itffid.'i :* : _^ 
': H"H*;T'.S3.E" H:q:ii,ffi^*r* #*.":['* gs;g*:.'8=,, 'o" a'

1:r. alsBlr to rhc.pEcllesr'Tqry::.tt alri""o t (ul!bc! ."- ar*lT"liG; :*'n"*ta*n*iTffgip3H,li
'oe*r iic Dritr'".' -ff iI?H e".5i 'hilli;o"" qr is(.r-lTlf ?Ii"T:.t l**t*,rro*il1#S"H*tlrelr ltEdoE io Yot'
ii-"ti&.a bI, lBrotra ::r! rute'-:rEh ^r'67 iirc prinitpte thac ,

ffiT:f.HjlhE-:**--t *l"E ffin'j{,'*t',r"i[&o*"sq:',X"! ir';a=*l'g::p::n*:lt$::Hit,ffi
.s,,ri!rr '. aa.,,,'.cro.;lff!.;A;l; Il,"jtF""I.SJi;'e}ii.iloe*'il r,cshino' rr-''1i'a-o" r.' (-= A]rhdt! rh' cour! nc<'".

El*,fffi;"1'ffi.::"if#r'Ti H ;iT#ri?Htf:ry}f,ffi F, . *=-
,tlraJE.'rdrr^rrn,:hs.!-.tr:se-4;;;i-c.-r*r=c.S25t?caoa.t!ad,^'t 

-i;;;r.";;su.E-(.'.5G.sns'J"usnrl'

-. ,{' lEDcr or .,ar cr--ri-roi ,a d vadta -.-, -':'- rtr or *o i-fuirE.nt -iTlu n-ot pt.ctcGd It

e- f,,.crtt r. nntqrai, iigns5: *9.t{r. .od .-G-rr.". 6rd. €Err. boGarE t'Et3 ' c'trn E iE .E+tt"d -out holdl* :'r(d: io oaT ns og

#fr*#'rf *ul":r**1p41 ';El# iff:{#i ip,tffi #iiffi
ffi tffi"mmmBrffi #;*-qEEEEH+iff"dE6[iig*]]iifi ]s'rfi HiTiE
l::r..! "ltrtr 

ln o(rr s n iii'aitl'atiin' s-io.1' d$!d ie{t'rlrtr' roeotu!'=Ear

ifir;'l;;Aiisus..::'ol]il-iiii'^'::-a: ifuT=ffirdtt$#ffi* ffi,F#X,'?,"5..7a.;;ffi 
Hr6t*{:6qpi;l*='rm },id,,,i o. .,. .o

thc lo(rf*tat'tsA'EgiG



Jwu 9, 19t2
thlt !h. arultlacabcr dlrtrler tot thc tro
couatlaa tn shtch rba, Erldad 'l'{at'<ltb..lr.d o( t!.tr votrr b vlolruo! of tba
Foutt cnt! A.B?E,.*.aL rDd lla Cout!
b.ld thrS tlr Dld.D.ter. brd ba.a rblc to
-DFduc. .fldcoc! ta r:DDott tbr ftartlar
ih., tha pouucrl DFoG!.r.. lcrdlna to aoal-
nruo! rDd clGdon r.rr !o3 cqurll, opco trt
grrtlclpelloo bt !h. glouD(rt !a gucr{oo.-
{f2 g& rt ?6lL ?67. b to SslatrG tbr
courS Eu.d uDoq cvl&lcr la tlr ncotd
tirl !i.lud.d r loDa ltnory ot olndrl dlr.
clEiDrdoa r{rlrrt Eirrortlcr u rcll rr tne
dllrr.@ to llclr D.tdr rDd l.!t rrtE oa
t!. 9.rf o( rhlt clrctrd olf,drls thr
coufi dto ,orrEd l! crc! couaqt ddluolrl
lElorr tlrl rllrrlctd tlr l.crs o( ulaorr
ttt Eour to tlr pqgt{at proca ln ooc
couatr. N.3o.r cttccttvclr srtr! crdudrd
C!!6 !!a p!(FEtr of saadla crldldrt ! tor
tbc Dasocrrtlc Prrtt rhllc tlr pldncu&
lD tha o'rhcr cou8t, rratr! M.{aE AEatt-
crnr rho \rttu(.dt r crlhurl rad bo.
nrl.! b..rrtaf lhr3 Erd.'t$atclgrdoa b
coElilruttlt, DrEtrGr *traadY .{l'?lculL
putladrrlV. , . slt! E E c! to lha pouucrl
llr.' o( tlr couatt 14 *- ?6E (tootDot
oEattdLgttatt r. E fitt? b tllr condsllat tttb*th. brs{c ccurl pror.cdoa Ddr:ctDh tbrt
thc lavldJous qurlt, o{ r la, clalE.d to b.
ncir.tl' dlsctt rlnrtory Eurt u.lt !r8i.l, t
t'r Lld ta r lt.lrll, crr.rlrdn toE pur?cr,'
F:q.;thit qbt t. Dcott {2t t'-L rt 2ro. Tb.
Cour! ctrt d thr coDll, EUoarl qu.3doa l!,
VhU.ra be Fhlthcr !!! tu.ltEcEb.r dl9
trlctr (prrt! tgiae wd itzllid{oultt to !dDl-
Eira or cr.Eclt oug i,!r 

"otLru 
rfllath o(

trdr,l lloupa.n V l, r, R.gttt ?. tlptq r3
?al (FEDhei! rdd!d). stlEaslt tEdlcattDa
ttut ooly r purDo!.ful dllutloa o( tba plrla.
ilrtt vot Eould ortedd t!. Equrl Prot €-
do! Orrrra.r. Motlovcr. lBucb ol tJra art
d!ac! oE rb.lc! th. cotrrt llgcd la thrt crla
Fas rllcru! oaly tor ?h. r! loa thrr "ot!-
^i'r rcuoE rul lot bc hlld uacoBstltutloEd
solely bEausr lt r?rultr In ! r..truy dlspro.
portiollta l^Epa{:L" arunctort Eeichtt t.
fie!frpoLa,; HoLsino Co'.. lat 9.3- rt
26+2ta Of coura ''(l:b. lllper! o( tbr o(-
tlctrl ,3uo!-th!!hr! ll'lcrr! Eor! hcrlrllt
oa oaa :ar:r ihra rsotbc!.' Wo,,hin tortr f.
DaElJ,, n:pra. * ?.^z-att grov{dc ia tEpoF

Ncttooollb,tt iiol/.ti:ilO CorF. 'r,'rq 
at 2!lL

Bu! Eberr cl! cJrar'.t€! ol r Lr b r"rdllt
explainrbb oa grorrld! .Drfi !!ot[ rtr!. r.
sorr.ld oe'.lly d\reyr bc tnra r'h!r!, rs hcr!,
la eadr! ryst-ra, of locd Soyetlr.aca E
brouab3 l,rata qn6rloa. disprlporttoart
lrBDrar doDc (r.BnoE ba d.cLtivc. rJ]d coutL
BnJg looi to otbcr evldcoct to ruPport 3
Itndlng ct /.rn'i=t'letorT pur)or.. S.. iti,.'
I7ashiagbyl 

". 
,d:r* s!9ra. tl 2lZ-

Wc any asluErr. lor Prc!.n3 Dutposca
thet- r.! 1!-t .rg! el.c-lloE o, ctty otttdr.tr
Irlt!, r.ll llc l.grtilut!. crcc{tlv! r-d rdr

r.t! Gcrr., t. Ci.aair6 {ll g-3 ttt. r ca{ d}
ddtd !li. rE dry s P,ill. r. Praals, {f2 g-L
?35. tla Colrrt IEt r?r.r.d !o(h PTti a and tlr .rr-
lLr ro(. 4llutlca ru s tllldnt oa t5. c:it!.E
ot dbsL8rlnrtar? ,ruf.3 '3t8. l.alslult. dl}
Elctr Ert b. cturf o? $*sltlrlt, (ual tq gooe
lrltoE lod rrlu 5. wla.nlla rrDdar t5a Fout.!as!l!
r.E.!Ur!rti. .l dtsEtcltEr nrtut oul.fill. ..ag..
r^bl.. lrrt b. lIrEllC 5c:u tt ilncq at r Edrl
trouD .o ra lo d.tdn ut.c o, tSna 9.c{n$&r
BusrdD.l vot . Cdailaa t. LlCr,t@a 3l}. ga. 3:lt
(ltaol A Ct,lrr.{er,lra Ert qteta Br{u.E t r
dtnsEE 9arr.G{t re1glrllr uEd.r .qrrd popql}
UoE rtudradl. br:,, brn4ourl, dr.rb&rLrt fG
qua t!., rr. ald.d -lo ElElElra or 6Dcd orll
tL Etb{ rt'l .t,n ol Edrl o" rotlual .l.ac!tr o{
l$a ro(tEr togu.truoa.' lot&s t- ,or!.lr, 379 g-!.
{Xl .!t (lgalr). Sa *ll& t. 8,.jaL", rora D- ?gll:
ltr{lconra 

". Ct4dr {ot g.S. 1:l (19?1): ,lD€J. 
".xridl l{,it U.s- rl lta. E t t@ t. ltstatdr€{..

3ta O-!- rE ltt-t!-' Aalrv, r. c:ilat!€, ,rl,rt ra
?:ll (cruobnr rdddl

CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
Fl.l.trruta porrcr of th" Eunldprl goveti-
Blng tr coosutuuondl, tldlrlfn8rlshrbl.
tt.oE tha alccllo! of r tat Brabara o( t
ttrtr lcsglrttvr body tu EultllrcEb.! drr.
trlets-dthou3b lhlr Bty bc r rtsh ts!ilrr!9.
Uoa-tr Bug c?€! lErlllnt tl1tl rssu.rrpUoa. lr
ctcrr tlrt tb. Gddarc. to !h. 9r!.cot crl.
lrU lrr lhon o( rhor{!.r thtE thc sppcllrntr
-coocdvrd o! oDcrlt d (rt purposa(ul
d.vtcc(l to tirrlhcr tutrl dltcrtEiartlo!.-
Irrrl,,,o,',t 

". 
016?(r r3.103 U& rt l{e.

th. Dlstrtrt court rssarcd tla r99.u!cj
el.ra- b USht o! tla rtr,ndrd thll hrd
bG.E rrifeubtrd bt t!. Court o(.tDpcrb fot
th. FUtb C':r.ctrlt ti Zhuut t. llc8c{llttt'.
{tg F. 2d 129?. tt|3 crsa corEl!8 b.ton
E,atlrlne,!t t DaoL, {26 t -3. 2:Ir. Ear qui!.
cvldrotlt dcddcd ugoq t!. Elsu.odltltrlC.
tEs thrt t3 E Eot a.cr=srry tn 3!ot . dl}
crlElErtocT lrurDa.r l.g ordcr ta 9ro"! r Yle
buoa ol t!. Ecud PlEt cdos Clausc-that
groo( o( r dlrr,.ElD8tot, ct!.c! tt sujttctlaL
S.. {&l F. 2d. |l !,3fi-l30lt. r8d D- 16-r'

I! UsEE o, thr .rtt rtr ldlaulltd l!
Zbann*r, lhr DlstrtcE Cou|t btrld lir coadr&
sloa o( uDcoEstltuuoB.rllly prLErrlly o[ t!.
Ir€ rh.t Do NGGo hrd cvlr baaa €tcctrd to
tbr C'l!l @h'rdlo& rggrr:atlt bcceusr o(
t!! p.firsl?.!r{ otl lrdrllt Dolrrlrd
votLor Ls lllobua tbr tt:l csult dso louDd
thrt dt, otllclrlr htd aot b..8 !s !!t9oE-
sly. to tlu LE!!!!3tt ol ltcCrocr .s to !ho!a
of shlta gctr lEs. Oa thc bgtr of th.r. fl8d.
IllE tb. corr$ condud.d thr! t!. poUucrl
DrocGigEt la Mob[r Rlnr loc cquruy oggr
to !{ctro.a. drrotta lt! srcalarly laconslst,
cat !lD.rli8! ilrt tblnt t e,r! ao hhJbluolt
rsslDst Ncgoc. bccsarrS cr'Ed&trr. rld
th.t LE lr.! NcSro€. b.rd rrSrstrttd rld
eot d Ettlout hra6g15". {zl F. sup9.. rt
38?. l1lrllt lrlt.b uttl. rdcltttoarl dlra:r-
sloq tbc Dktrlct coufi hcld thlt !l[obtl.'t
rt"lrra! ct.ctord r!rJ!!E elr lrddlously db
<lrrjD*lDs r8elert Ncgocr IE Ylola{oD o,
thc EqF'r I':lttcroa C::usart

r.S.a FIl. 
". 

tJs:csfia, {tt U-9. 5!1. 5{t. .8d 5tO
(coosurrtaS o9trlo6l. It tt !oia?ot't!, drrl r
ftst E o, aglrrar dt,.lcltoE la 9L.a o( elcttoE
ol ci!, olldrL !t ?!. r€t tr o, lErll rroaEghl€
nr{J tu ullver3ll, h.raldcd aoc Etat ycts:t l.g
r r 9trll.ror.l,!t ra.t groartrlr. E ott! o( Ea.
n Ei EuddBrl Sos.EEasL S... cc. I Erqrlctd
rld J, FUrotL Cl:, Fouttc. ltl (rr.t!r. CoEg.rt !L
Saronllo4 Lo€l Gorcfi.E.qr (ltt3ri L St.ll61,
Tlr SlrrE. ol tlt C1U.. ( l9(xlr.tllr Cous! dtlru.d lhr ,u.laE.!r o( t!. Co{rt

-o{ Agga.L lz Zr^ffi r. y"Scur4 oa rrourda
oilrr !hr8 Urfl Elttd oE bt t!r! €orlrt ud ctElb
tll,'itlEout .Dprord ol t!. colttltu{oarl tl.rt
rrDtc!.d bt !l1. Coura o( A99a.lr.' Ed Carlna
Parnll Setal .Bd, t- XctM. {:{ 95. a3ll &ll (t t
#iiltr'1!r odt lltdlcrtloa altta bt t!. Dtstrr€! CoEt
o, ra ltrtltEra c.!* t&a!t rtljtd ra Utvldou! Itg\
pG. sra !!a loUoila nrtEroe -(lJt b aot r lont
nag !:ElE ttsa rrst@alc rrcltrstoa ot blratt ,!oE
Jutla rhlc.! L ltsu ruc! r.q 'IJ.!.qrrd .9guaLlos
o( t!. br . . . a u, .hot lrrt trtloaal dlsEtlElal'
{oG.' ltti. a frrlr t:5 9.8 3t1 to..... t (ltr.t
DlE at 9r$Fa to dtluta l!. blrct toa. r .tl'
dgoccd t! tllB -'r 1:T lrr It r'erur"af coodldoa ot
dtlutlo! o, !!. blEt rota rcrultl8f &oE LEt atlorlrl
nrt. lat13lrtlta Inaaator tttlclr lr s ctlltlita E
tlrr btslstoarl nrta E(oq ctrfid ta b -trt".. (t.
*lt,pl Di.lfl.l N4 ,. *iua CoL- {fl 93, ftel.-
r23 P.suEg- ra t91

Whrt ttr. Otnfic! Court Ery hrrr B.rai bt t!!
rGr!.Bcr! l| uEra.&. ts rat a.ca! lh. rarloo ia
lh. idrUJ a:Elrsloarl? Jurt q.- r9gars ELtrl-
cE t:loaa (!r- tyDlcr{, lt$a larllr.d r cDntlslet
2rtt r? o, dtrcrlta olttclrJ Etloor tir3 dEoarttr!,
ad altltoc to I Er$lcErrJEl crt'lrllc, tlrt Xctro{
Rrt tf,tEf ltcludad lloB Jurls bsur. o, t!.lt
r.!r S.r Ca,a4rud.8 t. tuLd.. r30 g-1, a!:L {tL
{t?. lod E lA Plrlorr 

". 
.LtsirirEt 331 U-!. {aC.

.aa-ra?l tua r. l,!rrian{. 3Oa g-a &l{ 358
lroft$ r. ll,DEn* :t{ O.S. lll?. 5tL

u tlra oBtna csua Eaaa !, lL GrtrEr.aS tlra
tla .irt ar. o, tna rr,Lfl thctotal ryrqrE na
lII. tlr itr3Lr..r- arriuioa o, llca:o.| E!r!
Julia rE.rrlrLErlla oq trrudt ot!!t lsrt tt{.
lt. lEJ(.rrar L 6trr.gcd !t ila !lf.r, o( t!.

s 6529
b dtlrEl!3 tha Dlsdrls! Court thG Couri

of Apgcdr lctDothdSld tlrrt !lr. E4ud
Prolcctloa Clrusr ol thc Foutt .nth
A.E.od.EcEl rei.chsr only purposrlul dI}
cftalnrtloE r. but hdd tlrrE onr srt r
DlrlDrllt Ery c.trhlgh rhl! tluctt pur!o.. !r
b, ./dud!a.Ttdcnc. tlrt sattsllrs thr crlt -
rtr o( lt! d..lsloE b Z$arut a. ttc.Nctt,.*
,r!?ttr. atu!. bccr..o tha tppcUaaa htd
grovd ra -r{Eg,tila" ot lL ZkHrG !E-
tonl. lhc court oi aD9.aB cDEcludcd !.hrt r
dlscriarinrtorf 9uEo.a bd b..! prorad-
tbrt rEgt!..b. hotst r. tt lncoaslstaarylt! our dadiolt !E far,l{ncro'! r. Dari*
,spftB r,ad ltll',e,,,n Hci?i4 rgrrz, .ll-
thout! !!a pFsr.acr o( tbc tndldr Ellrd otl
la Zlana Ely tltord to!!. celdEc. o( r
dl.s6t ilBrtory pur?o!., !.tlttr.tloE ot t!o.a
crlt rtr lt aot ot lts.U nrlflcicnt Droo( o(
a:c.h r pur?o!G. fb. so.{aJlrd Zt 

^tn " 
(5l}.-

rtr uDoo t hlch tha DLstrlat Cour! rod th.
Cour! ot AgE rlt lrll.d Eer! !Eo!t rssurdlt
llsurflcllEt io Droye r! uDcoE tltuttoEdl,
dlscdEfDilort puDosa l.! lla 9res.D! czs..

Itlr:t thc uso courtr Iound lt hlsblt stt
DLrlcaat tbrt !o Ncgo brd b.!a cl.ct d ta
th. MobU. clfy Coaaisrioo. Froa tELr ,r€E
lhrt coEdudld tl:rt tlr. prtc!:rs.r. ladlE.3 to
aonrlnrtloa rld cl.ctloE Er!! Dot opc!
cqudlt to Ncgocr. But t!. Dtstrtcc Cotlrlt
tldlla oi lEt rr,Bqu.lGloEd oa rppcrl
Er!!.dilr thrt NcGo.n !Elltt!! !.ad vot. ta
Itrobtlc '..:'ltbsut Uadrlnca' rad lhrt th.rt
rr! tro o'lldrl obtrdca b tlc Ert o{ NF
t oa rbo tt!!, !o bccoEr czndldat6 lof
cl.cttoE t,l, th. CoEJllsdolr- IEd.cd. tt Er!
urdlrgut d thrt lba otrl,.ctlv! "rlr!t8t: or.
SralzatloE ta t!. dt, lr cornpriscd o( Nr
forr. It Ery h thri Ncgr6 -.416.t a hr,ee
b"rE ddc8!.d. but thst (.ct tloB. doc. Eoa
eort 3 colrtllutlonrl dlprl"atloE . mrtt-
cornb t Clztts. *ea. rl !60: scc Artlaelan
Eeiehl'. t'4fr .r' 266. rad D- l5.tt

Sccond. t!. Dtsu:tc Court rlIJGd l.u p.rt
oE lts llDdtDt lhst thG p.iK,D:t aho rc!!
clcctrd to thr CoranlrsioE drscrr.ElDrtad
rSeirrst llcg,Ocl tO lDirnlclgr.l eEplotErtrt
rDd l! dlsprnslrS gubllc srltlct!. U tlrt b
thr crs!, tbosa dls€lElErt d sSrLEst r!:.a, b.
catlud to n!Ue, rl!d.! thc ConstltutioE
elbelt o( s sort qult! dut!rcDg lroE thr8
sought LB tlc prEeat cesr. Tbr Equd h'o.
t ctloo c:rt!r. Droscdbc. pr$?os!{ul dr}
crtdn8tloa bcceuse o, rrca by r,Ey ti.Dlt o(
rtslc govcrEEastr lrhstcvcr tba Eo.thod o,
Its llectloE- But evldrnc! o( drscriElrr,lloa
by shit otl.lclal,t l! MobU. Ir r!!.rr.tri odt
rs th! E[o6t tlEuous rDd ctrsu.EstaDtlal cvt-
dlEca o, tll. coEsUtuuo!:l l^Bvslldlty o( lb.

rdo9tloB o( thrt rysl.E l! Yobor. Alt tlrtlt.lr. It
tha Dbtnc! Couft ECat UtrS tha rtrt l.gElrtur!
Ery Da 9Eu.a.{ to hrn -'r.tt ad.d- ilirt 5.!t
roulC b. ao y.ato CoactsionaB. dEtlt bcrlD
tlrg ru a toeadt €osrxtualc: ol rt-lrrtt
tot !t :! rgEll.d rE ,8corr!c|i l.ad 

'tl,ldrr( ''9lD
crlrtlarErt ,ur?cd . . . lEoUca !!oF? tl:ra btaatg EoUlloa or lnkag L rErtrEE a o( conr{lucacc-
. . . k ifrpljr 6r tb driiranr.. . rlari

ot rrrrlErocd r prfitcrrllr casrr. o( Etloa l! la$
lD 9rf! tanrr. oL' noa E.ftl, ':! rEt!. ot.' tl! rdr
?eca .llrfJ uroE !r ldrslLllrbla 8EuEL- PlEoan ,
ld^'? al Ys r. l.aa. {{2 g-9. :5a. t7, U*
lots oElltld).

r."f:!a Coqfi o( AgEealr rrr!!:s.d tha drr tJlra
tha Otsdct Cou.E't dndla o( disElrdriauoo l!
llrlt o( t!. Zt^rru, (rll2t,,. rs .luttrsad- bt
..h. ttd tll8 !.rra AEora.t Gca.El ltd t!(.t?d.d
E oblcaloa t !d.r I ! o( t!. Votlla B:ihtr Ac! o(
It6t t€ tla rtrla atrtut drnErt:rf '-!! fuac{ona
o, 6a.ts CoEEldoo.r. 5?l t.:d. rl, :{t. Si !. 6.
arnlItTbclr hrr. b.ia oalt tts.. llafro q8d!i.,r
lor t!. c:lt @E.Elsloa. dl la f9?3. Acrordlsr !.
$r DlJtlC Courl L\. N.tr! car:drCraa 'Rt!
toua& ir,crtcrl.aad. rad sou.Et d .rrrEErlt l:s
It d --Edt!a- rnd tlr"lyld onl, "Eod!s! s9gort
!l3r!' t!. btEl co'iu.rr, , . .' 12:t P- 5uD9- r3
3ta



S 6il0 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE Juru 9' 1982

ct.cto.l .y.r.E uDd.! rbl.' tlry u.ro.a r!q' h., b.dr Glcsi.d to rhc uobil. clt, thc dis..rtr'Es ogrnro' c'.oncor,'l' dls€o"'

Tbtt{ Jr. Drslrre! couil l.d !h. cou,' at _mGlr.p,.d ,],. dbr.otr".r oginloo'! rit tioo srtlr,! t!' "3.. gcrsoa'€E! toL-

ADn"dr..eeorrld ,i.r' J;GIil Fa,i;: *' #'"{lt I.i*rulfl"i* i31"J}:.:'.ffi"s;:ffi;:l1#.Hil;.po"-!ii-srr8r."*,ffi,1:ji$ Bfr.Uoli..ri-m-un "ota.in.aaa"or, 
it-'i.l-p'ot*uo e"',sr tulnlt"' t5'

lldrf d*dEllrlloa b J

drrariElrEdoa cuEoq rs ur a'lori ol 11? ;Gaaj-- r-ponronrt rtprc*ot." ainc of €r,c! rot ll'€ ":lrv' hls Yott rcial:t'

ortErl d!. caadcltn roi.fr.otrr ..rroo u." .it'r,iE;fi;A pouucrr-orclaY- ;-;q"dt titl t'uo* o( rll otbrt cltlz'n3'

rhs L oo3 uscu u'6jfrH-rdri;.; 119-F;i"ii't-"sr-;*ii tic cilrscsr=- iL ii c:c' itt cour" tEco@lzd ":rt 
1,

frff.Tffi ;,lfi,#.i,ffi ,"s.gf ":11*xl*r'"?arffi 
,r*r,i.s6'ts:r?-#F-ffi :E".,;-E;il ;,-.,!eflcEffi;H 

:ffi Sffieja Si#.:fi FHfilsffiffiffit'=fr18 orltr crra r't of lla!

1tr":ElFe*.#"H"?s*$*,;@gg;3.**"ury;tgrffi ,i,E{Slit.**
or AD9.rb potr*d P lh.-If;l|:3:,t.H e;;h;;ero,..39t g-s.61$:-----,;= cr! D.- or -,rn .-ao-cI{rD rh-. rh. -oE
I.Gi-o.ioor rynrs it'.u u ptul thr' 

'r'o-r' '-"i6iriii ."qgq1; ,*".rrf ffi.i'" ili:jril.e-r. rr- r*o yrorrrrd
rhr-d... ol Ncsocr-ror *irr svrdlouslt T "i;t;-i;-r;* 9t.h;,:--;ir; ro tus .'r+-#=iliti..l7"r lIo.uc tt r;J.d;;3ui*ffi
eLctorrf lr!t.a. sucb tr

' rtqt{EE oL t!!d DrErr
rat YotJ.Ea ElDotltr. s r
Ii.g,5tu, trpt{, t?r!t ,
6;|-E: -Jr."r. .l:*"r$"Sf.Hfi it:H:f*"**f.'*fref: ",."il$*ocid6DhE!,rB€rtnnF
slatr 9urp6lnrf ' dEct
yclto yotrEil rrocr noi loprtr r titlS o! :lb;-;-t"a"d slEar7 '!r'=r!r3':ca :a 5E!€ 

'ccsrocs' 
ra

r wdEfiiG.r";-rh.t! r'oo"#fi-fr #,Wl".y';lIffi*"tffifrlt*l
,.g"H".ffi S.H#!*"EH-* gttrJea,tlrffr1ffi.: Effi;n co,,rt- ir r*ir-,i'E iirc *rs trc da!! o(

dts.6&ar optnios TE &,cory of r.hlr d'. q"-io-rrti-;a"irrc i1d *i-;|!;f i-p"rto"- to vot' oa ra tqud blsir Ftt'h

!.ad'a oeini,oE-. ttrcory oric! Eqp. 
=: 

i""':;;;; il-S"l--a Ot tEr.-fr)' oGlicr rot.E dEt! EuEh ol tul sls:(lca.c'

!r!an. rb, t'rt cspor.rsrd b, tb. Dtlrrlsr crr-,';;r;;f:..ilrr--.lrr"ercili"n6"tfr t# ttrc gollllpr 
's'oc'rttoot 

that lls crE'

courr or !b. cour! or laecd:F.erlcrE t5 d-;iHi;fiiilr.rrld +++-ffi. ttrJ ;G;o.cit b|rt lt !t 1! dtA!.ih.r dll'tlctr3

b.rlrt€"tr?..rouuEdE,guE.lorrtterss or"ioEii7."ir_9-i:uarair-ratcattr Ettt.to cotElud' tlrt pollucal gtou9'

rcGr? src.ts o.ou, .r'rr ,f ra-il. rnborty. iE-iiir r-*ra ao -'trr *-.ra--"IE-'-:r" Scor*tt"l !3't ra l!d!g'!rdc!3 coDfl!&

h-. r lcd:rzt co'giurtoorl rlsbt to d.ct co,**! 1;il*:[.1"t*:t*. ;;Al [ffi cr'ia !o ltDrt!'lt3uoE " And t!'
cz.Bdrdrt. ro proeottroiE'it]""au"r:.rt fficto". 51jst!' r! q5'fl-(E3tl:!' J' 

-

iffi. poiruir r-ipi-r'rar:to t'erc ai-;iusL wi 
'ra 

aor * * f; t "o,* l'ffiS'E*tr-'H*tr:ffii*il;46;;E*ioa ir sia to ue r'tlrndt' AlBof' r huodrc/t v't'nt {
BGltaI lns",rsq- r!. t'.rtt'.gl.Glt o( ehtc! r-r,i;,iulr:fiia iu.i;Gi 9-;osuruuoo 

o( iiiir-c"i.r i.-.t crEE{tto!' IJrtd!'' ur rrct

Ery b. 6*bl'ocd sttbou! groo!- _t!rt. r urc ilted-sur€ aocl nor cooi&-tlc rrglt iltrr-bc ect:.I st!(*tioa c:'I8' €o6"n r rltbt t'
st:tc h.s rct,cd rttb tu. eur?o.. 61 traearr' o( nrnr:re -'1ry-o..*{-ol::.:"}-,y-t:;il:: ffi;p{;|;f;trt?n$tffif.,t*1*T
Xf.lm;6q*;"*n:f tfrZiffi :L?[*P"";"?J']H"H{Sffi #.**ii:*riilH"ffirEca-ia tli pr.:cai-',la ucce-nsc.no Ef.tLitil;r',littLt*"rtr* *. n11q .rtGa-EJilit*.!?rq1i, ,.q,i'""..nts

r,AEaEt tb. dlllarltttt t
ct., e, i!. 6td.6E * s't if,rn to td.gGtt r.b. -tJj;'fr;Cr-j fon wUicl-flc Cco"{' Zcos !"qu!r-tn: Elrtt "' C!ra:82& 39' US

n.lr€lflsl,.l,rrrsrnraatncllnd'rrt.'r.io3t rutiifrJo-igGr.-taatas6*ith;dlr' 1l.it""t,t- o' rsrd'att o' (cd'rar 9'orn'E

ffi#,fl,fffi s,t'r",trrfr.ii ;:m?:H*F.*tri=,f;I"I* mt ri:ffiil'r* r*',' a e' q:ffi r-'",t H"f,,: ?*1fi L-%,lt-*Iii "ffi f#\#?ffi L?ffi ffi ,H :f",J:::'f,in/rE tla EtloD, ol uailI'Ii'--""':.u''ot-*"'Ifl{ffiffffi !ffiEl".EE;T'iif',ffflff,: fild_q:'#,Er"ffi.iFF*'[H:rrt Arrofiibt to tDa Dirtr
cl!, d }lol0. sr rtrtl l
turr b, tl:rr"sr3(.sc.nalort r6t oa. ot ?hoE cla aq"i iiitfap"Uoa-U *r.1 tit"io-t"f iitt:" =-1t 

sid Eeit lot 5t iEeduoo :h:3 -.l 
'

,!rD rroEc.d rcd r€..8ioa oad,a r!. G'!srr,8 aoo-a5id-i*Irar'routlcar]E!}:!"* **:'gf m"Sf"f.?:"U,fX.-:.;:?[
Jr,'tEi--rr. :.!ttGs.. r E Joilrt ol Moog.'t 1l' evcr dcllac{ lmm electotil da(!rl" 'A;l-a--*a a-.. t,l. &Bc.tsi!. lo ctlura u.
iiLi go"--d"i{ilioa a.B pirr.a3 . l(Ell bU .Aut! r!!]Ii dcrltrllDa rhcuttr_-iha ?tslusroB u'?

iroq r.trUrg !5! O6t lor d'lata gnrrr[qou' rDD 

-

gtltzl of r 106.r Ercffi tr 
-tnc 

"rry 
d.tGrado' o! ,.fl3 gr6oocrlon ol crnstttutlunrl tdrdlty'lrrt 'ltclsrd to-gto-otr r *mD€lLtat stllt ,o!r=L'

ur. os!., hec. Err?:r., 
-rsn' esrrc r8 ?. ,-ar1ii'"i8.?r-iJ;+! or.r."ri5li-iiJ"irti *erotr '' trnron l.'rr school Dis!'ct' sslr rt

!h|!B-rt3t'- 4*;'fi;-e;i; t't1t't1t-'iiaE;'tia; lrr' r'-rr ai:n"oit ra e'Rlv' uv stTdlgtlv bG

t!!tt ru a'ldrrrt 6 tbtr ds' t!l' lr"rrl'DtD uoiE-gL-&-cr iirr" re I --t:rt-"ir"iir "nr'- *egr the'cicludacl pcrloa'r rirht !o clur'l 
'tccronl

D6rls rhsr suid hrv. rllrEd lh. tor o(:(obu" tlt'&';;&:Gtj= 5* {3d;Xl:;-t' ''{'i ptntopttioo rD tho :t!!d crr:* eac thr nth! &
- Eucierr ,6.fl:E.ar n i. u- d.tdr.d r.o t!. gq'rz-i'ils- uil-i-rrai.t. zir"vi#*e- io,l irnca.iv rh. disrn::ra ogr:roa !o rh' 9r!*rr crrG

o... l"oissrea 'oarroro.'LT"ii;. 
th.l;...1d gi iii.-crii'ip.;;. ctu-,Jii iii*"trr sldt troF r'h' rrs ura!!'b'" bot! iasE ${f rs'

ffffi**s$Tdfi#,ffi,1H ::::d;;'s_iffr.,_' *r-1I-,* eEryoe: "l]?,"ilt?',-, ro p.c,cc ho' th. ine,,a,ion

tadivt.tuldlrtricttrtthtsGicsr'whrrlarcErturooii-r'EikiiE-u79lorr;;:"i;d"t;'iolt'h'disEtlnaoesaioa'tthrot?o(srouonEG
b. ,orbr. .,,E!.r, o p.- firr !(obrlr.r 9tr> ,rd;id.r-u-. ir!i, tira ro.rt-JL-ail;JI-n *astlon.illd raricoe[v br 6Et'Gd lnd2rd' cr\

.or ror.''rEan ,.oa crcc;;r ,rrr:E hr bca r! . i',iii-ir1-rii-ir-ir-o-a f:';-J;rl-J 
;.,.q Dnrirnsrr, effrErl qu.uo* u*".,urrt

rrincd fo, r t=rrn, drcrr'isrdr, Dur,,'a ,. .r, .. fiiii rl r-i-i"il iri gs. i;'r"t-tttai .o-.'to trt-c i:i onlv a6be' ot r 6Eto.tt:i o(

b !o eo.rlroa nor ro srr. ;;;6;^;"-.d ;i ii. cot,'.ri"'tiio.'di;I; urr vodnt Dopsb(lo' i'a r erttlslrr surciorlilt

.t1'h. dt**t!a oeidoa *crr ro dls.!ar'.tblr b i:t;il::;';; Jirzc .osd t';;i-,-o it 
" 

dL lr n*aber ol r -Dotltical t?ouo?" goq lua' aula

d.-rrctioo ot its rh-r, !, sstlri!"r .:rr r d.s *nrio-J-ooro]ir. rao*..,r. ,"d.t-idliii ittt*' ' 
'rtoi.9' 5' 't b' r -tourical 

'roqg?" 
c:a s',

o( ror. drlurioa Er, ,.q,uir. rs-.aa$ro' .o Dmr o( u"i?ii.r i drr6d:.a! hr.r nrrr?.E,ii Gi ;aito' ou it"u r "polillel srouo?" ir 3o'' sho B

d.aoal dataL :oqr. --acac, d -fjrrorial .od tfra'S-fr,il'ai...e,ai A"t tbr iriry- arr:las ot Ur 15 gT.rhrcb "rrou3s; E "lolltlcl rtouF?" Cu '
Girl lr.t€tr- tadl€,lr rbrr t,'. o"s.r .a qu-lroa +- G e;;;.d"- ;: r"ttia". rio-g5 tri re l' q';dglsd toki beloa' i' aon thu onc ''olit ierJ

b rroraus porucrr r.q,,; eo.fuc-. a i, rs-au arr-'6iii.- G -r*ioa ur. "ii-*iiiri 
G E"el- c- ocn ic mr thrs on' -'oliircl

nag: to rh. rid. Llr. .vidra! ttd r!r3 r.::s ,"qit i'pi-pit r"-l *o1.1,1"q9'" ir ;;;;; 
' 

q"'l;' moni shllt votcit (a L tt."r'A6"ri-!'

t',,' solosia.r -r,na.Jili-ui. ao oastrtrr J."r:'^f,;Ir:-i;.'ln g.s. La rit;fi'.!l ireuia'eoctnn 'F!llsh'Ar!'ne Jc$r' crurotre

uoarl Lr,r lt nErlDr ru rroa G'nra €rr_t.b., o.r'.iraior ,.or -ltthc !o.d.E ld"uiir ii-xn "r FetEsisl? ce tb€t^! b' Eon tr'st ont 'Doli(ral

conl4 r' ra, pnacrcrd #i.iirualrar.i--i rri,i-LT-u"G.r.Jli' )tsenaa i-Z--o-o"a rol oB'- rona Eos*hl= sot'E' oo tl'' s''r (o

ot eaV d,,sc. poUuar gouJ €rs hrr9.nr. lor Ui7-Zi.?--rZC. il, .r*o.. d;;-"'t'- ; ai &r of 
":ro 

quo'oil dlt'nd u'on th' tutleJlrt

thr.6r, ril.t L r! ckrr- r6t, ol n, .rndtd.!.- -i ilii"-&i . iri.r * o.n.'-ffiil iiri r. c'-ostchr€ c.ErEo'rtloa o( r tt''n o(v? uooa rtrt

ur.o r^rttha.uc tnoera-tt.al:nL t'Edctd. '.trt '!t 
oaiaii'-tiiEo'"lliuttoa oclt -rfl--*:t-i--t' tatrt lj2t otlts toitt: 

'ogula'roa? 
Ogoa urc 5E! o(

trrtr'.llr$:^sr'.boun6tott!Y'illu$rt'r$qFet'EElrt'aiEii'ii''ito';Z-l"-"ii-i'-EJ"i"'rlstos6?ut5o€v?oeonluloEo(8lt'ffirfll
DnE 9urrd. rilor'r iti, .opuoloo roqi.t tr. ,.ili-.r-res. sa ar-.nt-? ,--'iffi)i-"t*t gpo;o trr *siorv? !'s 

'!o('.9hic 
l6tloo' tlr! (kr

r ttr. c,'rclr! auEGL !o rd; r!. -tnrqurEbL lgi'.!o-riii'r"iiii-". on",r. r:c-g-'s' =r' :gr:o' llrt rv- t!',! prclimnt" qu*uou mrr br lrrr+

di,. &udoaotpouuorunuroc..-loa.*lt. tirrluJrEiint:.r.r..-tt"iiiuti:aiti lr rrarusnnltr s386tt toE o! ssr Emto(rul



June 9, 1982 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD _ SENATE
Corrn'r d.r{slotE hold squutly the,t they do lrlth a vlrt t], lhc lnttrELr of thclr blect
nor Sec Unlt d Je$ish Oraurlzrtlotis t conltlturnLt but Erio? South.t! cttt.t
Crr! . {30 U-& t{.. 156-16?. ld- rt l?!r-lEo hrvs btect rnlvor! (Atlaotl b.lnf th. mat
(concurrint oEtnion[ wlrllc 

". 
!lea6tc!. {12 cottspiclrout o, th6rr. Ind!.d. th.rt ar! not,

U-S. ?5t. ?15-765: Irhtt orlb v. Clrvir {03 .lEott 2'00(} bl.tt clrctld o(flclelr lo thr 3lr
U-S. Ur. tt9-150. 153-15{. 1!6-157. rtrtr. ol th! Dc.D &utb-- Tirr tiEt l' tbr! tha Coufi h.s st.tdt !.t So succaslul h.. th. Act bc.n tn .chlcr
ttr trc! radDrt, th! cfrlE hott€vlt plrrascd. lnf ttr obJcettv! (rhlcll. rs thrn AltornCt
lhrg thc COnsUtutlon tolllhos CurJaltelt G.n.r2.l:<.tz!nbrcb 9u! lL s?s thc reEoed
Drcpodlonrl tt!,rBrat:do!. ta Pllritcorn! Y. of brfd.rt to bl|.l Yotlr !?8lsttattoo). tllrt
tAdag rrr"c, tba trlrl court htd tound c?ja &rElG of ltr dcvotrd supgo4cE bc8za
lgag a 6ulirhrEbGr Jtrt tedsb{vr dlstfiet tr qu.rttoa rehaibc? ltr "Drrronlrq- pr?
irA lrlvUfousty d.Erlvtd N€t'oa3 r8d poor clernaca prov{sioO l,1 Scctlon 3 rlrs llrdcd
DGEoDa of rCfrtr nr8rz.at .ti tlr.- by tbt r.ot lonS*. trnd!! Ult grotlsto'!: loE niD"
eoErgtuuo!. 

-Dois11131sat.j thr rbsracc .trt . (t !,o.tlt SoutlCI!) !.od polldcrl strbdl'
o, rlt €etdascr l'iat 

"cr 
o( dtrg,lrtgatloo Yllioot of thlrtlllr othct! ll'r EqutEd to

rSriait ttrra. Rlc.ntBt ths trtrl coulL fblr lubElt rll ptlpscd chIr8t! to th.it vottla
CourtslC h*r rnd prtcdurrr to tbr.Ir-S- Attoa.t

'Tbc Dldrte! CilIFt'! boldna. dthonS! Gaacnl tor hls rDprord For slrt a r.rr:!'
On tic laatr O( thl! olr lltitad to Surreo- tosricd tO r!(ar?lrtt t! thcltsclv!3 as !.rea!.
taci.ua ona tzcirl sroug r!?r6c"ttt8!1oa. lt eita comraoagertlh& thb i! sD tgnottriniou!
not cedly cootshld. Ms axprt dY! o( thc po6iuoE to b. in ..9.cirUy rlocr. ln prrc'
llotr gcnclrl propocltloo !h8t rsry frou9 tic". thait rpp.ols llG E 'dc not to exlltd
rrth drrtllcclys tnt ttsE Eusr b. rlgnlrllnt gouucal o(llclaLs. such !. Gllrllrr BcU or
d lA lcCtsEtvc hrlls tt tt ls EuEr.rous WtllL.E F!.!nch SElttt" but to rnonymour
cnouS! to courirr.Dd a! lrt'* oDa serg r'nd Patlolt-aho kaosr their !attr6? rtrd eho
rcpnscafiln'Jsrllf lteiESi!a.arrcranttl- cz.E briit tbcE !o r.co-tLBt? -l! th! Clvtl
Ciotly couprcr t, coostllutt r stu8l} Bt8lts Dteiltoa ol t[c Depettaent ol Ju]
ocabcr d,strlcL ?bl! eppmer.i sould sreka ttcG. Thlr g"rf ckil Ubcrtrr[n Justlca
It dllllsul! to rlj.ci CriH. o! D.Eoc:'rts, Eu8o L Blacli grotst d thr! S.cdoE 3

Rrpubllc$* or EGEbGri of rqy pouuc1l oF trlalcd tbc strttll !l "eonquatd provtncla"
ga.oizrlioo tE M:rioa Cou.uly rrho llva br 15{ ru uDconstltut onrL (Mora rucllltly.
stret souU b. srr. d3tncts LD, r dlrlF th! usudly lortsPokr! Thud Coch!z!. RF
Ecabc? dlsrt(t s!/StrG bu3 rho 16 oor yrtt publlcr.a Scrtrtor lroEr Mlssrsltppl Pui lt
or lDot!.f. ot ycr! dE! y"!t lr! lub- thls q[t: '"!.ocal o(tldels hsvc to fo !o
Dc!8!d t! r oac.ild.d Eultl-Er![be! dlstris! WashjDaioq 3!t o! thalt ka!! . kb! t!.
vo!!- ::hln! rrt dso ulion oricllcd tortrra rbt rDd trra th.ir lot.lloctr to !.ll thc.G
tha untr'.r:it, corErat&lty. tlligiorJs or tblrd-rrtc bur!ruc=t&") Wllsi. th8. staEs
.tblc grouE occlrgyils ld.atijlabl. u"3 15& raa thct Eot dotn8 to dcacr". thls
o( oqr bltrrocla.ous clucs and utb.,a aril& tratE"nt? AJtd shy tllala theE out? b
IldrGd. lt Fould b. dltllcult for s 8t"ag !bct! ao vot na ltaud uD uoah. b Ctr'lcato.
E:ny. U trot EocL EuM-Ea!]lle! dlstrict! to 1o1 61.-plc? Ii Ert hrv! bcrn !1 retponsa
surrira grelysis uDdrr tla Dtstrict C?urr! !o thb qu!.tton that Eeary ltyda of Ellnols.
v1!, udls coEbtn.d Bltb toErc vor{ng 1!. !h. tz,rtllia R.pubuc& oE tha Eous. Judl-
t?ElGrlCAi surh rs ploPorltoE l EErelcat& drry colr.mjttr.'t subconunltE oo clrrfl
UoE or orEulrttv! votr58 rJEld at DrovtdltrSi uld CoEstttutlooel Blgbts. rsts!{ "Shall ea
EgrcSrAtetlOA !O! lEiDority perilE or l!tt!f- €:daad lha nrr6135r7 pranler,rr.Dc! for
e3ts. A! th! r.r? lrlst r.rllE:r.nc! ol th! thcsa 'selcctad arlaj srothrt t!! yctt! . . .
)tstttct Coutg Bould 

'p.ttt 
.ndlx Utl8t' o! 1r s.veE!.!E ycen ln tba pollucal pcrulu

[toE corcsai!8 t!! Bu.ltll!.Ebc! dl3trlst bor.nou5lf
sl:t?E:t dor Ftdeiy aEployed ln tb,ts corr:r- Eydr'! qulstloa .rrr rstrd hst sunocr
iry.- IfAilconta t Or4t7tt, t!91\ aL f5Qf5? EhGq thc Eoqsc qrlr dehrlla gmpos.Ir to
r:footDols oEitlcd,. t!E.r, or crt od tEa Votrnt RlS.hts Act-

y Ulll,o conElsr r.'tr bcroE AuSrst 6. 198!
Tlre JudaE.aG t! r!!!t!€d lrld tb. cts. b :=:.of thc!' st3rE rld DoUtlc'I subdlvl'

a-'rica lo rhr coun "i-ail:J:i;i*; ilr'5 ;ffi'#1i'"" SfiH'?i 3"1,H""8thcr proetdlar 
It b a ottr,,',- uc rcrnorE irora tur scdroo 3 grtclealanrcc

vortr{c RrcEE,,-;;;;-'*'- E o"H1*t if ,H*"11T.?Yi".T53(8y rtr 8lte! B.rE!) lo'lrtr ou!.'Elrhef !h:.tr pctlljt th!!. soErc
ThG Vottls Rlshtr.Ac! o, 19e, b sutlly Ec!!bct! o( thr Eousr Drog6rd that thr

tha Eos! succ!3rful civtl-rlshts Dlelsul! cvQ! PE<lralzac! ptlv,sloD b€ efiroded lo co?!r
.n atd by th. natlon ,l SorernrBcn!. Ev.ry- rU S0 st trs aod rll tbeir pollttcal subdlvt-
cody-{r. at tezsl crlrTbody Fho hss Dub slott!; tbi& st l.tst. reould aelt th. cola'
Ucly ofterrd 1a oPiaioB oD thr subrect- Plaiot o, uacqual trlatE.ll Ai this- Eenry
asrits ritl thls JudrcEL 1Ed tll.r! ls Sood Eydr. to! oB!. bdl(ld w?lat ls slsnillcatrL
rason $hy they should- A.rnong dYtl rr8ht* hosr1'cr. B thr! hG eadcd up vottn8 (or th€
thrt o( votlag lr fi:.Dd:.d!!tal bccaus! thc cxt ttslon Ea dld so. hc .xplaln.d. b.czusG
cljoylr€lt o{ otbcr riShts tt llktly to of !rh!,t ba lcsacd dtrhs coEElttre bera'
dcacEd oa lE grior to 1965. hos.ve!. and d!. lln6 oo thc prop6rLs 'Wltnelr artrr qrlt"
spitr th! Cllrtl Rl8hE Acts o( 195?. 1960. aBd n- tertltlcd lo condnuint a.Dd gcRBsrtr
196{. l! Isrs 1 riSht drrird to Eosr Southers dcnlab o( resdy rcces tD tbr elcctotzl proc'
blaats Ln Mlssl<tppt for a! etreglotJs ar- css ror bia.tr."
arogla. ody 6.8 prrclat o( yot1D8.a8. black! ADy feit-Blodcd pcrsoa rould have to
scre tlco'rcgtst r.d to vot€t thrais to the rs'?e sltts tl.L.. assassmenL Dcspitt thc
ect tirt 9ro-por-iloa k Dot, dslost ?0 pcr- Ptotrels rnadc s)nca 196t' th.E 1r,r stlU
clat trd iir tsao dr:1ost 60 p.rc!!t o( tbeE Bott or lc.r r.mot! areas qhere strtr sfld
rctudly sotcd- W:hat B Eore, not oRly do locrl offlslrlr contlnuc to nais! accordinS
rhttr czrdtdtt!3 (oruubllc olric? !h!ou8!. votha riShts to Einoritlc.. Tvlthou! fedcral
out thc Soutlr nor &1lveiy and publlcly so- sup€rf.sioL thcre ls ao lssulancr lbat th6a
Itsit blacl nrpporf 8g tbe potls. artd Sout!. Dr4ucls rould not conthua or bc resu.aed
eta Senrtori'rad Cougessa.!. lc{lrltE to oth.r vour.8 distrlc:s !a sooe ol lhr

rtat6. Th. pricr o( Iib€rty. rr lora Pai.ne

urd DEsalal trlleait. E tb, cantrltuuonrl tlEtt
erDqraad bt thr dhs.nuna ogEloq puttlat !o oaa
sid! thr tord r.i.nca ot ruDton ,oa th.l th.ot, la
lht Con lluud llsdL

ssjd. Lr ctern .l vigila.nc!. snd tt ts unjonu.
nsta. but thc ttlna hrs not tat corlc shcE
re can rely oE cvar? loq,l o(tlc5l !o provid!
lL.

s 6531
ttre Eousc at?tld. lt p.s$d r bill cxi,and.

tng thr Ac! by thr ovurrhclmlnS mar8ln ol
365 vota! (389-2t): rnd l;her! on D€e.tnbcr
16. .n ldenticrl biU $rs lrrtmduccd ln thc
Scnrtc. 6l m.tnb.t! o( that body, includtna
E Rr9ubuc.an cotlllllt!!. ehdnnan rnd sa9.
cEl Southerrt Octnocrirtr lnEcdlelcty bdl.
crted thctr Lintmtlon to lrup9ola lL ltr casy
prssaS! Eould !..t! to bc rssured !,hcn lt
t!.6hcr th" noo! o{ thc Sa'rt!. grrcbsbly !o
April !r lts sponsa!. 6.n8tot! Ec!!c.dt
rnd Mrthl.s. rer! qulct to potit out. r Er.
JoritT ot thl! slz! ls $ttld.nt to drr.rt rny
rllrtnDt to lulbust ! on tha btll. Il lr dEort
5u/flciant to of.rftE:tr r pr! ldcaud vcto.
Do! tbrt tbcr! ls !ruc! Ulclrlrood t!:.i tb!
PlEsidlnt sould drrl to crl!! onc. Opposi-
tloB io thl3 btll evaa Whlt! Eotrss opgosl-
tloE hls b.cE corrspieJgus by lis absrocq 3o
Eucb so thr,t soraa Scnrta slrlt Brsrbart
haer cotlplai!.d ot drJtlcultltr i! tttrdlDs
sitncssr! stllltrS to t !!Uy aaaElst lL

Ttsis ls un orn:.!zt b.causc tha bill 1,8 tts
prellnt torE ls lBuch trvrr? thr.! a.q cltro-
sioa o( !!.a c'tLrraEs ies. UnJetr it is aEc,adcd
li drsrrvg to b. d!(.atrd.

Wtst !s Blr ia thi! btll ir not lo b. fouDd
ln Saclloa 5'9, DlR4lcaranc! prcvlsio!. oo
EhIc.5 Eoss o( t.tsc dcbslr has bceE /ocu!G(
thr,t slcllou ir u^acbzngcd. wbat ir Eossl,
obiecdoDrbl. l! thlr blll rs trot to bc lound
!a thc oet brll-out ..c!lorl. ev.E lhouth it!
rttcct qrtU ba ta EeIr lt rl;osg bDoslibla
,or !.ay Jurtdlglloa to u.la rdva3trte o{ lhc
bafl{ur prtfihte. wt:t E Dcs aud pro-
louadly objrcilo!3bL b tha s&lainSly i!-
aoc-llolljt a.BcndacEt to tJra tart of s€ction 2
sblcb. by genenl rtrlcEeEL \els not odc ol
!h. A.'!,'s ''ts!y slc,tloo3" (I.B oEe couapcadl-
ura ol sigailla--t cirtl.rllhts LIES. lt:.ls scc.
tton ars outitttd lroa tbe t.x!'o{ t!. 1965
Ac! prrclrrly bc.ausa. !a th. edltor's vtcs. lt
Ea! Dot o!! ol the'tet sectloE -)

IE ltJ oriSind forE S€clloE 2 Ers r Er.r!
declaratlon or r ru3tltrmeBg ttr si:tutor7
forE oI tbc Fllta.nth ,LEeEdlneo! !o thc
eor:stthrllorl. whr!! thc AJnendteni sta
rh. "ri8ht ol clt,zrlrs ot th! Irnitcd St tc! t
votc a!.dl noc b. d.nled or abrldged- on ss'
couni o( r2c! or coloe Scctlon 2 sayq Eot!
erpuclty. tha! Do 'notha qualulcatiotr o?
pErcqulsii! to eottit. of str$dard. gr?rtis.!
o? prccr{urc shsI ba lEpolcd or applied [so
rs tol deny or rbrldgr" th. rlahB to vota-
Noi sur?rlsltrgly. ualika othcr sectlorrs ot
thE AcL lhls one h8s grve! risr to $.ry lltue
lltiAatlot! altd kr lhc curte:rt dcbsta orct ex-
trndLEs th. Act vetT llttlc ttteilloa hrs
bc.[ trid to tL Yrt lts lrnnrzge Ezs dtered
b I slgarllcaot say. The qiords 't deny or
abridsr" lhc risbt r,D votc g;crr deielc4 in
theiJ plsc! qrcru put th! vrords "tn l manEe!
iehich r.-!ult! tn I denlal or lbnd8!:!.ni"
(crlphrsi! added) ot thc riSht to vol!. Thi!
nGe l3rlguag? c.ill oaka Seclloo 2 the k.y
s.ctloa oi thc Act. one th8t rlu rrtee! lh.
elcctorial laa: ejtd practlcet o( crer7 st8!r
r,Dd poutlcd subdirilioo La the Eetiot
t?rcre lr reason to doubt tha! this sas u.a-
dlt:tood by dl thc Congrcssmen and S.n!-
t8l: erho uaed uD qutckly h suppoB ot lhc
blll.

Ihe ncs lanEuase Lt intlndad lo axpress
tbc dlrtclenc! betlrren tha riSht to sotr and
$ha! Llrc lederzl courtt !a rottna-riShts
casaa. hav€ raade o( lhr .i8ht to votc. (It
sras ptecrd b Scdion 2 o, !h! bill becaus!
that sccuon urltk! Seetloo 5, aEtiie! to tlr
ellii.ra countrr. aDd appurs to .r:stin8
l'ottng lass 8nd pEcticr3 as opposad to
votinS chai8rs.) Votlls, Chirl Justice
Werre! pronounced h I 1969 case. includcl
"a11 lcliritle! nccrssar7 to trtakc e vole ef-
fectlr!." aDd tha etrecllvenals o( e rote s
nos tr1elsu.rlC by its resuli.L T'hus. 1 vot!
F- br ''dllutcd"-that la mad! iess Ctec-
tlr"+-il z clty aJrnexe! its surrounding tcrtl-



S 5532 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE Junc 9' 1982

..arl .lB th. cons.qurtg thrt lha P!cr9ot- thar? otq ltl ao! rcquited lo -DtrGctcrr' !! dbtlncltoB b'rricln f rGqulrcEcn! o( pro

uoa o( blr€t vor.. dscllncr troE g6 pcrcrac .1t! dlli;;Ji b-"-n.".r- ,nair'3.ctron i. norttorr+ r!9o.!3eat3!lon 
",rd 

tht dlsctt'lnr'

.o {? prrea! o( ruc populii;;; it ;; Tqi'.r G;;i'rstoo st ndr.rr-rr-tacri lorv ertccr or vot 'dtlutlon tL 'rh' vot'-

rsulr o{ ErDeorrtoaiDa rE*io?roi' ieiJ lto rsio;;i ilvo"i.bautnctns ota etcc. atr,iuoa doctrt czo loslc2llv reglJ onlv t'
uo6.rrtrt ,'ducarmprreaagrrotbt.t u"" f1l*ii;'ft1-l"l''iFGuoqr D"t rlouer etrc. cl'ctotd dflcErlnr:rr e.d Lnr

vorra la r dtrrsEr b.to, r*i D.tsrnl !h. .o".r..iEt3;;a r or inl votlnr Rtghtr iuurttv rllog doarlnear Polltlcil tactlonr to

,rcD.ntoacdcrrrrEduyte"J.,if,i-ii.oJ.t.]r"r.-.ij,".i-.iii*s.a;2ort.nJcu;eat,igaorr-."haa..I.uttL:anorrcr.th.rElnd.d
E it rld cslrlE ltdr.I Drsllrst qlufir to .ra * t-a-i6l-flru.ouro! Four*G!!h) Slctiot 2 or:!. vodnt Rlcltt Acr contrlnt

ll|lr t! Ebttycl, orrrr" -,ii'f uI&-rrll A-.ttdfrt .ad t" F".il h. Euss sbot g5g ;r*t'r-g1 -h. ,.g! thst Er.Eb'6 o( 'E .d;e-. ti 'h.a ff1iiffi; ffii'l,Arc":"-"S!Lffi "*;*:"fr:;;"d:Hl,T?J:E*Irf1ra ol glurrutt to
rot&& r dr, crrno. pror.lfi r,-in.Eii[ !!a til;-o, 4ooi na tt anlrt rbot Do taiposrtltoo rlull no( t! rtrd o( ltsda
il d .d[ut th. dt;rffiE m; arrsralnrrotrcilrct .- 

- 
conitturrrloLtloaoftrlrscctlo!-'

x.c! roi..- Thlr trs3 t r.ffiii-i rslo tlr.rsradcd scr.:oa : , t"H-t"fi 
^ 
D.cpit tb6r rrcuruca. b,oEtrer. oa.

crr. C,ttr at tu,,- ,. c";tffir;8,-di-a rqt* t!. suortEr cour!'!.dccsroL-'..il fron icrsutr raa [nc o!.bcr frocr congrer*
clttdd.rrgoa o( t! 15d &-iV.ul, l. !,Le Bv a'trt't t3-clcr..t:=-55 tar agtrruan *sscca.ttr rot+dlludoa

lfrffi**Htrn"'*'.r.= i ffi**"1ff,.r-EJ;l"i'=ffi9 ;; '"c "b';'p"n"oo't -?r'c=G:r':o! ct

RoErG c.ortr, Ura r coialsdm loqa "f *t"*i. AtrTh.-F,,il;$ A:;d;ffi ss l'asi roBG Elnorlt' n,oup' ls ltlll' to b'

rsernEral tn. coonrsrriicrlr ucac d.c!: (-bt t i oiEtrEi-:i' ,4. go*fJftE:; hffit *Athat 
bctvccq rrctrl :orlr

S:;##*Sffia;*t#q,lJf*T:fr""1,,I,ffi-ffi'H,a,E"'*;;;;',S.#liX'Esceroa2-
cre,, tho..oar or ra'oail?L-iiltn"l. ta; a#ii.r]ii;.J-tairri oiloa,lr . '!a I rnroser shicll Esult! Ls ' 

d$lrl or

lal rwctlorst unru'Effc!,;;t-T; ':daotlrio(.Borar 
'rlAascat'-stll d'rlYr lhclr acrnlnr tn

n..to6- brvr suci r ryst o-l-:ilicr. tur u ciiEid'riT6urd pGtrnlt roltns'r{tlE P'rt {o" ulc SupttlrG cour!'r d'cltlotr !a

rt$ ot G6rAr ctt d.d o.t tasr rrlc.tlDs nrftr-fUr-iica by thc 'ftotany Ccaeret ot ilttlcd' Jc:Eii'th O'f/cnlz4li€''?., t' Cztt7,' d
o.ntctp{ Sov.rnr.osrr ,-iog tu'c- ooe pr- .ay pirir.-uiGnit rrerssc evGt? slrgt slt . rEEo'dln8 t Juslic! wlulr.tB BrltrDrE "'tbc

ndDt ,c cl.ctto. or cooffifriil-il -; 
-"orr'.-o?oiiti6nt lurisaicuo! !o tb! oar startlt clctt lest o( thit casr 15 thai E

lor{t, vot . srrr". c.org.T.iEic[6 5y coua:il ri-r":iia-i'"c "".iiturtaruoB 
oa qeq6 rtsir.l !t'Fb.t Bs.Eplov.d to erllct

sLcdon 5 o( !h. y6rr*t Rltbls.l4t it htd t. aotlcrinet rt -rgac harc F 1pgcer ljB r !cd' gctittoa.tt' rsslgls.or !. Yottr8 dlstrlct&'
.DrFctG{a ttir .t*to.'r-&iii-itl tlr .nr "oii-ii-acii"a 

itr ctrttiq !.rr-..at ia cquruy 3Ert ta.t rlrc! rr.s thc oaJe crl'

AltorEry c,.n r& E! d;;fiL iiE--r rrr-rrrHror ii-nn"ss-.sat!"c thc cher:r t.doB cEplorld !B lbc rcdrzstllS o( dl'scrtct

r5d RoE Eot to -t ti--iii-ir;i-;;G qurr Ucr ;allutr" lh' ?ott! o( blscls ud r g5a Yct th' CoLnL *ltb Brannea coasrr'

,ou'd ao dl*''tlriory p?rri[ AT$;E tcr odErr ailortty srou* A.od t! .sotdd.-o( r1g:. rpprqrcd lt bt r Yot o( I to L
!rr. but lt ilt6d .r.lasg lbi&iiUcsr:sc chr cour:r. ortr tlg (adqrzl court'! tb' cotl!' At tsua tE tblr crsG e..a thc Nes Yort
E;';- iiirrriar;torr ra-irici':' es tnc su' ttTt 

'l'ctonl 
lrsai?cr'

ffiry,kffi#*w:ffixe"+s,r
mffix*l*Fnm [.: :n:""m ffi. Hrt: -"Ttffi [Fffiffidffiil'rhs [.f":;t"i or iri op;rt utlli. to lto3 ta rr'ecc? ?ouucz't citr:n'l
liJr-ixiiii &ara.t- redrar' such rabrtotr sa*F.f
"&-tli;";;a.v.-trrc SuprtEG courr n:Ldv oul.o( pttc!,ln ]udt1i
rcgfr.a-tnr ocposiia conctusroa i.o a czsa rttcdlJudaa$arot$eeoscd-ge:o_v-::: luttla !h. eoLi:rai strenSlh_o( noNhltlt
;;;;t1il]-t J[, rrnlrll' trc'.r !,tobuc. A!a. or arc!, !o cictlst l1nlerne3l-b-ut. e:.c,49_r itfocf: rnO hrcno zuczas). Facld irtth lhe

lx'.#H:":m,'i.Tfr#'isfi$jff "Hl*#-i$tdir,i,4"r'J-Heffilf ,E:.fi?fi l"lirii'?H'3','.H
crcFfi,rryarEbyn-jorityqot r.nst-Iarr! ol dlscrtu:Lo.doE h2t @ruilclctzDl.__E.nr. ieolref ellctlorE thesr:t.revlrldth!9la.E
lrEidr*- CtW oi No6& t. 8ol&? beteg Thrn rsc rrr: ol &rlddtS urc r8.at lo illi 

^ffcctco 
!.h! disrdcrs !n !h.sc counllcr.

n{.X*-ffi9,,1fi"1,[,'H.i:'$ *'iiIHSilTE:t',i{El!,g.r:: 
imt-i*.'"ffi:"?"''*1;1"i{i1".',:ffi

i-d "-l*rliltoc!dur!3, 
atlccbi !!.t th._i! Itcatz tarrr riio sben Al+-:-atjo.": A-G JGicc E;an:aei'rr tn w..ashinstoa bus

i*."f;ffi''S:*$*offr"Il'"? :ffii#.i'it?'."1*.,:T'liffi*1L? ::i;":l'll;"1J1'.ffi.,0?11*#li,E
iil. g{'Tn&3H"':t d:iLt: i:S .l"lsfi lfE :::,fl'.,1t,,'. i:{q: :53:*n'*"' :.*" m"t" ;13ff *
riu corrn rirrad rhas Mobu. blecrr recrs- rrle!. E:Drtcrsuns its shsec.fro-E-g'-.o-l-: ;;:;';il;"6somi mernocr: of nhst h.d
ici'ea-aaa 8rrr abl. lo votc fithou! trtn' starpta Au'rE !o -an ulcqulf t:tn-l,Yf-gli il; . ;-*"lidat.d Easidlc con:Irtunltv.

#e-l',:*:L:"f*:'S.,,'l*."'i:i",i. i"ofo''ff*;..l:H,l'i1,:ffiS :l]'.='* llt *.f*.T*.il.:1:
aini go-u-ot" llt yiolsrloa ol !h! Flltlrntlr tn lts Jud$llEa;; that tlrl5.-r'ts..-I:atl1".:1 il;-"a! iur ir, tr hi! se?ara!. oEimor rhct
Cilonircnt" urd ordcrld thG replac.t!?ltt th. Constltutlon sith dl bui oE_G- T."a?T [ia';;nor-bceo dcinved o( th.,' n.h! to

el:r;mm*;x'r.g*:t3::is ::fi:r:i*l';'[ffet[:ffi*.r"?iff i::1'Jf',",\:'.lx5i;."':l'tnl''"l"llJi
S.glf ar*:"'Eii?.?TH*1of;.?'t 'Jf:t" cltv o(.rrooitz.ry 9-""f-*H.:3:-= illi,:T:lf'*jf ;iiil"fiIi'.*li.Xiii:
;;ld6i tn"i .r, et.citoa-t". thrt ls rzctdv trclltna lron lt: posltloa q -t}.T|!"8ff iii-.r.-*-atii-.ri n.JJ ao ooi 

"orls!l!ut. 
r

*,1H8" lL:tm.*;l'['il'g'H ffi*I*,1"i.*[l'3i1l"ffffi;"il"tH mli"*5,tii].:,:-"','ttf.'.:l]:;*'X
;i;;;t" fi;-uccn aouieiia by r a&crrrai- rrll! ,1hr rcrc. ol ciilzln5 o( {.r*=^.lil ;;il iili i."iii ior tlaclrs .nd so-c.aitcd

HiHiTlt';f-iln^nf.:ffi?ti: E:J{irtrHi, E6tiii$t.ii.,i: :u:g:n.,u"rc-#1{i:il'. lloo'ffi
lil-Crrrto'rrl rr.rd ttr.t se"iron 2 o('.he rtct uc6 tho loi.a.d tE.rt.:tlcc Pocter ::H;H.i ;;;i3;;;;;i h;U;;Tt,; r{ssicim sere

:.f'*f';ull..t*'::m,*"if; ["*"";,iH-":Ll ,*i:i',i$i"1*1H lilT5."?;'."iilg *fr",i';1'-:""1
. dbariEtnatory purPos.. trra opinioo ' ' ' rpoetnt t-o b' thel.1fal:

Ga!;Gluits.ror!h!dt!c'r9rIc,buticetgoua,orrtle'5!.9!r?5uct1l;ou9_
th6r Judgtlcnts? Thc lioonJes. -*as ka ra.t-lrL=di riinorrty, hrs e ,tder:r constt' t Th6. cououtt r'n lubi€t to rh? ptt<l'irurc

no! undcr thc vottn8 Rlshts AcG but- tutioii-rriilcE-tr-t"s'ti.rraia"t-ot-iot::-".:-t: ?Tf$:""i'f:'L'.:grtiT;:'i::,5i,T.I:;
nr:l n:.i"'*xmn;:e3.:t'1ff 3i.1.? F.,lffnTH"IT*;Li.,iHr:E #35nffi,l5ui*il":^i"r"T:,,*
6"a,I Ufa Gaorj1l lia5 covcled by Sactloo M:rlhall engr0y deoleC thli nc-,E'as clir.' io o.*tit o( ths r!:r! t rc(i:rr rr. toeulrtidl nid
;;ifh" 1"L bit kooilc. Alabenr.r- unlllr tna for progortionrl rcpfcsatl(3tlorg .trul r!n. ro rl':l golls in 15. l96t ,rclidcn(rrl cl€llor
Botnc. Gcorgla rrea not-ch:lrgcd ttj alectloa cnercc rlii. ha 3ai4 8 ''Elschsr2alarEatron" in c.Elrtsttotl lhBG (a!oc scrt ,re:uncd lo h
ii;-ri-friliiaG iif.cGiE o6-ra+ o( r::i postuoo- Thcrt ts. bc qrcn! oL r dcar Gld"trc! o' dtrfmchlslnent oI E6? lott



Junc 9, 1982 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE s 6t33
le.Jt th.tt $r| no crld.ocr o( "cog{zabL rsilEG 5lJtcly cgrrrctly. that thli lanSur{? rrh.s tltc locd Ir-S. Dlsttis! Cout! lrr. or'
d,rcdrab:ffoa tsztsst !rhl!.a.- -W'hlt !r tt not Uttrid.d to b" a tcpudi.llon o, JUO v. drf.d the city to alul.r turroundlnl !rrt'
cosld clrst tbalr- rcDtlrlcatrtlela-tlrt E Cert? and lha otiar votldlluuoa casa+ tory in ordc! !o iDt?get lha schooE
lhat could rLe! rrhlt6-l8 thosa dlsrrlclr Congsr tlarai l!a! soac fltor lE rdcl! A tcrui.oa systrt! o( prlgorttonrl r!pr!-
rUltt th., sc!! lI !,1a Euronty. UJO r. Uoa !o dlsglogoruoEIty ,rust b. gr!! Dt slorrrlosr ol t.hc :on .om.ritrlc! crBplotrd
Csrr?. !r,. sarErr! crsla bcror! lL nrndt tor bafon t! cas bc trld th:t f troug'r votr tut ig wcar.r! Er.uopc. ls on ?brfa erch
prceoatool IlpE aBt lt6. troc. rdEitt + b..5 rbrtd8ld by b.lnt dButrd. wh.t fra DoUt cal troup-Urloi ,trr:iEfLra. et rpr6l{.
iy. tot o'rr frlug-thc Cout! dd Eot lot! torr? qrcll (or .raBoL t!. tu! -!hr! f Z;a;;d;ai in6ne !a1! pa.?1ablt-
M&halt bt tt lDt tlr.rr "!.h? vots o( dtl- lroug's "dleEtcles lld tE$Lrltr-lhrt * q*, - 

,F4,rt rrrucl'l{'tl dt 'rapL lra^Qau.
a{ ol df rrcr! rhrlt br o( tuEtrJotlrll, l,o?ad thd d^trE! poItlc.l fl3tlolt to :;i*r"-;trca r rnuri or-scrtr la'thc
Gqurl rlrrbt---lus Drogorttoad lor soar tEosl UtJa ot tlr tlE rbrl dt ! a +y rE: icrftf"nri- 

"qurl 
!o ttt slart o, th. poputE

t,tquf - a.8td rddluoErf Errlt rr. tlr au.o$cr-o( ;fsidtic*gouprrr.dltlncdiritrerr- Onr ol CltJd Jurdca E .rt Yrrr""a't l.arr blrEl sltlr oa th. couldl dccltnrdE or li! ln-r.Fr.tr;Gr oiindu tjlcr hold. end tnc
d€ to AEGrtcrD poUtlct vrl t&t l9!ort!r!. tr4 tlr8 t.hcE lr r"l&nc. o( !.:rflrl- !15 pJIi,r;ti- if tri-" ogintonr crnnor b.
'LllrlrtoE E?rtrco! ttoglc loc Ettltr o? votlnS. Etcnt thct! ll "r5dlllrt sca.oE G6"- tiisf,lncr rrt eliittrd. !h"r" hrv. torcrta'srd. tbat bclas so, n t. r.tt roF'Uo&'lbrprr:escro(Etoa!-or.tlr.!.tddl' ;;;1o[-B.t orr. cro lc.r! 50! F-Fy

S'?" !L'*'o",,*%TffI "&ffiH SHJt.e E,Iir E"IlH'i,Hfi gtr;g*{X$"#ffi .*g:F
rrt b..ls oth.r tlrt! populrloo. llot lt !o r. 'irrro tociolorilg,l. cotale:1!{:{ ;;;;; f,old etectlonsi wtry eoiitnrcr
turti. out lhel ldirlat l: r"rfllcnt Eot lE- st! coa$Dut t t.riaa!! r Y{olrllo', So Euc! G;;'ctiOoilrc eicciroa agtrlcir !o lnsrurg';triffi ,fr &?'!!Eil'...olffir#-'i$i3*f,.fi i"tlffiffi*r;"p3L'H;f 'A;.*=-g.igfi H
ffioo,1$,'Eoll"t:f$R[t ffilf"*.ffi:?S:eT:,ffi,tr ['E*ii';i tuc sour' 'Iudtelr? coEritr'
tt9fr6.nt tlrr- oolt it t!c, rrc ol ur! nc!. cl2'tsll l! tlr c:fll al8lts .a.! ot 196{. *:" . .

t! th. cour-i r{4 !!,. rot :t o( bL.tr trtu bc Thctt co-ogrlr seia spca.oc.lty ttrrr uou. A.Dd lBdc'd otc of the uliDtrEdld cottsF
drrut d rhGo r!. aurlb.r ol blrrE b r dr. rat rn truivc of tbri Act slo-deE tEtrr. Stllgr -ol 

rha fs,'clcBt ol t!' aErlrdld
lrld ir loG srrtteirnc "to lEsurt ur olportrr pr*ca to r!!quir! ea9loyct! '.to Srzar 9r!f' !t*oE-?,:o-tild bc tb3t tbr ot'bc! s'cLlorrs
rutv tor th. dcctloo or r Erecr ttptliiatr ireatier trertaaot- to env ccrsoi oi doup { +!! v9l]l! Blslts A€t r'ould' ia lltect. b'
tii- gos Errv blrct repnre-nu,uv& b.cu!" oi rzcc. cotor. sci-oinrrionrr origh. g*J_*.t4lottr. \trLo trrld3 stasulct Pro-

ttrrr acpcaar odthr oun:cr o( blrat l! not crin--ro-"o;!ct-':rs iraOriencr rnicA vldlES Alroracy Gencral gG€l.3rancc- or
tnr couritr. Eor Ba.D, rlt raqultcd i! a dtr- Et., crtrt rrith r!!p.c! lo u! tatd ournba! barl'out& or.fcdefal clccgioa ax1Bise6 tEd
uia o Gs,rre tlo cljcrloa o(-r blrct r"p*F or p"r"asresc of pcnolr of rat rzr. tctr-l obsrrs!. rrhc!. 5tt5 I (aE s8lrEiaaly 1!'
srit.Uv* U oa! !a|,!r if for fzarra iUg cqitoyea biray inploycr-' Eocuolrt s4'-{r, ':h. jucucl:ry e:o h .uthor'
uucrr-rotr.rrble.rrtcasiso-pcrcra!.rna Eiri eooura. oai crbdd tLl.at. but rh. izld ta dolrlf:rhctr shat lhc Jutic. Dc
Ucvona r*.e. tUr ag.alcr 

-g;ulJ i"r[l ta Suprtgr Cours pald l! oD _brtd. To tlrd PlJtru.ls h:r bcc'l doi.Ea oDly is tba lcr
ariioa oo votrr turaouL ta it-* Couaty. tils .s lrrlttr!- siid JusUce Br!!.or.E in tfu 'eovef"d" jurisdicgi^" suclr 1 !{custoo.
Giaant tcodt ta bc loc. so af pcrccot rrii FGO.I case q,qrrlrr !jt!!t a,bou! la cnC coa. sh!r! l! Frlcd ott r fencnl alaedorL or
;;;Gd insulfOeat- Why 6tt icrecacl 'A pt.!.!, ag r':rirrlc! Et! th. purporc o{ t.tsa Neg Your Clty. !'harc. E1€!.1-? b.ct"rl it
n-rri;ctgb.r a( tb; l6inadye iceppottoo- netutr by ahlc.h h! Eezrrt. !.ha purpora o( ihouSbl il h2d not bcco fiv.3 strrllcim!' i5'
ocot conraittee !r tllild rtrrr i! Lrrr cotlrla lhr.cosrat coag'*.'3 d.lsclei.ocr should bc tor:Elldotr. it pfev€3!.d i,lrc holdlEa o( I Pri'
oi rt-U"g .!d Elaphoaa coEsrt=lltons t:ttn !-tth a FriD oI seIL U lha lE.odrd mlj? rlcclio!- or Eela Courry, C2lucrnla-
rttU .l,rstrcc Dcprrtailt ofttcirlr ha 'gog SccdoE 2 is .dopt d. Elloriu.3 REos. shcr! lt ord.Ed th. grttrtlja o( Sp'ni(h'
!h. !!.ltat. . . . !b.a! 65 pcrtln3 eo.'ld b. votlDs poslr hrs becf! "dtlulrd- vtll b. .bl. lrlSur{r ballots-57.{30 o( rheE o, shjclr
grobrbly & acprored ltguE' for th. DoE to ruc sut!! sS:l^D.st Juttsdlcdons thtouCrout nurabc! oElt 17{ trr. a.:urlly us.d-ia r
ifrltc piputetioi i.u tlc rssraOty dlrl-ic! ul thc couErrt. 8.ad !h. rcrncd, fo! rotr ,{[u. 19?8 priE..ry elcc'ion? Gor?nm.lt by judl-
l'hich'th! Elasidic co-*uoity r.r locat UoaEIUpro1,rtobe!ilDorltyrlDrls.ntatlon c!2,r?c.zrabcErorcelJlqrot-thirlof s.hoot
rd. . . .- lr 9lo9ortloa to thc siza o( Lhg -i.6,'t1r' businA. $ofilcn. prr.:x,n F(a(E-thr! Eov-

Srouf em.licDt by ldrrairisirsuY! 13anc5', i/: slt
Ol cour:c. rs z,sy selt-infor:r"d $uda8! of I! t:ytEs to Ehicv. tlll horrrrr!. tha fad. nothina o( gon.rs.E ot by locd dlcuon oI-

rotba b.l.-rrtor cD.rlr{ bac! told thllta rBoa- atzl coutls *{Il eacou8llr I flE Probl'ar ncuE

in5"j5{nT"ffi1?ffi.'*1?11 fff"*X[%il1'r': i,Tl"E"L- lfli ff trh..$cricra spccr.tor. Apnr 1sa2:

bc rurflcic.Et to ilsull thc-clectjon oinoa- ea.nd.d votlns RlShts Acl!' rcquir! dtstricE At7tru^lftz voflro RIG:IT3
ahl!. rrpE3cntrtlrE lo thc (!rrt pbcg qrtth populatlons 80 or 90 g.terDt DonEhrtr? (By Te!ry E suand)
rrot r.! c:r.tl (.!d soEratiE.s dot loot tO fa€. Soac republicz'ns hop€ so: rtsay lBog tiag
tor! orhcr tlrl! r2.! "rr"" &-rru E.ir t"l. ttra nro* uiacts ltrei caB pact tl:to e os- -$*et:slgn of k?v ?nfottlrscnt prorisio's
lot& and it is :q iE$.tl! to essuEc thi! to bG trict rhc Eort Dcfiloc'attc ihc rote of thic o( the .votiBE Fizhts '{c!' sc5ecuicd ft
untruc or .*- oo"a.rr"tT#G';l {o; dtrtlict enL coruequently' th! beticr lrtU 'xPit! 

lugust 6' has ne(e! 5cs3 l:: doul'L
.,hit!" ro!cr:. u ,n" ."ooia iri* L r;;; u" lliir ciu.Bc.r ro qnn i.u sr.:lroundlaa dL!- The onlv qucstlon has been lhr foru e:(te!'
ulls (:.Ed gngr countiir -oa.--of-u,iar tilci& ltoEr rhej! p.fiistE pol.n! o, rr&, ar sioo. should-tak'' anc tha :urF-:rt bet:iua
nonqhlt! roiar turnout is so lorr th& cre! m.ay dlstticcl as gosrtbla stiouid bc loo'gc!' sould hac!.to faror ihe reEion oves'helE'
i, BonE'tltr! sotcd es 1 sotld bloc. dlnricts clni nonshii!- insly ,tss€d lrsl rau bJ- the :ro'Js' o' Sepre'
on thr ord.r o( 80 or.*o" fr'p1r?"itri,ifi Thea- is it no! e rtoterloa o( th. VottaS sentltil'!! a bill:Ie:sos hes aore (han 50

bG,rqutred te ir15up tu.ii#i"i?1tiii ltgne act to cotabinc Fr?rto Ric$s atrd sc::ltcsutgorter:.
ctna.l&ra-votcrtu,rnoutr*l*Jt .auc.. blacks ia lhc sindc ctt3gor7. nontrhit!? U urts rrtlioa should ?rarall. hortecer.
uoD-rhc oors educatiod, 

-th;E;h;-!!c Borh .re e-Tpttcjuy proree'.ld gvcr:gr ar:d. ac- thc rlar prorEis. ot '-.he votin8 Rlghls Act
rurnout-.nd oo! at all !"-;l;]."! tltri cordtnt to thr principl, ot UJO e. Carrl, Bould bc tlaSicdly d.nj.d- For th.r.. qould
ou8ht to ba pondcEd ov tlc- ,a*roE"tG sech is entllled ro r?pr"srnralioa ia propor- no lonScr bc eny r?asoE to hopr th..t tre a€!
tni :rrsuee tlcpeflmcnt'ead-riaiiet-'t-uara. uon_to ils nul1lb.tla (Int!r!!tin8ly e!ou8,h. mi8ht rlciut{e 1 Etor! iat.Srated rotr-on.
ur. Snc! th.-troa-{rhit!. i! r!.54 

-tlB- lhcPucnoRtcaEo{EtngrCouatyob,ectrd ln shtch vot.a droEe lheir inctreils 'rr
co-unw <suc5 !t io say, aroouiti dsrri.!. ta th. l9i{ tldistricrtnt plra prrcl:aly b+ terEs othcr tha.a rhci! ols:l rac! 3nd .r[o.i-
tcnd tL bc rery pooai ea-usaiJA-ft-Li aos car.ts€ it c:d not $tabllsh a Purt'to Rlcza d!s- citt. Indced. ihere rould bc aood r:ason r-o

sur?trsing tuaijuaslni froq tuc rttrrras in rrtct) Prrhaps in rurure c:rs€s th. lonrahi!! lcar tl1st ll1! polar'-:tioB o! socleti- 3lon8
thefg8oconzreisiona.t ebcGnr-tfriEtrr:a. flouD rill harr to b. s9li! irto itr coEEo' r:,cid end elhnic li.aes sould inct!3sr dre-
out m.y bc ar loc' .s fO pi..-il ;est r.ly o.nt paltt lnd a..h pa.!t 8l$rn s d,surct it aattcs,tlg.
Ir rr lo1r er zo pcrecii-wtreiisai-tai en cell ils os.ti- U so' Lhc r?drrlnrd TtJslF In th. ftlst {!qi terr: atlr the lcts pas-
rtzson four ot th. ilve aG;crsEc .n:sUE 8r. (thaC 'uncouth lTcalt<itht s:dd sste. ibr dr?lr,l of u lnte8ralcd ror!
Dc;;;A ;;;dJ r"-;-..i;d;;: (taue') rrtl bt comperisria look uk. a.pcr- sCsrcd pler:siblc. !n confoeo.il,y rii:: r,hr
shitc rltcr tJle 1,9?{ rea:portion:rit pru f!c! G.III;!.. Ald. (or one trlorG e:s.Erplr. tt origLr:el pufPosc of t:]. liotiriS Ri8hts .{c!-
crld.d ro ctGc-r g'tlit€ EE*.or:rir:c: in-?h. trtll 5€ i:ltettrtin8 to qiitnc!! lha-ntuatioB to iEpt'orr bir.c*, 1crlss t€ r:':a polls-raciC-
cn*ui"gioiiiif"ctioei Bher" l citt tr orde-d bv tbc O.S. Distnct Iy ai.cn rrn"t,ory roaablocf,s b€i3n ,allln8

\fli;i th-;!L ca;;e 62i(! ot Congrsr's as- Coufi lor ttl! Dlstnc: 6( f,3lt:nhi1 16 qe6' shcrlccr th.y !:dsrr\C. E:aL':]y. o( coq!:c. !.a

ntrrDe! rha! Sactios 2 do€a not ieOuirc 1 ieotrzte btraks in sotinS dlstrut! in order lo - 15a Soutl,. Consrq.-:.nUt. 5lac.t .eg:si.;:1iion
8t!up s rarrcsratalioo to b€ cqud ro iu prc- "undUulc- tbelr. sotinS pou'cr 1g I tlar 5e8u.a (o incEasa 5'' (.::! t;ousanis. In l'{is'
oo(iono(thapgpt.te116q<rt5tdls9ro.-sissip9i..ocitronCo[rtC!B.s(h?ar!errint
,onionaliif doc3 no! "1tr lJrd r.o lLSGlf coa- t S.! 6i rl1islG"'trr It? Crl: ?ou Qlrc.r SrEr, rc3ulls-thr pet.c!n138? of bhc:r: ragstcnEt
rttlute 1 rloletlon o, fhr sr(:tion? U sc h"rra- CctlEalurT..Yrt t9!L fo vot! jtunPcd Jtom scsan Pcrcen! lhc )'ear



S 6534 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -SENATE 
June 9' 1982

b.(orr th. rr! ?.' pgrrd to rraqt 60 Da!. Ertu courtla!.L€t th'tt nprcsentruYcl la &to. o('l'.al ch2llen'. thrl souid h.,!

*trt ,o 196r. to *'ilfi-E ;;'-;""a;6 "iT;;rrE utin rotac qarnst crtsltn8 s''st'$! o( 3ov'

ff-fll1Birff :*'.jl*fi .ff iii!ffi ;;*,r"":J,r*:mu:*i*t:m':ff t#F.H

Es.ft':fiii5?8ffifrf, EE A [:!18;;";t"';;. u -r qiii-r''icc'r' uon dt$ne uiJ-aGt ue an*r to slvc pro'

r.D{,f rr| c!r. (loE r rsei'!i;;:;l-cG;i ;r.g,;;;fi;-l;-ii'trtGrsers.v.E"ra- iJnro".r EeE:.nraiton !o nrinoritl*' At

d.csloa. tt $rnrd . . oi-iiilf..b.J-r.- 'E iil;:Dilfci-di' g'a.lra'duqr G' i€t'' tni port' should '!!d 
rts or'1r llla

r.adoao(rhrlltcalt.d,.vot dlturto*- . .,r.Gr!;HT;Etr-i;-tbl'w.shiatt"" "tl' oa ur- 9trryr hud' tfiGt' e'ordt floB th'
A.Eordrrs to s.ci,l6 r'i?6J-id aur ucrai-iiiao,irl-rira"at.grtna-"crr t! D.s! Bislt b. ur:s.tulEG fret trE volc'd

dffiil.r- .,,d e.nr;'ufin;a!..r h-r{"L*drFg'd 't;dftGBHE 
forruri ryBDulr Etr! r!. courlt d'd'

ilf, ?t i../' ra -cr:l-et!. i! tlcts YoUrt lccdr(
eroctdur'!. rtth r!. c:ar Hicl].-Dii#;; to s.4il2' oiiv l.lret mEctsq! sEPGlrt4 -'rnt 

.5'!c tsrr !"5 r.o rt!!='t s etr'J'

r.b. Ju!!rc. DrprI..:lGaL al-[-rii;c orrr .oa Saaii-rL..c- '.1- g.urr. -ts 'sg-srcsio! a r. '!v's.4 
5 €Rr-r'-!s! srts

'ar:canacr- rsr b.c!'icq;istl-;tt d t-tt=i"i-i'il-bttt:r' !lr' BudG!' ' Gi trarlluY' Egurt? o( lhc voura Rlshtr

clu'trr byotvinS rnncuu'il-ii;trr; ..-liiir uc coursittr.. n=Po..d r Je .art ..fA '--re L 'l! Po's =a::t slt' 5
Ecora Ed sblr.. iroE;A'f-.f,brs. *ot tii ii.--.stt.* Egor-.hrt lt, rca! rrnnr to Jrrltltt r s.cltoa 2 "!J'!c'r" ''r5L

ror,o& Iavrrla6fy, ..1" ;,rsr[- O:prn=cat, t nnp&J fa-i5. g"x'ho4.Porl WT11l tL! EouI Judlcj't? Coauall*r' :D thc Eott

hr. l|rd ?h!r!.! .ay ,6-.Liic Guid L gI'us .ou!.ara nsrd oblcctloEt 6 dtsialenuour lrnt nc! Lo tt! rcaota dttt At'
-d'ut - !h. vortrr **iiitlfr-ii""1fi ur"!o*.-nmr dirrtar ttrc.nro.dtbrt t oE oncv ccoenr E tz nbrc.S's 1955 canGs'

#sg-"fr{#T:S"*.Eq:"'lHs"ffiff+i*il.i:F1gq***n::'ffi irfe'':,"'s:H""Y
to, blrrrs Ao' yot1or c'Ei tirr-i.or to ruu* iJoncidtto-tartllc..tltrstoa lcdg g11!6-r'r. '.o dG!, or rbrld8. tb. ntht 

"o
Er:uErz. rh! c!r.nc!. orlIilif tlaontr Iruoa ST rf-rrr" coaftdcnrlr-ruclsrd shr! *tt on rocoutrg o( ilc! or cotor.'' tsur tr8E'
grr:D crodidrrg h,' b.r!! GiJiy "-srE -"r nti-p.-nlrir to s.clton:- lt.lsehga '.!t oruca ru rtJcrtilr8 5 ,Er!:cgt srtccdn8

Girrira*,.gcrrc:cctri--- -. 
. --- wtrrtr-eous..-ndc63 rbous r'alLEt r H; stLl?ilf Hir:*s;"",i"i*joE.arDra8tl' cDouf!. rt crtcDstoa lcrtdr' UoB 6 !!r crtldllsE ledrbar

Uoo aotrd ttuoufh rao Eo,r$ & Aipr+ obJcct to tb. rlErlUng o-f fecrtpa. Z tl!!l ""olc dtluctoE--
s.trtr,"G! aot o!. vorct rrs rersc<r oofcirar tro eccts rlter rhr lGttsbdoa _htd-Dlsstd Fsunh. thrn lr:s b..! r !!{usrl to usdr+

HHffi
ifi*;";; 6 iiri-":.rt'out' iloE s€o' Ytsr'd s€clloo 1ffi'ffiffi &
said t, b. ., i,lapor:rrz ;Jt]i lhi;;'id ctiniastlit1t taltttl Tbe favorltr

!.s. tbr nario' 1oto -:II rr* ;fri;! t "r *tt"tffiii friEou*Juahi"tr,S"Ylfi 'm . &tr-:r"d J. Errcr o( thG Nsrtond
son,r Erftrr, rrrs uccoii i p.rann"ar r"eorr- rh! Pisr rdltcna'l tlli^jt, TH sil;;;l-- a;il ibi"i.i _o"c ir s.na!?

l,mflti*f':Jru fffi:: f-i:_::m6;ffi1?:jtr'i.1','Xl. ;*uilffii,*.* ii"iitir: in ;ar:uary. .,u'd

srtrrcolorznd..-hnlcu.i(rtound. .- guyt itilnriil"ta e-ii'a-tltj'Et'H iJr'r-hdt-to rtrdlns:t oI thr crn:tututlon

fi. ?tlbrc's slrrr scci,iou 5 ur srorJl. 1,rr"i"i:itt-iii-J-r*i6a'r.trjititsui' !o9 th3-Iottns Rlshl: Act 
"hat 

sould noc

horcrcr. coep.*c rrt! shs!,Jrc Eo.s {tg;ti,r-trii-ions.r":ur.o&A:'Jil' oEIl rllos-bug require ProPortlonzl r',F
hls douo t! s.cdon L A p€ra:lcat ,,rovl' rr tf,t?i"tGr Ji Gt rotl tttiii-atE'i r'Dt:don bv rzcc' Accordlnslv' es Elet sai{

rioa oi u. !-ori,trs R,thtr ici sccttoo 2 ! r -.,,ilra'Eitlppii toiqr+{:TqH ili egm."*f$",.ii'ff1}.Ht li.:
cudulcerton u ur nrtle'nii -rji"a-"nt ttr.t int to "r!tunr" b !!1.:;-; ;;; rhorily oi tioii &1t'r.quGniproot ot as'

i$Li:y:,:"m'*'e":!*Sf Hf",;iifaT:::&:-E-tfE"IlE H;;"1";eur?o:'€r'! 's 
1nec.'ssr' pre?rq'

DGrt r r.r:!oo.t ris::i to roic oD lccouDt o( troniEi-Uie'ne[uoU* O,.nt'lt'c iii!."' trstt: T -r.cietai 
ot uorlnt dtscriEs:atlotl'

. 
ra.,:a o? color. n etreuEs to rJ stat!.. aos iust p*ri" ti,ii'*f;i ta aipcaa H;J"n='uli. #"."n"".*:t';:H [-;'t rt,li 3"H""nI

trffi*:t*,#'f,,il#'A3 i*T"t i',H5j"[3Q" E:s. qus*r.. l;+r::lili ri"i"r'in"t ihe crain hos'ae'

,il8h! hare b..a .srabrishrS prior ro 1955. rt-iiiiu"iil"- itooi, *n.! ,ni-p"'i'iiil .* tL PttS-:* !ha! lh! constilurion soErehoE

r.o Eulrcr hos tont 18o tt' acopltoE- pg,;.E;* or .-rtiriea s."rtoi i-.iini n nr-arirnte. Droportional *pr's€nratro!--

Ut! rh. zu:.iorh .rmsr:':int- S.ctto. : :ro rt}Ii-oi-Gi H;;; Juoici"vtiililit' - Ehallv'.non! o( thc proponcnts o( Sectloo

r!Culr!! thar .8 ioteriio JG"riain"tr uc t..'riffi &-t;iil"-ryi?-iEr's""rro"1 2 hasG ad-dtllsrd thc most impofistrl qu's-

dcEor'tlatrd ro prcr! s v.lol.tioa. r! ,.rrrtt- *.rs-rJ*{rttin to raetsi *rrrn.Joii Ji-Inl ioa or 3+-*tt2'r und o( societv sould th'

rnr sccrlon a *r. so*.'iii"r-.i-Ei@t- r-.i-G"iiooiL rn"". r"""i -io'a--,tr.ir lIo.sc .btll h'lD cr"tc? No onc l'ro thit

rtt hrt dropped r!r,s rcqulltltcnL !for- r uri'-ficldi.ii sriJxiagp-. LaAirrii: aitite t"' dlclared hirlscu lJo flror ol 
'tD

noladon routd bG €tabltsb.d tr. rr rhc 1r1r"'-a:i'i"J- aiii;Jt-q"alrrrzir;i'i'ri.c porttonar .rce*3?ntatlon bv ,?c!' at letst

com.Ertnrc,3 nport exDralas. ..rbc rltrard rroo".r.-"iti-r.ci-lrrira'(-;;";*.f;x, iot ln publlc' one cr'a onlv ccnclud' thst

unlalrful cooduct rr:s tnc elirt or laprct t5jii"iiiiriid;-ejl-il it'r"rgi ivst"-' rteryoBc' rccosnrz!5 that such re?r'scntr'

of dbcrl'inaltoa on lhe b2srs o, rzca color, xc*iilrr'li&'G.-e-os1 tor o"clii-.ira "oc rion-sould vlolat'r thc baslc premis€s u9oa

or ur,-b.r:h.lp irr r t ig:.ac -:r.ority . "lJ-'"Ii'ui-t-rrl--,tator 
i'.ffiriE-tb.; rhich th.c natton *t5 round'd' ll'hv coud lt

sl*ttouo*o!,s o( thirs -lt'.Dstblt1i!t' ;lS"t,fSi #i"t-:a:t lr;,i:-t':': Elli':ifiirififii'A:F:'*'sfiX
o( s.crloo 3 r." prain enousl,. r&y pouu."t e*i" "i-irril'Gdilt" "o"ra 

ll-to-iria"t uons-thii blrcks should vot' fo? ble'lsl

unit-. cttt. !.t. or 1 county-o.i11r ul r!' propoilrooit-- *e.*i1t"9o1 Ui t*i'--;! thll blacl! should rlpresent blacE!' the!

rsr! yotrnt sr:tco rnriiatts-io etact :atnor- b"i;riG;;d6 rt. tn ract" -oi'.l.ai& ii !5.ere raust b' "bluk" li'!e or thins! (and I
It, crndtdsra t! agp.oxJtlrt! ,ropoltloE to *rc''FG' ;"ua&--t oG to;;;cnr!' oi- Si"ptttit. ona' Ltl Indta! one' r'n 'lsia!
tb. ou!lb.? of rhlrt, rroug in th. 8lncral rs*tioiz:-ri trr'ls *oura r.q-"iiJ"o"n" to' oncl-silc! no one' lt l'ast not Ln lha

DooulrttooslllbG!1rlll.rz6iatorscctjouz.uirJto*iiv."o-traiin.r.aiE'tri""ltiaPolllr.BorldotwashinglotLisBiulna
laa:lrll -6 rilt probebty b. rrquiEd ro G.- erp-oiiioo,iriiri.atiti6n -yoiri1l'a--- 

- iefcod cmltcitlv' Ehr't propon'nts o( r ta\

tablrlh r drsrricr ?rcdorzl s€h.ac- ,.o puc efi'JiHLiiirlilitU-.uio-il-*iG a*ta- vtsed scction 2 preJcr B to 8o about naxl'

thc Erttrr raoth.r Eay. sclr.m!. th3! ea..G r-sso Ge Po4 ----o;; trllt-il9 Bjzln8 blect 1Dd Einoritt votlnS stilngtb

-dllur.- thc vo.! o( mlnorttier $1ll lrlrlcdl- *fff,c:-al-t jii-it;.igrA ftiti;utl tt*rt bv can'tnr ou! bl,rts najoritv disinc:s' all

d!1, d,., llrc .,,d proba.bly bc ourtascd. .ciii l.ii..,' uia n-og"a "i-rira-ror"r.. 
uia rhoc-prore3tl!,8 

"hat 
proponiond rea.

cDufir rill probsbly 
-"*rriloi- s.cton z strril1rirrr rr.re"rcircctiorr: to *ara or ag rrscot:lio! It noc ihe object' o( l:1i5 ganr€'

cl.!!r ln !.nEr o( ..rot! dilurloa.- llld bc trrJ "iilons 
irr l-u"r tu o""itl. "J,rltty: 

But Ehat'vr! t! is cau'4 0r' !s .iustic! sLe

caur. tbc srrJorlt, o( tbc BrltoD,s du.. !.od m.i if "'Eiiti-ao-a a"z.or. p.tltp. tttl": velrs raight srv, horcscr' t! ls pht?scd- thct!



CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATEJunc 91 1982
i. ao dtttctlt€. i.E grtnc!9l. bctt,lca 9aF
Tnttnr -Yot dttuiloa- -6 s'641t't torrrd
i.oooatoart F9?6antrtloa. fha PdncigL
-ia UotA lD$rrrct! b thrt totEt ls a GluD
.rcrclx datlnd bt rEL

ttc Eour rtr:toa ol ,54 yqttnl Rl8htr
Ac! Grtao3to6 B r !or.tta8 666ttaclc -to
inrr ertacieir tt coltrdrcts sh!3 Juttlc!
&iv:s strtra u ifo!{ra drrr!!t!. lr to
iiuoarf bElt B t! ct!.tbs !! toslaclY' to
acgla DoUt Erl EouD. b, recd c.hrnctrr.'
:.. dro elran r gEEiuE oa ehtt tEoulgl
ij gb: -.'.uanocr of rrgrg*Iou.:tt!c! lE'
iifrttoa arbr t! Eor. dltllgldt t drrt
&-utctr b, ne I! rgurng shls plogorcloE'
I rcprc*oErtoo b, rr a '1ll Eflrl3 ia
-.lr& kasbrlvr b.nGtltr (or blr.lt lld
i-urr arnoaucr rlthout! tot l!! !!
iepp.o Eraodtt s!9ttlantatlYlt ?orrld
Urir to lora corllUolr lot b.!d oE rr.!-
irccisrty rb.rt !!. Idislrtio! ,ould pr!"clt
Gtel! troa doiBs- PtrEhG!. tha Eousr bill
trafrUy IEPU!. t!.r! l!'llrt! tyttlE rlG llr.
!.ftsry lltrllos !o dl$rlc! clcctonl
sclraa. Ia 18 rllrrla cl.ttloE I dtt !a
caa ca,*, Yotra tE cvcry c!:edoa. r5d tbrrr le
Oualca GtGry outaoEGa fa 1dlstrlc! clacuo!.
i cttElo lr conoard t! La0ucod!8 ooly blr
agtrfcrt outaolBr. tbr Eor.rsc btU tllJr tor
iitar r sort of se9rflra bu! .qurl gdlttc!-
barily Eha3 th. ulblt.crt ot t!. Vottla
Ri8bu.fd o( 196ll cafirioacd-

Ctrll ltSltl t.td.E h.at. turlrld th! Eou!.
blu loto ra rEotlolrl Isu!. urSfns ltr P.D
rerc rttl ra!ao!* anrcbcL rld !o o!- .Flt
ootittctrsr hrea hrd gbG couraar to rsl
irnr qucctloBt urd !.h. Rasa! AdEIEi!'
tBdoa ir dsln lt! h'i(lllD8 ol t:t c:.roD'
doa for r:,ctd, dtsEftElnator, sc.bools. !r r
trauour poatuoa to rdlt opgGitloa- 'EIl!
tslua s.rtE! to b. !o th. hslds ol th.
S.nrta but fortuailalt tbrt! Ery b. ra
.rtt tay our lor dl the!! slnrtar! Eet3oul
lbout o99odn8 thr Eous. bill. c:vU rl8htJ
lobbylrti rt: ttd oul h3 yer.r by savtna
rhrc th.t sentcd tb. votlna Rlghts Act ar'
tcndcd as'ls. no cb58ct sllosdthls Eould
b. a sFhRdld rlt!t!.tlY..

FroE !b. Ptrbll,c bttlts! (19?9)l

?rr Opo Evosut:ol or t-' Votzro B:cs:ll
.A€

(aY AblSril !G Tbemstroq,
tte VottDa tU8.bE A.i o( 1965 us.h!t!d ,a

r r6'olutto!- I! 196{ J.EG. Ctelct'
Andrce, Goodrnea. urd Mlchad SchErrnrt
$erc lDurdllrd lthib g.tddpatiaa br r
vot?r-ratlstrzltoE driYe lo Xesbobl Cou.agr.
Mtssissrpgl t! thr! ycrr lcrr th'i ? PCrclEE
ot MtsBiippl'! adu.l! blecLt !r.r! rlgistlrld
to vota Wlth!.a tsr"r yE2E blacl lldsila'
tion apDrroaabcd 6{, pGlE?nL ?!E tlsJis dttt
the murd.E thr!! sGt! 191 bla'cl clcctld
o!flcizls xn Mlsstssiggt rlonG: prlor to lb.
pz.lsatr o, tbr .Et thaE h1d bcrg tasar
!h!r 100 ln rhc entitc Soutts

T:1. Vottna RLghts Acr sas t5,c lourtb
modcr! stlrEtDt s! cnsurln8 the rtfbt! ol
dlscntnachircd Southcra blacl($ but tbr
f!6t ctt.cltr! ona Tlrc Clvll tlghts A.t! o!
195?. 1960. ..tld l9a{ h.d doaa UtU! Bo!!
thaa allor coulty-by€tEty i,rajuJ]ctions
agaiosS pnJudlcd rrglsuar. Bui such casF
by<asc'edjudIetlo',. rEqulrtnt llncthy Ud'
34toa la plecsncrl fzsbloE hrd Diovsa
lu8rly tDcttlcdva ?bcrt nclr too Eo:ay rE'
edcltrltt re81!ttr:rt:L t{to F'nt tadltieraBt
JudCls, too F-nt uniiiorEcd rnd ilutlBtr
bltlrr.. Yor hrd t!. b.mtc eJtort! o( sivil
rtshts aEtlvists !o th. crrly !960'! bad !Euc!
tmprre Stud.af lloE'vlolra! Coordinati.oli
eotrElllsr roluntttt! aorllD8 l! I2Florr
eounty. M:sslsriggt b8d enll'8ld i,hc ranks
o( btrct votcF by onjv 300. Yet Erithi! t?o
nonlhs of rhc (nluetloo oI FedeEl LBt!!'
rlntloE. (ollocrlDf tEa prssrge of tt! 1955

s 6535
crnts o11 tuch mattrd rr thr nuabcr o(
bubbld ln r rctp brr. th. m"r.nln8 of ob'
scur? passaSe tE rLta constltutloE and thc
d.rlnlttoa of such tct1ls rt "hrbcg corpu!'
Bookar T. Washln8ton hrd bcurv.d thri
"bralE 9ro9.rtr. rnd clrrtratcf' rrould
-$ttl. tlrG quEtroa o( clvtl r{shta' bui 80
y?rF artcr thc foundlna o( trrctlrg.. II!.Jtl'
aut! bt2.t€ rtth brrlE proPcny. rtrd chr!'
Elrt t! th. dtt ot T!ttc.8r. lull lound
thcErsctvra utubtG to daEoortrrc! th.tr Ut,
cncz. "It r t.Ur Erl,aa r BllEIa oo hlt
qucsttooarlra rE oo3 8oana dlscrlElnrt tn
hrr tevor Jllst bccaus. hr't 3ot r PtL D-" th.
.hrr'i!-n o( tlrc Borrd ol Rc8islralt rl3lt -

cor:sly uulatrll1r4
wtrt tbc VotEs Rlthtt Ac! dlA th.!. srl

to suspcnd Southcra litrtzst t s6-thouSh' .
lndircctty. Wltbout h'El'l.3 ray Jtrta cr'
pttcitlf, lha tc! LE rrtld . strtllslcal lh.k bc'
i:reea lor "otrr rrgirtrntloa or tuEout. Ut
enay t ltt rad dtscriolar,tor 8? Drovlar-"
tor t!. autoElllc $sp.trstoa o( rll l8tr3
Ehrrler! t!rt! R:! ludlqurt pouucal Drr'
t:clpattoo. lt drctr.urvcnad thc dutcrLl! t:sl
o( rct tlptilr !o pro"a dbcriEirstloE- No
st3!. lrhic! b..d citb€t I rcgrstrarloB or
tuEout o( la!. tha! 50 pclEctlt o( t!.
rorrnS-t8! Dogulriloa Ln thc Prtstdanttd
clcctloE o( l96a s'ould .a9loy .llY trst or
drYlcr to rcrrc! 9otlnttrl votatl

wtr[. th. trrflt ol thc rat Brs dcstlt ulc
sout!. t[ trc! tba bl! o! tllt erhlravat
thatt !r'La lot E€tstsatloa or turnout a,llct
ed ss r,rU a sE,1!!atlsE o( coundlr tD suc!
fiallr rt Arlzoar Ees{L arld ldrlro. !}u! lt
tbc dlrcEltoo o( lhr Dlstrica coutl 0, th!
Dl.'trlct o( Colu.Ebb c.vcntr by t!. .at
could b. talvld-

Judlcfd dlsr-lttoE hrd b..a cotEidrnd
th. b..BG o( prcriorrs civil-rislts bills. Ycc
',hs Vottls Rlthts -\c! did Eo! slrilt luthorl'
tt (ma th! Judlear? !o thc .r!cuuv.: lt
.u8Ec!t!d '$r Fos!! !, botlr 8ut thr
Southcra drstrlc! court!-{c.cib.d by Kat+
eobacb r! the-hcarllat !! bcyond rgdamP
uoa-los! out. For thou8h dliput s lErolv'
lnr Fadcnl c8!tl atr norE:r.llt talra lo .
lc.el dlsrrtct coutL cr.sct s.rlstDt undar tha
votlDS Rlglltr Aci ate dEos! r.'(cluslvrly
'JDd!! !b. Jutitdlstlon ol th. Dlstrtct Courl
ot tb. Otsnlst o( CJi'{nbt - ..{r:d appcrls
(!oB lrs d{ctnoru' 80 dlEctl, !o the Su'
preoc Ccq5r- IB 8rs aot r un:quc st"angF
EagL but Sor:thcntcn sas lt as arl lnsult to
Soutlrcc Jusltcr- "OB g;har besls" Senator
Sa.o Ersin tsE d. "ea'tl you jusdry s.ytna.
'C:os! dl r.\e couts i.a tbe land exccpt
on!'?-

Justtcr .gugo Blacl 7as eEong thosc sho
sar LE !h! iLt?.r8!anen( thc thost of Recoo'
siilcdon- Er ras t&-ticularly i.rked 5y qha!
sas catled lhc "pr"clcaranca" prcvtslon-
,ScctioE { susFe':c,ej lillBcy tlst.s and othrr
"drsic6" h dl stst?3 3.ad pouttcal subdlvl'
sioE! sit! a vot:nE rrgistration or turnout
bt lelr !hr.a 50 pcrclnL Tlrc Pra<learancc
DrovlsloE-sectlon s-reinrorcrd scctlon { by
forbiddin8 lla thotc satn. jurisdictlons '"!t.
ilrtjtutton ol a.:ry ncr "voting quelulcation
or pEr"qulsltr to vottnS" slthout thc aD'
prcva,l o( the Attorn?y C.ncra'I or the D.C.
courL As Justlca Slrck describcd tL steles
sar" trellcd lilc "conquer"d tarltosi.!." "I
doubt " hc said. "that any of ih. ihirtrca
colonlet irould har! l8:r:ad to ou! Corutitu'
tlotr U thcy had drel.aed tha! thc tim.
rrou.ld come Bherl thay \rould her! to 80 to
r UniLd Sts!!! Altorn.y Ganclel or 1 Dis.
trlct o( Cclur,lbir. courc qritb ha! Er hand
b{gtnS ior pecissioa to chu8r ih.i!
less."

Nevertlrclers. thr lootlvc bchind the provl'
sion ?as clcsr. Souther:l slete! sere adcat
3! thr fln. .fi o( circ"J::renlion- 3at:ishtna
lltaracy lcat& i! ras faarrd. E:i8ht, not 5c
suj.llci.oL Ncl dcvrcer corrjd bc €talcd

r.g lDprctbut ly t.00o blrlr scrt ntlr'
ttrcd i! Shtt !r8rr coutrSr.

Sucfr Ulllradl.t urd arldv" rrsrstlaltoB
cnr pttdsclt thc pufosr o( th. lesrslrltot!.
Uut 

-todrl th. dEDtldly o( lhl! !E h.s
b.ca trtSelt (ortoit !- Succcs 8E1.rrtd -aoci "tct oi thr protccrtoa thr! rr:s dlord'
cd btr4lt rld olhcr Bllorluct by tb! ttt
Ald !o. rr !h.9loblaa ol rtds!'zdon rtcrd'
c4 r boat of ulr rad $rtlfbs quc.ttoDt
rr*isr. goufa r Uteti.rt tstL av!! onc rd'
dtrat rtd lsprttldly. b. coodd.Ed dlt'
crllailrtort ?a.t! thttt bg bcc! s hbtot,
of uaraurf cdlrcrtlonrl opport:nthd 

- 
Do

oulurq.;bc! ctcctorll dlttrisct trnDecalrrl'
bl, d0ui. tlo poUtlcrl strlntlb o( eiso-rr
tlti5? C.a baslly blr.I, elu!. r,an.t lst8.l,
shlt flrhrrlr'sltlout vtolrtlal F"drralt
Drot ct d ilsltr, Atr coE$ttulloErl rlahis
tactryea thaa tha iusuca DGP.fiEcat
(or!!! r rcdrrytEs o( dtttrts! llrcl !o ordrr
to ra!lc"! F.dFrrn lElEorlt, rrPlasaat&
Uoa,

Behiad tlrri qucrtloar 1l!. r ndlcrl tF
dltlBlttoE o( tic o.r.slo.g oI Po[frcal .quz]l'
t, (or trd{ llrd ac!.Elc StouPe fha trrdl'
tlooel concanr o( dfil rt8ltr dvocztes bed
b.es rccar to lh. brl]oL But !!.r!. quc!'
tlolt lEvolr! tr(rg tLE9ly r.c!.a bu! ,tttle
I:rct rstuE. r Fcdcrrll, ffrulcd rlsbt
to ErrrEuE PoUllcal {l.cltoe],,I5s. Noa?.
drt! locrf dcctorll l'rraacElltl rt! el'
pdtra to coEroE !o F?dlrd crccutlve rad
judtdrl nrldellncl gtrbllsh.d t tBarjEiz.
ilc pouucef $s!trs!! o, rrctd rld ci'h.Elc
lrlaorlltat aot talttl, to 9rortd..qur.l cLo
toEl ogpornr:dqt

ttor lccls:l to rg$trl:El
?hc VotlEa Rts[ts Act. tbca. usiere'J i,, a

dur.l ErolutloE: !{og ooly scr! tbe B1E!. ot
tEo !:!.(luoa blscfs ddrd to lhr refjsgrztloB
rcI* but d!(lEluoo o( csJnachlscrucat
cbr.ogrd- Tba rtstrg to vota cule ta Elela
tbc rlgh! to cqusl elcctonl tltdt rnd tE:.d-
EruE poUUczl rrfactlvrs.s.

ttrei: ao oB. ttr 1965 cootlEDltted suc.h r
d.vllogErEt lJ3 tDd.ltput:blc. Equ:.Iity b thc
El&196O! tE.t!3 .qud opgorcJility. aot
cqud rrsull PlrteEaurl adElssioEs pro'
GrzEr s!!r tro3 ,Eitlatrd ulttl tb! esd o(
thc dcadr. ODgorurDlt, ltr cEployE.li dld
Eot bcara ta b. rE.rsuFd bt tlre stald3td o(
frou9 p.t{ty untq r.tELl.Ed f9?0. 3-Dd !h.'Js!
o( r:rdd quot s (or tlc pu.r?osc of l,jatas:ea'
!r:s rriEarf r.od s.coadatT schooE Ta,it coE'
sututtoo:llir s..Bcltoacd oalv l! 19?L

ID tha odsr.Brl Voilns Rl8ht! Aci t.lre ere'
gbrsis cr.s oa equrl pollttel oDgortu!.ity-
iut tr cqud r.c!.t throu8h srurlng thc
b2tlot. Ia tjrc Judlei.r, Cott1rlltt!! hcarini!
Drlo! !o p.ssll8!. AttDtlG, Gcacrel Eatzls'
tacl aesclUca !h. rs! u "ilBcd at 8rtt1n8
peoplc reSirtlrld.- "Our coacen today." b.
said. 'ls to cnllfr! re?r!3€ntatlr! govertr'
!!.nL It ls to sollci! thc consent o! rl] lhc
fovcraed. It b to tncrtrs. dl. Eurab.! ol
eittzrg! sho cza vott-'

Rltzllblcb r:s coar{nc'ed that 5l8cl brl'
Iots Elrr th! krt t Southern EcoBjtlon o(
othc! Fcdenllt grotrct d r{thte As Dcpuly
AtlorBcy Gcncrel uldcr EcnneCy. IrG h:d
bcelt part of I concaltld crlort to Eush clYU'
rtghts lc.dcr: l.r!rc ,oG.rstng oB Yotlng ritht&
SoElr had coaplalaed tht! W.shlnrlo! .(ras

Budglng tha Eov?aen! lrray (ror3 massire
social c.hzaSa l[d oc !o sgtc tround- But by
1965 th2,! selc Sror.rad rirs "ld.ly reganded
rs tbe trrrltor7 the Boretlaa! hr'd to roB'
que! flrgL-It 

the b.llot lrrs thc EEy to otber rjghta
th. cllEin.lioa o( tha Utct".y tc't ras tba
Ercar1! to tbe ballol "No !'Ea!!c! trota Bhag
dlrtcllo! on! looks .! lL' v. O. Ecy had
Erittca LB l9{9..'th! South.ra Uterlsy ten
lr r fraud lrld nothttrS Elor!.' It s-as do l.3i
e lraud t)l 1965. tlr th. 1960's Soutlet? re8-
lstrrr! s!t! obs.trcd trstlnr blecl rppll-



S 6536 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -SENATE 
Junc 9' 1989

,tt! thc arrtc trn9..i ra ol4 BrdnJltlo! tcrrd bor! chltr rnd bleat s€('!ioti! ol tsr.t!- helplar !' -r'!!c3 th! lltter' thct c1,r'lo8

courd b. btoctcd.n '. ttt -il;;ari-oot-di.liGa tre #';'i-d; IiH 
tilir:::ff;',tf.'::xn::JT: 'ff."g:*-H,'::#,:ffi 

iifg*E:{'ffiT{";;xm;ffi#mffi +';#-6E:whlla !.ctloo 5 ver oris
ootilst tlo!! tlua I corol
rilEb$dD.ut r..rgq.s9P.:tgl ;*6r;;;-erG"& rad councti mc! Yer Jud3lr wrtsht (r^Bd nt!.hlE Jud&t
*.rr.3 nrl! ttrrc rb. +tG+ o, tbrt,P-T lia;;o;'rh;na-triviit:euncaT?|rcou8 sponslrood_Bounsoa,'E!pi thu nrstE}
311Et-ia tiat tb. Drorrlrioo t""ts^31 !g-L_-. t;;.-t Jdrtoari pcUt{oa do*!. !L Ubq rddc. tlG rtalstrattor ot blr.E t!"t
dltt.tlE8 B..n.iG l! bcamc tt-. EEI L-;; U-!.*-afrrrtcafartorf-not l! pr[' nt! coartsc=d. acrd not rrtrlt I chaat! tq
acat Uy shtcn, tlr 4-diruoq o( '{ll? ;El-;; E-'*frcr CGii Coulty hrd ttr terd d .6noElc oeEortudE . Tlt
otnaarat nr rn.:d' Hi:,+jt ffiHE #H;r-"Hxgl's ffi.ffi[Em1"F{&f"?-*rsdnd. Drrr!&rE oc 9l

I*-TJffi ffi? ?,H-*S ffiH,fr*g H IfH-',": ffi?# B',.r3ltr ffi "5B' :s6e erocEd'.ud -ffi HffH-:r=ioiisra.qos: T H u55'ffHr1r1tr5'E_&,',6:l3! h"t coaaa tO tDfJUda
reeoraGltr irr4.do(:ttgl1_i-=!.=1 'I;ffrb-J-ild won. spot! o( l{ora! hrd rh. -r!t-lr ta! SUEracG CcEr. E*
*h:inE ltr'- - *Ei'#ffi g*e-]l*1;1,ery:a g:*"H s*g#,r'i#-B" {#:i":lH;Fbcr oa t!. brllog rtd

frffi,"tr*1ffr;"fitr"ffi liEi..o- nt.ii ssr ao-nr€a rhEt rs r nsuia

bouadr' chatr,.a 11* tTgil'-tlieili. nrcunt lilrra urrr.r., oa'oo*rofot3t,f. Drlarrrrrqsl*rrrtescurtorrffi,ffi ##Hfr ffi#5t*.5# d:+HHE*.::H,"1'ffir-1"'HHto Uc ctcartd,. cv:g t'tsoutt
ln ray gry co!r6rn!. .o iritf; ;ft;; -d; 

=gr-ia" 
f'sr.E aoot t#-d'i wri8lrt o,-inlo' ln G*roa ci'rtld thc rn7'

'tt:str?r,oE 
ot br--L? x.rl?LlEdlT"i''i rr.a_l;ind;i1"8-t" .d--d;.-t t or l! sl| u. Suerra6 cqrr.'t 1969 dcclsroF !o

iraiE, r..t .,:d *q' i:y3i?_Hfr:i r*#*Effi*i ;i'ffi;";'-;n ffiJ.trffi?ff 3E l1l;iff"""
tirGG NG' Yo'ft co'iIrrri. i["f;ffi ]imi:ru'IlEsF ffia: .*""ffif'f; 5:.'H,*Effigbctorr 5O PGtttoL But b

l*t'i',iXl?Hg"B:'3#"iffi *:I'-{-'-4.x*}:*=1"ffil'X*":ij3Hg'.Xgffi H':;f *?,'f E
fotacd

tbc orirtnal conclpuoa dl.d rs*r, t- 9.pi.itE;; 6a cicriiiea iu-tnaru"ort rni clccuoa o( Mlssisrippi countt nrp'lYL
'cau$ Sou1r.it rcsrsuaca rrs:o nrcccisful- .utbia$-6?;;ndads tor [ir-g' It rt' soEt{p'n€d th! qie' lor tht Coura lo rul'

ffiFtlffifiT$ ffiiff"rtrE*, Hlr tffi *rm,E?r:!,!W H:,rilt
rorrad. By S.er.ob.! rgii-liiliiJoiG ftr-gccI-i;-i.sl- trorii"r. bttured thlt ed th. PFolrlsioE? Dld thc, D'!d !

MIss&lipDI had r,r.E r-J-.o "iE;; 
pJ crrt-iir-o;;; "t lcest -asurtssr< 

tt g cl.rred bi .itbct ur' Di*ric!' of coluEbl8

HHffi #F1kr;iffi $:..8+**,:.m"li6:""cncc!r:sr"f d:fffiIfl 3,?"8l*L?H
orh.f st3tlr t-b. lt,. r,.r l..r ipc*crrfer. U:Vo6'J C..iia CoGti' 1ar tntrr?*iatl@ llndal o' dllus'a Ul' blr't rotr' lb?y

bur st,t tEgrc.rrtt- trt "i-"ii-li.:. Ar-'r" rtra vottris eEuB n oJrt to rretei. -ihr votrla Rlsbt: Ar!'
Itr p.r,!. soo.h.,, Esista' ! to ,"at'trr. aca ;; Iti}t"d- coogrrssional pcrcrpitoa 6tif ,lr:stice wsEla .'scr'!d- -?as rltrld

tsoa osrcr, B.llrlelid ffi" Ai-.E.= ol tlilct li*-iU-'l"agt ryaget;: d'€lsto[ rE th' subtt' ar ecll rs t]rc obvious stat.e

orisi!:llt concctvca-sriii-sud e"s"lxtu- tu"oil,iio"I trit t'trrE q{.,u* t:a Coa' Errrlattorls Ehtch hav' th: e(lcet ot dc!}
tlonal Fon'd rad thc south k t, tL fts g"-'iiii*oioa ttri raouuoa ot rtl utas ini crtiz:as t!.ir riSb! lo votc bccausr ol

Ftttc.lrb AEGad:]a.!r D;ilii;itd d;il rcr tcrtr EnllsthS wrl8ht'! ar8!.!rc!( t!.t rr.a- 
r arnhraanr nqardtnr o

o{ rh. rl8!! to vot oa r.rou.u3 of rzca. -a ru""*E-rn rito to r.racndtng tb! lsr to Tlls qrrs r eurobcsouc rtgordlnS o( Jtr'
congsr h1d bc.! 81r.;r!. P;*; ti cs- -protaii-ror r nruon"rar suspcosloq ot ell dcc P!"rltslunlr3 1939 obsctt3tion thai i!.
force rtrer Froh$t*o', oi iirfiiir.-id- [-t rlo irss t& a ttvc-v€rr p.!tod. Itr 19?g zut!.nrh r.Ecldraens "nullltla soEhrsttcl,'

i.,,o' tt! votlar Rtclis eet c.:s 
"o 

r:.BLn- tlrt iioi."<.e ors coitcrja !o r 9GtE} cd es oco rs slnpltolnd.d rnodc! ol dlt'
paclrbtr erltdlrr of- frir--,-f-.tGl" o":i.b."- crhj'*ro!''' tll' Vot!48 anshr Ad' .od

9oq'!r. Mor! lraeon:at nsrstndoa-=.s dll- _r-u&r wrtgu!'s opblou elro proootcd tbr the coDsrttutton l tsread.Ecng u99a $hleJr

,Isllit to DrGetaL tor llr poeat d:vc! botE 
=lI?; 

tbosc sho'lmrcd th3! th,rougb ih! ft r!!tld. clrslv brrl:rd subtle !s E"ll ts oi>

to tir Art56qt C"acni.ia to 6'; Eii111gr tnuninuon ol Ecdcn't poEer thc procx' o( vior't! dsrn'Encl1jse"nl 3u! $hat c,on!tl'

Co,.,r o( r.h.r Dt'.rrc! 
"f 

?ifiiii ;;; poutref c-rrr-agi cou.ld b. trlstlt rccdcr' rutea aisen rznchjs.m?a!? Tltrt l;as Lhc dlf'
!:zordln er. A.od sq r" i ir-ii]ifir rldia irea f:rc {!z-ra!r: ot u! origi'Drl vodD3 Ilerlt issua-

r Er. d.pri$rd or rt"'i'i}tlT-ifi;; Risb6 Ac! hzd rssu.crcd u!at, . E ssrv! r"t- th" ouesdoa ol tbe ilrpact ol tt'latac
Onsj!r., LE*Bdcd . roi&][i"i-i&-il Fr^rztton ol blec]s rrould .venlurllv-t.esu1-l vo(in8 Ir prttt$ltrtv cornpl.t Mults'

;a;E'uiaaii u-r 
!:HTH : f:lH't#[Tri]'H]:ffiffi; trJ'r lH ffii'm,iiH*ffiIe(! Elthout rD, obvious

A nag On". horrGvat

*ffif tf {'Hiffir+.FElffi;$.x,ffi ;r"r,:Ijiffi ISS,fl$ixli*r',r:'tl*lfli.r,1d$
D.aEd ro hes: lttrte r-#f iy tiil tti co.arcndcd that.a abslns! ot ecoaoElrc-(Eo: 1!d Einoritl6 lo3c oul Bu! :.n f3c! r:iultl'
ilf i..r-llnt it"t 

"r 
ii.ititiioiu tae 

'-d-ucrtioasl) 
opportunity had crcalcd-blaca E'enrbcr roti''8 do'! :iot dsrv! dlsadvrn'

;a,fi-D.;;iln-il-a; D.a-DL-d; H[:=g.;3'#io:;T."0.".:"-#,rtTtii E.:"..JS:#Hli],."j;511i,.ffi*.::1,:' rE ErD o' LnEt6?-',sat . . f"fXTh*".i li'.tr1:t:1$:?'h,:H :H"T:*li, 
tlTH,.t=ti'"'Jl;T:'LXH*.

frG cEarrrnc, o( scttloo I t'! a tool lor $rjficicn! cduca,lioa to prs,! lbr coulty'a uieci incteye. Bu! lrr 8n .t-lart! syste::!
tuaEurtctutS Bi.Eorit, lrilF . Tn'!l!= e!ry srgrpls trlL ehtrc! aay bc (oreld to ccEiger! (or 5ia.r
elcctarrl- cJfrtlycncs ras atded oy a or,:r- Jiacr Gasc-l ses su88:st1a8 (all:ouad Ia 

"or-a'e?,*?""0fff;?3..}ioTlH,Tiffii gg"::',:11u.,''*":ttii,=ff;1""'"'H *:Xty":*fST: ffli-fl'S.I*,.'':r.t t6ts tl,ad bc.n suspcnd"d. tE 8ll J^9ty: struclut! oI !oci!ty. Uncqual +ufarl.o,1-of ii-ir-t.t' ir.iin ms,y dlsedl.antsgr Stacls.

iitJH"'';s'*1rySE:iryii ffifHl"x,:':it*t#:oli."?,Et*"Lr-E L":j5ti.J,5:f*triffJ:,tr.;*:l:
eould b. seivcd i.t I ttrt ?ct.a 3hosll ?.o ic
nondrs.ttDtnatot?. In l96E North Calollnr'l :- tado! grcclsclv 1o troportlon lo thc ao(cn'

Gastoa countt bEusht suili.D 
'1'-P-'9 ?r r' l1*SS5'o:xl'jH'jIl Effi *? H:gn.t1fif;":3"i"?'9.:irffittlct Court to 9rcqlllt.suc.ll l,=:a'-:= ira.a uy u.6ura hrt o|1 cqarlt.'t'.tatd dt:'--:;i l!86-{harhcr lr:a.I.d- or Enulu.

ii",ii,fi llT;,1tTii'.H*Ef '"Tii:ffi T**",'3"&HliH3-ffi H**:l,Xf Jf*.ff E,',i:,."#, j[
hrd bcrrn r Bail.publicizrd groccrr ol rttF .rctt clr€:toE nthiE lts loun9st
gjstarilg dl eotcr:. eoi-oriccracats utaa, &crktarronarrsi=rn rotro.oii- - - soEc g.tluEs 1'r sPIltr otheE ilnd tlres'



Juie 9, 1982 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE

c?rLtJusttctwrrrllnlaAlL* 'therltbtto :_t,1o-*r ilr"s EL -*" *,.'=.iifl tuc Eorrg to ehlclr tler pcrlon bclor:8 lr
vita.; Uis.ra'ceo ur "tt it<irliiiiilta-- 9"nIDs s.crbo 5 s! !.ttl!d b, E

ol rotlas !xpr" r. Eell .' bt ra rbsolut o.rricca i"--.aA3cacr.f-lrton-";;:E 't!dcrr!Drc'Dt'd- b tb' stltra' Grou,

?rohluuoa o,,.rrdrn. irii.,i;;i-.rt rratrouchgtrrh.Dlrrlrclcounii'si.i-rl 'os't' 
3o3 todvtdurl ?ortl]. 5 Etrh ?h'

f,rar-rr. w*ru eenr,,v 4S# SH 
af;*:q5'L:*fl**F;; -eff..'.ilffi3$i'o'.roo.'.' roiu'rv

lr8 GoE dlDylsf- but b. !
our tlrt r!. rullcirE Aacadacatau rct tl tgis rad the rrlr's drdsioa't"i#; ry{! lr19-9-t, votl'8 RtsEtl AsL sPoEsort

?hich th. vottnf RtSbtt Ac! trr lrsra raa tbl loott of Justtc' Dcpe*acot'-'i^t-'-J ol tbr o!'sl!rl lcsblsdoa 25rra6t tlat oocr

to ehlc! tbo crsc thur uJt.Ert tt rtierred* Elr oB slcuo! {. 1llhc rli rrr to r:::::l: rt*rs rra uarl ta thr brltol thlir Poal'

oalyprotrctlrrrins,dlnldr. "ra 
urecii r.clr-t:,;. e"c'Ii JittlI't- gff-g-P'l-9out' sould br DorEdi2ld'

T!.!! lt oa. cllarlorrlocr la qhtcb aUu- prrtacar co-oiJscO of ft: rofr g crcacafar' 31t-l-191* dttrlts b tlrt tBd clcEro'

ffidiHTffi xl*-f ts s*% ?*:H:tE5,tH'ft1 #f *}Fffi 1HHhrv! hrd la EiDd" tor hr sc!! oa !o set: ttzl! ol rEprorlEt!.lt {0 to brat

.*;fi-ttj3ffiffiffi #$ffi"Sffi,ffi# fuffi'{i'i*iffiq,ffi
terrr vori-rl coufa rbcri-orr ;ttUlly- tti& uon to coalronirttoa. th.t bGUGvrd Ltr pTc?31.

diuttto.I.c!!!.crlo"-.ror-trrctr'caorca mrrur*lraaLiirc!n.+1a-s*,rr1ii-coa. -PIl 9-t -C-oirfi.! 
r!d'fl!luo! ot sldloa s

JusS .t rould grohjblU"f-titi? ta.ta gtleoca-rUouSh Ocrnr:slog"- E:rlitt rs rb'DdoEEeat o( tbos' hoPB It
tlroE vort8&- a ndal ,jn;t% il or!"r - Iroai-ciuilic,iiruraiixuouthelJusttcr earlslog: bll,ctl rr I p€rErEcEs sroup
rsor{l caa ftad lrsGlt p.friii'uy-rirr.a o.o.rtani!o67 6;r;nirturca acta. }91n ll a=uDt ! thrE thcrt ls !o e.cler
;r-lA ;; 

-Eie. ri-lia;;tr'vi'"-.r aia-s b ii6c, tli votrainkhts Act 154 lrorn rsra Il r.qullsces b t.parat! poutica

dtd) conslrt n! snd D.rstr!.nt rr.d2,l bt€ p.ru*farfiit iloas.-r'ricnforcearrtthrJ!- (or selarzlr. !r4i:l ald etludc groups' dF
yotir{. BuL l.o SrnGrzJ. to dts.dv2.ntaa: r, praccaaoo-tca .gstat;f"e";* fn }trt. tna Paldlry oaly thd bel'srctr ihoss Srou9r
pouucal Einorlty ls Dor !o dlsealnuc.hlsc tL trlr arlrt:lc! r':.r tba uljorcsc&- consr. thtrE thoutd bc rou8'b equ:llly' llcBce th'
Most pouuc.l lo..E caa l^E ain. I coat r! queaca ol buE.uclagc reorraoriauoiJ BG- !.c!.slt, !o br oa coostrat r'lrrl tor tEert!
clnrcturld EoF! !o ta"rr Eij{ y.r -a; 

irnoa-g ra 1969. rlrorrtlr! rc!! noloncG! ; to b!!l polltlel goscr-th. B..Erslt, lo
soutd uau! rbrt rblr p"*;-;i[c;;siri. slipcdi. .-i;;;litA-reaog iui trstera q+! .tur! lha! blec5 hrvr taorl tlua tbc
urot:toraconfltuuonrl"-rrrrtj.iiop-tr-.r to suea tcgil spcciriucr sloistoc.Eucl' 18h!-P I9-? lhl potls' to Eo'b surt th'?
poltucal .trytronEcnL But sh.n pouttE rDd 6oa. or pirluc rccooraoaruooJr ,or,tas 9-:-11t tts!' ca'rt !hc!a sul brra al:lra"-
iect lccour thotluahl, eOtvrbed-shes slctloD r.s lbu! crertrd rnd r cedrr ol & vllSE-L
pogttcrl ld.trutt |! ,rrertricably unkrd rrtgr tgnetr dcgoted to rh. 6rrorc!:EG:r! o( thr Perhaps color'bllnd pollttcr to thlr color'
r:cjal ldr'rlty-tn.o *"a]-iirii-dio-E votrni aGttr ec erncrrea..Tflr rer tpG nfgo-"l soclct, Trs r nalvc hoec. and 90
cnilFrnG cfaUsU trei r restcd taUrt* la latercretlas lltlcal rccesr loo rEtrlctld . god Rs'cid

IB sjturttoE rhlch rE gogttprty 6t rn ihr .Et - Uroad.ly g posstbla bl.,c ?otlDS ,lzy b. th. reality lor sorne tlEC
dtsadrzDrsald vorlni ar! ool .o*taihJEJ -TbE tba accjst-oa 6 raan lcflrra{-r<l zou- !9 clroca-ratr werd polltis nrlv bdlrd nar!
enjrucljs.d. D.docrzts 6 ;- li;t"-bu-. clcr to *frlclt tbl! B.r cedrc- ot rttorircyr tba Ee$.srDsr for aos& niiorlties la most
corlEuEjt. (or cxarsplc. ir"-rii-to-loro ;n rlr.ldy cour.orura lbc sottn3 sac;lon cooruuo1ti.... ?at lacot?oratlDa thlt dc'
rhe Rcpubliczt pr11y i,na bo* H; ;tirr!. brd bccr u oads lrir! Alt raly -Clgeref ri:t1tg-. *lltlcrf rssu.urottoa tDto tbc
Crndld:tlr c15 cboosc o .-gt".ii. cert"fa . i/tit hGIl ovrr thc scopc of s*llon 5. :ltJtcll- VotLna Rtghts Act h clstly. ,or it pt'oduc6 a
issui rt !tr!.xp.nsr of oinin-n-a5 lifon all h:d rrzucd t! the 1969 hclrrr:E on:h6 :xi*Y lll ,hlcb pouucal-lntlr6ts 8ru dF
to rrlD vot6. Bus i! a stlustloa o( tru! lz.eirl ex!!o!i,oa ;( tb. ta! !hr! sectloE 5 should llaed by r.acld or ctlulic ldendly urd rcprt
btoc vothi ltrcrc Ir no-frng 

-i6J-|j1[ 
aog bc rerd to co".! ?lthcr rcdlrrrlctlnE or scnt8lloa ls gueraataed tn grogortlon to

acr6r rzalrl ]lna. B€tEea! lrr,o cudtdatra sanaxrtlor:.a Ec tost bot! Ltr th! eout'ts aod 8rouPs' nu:rrcrical str?nalb- For lrhln a pcr'
o( dltlcrea! n ... th.tr fr oo -"t",rt-.1, iU Coa8rcrr lttcn srr thr turlDt Doi.al wlu!.a ceil'ed rtduci-lon La lh" gotcatld pcs!! of 8
CenprisniDs ls u.Btrcccasrra: a nrlrl cou5t s.vaa drt! ol lhc decisioa. gbe vottnS sec. lrcid or.ethdc ttouD ls -lled dbcnjt'aa'
rtl ito Cotoi b€coro.. rUJiifi A1grEtlrll ttoa bccio !o entorc! I trrurbishcd sccUoo c5jstEcot, lhctl progortlonrl !:.1r1 r.pr}
of poUUcrt ettacttvcocs. l. lt bctzD to scnd hstnrcdrnal p.4kGts to 1.!tel99 tnc*1Ebly bccoEr.. th. su.nd2rd

Such r siturdoE raust b. dlst&g,ujshcd led ofllccs tn th. covlr.d J'ut'sd1*1ons. fo- by Ehl+ 9!o9.r poilucd e(fec'Jrcness Is

from oo. llr l,htch Url eUitr. rai otlir ,oi:aiaf thcr! o( t!:t nccersliy to cllar eycrT Bersurld. _ And rlthou8h thc Suprtac
6lrrrrar Uctonl to pogtlcel fntiicsi froug5 cfr:nC3lq vottnf groccdup sith clthcr thc Cout-t has h1d ea occasioor,l srcond thought
thn! crosr rrcitf Uai* R:cc r.nd po1gcs eic A!tom!, Gcncrel' ot tlr. Dlstrld Coula o, (not sbarld by clther tbc D.C Dlstrict
not !.Er!!8rll, cotctarino,rs. Wt-Uc et.tarfa th. Dlrtic? oa Colu!:bia And lrh!ftss oaly Cou.r_t o.r th. Jtl:3tlc! DcpeltE.nt). this b
rotrar usurrfy-sort! ro uhjalseareot:ge ir 323 vor{n8 chrnrer hid berq t=cltvcd (or th. b.sic st:Ddrtd tha! h.s .gpllcd shcr
r poUitcrt nii6fl1y. lt docr noi etrseys iut!- preclaenacr br- th! DcaafiE.!! t! tba ,{AtL Morros!!. tt hzs bccB .slrnded ,rotn
tylm rlUffZ of Uacfs to cl.c! --dldr,t!3 ot lcrr! bctrrca ig6l rna 1959. rlEos! 5.OOO bL.cts-ta . esrlcty ol oth.r ?ihnic troups rs
thelr ciolca- rrr! subBlttrC b.ts"r! t96e ..ad 19?a tgal]. (or b lhc last let trtr:t both tb.

:ltJc:.uatd dtsttBcdon b bluEd by ctltlt Thc lJ3tlrDr"t3lloa *hlch !!rc Supreaa etinic and 8"o3t!9hlc s€opc of t5! rct han.
Justlc! War"!B't ogrntoa lD AIJ.IL Ec bcgtlr Court hrd dvr! !o !.ettoa t lu, AIt2 a.t bcrt: .loElouslt cxP..adcd.
by spcrtlaf $oui thr aecBsity 1a Srara not carrd ou! of srhol. clotlr. Fror! oac Whethr! ?tc B:a,rlt r soclety ln rhich ctu.

Vottng B B rss.ncd. L:acludE "dl aattviulr rg siagly E.dtn8 lttto r rtrtutc rcsths oa r:cc or ethnicrly le oI coursr. pradj€ly lha
ncccsrry to ErI. . votr c!t.c{vg'Bu3 i!! tlr FUtrcatlr A.B.od.ul.a! 6os. stsdardt quesdoa thrl tbc BdJ€k f<a brs slacc

s 6537
. t.lr..r conclntrirtrd to thr Dotrt 61 gatlf nrtrl dblnfnrchls.E.nt, h. ctlrdt hrd ta tor &'udty .rfGcttt! poltttcrl grrtlclP.ltoE

aiafnfsrrra F"!un:rE cr;dtei; a-.cun urraa nra nottrtnr to do rtth rr lEbrlanc. t!l! had b.cE d6'.lopcd lD lhc Foufl..ntb
il^Uri lrt aoi GuiUy-rr.flrblt tE- rff lrl goltucrl 6114tte36a Thc ?.Iarcnc! !o r Alltrnd.t}r.trt oaC'Itrrs onlvot c,{/t,.. Bo*.,
irraS alrtrfe, Una-o(tri lcp.I:rte-r eaal -dirAdrfa o( th.lr cholc.- Ertlt ch.8 tla r. C1rt lor crrarplq h.d estrbllshcd ln lgGl
Olr iroa hlr nrlurl consttiuincg: gra ro C51.l .1ud6g,r p€Epcc{"c g. ls calttJlos. ! consdluuoarl r13h! t€ cqud Eg!!.ntr-
E fo at*Act, dt! s Dogu.ldtoa'frartes taf coloroodhrrrd pou!!cr-ah. color of tloo rot equd suobcrr.
;;; oE cilt b. crlrtrd ifrir rUf 3rrrrent . tlr ceaaftf un(rtllld, larl.hllS t!. BUE 'ttctra boroutlf u! lot rtrlcUt
to crci vour .qurll, .(t!alva Doltucel color o( hlr cocrtltucacr. A.od b! b ur.!t rlrdo3ou! to 6ttltlt!r.Eb.! dtrtrldr. lor Frs
rornr. trs tL rtht ot . El,loqltt n irl ue to th. gdrriDl. Gitl rcirt d lD AlJan I DCqEh- I! ftd. DOr onlt tla trsl, ol dnslnl alr. cqurlr<lothopoultcripro.llr!. srr, rxt tsloB o( thrS cstrbllshcd b thr
trtc3 ltD-. brr3 ,.n t!. Dout{cd grrEr A8.^ -i tle !oa. fos rll tutu,r Vot ItS lcailhuv! rtrDgordoaE.at dltitlola thos.
ttrcll dbcrlarart r. ForE l rad taloranl & Rt8btt Ad UUrLdd. l! pcrprscotll dcclsloat foctr.d oo tndlYldurl vot r tllthL
p.ctt of tw.ll:E.at ' dlsrdvratr3a torna blurtd tbr dlrtlncttG betwccc dltlalna. rad raersrt:d tbr! tct3bt 3ol.lt b, tla
irouf rad rdilttrat oGbcr* Ndtbrr era- chlr.orat rld dtluUo!. r.gd b.cTG.! cqurll- rtraderd o( equrl dlrtn.l populgoEs l:bGlt
p.jE fuadt Ec DoltxFr trl!3 rrl crcolt t, o( DoutlErl opfrotaraltt rld cqurut, of coacrra rnr tha ail.ggotatonEcst of {adt.
dlstfiDutrd. A Euluurd. o( pollt crl dcdr rtcctor.r psrlg - ,{d!clf Eot tla Erttpt!!.atttloo la {aLrs

ffi*ffirfl:":rffigf,jfidffiffi rdrrsacxEst eltr tn cortlr'L tE tt ted' nrucqulal

'"-d'- 
E"--OBKiI,E # fHffiffi:ffi#,ffiHffidrllt dl$rtbut d ro t

eqlrlvrlur?. ;iI;.--'-* --v-s*' *;i;;i; *!.olc 8EDuD3 Todry. tbr ttlt ot'db.nlnr8-
Alrt dllutloE lr Eot !.ts. an. ttr,rrt rs Otr. 1tG e.qrtrt $clloo o( tlt Clvll- R

earre".*raacni c. #i#f"H l"ir"i$m;"*l*X-'.::,tri5 ffiE:ii:::#:f."ffP!5{"t$iAa-, ?!rdl- E.-- l- /,



S ffiSg
rrind rlt! nJrrtacc ta brdur rducrtt€.
Aid t! haa bcrtr !h. t3sua tB r r.tlci of csE'
ruluttoo.I cera dcr,ltaf rtitb tJr. 9tobl.!r
ol drrcGrfrlloa rt lhc clcacntrt .nd !ao'
onarry rtroot lcval. wlt.tll.r lturr' pr!(q'
crttrl .dalsttons or pupu rrrlf.al.at lD tla
taranrt o( taalrt b.Lnca srlcr auctr scar
b trr fira !.tsl.4 But utBraeGr !b. out
coac o( Lbrt dcbata ti tr EEs Ultl, t tcal.
tb! quaatlsa o( gtoportloDrl rldal lr9rtlED
l.doo lD lloutls. tor noan of thr r:rsoal
ar*anrly dyta tor thr rl'. oI Erirl rrd
cr.bltc quocr. l!, .drt.rlloo |9Ct to t!.
ttdEo(totla3

lloFaEaotr&r:Er. lrcB rt! ttrrr
I! ttfL nt! t!. SuDltG. CourSt d.d'

doa tE StEaa rldrl qu^our b.sE a D.$
Elrdh!. tlol rlt! thic! E drEDtagt adr'd
-!ool snlr.E tlo zrurafrtloE! lrt baEDd
Ura Coura'a rul!'r8 tbrs brd tltft rt b..!
r hlrtot, ol U i,,l'a rcgefgto. lclool! I8
t$a Nott CltDrt" dittrttl d Cb$bGL'
U.Elteahr'f tould !.ar! b.c rrdruJ
Bird: .!d tJrrt r.ddly E.otl:l EoDtl tr,
lillrBalf brd brrerac lDrdcqurL to !!!
'i' o( crElrlS tbts plwloud, lEEGdd
rajr. tbr lrr ot llrrrlr tt ?tr. bdl.rtd. 8o!''
cocd ragttrtlon urd oE lct tE Eodoo
corrtd br chccltd oaly bt dlt lElDld lltlF
lcr@ h thr ,or1! ol ndd, cDalctots
rador Racirl guotrS tb.!. ralr r gctEld.
bla !!.l!r o{ .c!.icvu:a !!t r.drl Elr !!rl
Eould brc. ocsu,rtld brd thcn b-B Eo
poll.t o( d.Ub€llL t lr!8rtt6. rltloua!
iber-rcra torbidd.q, .r l.g eod Lu tbear
-:rlvcr 1tc ur o, quot a o! Soab tq prclcr'
catlel-ednirdotu prottr8r ls $99or1 d bt
. dutlrrli lodc. Tb. EEtlradoE ls 3uc!
orct lt Dat !o proeid! !.o ldlqurta rlEady
tor coastttutlolrrl rillEg. buE ta llrrzisE
cong.lsrllo! Ior cducasloarl dr(tclr5dla
produccd bt cllturhi oI dlrcrlsinrrloo.
oubllc r.od gnvata- !Ic!th!r of !,hos. ju.stlflcltloE 19pll6 to
vottaS. tlrc arobicE (or tb. Southet! bLcl
las ooc t dual ay:rtaE ,r ltr lcloolg' but' not
rrels rE dL Blrsts srrG oot 9ouuctlly''!!fra1rad": tlcy E G!! crdudad- ar
brr.lot sas tbcg' r-nagdlr,lr 1Ed obviols
nccd. Ia tbG lblcac! o( dlscaflzDrjrls.Elat.
sould !h: rzcirl El: i! goUtlE! hr"! bc.!
nari:nlc:.tly "brlrDc!d"? C:.4 guoEs bc ,u!,
UJt?d rs prrt o( ut ctloti to qt.lr,r r,ttllldrl-
ly t!a! Eix rhlc.h EouJd h3"c cvolv.d nrnr'
nlly rrnder raot! llJ:tpiiorrt crtfilE.suEtat?
Ia thr school& 9crh.6. but not l.E Sovtta'
Bent ltutlcal otnccs rre not eqlrild.nt to
sr8rs ln a cl:ssrooE- CrouPr i.s our rociaty
hevr nGy"r bcrn Politlcauy rrprllcatld iJr

Diopottlon to ihlit !iz!. Thc Ir':s.E havc b€la
"orar-Egr6rntcd.' Je*! *rfr IoEt -lJ.odat'
Eprtsrntrd." C.rllurt and exPcrieEc!-aoa
t'lrply dhcrirainatjon-hav! eceor.utrd lor
such dlftcratca. No? do6 proPortlonrl
r:eid repracntrtion i! vottn5 hrea a.oy'
thin8 !n cot!.Etoo riur 1d:r!,issiorLi to dcstr'
ablc educadonal Prolrratil. Thcre ir I1o ba''
riar sat to vod.n8. ts t!r.E is by s.lcctlTr .d-
lnllsionr. .{nd ona rota has tha s1Ec valua
ra any othcr.

Not oaly ls th! Prircipla of ProPortlonel
rscid r.prGr.nEtroD dlttla:Jt go Justult: tt tt
irEporsibla to itnplcB.nl Thus th. drasrtna
of dlstric! llnct to mzxtmize bl2al rlprEse!-
tstlon doa:r Eoc Suaralltlc racal proPortloB'
dlty. while ru.ir,l bd1nc! l! schools c:.E bc
rttdlrd (Borr or l6i) tEouch trcrally coE
sctous:Gat rct{lrErnt. tr:.e! satla bdrnca lr1
poUtlc crmot b. ,.llieecd by t5c assitB'
urcni of gittz!!! to rarr'

Onr czsc iD Parrlcubr. Vltltcottt. o.
Or4srr (19?1). ls o(t.! cttld ut proo, t!3i
thc Suprcrae Coutt ltaog.lzes t!! liElt,s o(
proportlonal ncnl aod c(h!'rc -Pras.ot&
tio8 ar r strndlrd by rhlch to Eaiaut1! po
Itucul .quity. 3uL ll?ilcornD is r Dcrfeit e:<'

ugla of thG daPt! of rh! Court'! coEEit
Eaot to. principlc it 3!PC{E to surE-

CONGRESSIONAL RECOR.D - SENATE &tru 9, 1982

thr lrruc ln EiilcoaC ras tla EPTtr Ei
tauo[ of lndLJrlPofb bh.l3 fh. ctldrt
coustr:t tr shic! tla citt srs to(at.d h.d
bia nconrutuu.d rr on Isttc Eulu'
rBsnt ar dlstrtst. Thss clia!f!. b,lrcl! rsrar?
c4 unconsulutborlly dlutcd t.ba dtcctlvl-
ucrr of tht Binoriry Ystr. But t.ba Cour!
bGlC !!at dBDEgortiolrtt reclr.l rrprtsco'
trtlon dfd Eo3 doDG ,rqv. dtrctilllnstio&
Rrurr. thc CorJf! ta14 br"rr btd allgrd
tbcasctvcr rtttL llrr *lonf frur!,+t pert7.
Arf Urd hsfrcrd ugotl bcils Dcaezrr ll
r ati l.g rucl Rrpubllcr.or Bd oltGl ?ott.
foUUcrt cbolcr h'i dlslsrud !.hG rldrl &d
.fbdc trrlrlcr otlc{Elrtl"t s.{r.- tlc cffce of $niuontb rrrl !., .dE to
courtr thc tEgot ihla terl of dr.sttafulrhlnf
thaa allc{onr rEIc! lrt trdr.tlt "c&.!"
lroE !!aa rhlcb rr!'l:tat d.- Ec!99 El
cl,rt of P.!n5t.8! r3d obvloul lrdd-bfoc
rotsa hbl cla a corst dccctEl!. tb.
bord o( ncr oq cl.sdoBr? Eor crs ll
toor rtrca tJrt rlcirl ldctrttty o, c&dlda!5
oE sottls rad ool gouucal Lssutl br,!t d!tt!'
alacd tha out oEG ol r!.lcstto[, tbc lr!.:
bttrrcE tr . uld polltlcr lr o(t s cla. Il
tll. Dct!o6'r!l8 P3r!y It pcrcdvcd rl t.br
prrty o( bltctr do.a t!:s p.rrlpgl,oa hlbor
Lrd urc D.Eosatic Yot ? EIot clE th!
cour'! fLEd out?

Oespttr thc.r dutlElir3 rhc C€urt r-'{<t'
€d lbis b sltu:rdots thlc!, rr! tt ldfy
"EiBt d.' proPoElonrl lirdd rtprE !Etr'
ttoa-ta'prrhlc!- Fard "otlss-tt 

i!' 3t$d'
s6 5y ehlcb b @.tsutl dcctoEl e(lultt.
wUct" blrtt poutlEzl goscr ir rrducr<l by
rrdrl trosuut . rs-lsa. dlrtiEdDt, lllDct'
E:ssrbly dllutlt Cre blrtt"ot -

:lc iana:ra ot PrcgortloEdlty Eu tlEr
,idhrEgy rt'JtLracd E a clr. otlrB cllad.l
c17ld?8ct to lhr coltar!'t By tlrc tEpositloa
of srr{ votln& th! Datrlc! courg o( tlc
otscrc ol colurablr rld tbr Dca{tlDcot ot
Justlcr rrc tttr5rPttEt to LcoE9lllh tor
ccrtrls minortfcs rh:r! only r rrr? dlllrr'
6! ,ouucal ttsr Er could truly glra'3a.lt.
Eogeq thc crltgloa of siogl+ocabcr d!:'
tnc8 soieG t!. problcE of bla.tt o! Chlca'
lcl Eho slde *ilts r losioa prrty-t Evcg tbe
Eosl c1:rtul draFlas of sard llDat doct oot
au{a.at4 tbr rrprlsctltallol o( Eisoritl!!
!q proportloo of tlrja dzr- Plo9oElotr.{
t"dA nd ctbnlc rtprercgtettoa it a dubior:s
rE4 ltld ttn8ta-B.rE6Gr drssricltla ra i!rd'
rqu:rt! 6!r!3

rErrxrou8 al{lfEEllTolft
Jusit hot trr th. coul-L 1!d tlc Justlcr

DcgattEaat rre (toq dj:czrdlsg ptopoldoa'
elliy or qu6tloriE8 t!. ellleg o( eard
voUaf ts dcmonstrzt:d Ey r[rce d.cjsian'
ilsoli'ina ',crritonal anDcsuonr A}rc dty
oI Petetsburt Vkgirli.. U!.! rtl potiucd sub'
dtnsionr lD that st3!a ir Ecurrcd r.lldcr scc'
tloE 5 r-o clsr c.ha8a!s i! rorilt procadun
Flth $a Fcdcral 8or!ta="!L !E l9?1 tt p+
dtlon.d th" Aliorn.t Gcnerz,l for ap9rotd
of aD lnt:cs8troll tc ,rE atrrxstloD popu'
lattoB ol tt1a $!y szs 55 p.rc!!c bla.jg {4
pcrclB! shitr. Ahe citts sa'.'rn'6cE,be! 8oe'
irninr mav Ezs clected a!'llrtL Although
?.OOO shttr. urd !.t bLrlr qtct! rddcd (.
tba dty rs r rc5ult ol uaexeiloa- blacks
end ehrtas alik! suppot'ild iL Bl3c!.t cotlsd'
tuted r maiority beJort asle:eElon. a3d I
ErlDority alten'&:ds ({7 Parc!!t)' tat lt Brl!
3encally r5rd tl:t t.bc srY R.€dcd to
&pend lts t:r base .!d cnj:r8t it: poteotral
lor cconoruc arostlr- IE laaL ue e,!n.t-
dloq otttEance sas orlgindly i.Dtroducld by
ooG o, ltta lwo blact EeEb€rr ol thc C:ty
Cor:nclL ldoptloE a'.s r::::niaou* Nothjra
36out lha lanaxaijoo irdicetad rarid pur'
P6a.- Altcr tJla &o.xstior 1 blect acaber of
the council pr"s.ntcd r Fropold t! h.1"!
Erernbel! o, tha! b6dy alcctrd trrE si!8lF
aaaDc! dlstr1c!.s it s.r trrr?ld dorra- A,.

lartr "odna 
*:r lraduonrl lr thc df. trd

considcrcd !o hsrc lona adrrajttaalt
NcserrJrclcrr. tlla J$srcr Drprtuaclt

nrl.d rsr.insa th! cit . Tha rlduction ln thc
votinr sulngrh of blrct!. tt sld' htd r dre
cdrninrcorY a!!.ct oa Yotln3 rl8htr $ithtB
thc lucaEln3 o( r.ctton 3. Congrrs. l! con'
c.d.d dfd not lntsnd for rll Southcfn cluc.
to ba prrcntrd fi'oa raacxtn3 Et"ttolr.
But bt mdDtrinint tha st'larat t)'rt!tn la
thc coaLfi o( . lhttg (roE r blt.t to r
rhtt rrrJorttt lhc dt, rrot. lnto lhe Prr
EEbtrrt .t.G!ioo lrt -tlra go(.|aurl ft/t ra
.dr.!!. .!d dttcllllilrtalt rlttBa dfcc?-'

fhc D.C DtnrE Coe't caur.:!td. I! rl'
torad tttG rrlDcrallglt Er13 rlqtrtld H!tl.
burt io rdoEt r rrd t stt8 ol vottna Al'
t.houslt tlr pur?o ol t.hc LD!.f,rtloo- tt
g.td. rrr not trdr,L tlc clty hld htd t lola
hln cf o( ttcld dbdtIllnltlorr Pl:llr rhiE!
EuEcrlcrl doElnatloE lD !.h. rald'1960's lrd
lot glrlnurtad tia atacdoE of bla4'l cotlacll'
Ea!. la!"GrtbrlE t!! ncs bed IODS b.df
Eolrrizld r.Ed tzr,rl bla Yodn8 rfla 'r!a
ior:!. lhr ott CouDrS hrd goirr:ld 8Dd
rtdrl btoc vottla *:s the oor:a- t!. Cly
Coulcfl hrd dE:J! b:d s ErJorlt.y ol tb'ita
acobrr: sd b3.L lbc cou.rt sald. 5ceg "8!$
crruy rurcspolsiba !o loEt of ttc er'
grEs.d D!!d! r8d d..lrE ol ur. blr.l coE'
tunUy.'Mrd "oE toE occerrioDs Ej€ctrd
or f:.ilcd t .dDp3'DroGaEr crqplotrcrorr
pouei.:r lld a99oi.6t!raatr reco-*cadcd bt
it-.u. ' Th. (ad t!4 (er dgt cFplolrc.!
rer! blect tecG JuEl:Ea to !.h. clutfr
ttlaS l! a:. r dty ruq b, ghllrr for ghit-

1'63 1 rrrd svJt t! sould providc llttlc
rcll:L Mlrlrict llnct r,.!! dtls! Just rEhL
tha nr!:r!.f o, bErl Egre..nEtltet :trith3
bctesr. abrt incraseo rtpF!!.ni3lioa
Eould proslda gtItr oggortlJniria lor 9&
!ro!:aa Blaalq EjSht lccurt tJ.l€c 'rr
Dolnlrlclt.r" tO wh.ic5 lba d!d"rio! elusiveit
idcl3cd. But .! lo.r8 ar rrcirl bloc rotirt
panilst d. bl.al corlBsilt'lcn $ould resri! l!
i o,laority. aDd tho!. "prott rD!" to lhicb
U:G dlfisron elso rlluded soujd hrse no
g?rt.n cbs.Bct o, ?'<i68. Thc assu::Dtioa
ir:ec nu:s tiroua! !ba!a dccislons-t5rt
cqudlt aa ghr clcctord lsval wtll produc!
c{uauty ar Ulc hfi3l,advc lcvcl as sell-€
r:dor.urdcd Rc.ru$.ss el.€loial di:rtietr
!o cquz.Iiz! l€gElatlva 3clt.i evco rh.n tuF
clrsful. rUl lot acees:nly Produc! l3tlsl.'r"
tlrr prosiss ol equd bel!.{it io all' El"r'
Ery 8{.8 ur.ir r..43ticauy eqdtsbla 9r+
portloE ol 3arg rithout t'iri63 a corf3.!:l'
blc grogot'tton o( lesldariv. b€n.Ilts.

Tlrc courts rDd tha Justlcc Dcpr,.rtr:ctrt
lacid to bcllcre thr! grerd ststert-r unire.i!3l'
It brn.flt n!.Eoritier. but thc bl..l:l u1 P+
taEbuts Bttht Eesr (artd esan Seltcr rltlr
a coulel elactcd tt l:rga flre cty s'3,i1

rlraort ha.lt blacl Ia s.o 1!'lart! Jsstea
evcrT councjltrrn $oujd havr had blask con'
stlluants. wtth EliniJtral .nerfy erd ot'tini'
zation ttto3€ consgtultlts could ha\'a n'adt
t5.it pt.r cnca fril

Poutieal conditions obviously rary froq
c,ty to ctty. Ar.d thc de8rer t! shich sinfl+
rrcqber dbtlicts i.q ent' ooc city riII rrtud'
ly b€nertt a rainoriry ls tupredictalla ID
p.fi- thosc bcncfits dagcnd uPon th! slill
Bith a'hic! dtsEict lln?3 ar! dr3B.!r Th€ De
g.r!:!cn! o( Justic! lnd lhc D.c. Di-rtrjcl
Coufi (ocus otr thc danSlr: of lhca dlar a to
d!.spcEa bl2.c.t tiotes a.Dd reducc bl.cl poq'cr-
But th. btr..k "ota 

c:Jr b. dllu!.d. 15 *ell.
bt !rc!s!rv" conclntlzlioll Vot6 csr Lit
cIasted ts BaU as icaor"A

N€ithlr the D.C court :!or the Jltsti!'e D+
Pafitrras!. l,in othe! rtords. cz'sr b€ ce:1:1i!r
ttu! onG elcctord lllan8emQnt is supe?ior
'.o tha oah.r. And thr cost of judici3l .u:d el'
€(udr! ilt€lf.re::ce itto locel .ledonl rr'
rlng?E"nts is consldrnbla. '*rtlen tha Fcd'
cral tosattlrtrel:! intcn'enc: in loc!,I el€(totd



Juru 9, 1982
trtrrnSlln"nts-Ghco lt *trllPtr not dErDI,
!o luSnian! pollttal ogPoftunltle! but r,Bo
to rhaga el.ctorrl llrirllt-lt de9dvc. dU-
,t'tu o, !h.lr rlghg to .cl{rrc throutb coa-
ruLa ud condlllttoa tha. clcctord rt
rurtllranlt m6t sultad !o tialr acrdj

Elcclslonr ru€,t r. Prrrtlalrv.hrvc ra ldtll'
tloari coasrqucacc thtt 6tata ttrctlllvca
t t!.9 r cit, rtlatt lztd. Oac! r, errrl
rtltr8 Ir tn$ltutrd. tDr r:ogrzohlcd dft-
parioo of blaatr €utt llto hlG& potlr. Eot
ErDt lodtvldur! ,ould t turuy brta r
bou.ila dc<trloo oa nrc! poltucrl consldrr.
rsjoDt la ol counr dllllq{t eYlo to lPcctl.
lua rloul t{cr.Ghrtcs. cEunr brra o(tro
rr3rcd tlrt rlridriltd t tr.artloa b th. t.!-

_ rporulbllltl o( rhool bcrdt slEca dcdsior:l-c.trbllrbiD3 
lchool-coastruclXoE dt r Eold

aeightrorlroods. lt Ir crrt ,LEI, r! glsuJblr
th.l rrrr-ber.d poltucd aachlact hrlD ?o
shaDa a ctgt Thc coufis. bt nr.tlDE nrc! .l
Pei.l2burlr. tlqd thrc ttctght !o th. at,o q!
thosa rho .lvlsloa .L6crtar locictt rt
dccply urd poaencntl, dlytdrd rlo!8 tza,rl
lld ctbDlc lla.3

A firralc! d[tlflltt E t!,t th. courtr rad
tIrG Justlc! D.Errtrlrlt bpose nrd vodnf
,llhout E.ktn3 clarr rlc prudla clrcarE
JtrlGEt ?h{ch coEgal t!c!r d.dsi@ Etrt
ll blr.5 bed retrllcd r illE ErJoltt, l.tt
post-rnnrradoa PcErsburt? Alld Eh.O
si!8tlGGEb.r dlstlcts rr! Equlrtd. thrrr
launt dlstrlct, llns bc dlrsn? b lgrtreiDS
ErPgordotrEcat ir Ncr Yott rrEr thr
l9?0 6nsur. th. Just cr Dcperrncag de
Erndrd th.t dtstrtct tlucr il r,.hc Wllilrnr
burt r.dloa o( Bt"oo&lra ba t..dnt! to 8t c
bteckr end Pu!fio Elcala r 8.!t pcr"lnt Er.
jor:lt:n B.cau!. tha iuriouB of Bi.Dorit,
yolrEr Bl! lot. thc 61 p.lecrtt tlvlB uDdc!
tba proposad rca9po8toaEao, plr5 Trs
torurd EllrtlDt Io othcr Bords, l!" Attor.
nrt Gaorrrl [E.d! tbc btrar" asiuJrtptloD
thl! U ur llhnic fEup hr.. trlstor7 ot lot
rot r turnout. it ls ncelrsr7 to drae dl5EtcB
lln€ to such I ea,y rr trt lllct!.sa thc coa-
ctntrltloo o, that Stoupl App.ttatly tha
Ehoh.polltlcr.l sy$.rr had to b. ldjur!.d ta
td(! r..ount of thrt tlarnbt7 tocid Aan-
Ar:d iI rainortty turnou! tncElsrd to lbc
pollt lhr3 Etnorit, rola t.!! bci.u3
"Erst d.' could lla sysrro ?-b:q Equltr
lunhcr r"adrustE.lt?

Tlr h.rltablG conludon o"er thi tthca
lld ?h.r! ot dlstrlct Un€ hls bc€n turlhcr
comg€nd.d by trro daebioas ileolvl8a thc
lrncrltioa of r iubu.rbra 1!.l by the clty
o( Rtclurond" vlrainr1, ltc 1rrlerltlon lD
Petasbtm $.r r.odlsputablt Boclrltad hy
cconotrrlc consldllatloB But rrc! lry
b.hhd RlchEond'! dccisioE to llcot?ont
sur?ourdtDS r-.rritor?<r lt lc,st thrt Lr
Rhlt th. Distlict o, Col:'Ebia court, dlcgcd
Jqdtc SkeUy wri8ht lid th.at tbi!!. hzd
utlErptd to sustrrrl *eajnf Pog;?r
throusht lhr addltloa ot Eor! wbltr votcE

tEl RrcnflolrD slott
Votbs l.u lllch.Eond h.d bc.tr rt la.r8E-

Altat th. lrulexauon thc cily grogosd r
trlrd plarr lo hopcr of coEPlytn8 qrlth lha
Drlnctplc .rt.biishd l.E P?t rt6ur?. But r'
triutl plri, lhc corfi nrlcd. caiJroi sa"a aE
allDrratloB rhlcb ls tzcr,tly triotlYetrd.
siDc! thc VottnS Rlghts Ac! prohjbitr the
Dur?os.rul dllutioE ot lhc bl&t votr. -To
conrtEca l courg thar such r clty. .. has
purrld tLlru o( r dlscrtoiartor? pirr?or..'
Eot! Juda. Wrlthtr '. . . lt sould hasc to
b. dcllon.'trzrcd bt JubrtaEtld
!r'ld!nc" , . . thrc 15s werd plr,D not only
raducld. but dro ctflctlclly climinot2d lbc
dllutlon o( bl..l votlnt porrcr cilJscd by tll!
rnalratloo-' ( Elapha5lr Eina.)

Ttc only 9lz.E Ehlc-t couJd Possibly "!UEI-
nara" thaf "dllutlo!- tould bc ona luln.tl-
tltilr to blrc.Lr c.bG lcerl ol p@rr thcy hrd
DEfiousl, posscrsed- Ttc coura dld Eot

CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
rDcclty. horqrtr. !rh.th.r that lcgal sould
ba th" nuEbar o, !.ats to nhlch blr4J(t ctart
rsludly ?hctd. or thr! xhlch e eard plalr
lrtlhout rnDcradon Bou,ld havr tivrn that!.
BEt tha pfirlcrpl" trrjl drlrr: Arltrcxidot:l
rhtc! art rrcir[, rrotlr?tad cuuoa ba p.F
Eutt d to dllut t!. polltlcd rtsln81b o(
bf.cE lrndc cuc! drsrrr!:ttrrc!+ blactt
rt! cnau.d to pprrcntatlou Eot siErPl, ltr
pfogo.ltroE to t&tr prBtot DuEbcl!. but Lu
progor{o !o rhrt tlg EnEbarr tt!!
;ll.ld to rii--.tlon-

Thct! ?lr r crrl:ja lodc 6 PET.Dtb3 r
ctty slt! r lol Jla Oot hi.stort froa du-
pucltourly shodna uP tri'n' slrtta Dosl!'
u lDdrtd !!rl ser shr3 lt rnt &tna. But
th! DtlnrdDL torElrlrt d by Judga Wrlshg
rrs ualtortrbl. rnd lndct.dbte- I! E da
lD.Drratloa coDdrrioill uPoa r llrcd brlrDc.
ol por.! rrd lD ctllct cat3bllshcd r gotlusrl
quotr !v:r!!ur tbr! nrrta[tr.d blrals r pcr'
llaacac dsb! to r clrtrilr Drogortloa ol th.
s4ta iE cltT SlrerrnEaaL lEplclBrBt:do! ot
tb! grirqDla tr:r lett t! r dl$rlct coun l!
Vtrgtla. oo! Eor! fr.ojlhr Fltlr RtcS.Eoad
poutic!.r- I[ !ec?- Jud8. Wrlshs h.d alludld to thl
oguoa oI da.aneratloE but by ttrc tlE.
t.ba courr rulad. t!! lnn!:a$oo rl.,! BoB!
tbro tou! yarr' ol4 MoEoeef. tbc!! sL
lorDr rltsoo to thtt th.r! blakt r.itEuy
levortd e!!ria!lo!. .lthouah JudSc wdahg
coavcqlcntly tllctttld to I lmtEot! cfl-
dcacr or suc! nrPpota Yat thr issu! E,r! ob
vtously erreirl. Ptrirpr bt..ts !tr Rlc!.
Eoad. .t iiq Prtlrbu.rt dld Dot rttrrd bll.l
trr:5bct! er thc E!css.r? soluuoa ur tlclt
ec.aaBtc rad pollucrl Boc!. Wlge ttr!
qoqtt lril co!3tDcld !.ha! tha clty Councll
hrd bra! ultEgporlliva to bleat Eacds rad
cquetd th.t lacl or tt ponsiva!.s sttb
shitr doBi!3tloE apprreBtly blrat! t3s
t!" slh:adoa ir! E,orc eoagllcatad

Irndoubtedly. somG RIc!.EoEd rblt6 Ecl'
CoEGd th! addiuoa o( EotE lthltr 

"otaEtbroug! rEnc:rltloa. but tha rlotllc. ol
e"r!, rh. roolit re,s:tt L6oat thcE laust bava
bar! Ei.xrd. lDncxluo! E da econoEiq g
*cll rs cducrtloaal sensa. &vcral Eooths
r.{in, fht Nert Yotlc ft',l.r dc*rib€d tba cliT
tl b.8rnilDa to nrrra !rclr YorthctE-'lyla
urbra peinr'It ts bccoElDs bl.cl!!. poor!!'
1id oldcr," tlc llnrrr sel4 Thc hJl.tdty
go9ulalloE hes bca! t,lllnt rltoat' 2 DclEllt
alautlly. hrlt th! rr5ld.ats are blecl. thc
school systcE b33 r.u lSGPGrecaL blecl cu.
rofunani. aJld uaeaplotacnt erceed.t lt
fierclat Lo EraJU blacl resdo!3 Thc lhacr
dscabed 'Jrr r,Da.:(8tloE u rD .Itott botb
'.o sloe siltt ttltit rnd to cxP.ard an inrd'
equaEe tD( b.sG. Th. e(torl failcd: but hrd lt
sucsjrda<L fhc clty't EGs blrcl Er3yor Bould
'oc !a.tr llf f€sc! ?!obl.a!. At tha sltur.
::o5 r:oe ttaJ:dFirnd rs th! aayor has
r-.{. cl,ert.{uly tha cooDcretloE of lbr
rhllr bustad .Utr crE prarcat lurlhct
cGest.

Noi cva.a ananrado& thatr. could DFerargr
the poltuezl r.od cconoElc statu! quo. !{cl-
thcr tbr cttizlnr by tlrfitortd aalr,:L oor
thc Fcdc=l gor.ldEt.at bt Judlcid onct
could.rtop th! dtys dalaotflphlc, ccooot!.lc.
aI1C polltical chlrlS!.

Tlrc D.C. Dtstrtcr Court'! dlslsion dld not
Irss lon8. Ia f9?5 it ers ovrfiurndd by th.
Suprcoc Couri i! a.a opLrnioo shlch er$.led
tba! rb. B:rd Dla.o rlEady rdoPted 6ould

t lrEalEllr. tla Jtntatla oYtt r8lctrlloa taol
DLr! rr Ur. lrEa dr!! urrt tia cttt aa rrr!9ulrt
Elth t!. gFblaEt ol lchool ltlcttado!. T!r! lo.{
dtstnc! €ufi oric"ad tha c!n:t llldrdoo ol tha Elc!.
Eond rtr6l dlrrrid, rllh Lltrt ot gro sr:rtoundllt
couaila wtrlh oEa fldtr:rl cltlra loottd ,ot nt!
ut rdua,a (ha etfc=t oE blacl, roulrt gosaf ol Lla
rddfloa o( raoE rhit t raothc! {ttcl:cC (@
a.thod ta .dd Eosr rcrs ,or gtrrr€a o( !..Uol b
i.!"lroal

s 6539
surtlcr. Bl.c!rs. thG CostA seld" sert not Ctt-
utled to rny rbsolute numbcr o( sat6. bu3
only to r nurnbar gropot'tlonat! to thait cuF
r!!! st!rn8!!-

IDDUIG t4rOUACt tO rrCt
tta pt.EcrEla of proDoftlonrl r.rid rlprc.

s!!!s!loB could hae! b..o ttPuCiat d by
Con*rar. p,!araq66t grovldcd th. p.r{Et
opporrLlrtty lo" lclislrUv. rcdcllrritlor:s o(
tb! 1.t. Th. SuDrcE CotrrS d.cisioa Er..
bEdcd dogo ln Jun. l9?9. Anrc rcl E.s du.
to cxDtrr to AUfrrJL .Dd h.rrtD8t on lLs €:-
trnrlo! hrd bctn undrrrrt d!.r ldr Flb
rurr?, But Jucudd dlsidotrt sGeE to cncour.
ta! lot coBtnElloa but crplsloa of lartdr.
tlve rcopc. Whcn tle Coufi .tlb.llbh€ tlra
ortaln{ E"lolna o( a Dl.c. of l.alshtioo.
tlrc neg lnlrr?rttal,IoB bccoE€ r taol for
tlosa l! Congt.r ?bo taeor a"!! 8trlata?
cha.Dsa Thus lhc rctt 1973 rxtttr:tloo rl}
rultrd Io bot! r r"dtttEluon of the 9rlad.
DIG of propor-ltondlty. 1'rd !h. tddlttoo o,
t6e11,{-eit! shtcb 3;1!.dJ .nllrfld thr
scopa o( thc trt. ttlc 1965 ..t hld protacllrt
dl cdtlzrns dcnlcd tlra rl8ht lo eotc o! rr.
couli of rtt|! oa color. Ald stnc! lt taa
balrd oa tbs zutc.lth .{.ECndErnL c.r.D.
Urlly th.! Ecrnt bb.lt. I! 1.9?5 protlctioE
Ea! cxtrnded to (our spcclUcdly d6iF.ltd
-Uaalrlsuc ElDorltlcJ': AElricz8 lndlar3
AlrslrI Netlves. AsilE-AEct cr!* a.Ed dU-
z!!r ol SPrDltb h.rlr-89

Ar ,! thc orlclJirl ..L cov!rr{. to the lg?t
art ltioa cras triSaltrd by tbe eristrocr o(
r tcst ttr a.rra! slth a ragiltlaltoa ot lu.rDout
o( lcaa lhrD 50 pcrc!.El ADd co"arzSc ElaiIlE
aot od, 3u,s9.!dl!a tbo.! icats. end 9ro$d-
tog Fedcral retlrttz,r:t ?hcr! !rcd"d. bu! tlla
Dac6sit, lor s!:tt3. rnd loczlltlE to "prF
dail,' r.U chrDsra i,n clcclord procedu&. iq-
clu.{lnt tanrxttlons s.od lEgortlolllIrct:l3
Mo!.ov.!. th. dallnJtloa ot r -'.!st- qrllt
bt!.dcn.d. gnd.! ghc 1975 lrsrslrtioa. bal-
lots printcd ia EDcUsb rar! c€risideGd 3
"tas!" qrhar |Jscd in a jurildrctioE i.a Ehicb
EOr! ih:.8 5 pcrc€nt of tha Cttlzlns o( vorih,
egG sara lacEbcls of ona o, lha dcli8narcd
raborltia.. And th! "ltrsPcnsion" o{ such r
t .t lltolvld tlc protisrou ot billnguel beJr
lots

ODc prsrlsloa tD t!! lg?t lE.ndrr.Dgt
b:d no countcr?art l! th. l96E las. Origl.
nally tbr VottD8 RlShrs Act cor'?Gd only
tlosr ,lurlsdlstlonr LE rrhiclr . loc, level ot
potlucal paricip8tlon irdler(ed r history ol
dlscriEination- 8ut Congress conclud.d thal
biffEgEf balots t.rt orta! necdcd i! arlts
l! lrhic5 votrn8 turnout arcrcded 50 per.
c8!L fhe anrndrBants thlrrforc dad! lbt
provlsioD o( thosc ballots Eaadstory thar-
ryar th5Jistlc Brnorirha rtttlr an iUltr::.c?
r-8t! hi8h.r thaa thr nattonal ltelage !F
sidcd. Thus e host o( count{.! in Calirornll
Colot?do. and els€shrr! eaEa Eltder parllrl
covclz8a T?rcy B€r? expcctld to profida bi-
UD$id bdlots and oth.! irsu:Jctionsl rlata-
risl but qr!rc not subjcct to othcr prolrlsions
nrclr rs precleefl,nc'c o( ch:aac! ta thetr
cicctar"l llwr

Ihc covenSe o( thca. 'llnndltic" fouDa
comgoundad the problcEs alregdy inhercni
I! tb. a.c?- To thc dUllcrrlty o( EiuanDte.i'E
trrad.llu.B clactonl eflecltvencss !o blec,lg
raa addld thr,t of eosurln8 cqual c(fectis+
Dc5s to Amcrlc'an Indtarg Aleskea Naul'ca.
rad thosc Asi..n-AEcrlca! artd "Spaiisb
bcriEcc" Sroups that thr Jusi,ic. Dep6Jt
Ern! llr llnplcm.ntln8 th! .rt dcsignstrd !.
hart!8 bc.! "elrectivcty ercluded fror! th!
dectorzl procBs." ThB cate8ort tnclud€-
Fluptno* Chtncse. Japs!6c. lnd Korrzr.s
pa!:ons o( Sganisi sulnaEa in Ari?rna.
C:lijorair ColoBdo. Nce Vcxico. 1I:d
Teits pcl:olr! Bhos€ Eothal '.on8r.rc ls
Spl!l!! i.a {2 st:t.s tad Plrlrto Ricar.! tia
lIce YorL N€e JcECy. alrd P.Rnsylranla



s 6540 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE June 9, 1982

ttrr. rGr! t'ortDa trtthout a hktor, ol da:ronstralr" s Net ?ott Rcprercntrtlc. th. 3..8G ttEa. thr- acratnC.ol-.thr ttrt!
dt!.nflrnchtr.mcnt co|nDa'lbla ta tlrt o( S!''rr;-Br&llopurlLrhrrthc'splrtlo(lh. "t rt- ger crpradcd to lacludc thc urt o'
soqt!.rn bl8lr. No !.rt d..l3tld to dtsrcr. 1960'r sr.3 aoc d.rd. EDsllsh-oBl, .t.c{orrl ErlrrlrlS thus. er'
Itrnchr,. caur.nr or r prfiiirr- tr..-hrd - to trc6 Eitlio aaaonstntr tha vttellty t ndlEs covitz8e io ttala rrlthou! tndltlon'
lrpl tbra troar tlrr Dot! L !tc!ate.crd..- or thsGrrrt rir! c?reirara Doa &trrrds rl ut trcT t .t& Thlt solutto! no3 onl, obvl'
Brit15.-Dc?rfl,o nrir.lulir[Gpr.-.ot A -q.ui;rDtr rnd conG!$ar.o Bob.r! rtrd th. probtctn of drtlalns rlcc. but bv rt'
braco$;to"rt-i;iafuto;;;cluead tlrs Dr{araof lersrrcluscttr oc tlc co'lirt '-rir6r Ql thk brt!r!€6 r "!.c!' rnd los
riiy-trG-*r iufn-alautZrre,avrat rra uy teq uur, cqurlly_lryolycd.. srrt tcxrs Coa. vot r turaout-thc lrtt r b.tna ro tndlcrff
trr-rrirocr or bfilornr c-rccttoa srtrirt ri grilgornri Bubr'rr Jodr'a rnd cru'orzr'r o( tlr' dlscrlraLart'rt 

'Jttct 
ol lhr (onacr-.

.. to rernat *acnf protrsltoo. A.1tr3- ol icpresrot3tlvr Btrrrd Roybrl. Il rl' a tt trotd.d r nltula to t!. ,r.tFtgc, nc+ to
dttDtogorlGld. ctfrrofc frsprct ttarOtUlf to poicauf Ci,Eu9. llly nrpgot'ttd.bt r *glcd rtlrnlD, t!. lDtsttlonr or rdtolt ot tldfvld'
-a r{rttrrr rlr lr.uEdi rhel couplcd laa coanittra $rrt rad tt rrr llld, u, t"t ud rrdseilra
r{!.b lor rot ? tUrriout' b.crEa tla tl,lSftt rhrf lt trlrt d. Bu! lt roan DroblGcr ?.rt r"old.d. othll:
thlci ctJU.d thra odd rgrablrrc o( rE Ertcrr corut6;11lot 1,:c cr:rrfrd. A brUof b E Stlh b Bot !h"
arouf t! !!a goultcal prtn{Iccrs:ilrd rad A3 tba outr.t ?brr lg rrstrd 'rr qult: arE!. r. r lttricT tt!t, dt iE.d ta -disGo'WiI Hf.ilt3t3f;",!!.. *li:*,,.3g1y11;-* *t"j;*:;;J :ffi ffiBf i' ffi ffi:l:
r,ana&ratr, ABd rbt d
rora tariaro For ooi T!.l*ffi ffi{Hffi ;ffi1ffiof'UEtldn.f rElDorluc.
taEret Southcrn 699t6lU
t.E '.' r.bouc th!r.r..iis't iG;;: 1* P" errErtc! o( rhr Justlcr DaDrrt our.'trr t8 esrs! but llrlnr. tr somc

oor rp-r.r..- n.,,o"Liil?ilfrili H$3.ff":3s:*1L1"{-T"Hlf ffi:"::ffitft1lEtr',:t.'",[lft-t.t t!!6 tt t tn thctr or
tso Alrb n conrrtoii-iub-[i;-A *l:|rts"" ll rlrtrl 8outl. slt! t],a tttt lt t.cdoo o{ ttr. Jusrlc! Dcerrtl,lrnt usc !h.
dotsd t!. bt ! Bu! taoqti*thJ;ild E q,a_ u.rtcrr-rlrElrtcsst la str4! t!r3-rtt ceosus Burcru's aothc!-t agt. d.e. \rhich
y.Drr, 3tt s?G.L laor! idil;;r;ti; qrrlEd ut rt t trst rcr! -r-:t 1,ryl tco rbc laa81:38! spolrE b tlrc horrschotd

JGI" '*r,iuo"? p"ilrErm1ftE l1HrH.H$f;tffifJ?r*,'"sH fdH.rT"ffffl.T.*'"]n1""*il",i,i1,:19?5 r curtt.! o( t!. vosou-'l'uiri-r'l""'cover=dd.#r.'x*ffiru:mtt:'Sff 
ful#k*ffi::Hffi3bllGL Tb. crgu.ioo ol

caSrn llr rltrl3rl rnd bl:
D!rrd.

OuBrd. tbe Sout!. t!o. opDClUo nr 6rlt to t !L tor th! tlalrrlt !r" dl*-ttg f: .nuoa izairnats knoe oalt th. laaalrls.

*ffiti"s;tm*6I"ffi* L'"r,il?iff it+#i *s'"J*1i,,gmrs;:**Hiiffi:
;od;;,t-p"utrorfy. mr-g5r rara+ o(..M!xl6!'A.Bcriclr citlzrlr .l1t-"L-E ioa-tna-crai,lcr rirl tur Ccnsur Etureru
;;g;;G6{ - ia lgij 

"It-rctrd 
11604, eot'f8 8{r ls Bucb atlat ! t!t" !a.g-1tE Ur.- UEs-Orc-to proviac sircb lilorE.(oo-

;Gt" ttsijy.t uri tstuct sq; a(rrcltt d.. *ocl sh1t8-) NcYaftbllcls. tt Frs c.uErfl A"t tir.,rld b.-e6ritrc"lfy uruch lar uscfrrl.
b.ia-Tltr -rs ts prrt b€eru!. oo lcslstu thac lhr rlalst'attoB IlE F.'s tPPTIFlil t:rc r9?o crcs"j ttstt 4s ajt:tcn AEcricrns
doa g115 11op l!lpo!!:nt to tfr tfcf -cors. lt {6 ge!c!!L Ia lhc l9?2 el.ctloni.-31 .DCt' ;-drllril fo*lt, Eothrr to.gu.. Yct
a,rnftz.11grrrbccrurccirurrinElac!a.t ccnt- rottd. Fltncrrrr E'otnt d^:ttl1j!ll qrriu i-"iff.*at pi-ci,un.&.rret nh.e on.
rr-rie.j-Lciuil r edrll.aEd tsiur uo sucr- Mcxl--'A.Bcrl-na colaetilcdl 111-T-Y_13 il-il ic rhi-11a1f,-ioiG""tlannnga By
trrcAironrp"UUctf atco-t:r:aA.odLnoe t,t! ott!..I.ct!dolttclalrIaicxe*butlEpc!' ffi;;.;i,r..-oary f-f ra.itlloa gcnons o(

=.Hf*:',ll*;ti*"f:?i5: 
*+lt1'#tr9:ffier*aas.Io.r":r.-p9-d 

:A-HrTil,H"#to*.H".'S""ffit*f;
nr.. als t!. Erl a.rr,rrr oiaou-ucet- 6qtll. aot bc c€veltd eesily. ?trc 1963 8''-r'd bcca t'"-li"i..tn-"rr r.*"J .onig". otdy 2-2 !all.
rtr. - bas.d on ih! Futlrnt! A.B!!dEC!::IJr ili'ia*r:ilrhcnrsetrer ss haeins -d[tlsul.'-Hcpubllcra Rcarcr.nt:lty!, !d. caldrrtr trcrld {zlast dlalal ot r18!r p 

^"-or_11T; ;; b-E 
"1*;,;tui 

tot"r urreltebllty ot th.
Aiiiii-.l-a caritar E wlssrrrs proeolcd cou'a!-o(r:clolcolor'whu'tapt"1T!l il";.i.'iffi.-art s Edics(ad tv onc
.5a;i1dl!"ot! tarr eould trrvi retaira lurts- tb: Jr:stlca Dcarrr:a.al .M.xle..B-A.E.rt' ;il-';;]!r; ln 111 onti ff jrluton

***:'et'm*A:l;:'",T.ffi ffi .?S:iH,l?lff ffi:=i E:t!! m,lro.X"*ru1'i,? i,'#'Eli 5i
;At"rtrs q] i6irii.'n16 Buucr pi'opsr,t 9ot b rs65 attorat, Gcaaral 51ftb-Tl ii'diiiaE'ii;"a t!.rt l3!nres: LE s€hool
euorca e-pottttcet uart to uru out ts sooo rI bed srsgE tcd thag sl!c! evrrT PCt':soE D'61 ii riu --ritinrr
;:,9;W*"3"fr.:Y;*.ffi## ffirllflf.1,i'!EifJ.:t1'"f"*E;t -rr-.-*."no's Drobicn hos.'e?- 'lrl!
lytorhGl.?.1 o(bt..tparslg:pr6on-Blr.t ep4C fn tfrJ f9?5 heirilg. ii;-t;,Ii,: f,ott5'lrclurlcaof rsirr'Utrajlinutrrbc!o(
lurnou!Bou1dbGexr.olaeddt!!erchcog- uentot.l:sticarttloocl-rte"iu]"Iii-j. tndlrldutr! ltEo *!rt )"i;+Llv ouent tn

rrclstonrl clc(atoE a.ad ao Jurjsdl4loa rs cv. g.sai"a ttit u 1921 rh. p"ptiLtl"" 
"l 3151-b"J th' krd'rrrod 'rl 8roups $ho

Bhlch [hr bl..t vot !r.s orel 50 pcrccst ucrrco-rraa uin roj pcrceat itiiE -ig'i 
Pid'.-!o.'clelrE ''t cllcrl='in^tlon' Elhnlc

rould bc covcred- BuS botts ?rogosrb *rrr p"rccoi tl'rr-^, ana SO.f p"t""ot -LtU". tdenllty' ltn8lristtc 'rllei'llll7 and dlrcnJran'

,",-ari-aiii.'.a- trc siid-riJ-c"uiti"r ia* rnr er.'!!r break<loia *-filtt i:ftrf.t [I"f;-'ii.* J*r11""1":,ffifrrt f.U undrr tha ..1, bccalrs! o( lot voca! tha sa!r!. atrd stDc! lhr vast l

iiunouirr-risr .crt.uu'6E-co;;'"d s{irr Mcrteen:'*"rc eiu"r prrc rna6a- o-ii.ri 1ilS,1;"ifr":[jtri1"teg;:];"T#!9?t. bfr.t M!:rjcu'Alo'rlcaI! could
fraconsensusoaEraiar-iF{ntJuD€rrldoa bc ncir.lly dlrtlBs! But rbe r"it-r.-.-J tlcTf:lcR-lo dlsc"lEinltec lc^irBt certala

ovcr tbr soulhcr,! slrte. r!a! bcyoad coa. thrt thJ- cr'rsur Brr,rtu -"iait"i trri rroupr rs t-9 !i1rra'!tt lh' extlzordtnlrv 9ft>
g.e... of @ut:!!. In tla prers'ihci.r ser ria... UcxfcaaleriA-crsr to tc ,Utt".-.sa th"E lectlou o( th' Votina Rlshts Ac! B1t notlt'

sprcrd suppon for thc .El;;dE;a tla Eara; ilsdln-o .'ad otrrcn su:icoisrairca lna but I clavenirnt Dt'tensc' No onc

rler o( I Fasrriaglon port strlt srlt r s.s rt r frt o( oJpr.orrtral-to uc iassrnca - y.T.*3 env socciel 9roEc"lon (or rlcent
eh!:zc?rristie "CIyU-r{8ht! !e*Zcr.- Ua oon.sf,it-fu ifii *a tfrcrclore. lbr rrau' lluqa rEa'rli8'alittA 

"ot 
esttnplc' eYen

r,?otr. -s{'rc th* the Larr L! touah but s.rrr ..rrt"-or ur. ]rgu.c o"pertaiit i"[ia llouJh .ths ou:abcri( Ii-lt:uls *ho do noc

thss lr ltr bc8utr-{hrt 5le.}r r.rr gmtrctcd dcr.( .s^ll! Ia rlt czs.. orflciany aasrmetras uss 
-Bll3rign 

as lhclr lsual lij:gu*a! is onlv

ftol6 rophisticatd t.Gr-b,iqucr llLt recirl Mextca!-A.E.ricenr ar r rrcr *oiia -uoi sltShdy sE'ilc! th2i thsr o( Ari$s-
3crtT:taadcr: ot etecttoo-&trtcf tU"A -- hera rusutt d ta !hrl, covcrzS!., !.tr-"-tld l3,t;0"10.** i,l:975' c'raDared t'o {{;'00O

ioU ilca o( vottnS por'r!, Jus! ls surcly !s r locrely haYG clLElDltad 1ay ntld to r!(a! lo rErG
;il;I kb"-cifir,nSini eround r votlng r -tlnirutsrtc- Elrorily. Aciuel coveaSe ra- 1Ac soiulloa sr{Ycd it Eas unpt.efrdcnt'
6;;lL; ffl. .c"'atfoB *t*.ca tcrrori.s qulrla-itcr t!t88cr-.oa. -qrhlch dld coi cd rld crtaordlnarr ConSrBs sinplv d.s'
Ga Eafrtrfa::rg Aa noc-s;u-to rztr. E, dcpcnd upoa tUo prestn= ot_r lltrncy lcsa t5:Lt d i-our irouql rs. -des93tn!. ar:d ex'
Gycbrorra 

- i aul-soludoa'srs rotTEd. E,! L!su. of cluded r.tl othcc T7:! 1965 lcgtilatloo 9t+-'ffri&:rsrrsus 
oa tba nc.d to grotact Ex> t:rcr raa dod6ld. aDd thr b!s. oI ihc ts! Ett t at! rll clttzatls denied the richt to rotc on

u'L;i jjf..Elyqncss-.nd tnJsairiutr sbjch broadc=ed 
-ta tactu& rh. Fout1lGtlclr r.couu! of rzcl or coloe But the lgis pr}

anrciogrd thG :€!-flf,vr r ..-irf frea 
-aena to A.ElndErnL rs scll as thr nttrlntll IIr- !cc!:oa '8:i+rr dllrnJranchisemtnt on lhr

thc Ejusr subcoEBrittE oa boastltutlooel cludtng rlrarlnc! to th! Fourtrr:r!5 A.([?!d- h-.i5 o! lanSurS! rxtlnds ta cartain-citiz.rLr
u:a Cliif Rlghtr orh"tt t::G rE.nd.Eccts racac-sllh lt: equal DrotrcdoE cbus.-rl- onl$ A.bs\rlr Nsilrrs. A.Bcricr.s! Indienr
srru dr{tcd.-Ana tC s:s-r ;lGltt t ."ray loq;ld tbc cov!!r{! ol goups drJ.D.rran- Ast.5-AJs!rics.o5. .nd thos! oI Spsrllh hQri.
rlra *IbC !o us. !.brl l'trdoEl-{lrdt lo chised b, rtrsoa o( tJulr c:tlooel orrfi!. A! laac.

't



June 9, 19t2'

Orlr-irctujicu !:{th! 1Epear harEIB No
drDrlratloE teoulC srlet! lo rlsulg lroE d.ata-
n ,tlon- But, saraioa 5 E t!. thc ilclusloa ot
supcrfluou! 3TouEr lrr froE sod:lly bc'i3n
Ttrc arcsrnca ol '.bE Urstrist c BoupJ. !E
lbc conEx! ol lcE voi.! Eglrtntloo or
turnouL r.tlbllstrla clcct?8e-aDd oDcr e
poiltlcet subdi(sion ls coverad evarT ch258G
la voting procsdu.E a!t! bG subEiitld !o!
clcanDcn

Bcta.e! l9?S anrl 19':', tbrrr rr.r! 2.0OO

such subr:lission5. trlort. if b tnrc. Urvolvcd
imocuous elecror:l chlrtct t!3! sa!? !rB'
Erdbt?ly cllefld 5ut e stEirl-'t Du!lbc!.
lnvohlns urn€xltlolr* EtggortlooE"at!.
ch.ana6 f3q6 rard to e!.lariE votlES.
ch.!8ca l.D thc n.ibod o( tllutrs r Publlc
orttce. uld !o (ot'!!. s€f! nol PEclsrly hos
narty cooJltcls dcaclo9cd 15 dlltlcitll to t.il.
lor di3apgrcrd ul:rr.ally r6ults Eot lI1 IIU82.
tloE but !n ne8otta4on T!a! l5. Lb. YotiDa
secuon o( !h? cml RiSbt! Dtvlstoa Jua86ts
rz,y! ln rhicb tha elcctoral lEa!8lBeat
czo Uc eltend to sccutt tgg'oea.l. Such o(t'
th+rccord Eetotla{ots h.vc bacoro! tJ1e
bsrrt o( tbc cslorcrraca! prcccdurt- For el'
enpte. tbcy lr,y b€hiDd tb. dtlrarton ol dlr.
trlct ltnc! LD tla w]tuaElbutl !.ctloa ot
Brooklyn lf.s Yorl- Oaly eheo thesc o"to'
tiluorlr brell docr:. ls tlry Cld i8 Elc!'
Eond. doc! ltti8sd,on coEEanc!- -'Tbroualt rhE iltorE3.3l D.toilalla8 proc'

-!. thc Dcglrtlaeot o( Justice h,' brcoE!
thc natlocrd lrtitrr o( gouticrl conjllcts iB'
volFlns rr.id .!d cthnic ltrouD3 Acms. th.

CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE s 65{1
aai not usa tha nurdar\, o( racid rad
erhnic pftrPorllondlty to ts!613 ?l.etorll
?quity. Bug proponionslity ls r d.ltination
sc shell nc?!r rlrclt. w€ shall d'rays bc rr'
rivln8 aDd nrvc! lhrra

Tlrc rEt b dur ta cxpiE tt lgte but Lhctt
B no tadlcatlon o( any lc!scni,!8 ol .nthust'
rra (or lL ThG !a!11n8 lr sidcsprad. as ona
rdvocilr rccsntly pu! lL thrt "EovrrD.EC!'
tal unlE sbouJd not do 1r!! thzJr ts op.n to
thlE'Umtr lhrt ,ccllnS chrnfrr uld uttul
ec rrrlve l! I dlrtlluoo o( pollltczl ?qul3y
lor radal r.Dd .tlulc atoug! thrt onc! {irln
focusa cu racltt ud loreSocr tha trtnP4'
trou to !!eur! ETIEUE dtrtlrensr thr
VottDs Rt8ltl .ad, stll bc bcre to ttay-

CFrorq tlc w.sttlDgt{,! PorL Au8. {. t96ll
V6::rc RrcrltS To Wf,rt Art ML'.orI:rlE3

Ertfi..r?
(8, Abiarll !.L Tt.tlstrol!,

So lrr t!. d.b8ta oD lhr r!n!s.l grd rcvl'
rloB o, tb. VoslB8 Rl8hts A.tiuc io cxEltc
tD Aunlsr 1962-hrs [og b.ru vcly cdllyuS-
ExraS.aicd chtt8as and count!t{54r8!a
brvc obssutld tlr rcel coEPlcxiurs o, lhc
issua.

It sou.ld ttlut laaEr r sclcortc sit! that t
coEgloEl* btu h.r cBCrS?d l! lhr Eousa
Judlciery CoE8lttlc thrc ?rotld allog coua'
i16 Ett! r hltlot7 o( "3od bchrtiot'' to cr'
Eieatr tb,?EralvE llola tlra EBost intnlsjv"
DrwEioE of tba rEr IE tsct. a. lhc biU E
eur:cotly qtrltta!. Eo soulhara couDty is
IILlly t la.it tb. strrDS.Dt ctlllria 6trt '
lrs!.d- Tbo.c ?tso drartld tb. blll cliltly
b€il.vc thr! tbr rcl should condnu! lo
covcr ttra cntire DacD Sourl:. lllcl iJ r!. btU
is prsrrd. rh., stll probe.bu fct th.it q;ay.

A ler baslc (:cr.r Tlra iDiti'r 1jE of t!!
196! .d s?s th! c!,rt:urchjsera.nt of souttl'
.rE btr.l& r8d lhaB 8oal Bras quiclJl' mcr.
Nor ca.n tb! bdlots oace a8ai.E b. t:llo
lsat. Th. lit!!a.y t at (fBudulrntlt adEia-
tlt rcd) Tzs th. chi.f ra.tos ol dlscnfnn'
clisrtnanL and thc baa oa such test ltiU
EE.r!- C:Lgrinrl gcndtiG (or votint ltzud
rrc hart to tt3y. Ihey u! lEtong '!ha 9al'
E1Den! provllioas ol 'lrc VothS RiShls Aa3.

Mr tbu! ncc=s.ry to trLr wtth a 8riert! ot
salt th. .strttton" Irrqucnlly made. rhat it
ftr? ac! is dloecd !o exEir!. the South RiU
rrtutl to tta pGl965 *ay3. "!'flnoritlr3
strDd Dcrilorsly clolr to shcr! thry srert in
lE7?. eh.E thc nrtlott 8rosd q,c.ry of tha
rzc" bsuc. ltrtcd to let local olflcials dr',l
Etth 

"oting 
:'i8hts er !h.y sae !1L" onc cilil

rl8ht! stlotart hls .Erntly rrit!.tl Bug
history Bou'! r4.rl itsau. Tlrcre are nci'
th.r th. cconoElc nor l,h. polltlcal condl'
tioE! to! renesrcd. e'ldesprcad oppr.ssioa-

Yet also Cca.tlrtaS skePtic:sra is the assar.
tton thar bl.rl, lottna has so radisally trans-
tot'tlad '.ha slruc:uE ol southern politic!
th.! lhr tcraPoEry provlsions o( thc lc! sr!
no loutlt nccssar?. f'host q'ho B'arrt lo sc€
thG 8d rencsad. but Stratly Batcled do$a.
rr8tl! tha! to rt!.3i! sll thr grrtrest provl'
slons ls to pcnrllz! thr South for its p.st.
Y.! i.a ma.!y ptlc!! that past i! cletly pr!!
eEL Not, p€n:J!t!.. but protcctiotl" is rhat
supDorte!:t oI th. !r! c!.arly havr in rnina

Much 16! crcrr. hocraeQ!. is thr cxlent o(
tle nccd for sucb protsctioE- Th. 83i'l5 a.e
lcrs fraglc thla soEc ess.rl but'i'e lack 1l
&curala scose o( t5a lnattlitudc o( aalud
chr.E8r. CoatllctLBs concrption:t o{ thc
South abound. utd lhcy' lre e! lhc hel.rr o(
tbG dlsputr ovar ttr! .t!'3 r!nce?,L P:ilnaruy
d issua is ahat ls kaosrn es S€ctlon 5: iha
provision ln the lcglslztion th3t protccts
18z1nst dts.Ttlinator? chantcs in ellctorll
procldur!1 BLal or Fri.plaic bdtols do oo!
carr:nrhrE enitule z.tud poscr. i?rc grr?'
o3Ddcn::t o, distrtc! lln6 to tha adrsntaS?
o( shtt! sotrt:t. tha i.oJtttutloa o, lg'larga

If four srouD. coutd b. so ddlElalad. Bh,
no! on. 5!oug? Th. ortdnd locur ol con'
clrtt \ua,3 rha Maxtao-amrrlcrnt ln T!rt*
why ruch r brord-reu8ed. Fundaboul rnd
orobltrarttc aotuuon to.uc! r 8logrzphicrl'
iy l,tld crh.Eicdty con(tacd groblca?
- tD D.lt pouuczl coEsidGt*tont dJctrtrd

lba @c"rirta of gouDa othlr thlD Mexlcr+
Arlrat'lcrl:3 t! qu ilmcd! t. n"o9 ooa thc
inc froo brlar to brosa rr. crosrr4 ead
t!!r! r.r. pnsui.! to ltclud. othcr gouf
Bu3 lcurUy lrlrPortlat P.tr th. coEsutrF
donrl g[lbl.Er irhlrllt la slErply d.ttE .
dnr oni SirouE to bc covcrcd but nos counal'
clnt ra.'larrcr DdnclDla Equd prot +
rloa dctnr,adt lhlr la coatlrrlta ldlslrltv.
bcncttt! uEon onlt clnri! 9ctlont gtl3
ana bc tllln lo dlEotrtsilta tlt ttlrdoa'
3.bi9 bctrrata EtlcdtG. rld rroDr Thc sa'
lcction of ona 3rouD fot Drqt.rladrl'trcr,t'
6cnt ls constttutioBdl, tusP.ct utlc.r ghrl
lEatracat ll! rllrrld to |Etud dlDtlvrtloa
llrd pcrtei?rd 3ocrrl !.!dt thrg B t ht tht
1965 lcsislraloa dld.Doi Dr.E. blitlt sp.€ilt'
cauy: bus rutcttld to eltlrclt d.dcd llr
richt to vota oa sccoltD! o( nca Lsd ?hy,
silh r!3rd t, tb? Mcrrq.!'rtJrcricrt* lbc
tomrlrlrrloE of soEa Etdc! Drincigia Es
Bcc!.rstT. Onc! thr! brz!tr pri.ocigl. o( llE'
nrisUc aitcafruchjlllacEt E.s slt bllshld.
iocrevcr. oghcr Boug. sr€raad loglca[, to
qutiltr.- Y.3 !h. loric erl ttr:,inGd. CoE idtf
erien.eracricens No rvldarc! $.s ot crld
& thr h..rnE rr !o tlcir gouuczl oPPr!!'
sion lld ruc! Geld.lrt tould hl?a baco
brrd lo cotla br. Jagrac*'A.oaicM al!
rErolt lhr Bost $ccrrdr:t of dl AEaricla
erhqtC nor:p:. frzt nilllt ao drsctfdlr.
tion E! lh! pous- Xor do C!lDe!!. t(or!rE*
or Plupinoc Cenrua Lulora:tloE lor tha
J1p.Jtcra aad Chincr: i! tUri6{'!8t1D8. L€at
thia lt EGreaE! oI *Nta A.Blrlcr.E:t ot
tratlra prrent:8a ?at! ctouatr 5tzduatls !r
f9?0. For sceond.Sllrtliio! CtlnG.G'A.B.r1'

' crJrs tl|c llnrn qrer ,.{ El.tlllt lld tor
slclnd 8!n.=tioa JeganrslAlreica.Ds lE-!,
pcre"nL }tadfa.o faFily i.dcDtla o( sccoad'
8lncrattoE Cb.iElle.Al6artEr.os E:s 5 pc!'
irnl higier gh:a rlat o, old'sloEt shitF.
Tha (tnrE lor Jrp.nc!+d.E?rlc&t lr cveo
hi8hcf al ylrclat aboec !.hG EotE for
netive rFhitla oI utiv: rlralrta8a

natton !a dnrtcts ln Cdtforlri.. Arizont
CotoEdo. tlrrrail. Alerkr Ncs Mcxlco. end
NGs YorL tn rddtttoo to tha South- th.
votinr !.ctton h .n8.tad tn edjustlns locel
alactoal a'rrrDtetnanut !n ordrr to .uSmcnt
&c poecr of elrtrLE g!u9. utd dltdd$
rhat ot otb.nl

l corlElort rtlrrl:Io
Tbc Votlng RISIIr Ass rtl r noblc tt

Fonla to rla cauousl-r ol th6a eho ,or !o
ioat pcralttcd .8d 9.r?atur!cd tha dlsrs'

'riaacfrt!.EGa! 
of Southctz bl..l!. A.lrd ltl

rcconpusrrncotr brYr bcra vcrT rllt 11tc
old poutlcrl otd!! btt cfiEblcd Ia tb.
Soutl Pouucr b Do lorslf r llly'Thlt Drr'
tarnl--gui oot tr.tvtblt[ tllt hts E ult d floa
tl'ta ,.saa? o{ lhc rrt lur turacd out !o
scfl.-Ee -tnostorancloa l! thc Bla^EiDt o(
Douttcrl' cqur.Uty-tbr aoYGE€ll lroE
cqurl opponunit, to cqud tttult...{rDsot
uj ro 'sinpty cd.brated. Coa$'es. tha
courtr. rJrd tbG Dcpr@lnt ol Justlcr hrec
t'Dc! I cout!. thrr i.' (nquGacly lnctlccdv.
rDd rlr.yt drtrleloua !l:c c(fott lo roaxi'
Eiz! tb. gouticrl cttlcderlls o( s rrri.ty
ol ctbaic ud r"dat goup.L .Yc! shc! uru'
Elt.ty nrcc!.Jul. lt .lB1ys cstlt PloPoF
tlor.r t 6a, rJjd !?h.{. rcDlt:te!,t3uotl b-
cvltrbty b.€oB.t thr Juld.rld by r.hlc! to
ElAlSUtri tlat c(tatuealls3. tad !o dttzlE!
b.coror clrsdtt.d to! pouu(rl PurDorlct
dona rzrirl lEd rrbdc llae lilrcre d.vllo9r
ra rcquiaccact lD !!Ea'Btt gouucr tor regr.
rrt. !"cial .8d .rlDlc ffi,uDs. ehlclr lrc
tha! l'lzD8d lE a blslzrcly sltlr thorc
drsiorrrd lor csr€n5r 9lr.!d at lh' toB

Ana Uc Aroblaa of cstr l! coEpouldcd
bt t!rt, oI ld.ttlctlvrla. Wtlllenslurg ir r
sood et:a,gla Buylls voGc! or Jan,fias
ie[ot borcr Borls. but tha drztsiD8 o( *-rrrl
llnra alrrot t: .8 .l.ctloo- Is ordcr to
elsur thr s.lcdoa o( 1 blrrl. thr Justlc!
D.p.ra.nt lorc.d ll€, Yort io rldrlt dlr'
triit ttaca. tsut ,:.!loE:l strita botb t{thi.a
tb. blrt coEErElty erd b.tE.!a bl.erl!
aad Plr.fio Rlcarr. rlsuft.d ta thc elcctloa
of a ?bltr. Thc rrndencprcsaltstioo o( lril'
aoriura Ery b. a Ploblet!" but sr hav. !o
rlllabla reacdy. 1Dd thoa. sr attcEp! to
provtdc doa't caElc !nr.- 

Evrn !thc!! aa incEasa la alnorlty rupre'
srltrtloa hts b.rn succtllfull, rngtlcaFd.
tba 9os!r of Einorrtlca Eay tlEri! cxctcd'
t!&ly lraltc{L Suc! Ulalt3tlon:! t!F! rrClt'
otzci ta Pltctlburai Pb.r! bL.tr Join.d
rhitE !o choosa ccoaondc groctth ovr!
blsct E.Fcricel strlEagll" rDd u! aeeA
EOre lppsleat tn lhcc coEEtrElucr iE
ohic.h Eia66gc:r ar.! tru.ly t! th. lEinoritT.
N.ith.! st tle loca! stata. nor trationrl lc".l
stll r (ae dor! Mcllce!'Asarica[ r!pr+
saDt:dllt 8r! lor t,!c Maxicen'A.Ecticra
coarErrnity what tt n"cdt Eosu lag:statloa
bcnctltdna th! Poo!. Follttaj dlls.acet ar!
oeess:t:-rllta.acat brsd oa cl3s!- rath.r
ihrn r:.cc or ethlrlclty' But lhc LEPlcEent '
doE of lhc YocinS Rlaht! Act tr:ry b. dF
crczslng tbc ?ossibluty ol sucb t ca th. 90
Utlcal polrrizads! o( th. socict, elons
rzclal md cthljc llnci E1y bc lt #li .a'
collpltsh.Bt d. ia lhc v{c|' oI those Bho
has. Eodulrd a.Ird !r!pl.!1.nr4d thc Voltn8
Rlshts .{cL s.pa.rzt PoUUc! for srPeratt
t:dal 1Dd etbrJc Goup! rggcant to havc
bccoEe tla nortll Yec tt out Li.ra 15 to crr3lt
oae societ -nog tBo or four o! firrnty-i!
rhl. tbe dtEctloD !O Ehlc.h lrc sa.at to ip,

Thas drtlctloD. it ls ortcn .sscfild. ls ooly
I llEporar? ona Wtrcn Lhr ProblaE dl5a9'
p"2.E rhc ic! ?tu cxPit!. But thc :.t ttsclt
is crtatlns I host ol nce ,robler::a MorF
ovc!. lt sclsls E ll oa it| Eay to bccorBina 1
p.rEaaanl p.fr o{ ou! pollucal le.ndsEzgc-
EIoe Borrtd r! lrros ehan polil!'-l sucEass
hud b€n rtuiled? wr hava no ercesure ol
pouucal rrrive! Tlrs Eho iEplcErr!3 l!!



s b5{2 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE June 9, 1982

In ona tllD.ct tha -eornprcml!!" not
bcina ss'allo$rd by thc Reaganilca on
vottni nghts E Gren morE .rljalla thrn ih!
lds:hd dilsEnt. Sfarshs[ sE lcast dcnl.d.
thrt hl.t loglc rlrust lesd to ProPortlonll rl9.
It4nt3uolr. fltc coraprosrbc progosal tha!
Lrs no* bc* bought bv lhr W:hlt! Eou:e-
l! frs patched to3lther by rssortrd cotBarv'
rtlra ind ltb.tzl S.natota locludln8 Trddy
icnnedy-rfo drn:6 tirt lt't for PJU
horcvcr. t! lnsuluy uldrrEbca thlt
thous!! bt coupttn8 lt to tllt ltallEcot
thrt- i! considcnna Rhclhct th!t! hu bac!
dlscrtoinatioo. "th: ert at to shich B.E'
bct! of r 9!otrc!d cl.rsa hr"r bGCa llcct.d
to orttcc . . . lr oac 'cifctrost:loc.' shlc!
88, bG colsrdcnd . . .'.

w. grlhcr ltoE thc Washln8loa Poct thrt
th. comproEris. i! consldlttd by rhc Rer'
ga.Dl!! to br trlag poliucr- Out ctubtcty al'
trad! to tha,t DsoP6itloE too.

CFroE thc wrshtagtoo PotL Mrt 8. 19821

vo?trc RrcEts Mrra Srr^trct 8em:.oe,t
(EY !(.tY Mr€rot?,

Joscph L Raub Jr- t!! lsort lrbcnl
Dcaocrzi o{ lhca ril. 15 goins eround toea
stioalra tla praisr3 of his u.alx9ccled n.s
hem. S.tL Bob Dolc. Republtcaa oI l<-surs-

What scc offiauh- Bhos. stand3rd! Irlrrry
Dlc'oct,:rt! fsll to Er.cL qres Dolc'r gertora'
1lraa l! gltuna thc VotlD8 Rlshrr Ac! oato
ih. scnarr I100r.

"!Ic srs supetb.- Bault !r"cd rt r D€Bo-
csrtlc cocttrll pady oa cagitol ritllr lhc
otb?r nighl "E! 8o! u! thr pcrtcc! bill. Wc
cou.ld!'t haea don. it ?lthout hlE -

R.auh g8l,b Dolr "thc Dttisln o( tb. '80r'
S.tL Everet! Dlrksrn of l]llnois ha,! e spccid
ptacc !n lh. he.J'L! ol the lclt bccausa. l,B.id
sonc o( thc rdos! lntricatc s.llanlic! stnc!
thi Councu of Trc!!. h. put o$e! rhc ciYU
rtchrs blu ol 196{. qihila gr.End.i.n8 to trr^l
It !o pi.c.3.

"lrttghdcr the! lrEic. lr thc tdrs Bhosa
ttEtc has conrc.- Dtrlisaa llton"d tlcslorr'
bly oa thr S.nat! floor. dtcr extBctin8
aorria concesalon! ,ror:l Eubctt Eunphrly.

Dotc did bctt.! than DlrIs.tr. e€cordina b
esuh. bacausa hc gevi asay ltotblng souSht
by ckll righti .ctldst's. E cu! tbc 8:ound
out ,rotE undc! th. whlt! EfolJsr. $hicb-
uDder thc nrise o( 'stralgthenlna" the lO'
year.:id biIL E'as .ttalogtlDl3 to 8ut lts lly
prosbions.

DoIc brok€ r corilrrittcc tl! and brouSlrt
aiJn8 other RlEublic{:s. II. did it rnost dlP'
lomatlc?llr, calllng hj! rtdsrd d.ratl "i] coo'
grornrsa-"

"Ir. *Bs no cotlprotaise et all.- says H,8u.h,
stoutly, "1trie got ereE tJrin8 Tc santd-"

All Dole dld !r!s to put i.o $rltlna th.
leari oI thc corl-tcn'3ilvls. Ec sdded la.a'
fraSe $hlch sPecttically sa.ld that the aee
iril,l anuld no! leed to t!! "?rotrortlona.l rep.
rEscntallon" s9cctcr rrised by the riShl

A3 !rt! !s last fuesdey. whca thc Judlci'
8t'? Committc€ voted tbe btu our l? fo I. the
Justlc! Departraent sa:i sdU asitallna for
th. -ln!ent" clausr *Tt!t!! bv Se(r qrrl!
Eat iL t.hc Republica.B coEscn'aitr! ,!oE
Dtrj!

"Ile ras n!1't! a, ricious Bc:st.'' saIS Rauh
ot r.h! uchltcct o( Per{.ettot. Dolc' "rllst I
corut.n'adtc ruy. I r!!a.rab.r hila ,roo htt
Eousc dats. lIc Bould llslln to us. but usu'
&lly voted agarnst u3"

Onc" thc vlihltc Eoulr rlailz.d that Dolc
hrd thc aotaa. the'pres.id.nt nsEad for*'ard
to crabrac! "!h. coEgroEisr.'' Ttr. illom.t
gencBl has yrt to b. hllrd (roE

Dole's lnsolrlrEcn! begr.o shan clvll
rlghts advocetH zltocd h3 on hitt as tsa
only hope o( erdlng th. Judlciary CorllllJt
',.r d.rdlocL SeL llos'eU Eieflln (D-Ale'.)
Ee3 out ol 1! be€g$c hir sa!! $zs th. gta

ctcc'ttotrs rnd thr r,tul.xltlon ol lrrfcly
r'lrltr suburE-.uclr chlrl8.! llr munlciPd
rnd othar tllctor?l ly3tatn cra sitlrlltcaat"
ly dtEiintsh th! lm9.ct o( thc b.IloE csl
Stcctton 5 Equltct that rll ruch allllzttont
tro th. ctactotrl t)!!cEt o( "covcr.rd' Juri!.
dtcttottt (Ero.tJy tn thc South) tnus! br "Elc-
ctcrrca- by clihar tJrr g-s. D.9$EGat ol
Justtc! or tbr D.C Dlsllc! Cour!.

iat not dl rs-lrr?. votlnS or dls.dl'rtttlP
rcou:ly drlE! district 114.. rr! dlsclr8il,r.
totl. At-lrrrc Q':rt t!. la thc Norlb lr! coo-
dd;nd l€aiGldrt . A cgrla gaount of
othdc-Uoc rotlna Lr rcccatcd tr uolEd.
AJrd thur to th. d.trc. thlS tb! pouilcrl
D$Ge]l l! r sou!b.t! c!, o" ccunry hrt
loac to tt!.Ebl. rhl! ta thr Nort!. lt too it'
DOT1!IL

frotn lia qql!{ lhlt! louthcrtrn sr
Sact oE ! u hrrila rtduccd th.lr rltioB to'
!h! statut o( . coaqucrtd Errllor?. Soulh'
Gln statEt. rhc, gi4 rralt forcd t5 8o to
W.rhilslorr. hrt la hrnd. !o bct p.nlrisJioa
to che.aSc thclr elGctonl llrrr Tlarc hls not
llsll8Sd thlr retcltro.aq !o shlcb nolttr'
cra coaserrrtlcr b.aY! lolt leat, t stagathct'
Gat-Ol cour:q tha conquertd tart{tot? li's!
ttrl rlszS! blD?rbolG. And thc t!c! Is thrE
rbu!.! !tr thr North slr! l.s! llllly to bc rt
irtry raottntd tlras lhosa to tha Sourh Jll
rrccEtly s Juac I tadaEl ob!crT!!! EC!?'
tro! to M.brhsiggl to gllt s! br.cg ssli!:tg
drscrlEbrdoE l]o r! cl.c!108

tcr tfrc r..!rtto6. oB thc otber sld!. tbl
tbr pmblclls I! r prrllsulrr MlssirsfPpl
tosra 6 Jun 2 8rt t:Dlcrl of tbo.! In lbc
cntlrs Soutb. end thrs lhc rhrtorlc ol 16l
contEl l! Dothb.S bug t cover'u9 for {hlir
rrdsu. tr elso rrtlrt. w!!a !5. VotllS
trSbts Ac! t2. ItJ:t p.l!s.d. ScciloE 5 Ert
constdcrcd r dreconiaa !ra{rur!: ooly tha
&vrritt o( tbc problcta sarrzlltcd tuch r
jarclr solutloD. Ore! tir:la tba Itoslsion brs
coEG to ba s!!o bt sotoe 8,lt Dsfi ol thc or$l'
ral l"gislatlYr tlDdsclpa tD tect' ts th! Judl'
siat, ConHlttlc hts ostlnsibl, rftogdzrd.
It stiould nog bc. lad.i! renesed 8Ed rlvlscd
lcsislatloE soruc iurisdlctlonr should bc d'
loicd prorlstonrUt to'b.[ ouf'aad recsla
tutoaotay orrr tbrir locd elcctorzl Ptoc!:B

Wltc!- Jurisdlcllons? Te'kr r southctd'
coultt ttrrt ls aglrrorlrBtclt {0 Prrcrat
61'.r. thr! hrr ncr!! bceq r d.(ridrrt ll1 I
nlif dt.atof ltcisf d.!dlJ!j!.'lioE lhlt h,t
r rtcord ot allcting btac&3 to r s€hool bo.td
rlld ol spgoi.oli.o8 blr.lrs ta Erlour borsd*
rld thrt rDEcant to dlstrlbutt tts gubtlc
rctrlc!! .qurll, sEong eil s€ctloar o{ tbg
poDulatloE U elrcllon: at'18l8r !o! lha
iorinty cornsissioocs r?918t! r^u a9potatlvc
3ysncE should lhr DrpartE.a! of Jusuc!
hrve thc pog;lr t lrsls! oE sinSla'6cBb.!
dlstrlcra oa th! Sroutd! that sit! such d!}
trlctl uora !t16t5 vould aosE llkely bc
circted? Or should S€clioa 5. th! spccid
rtncdt ,or r spcciri riil,n& tr., loltrt
rDgly?-*itUng !ha! q'J6t1on requirci tlsscrinS
I raolr bslic ona: rt3ja.ly, th! llclnlDS o,
.lccloral dlscri.Einrtioo- w'c tdl of tha'dl'
lutloa- ol ttr! ralnorlty vott. but !a lad s"
don't Llor $hr! a "iull' tot 13 ?o ehlt.
DEsis.ly. 1rt Elnoritle. cn!l!l.d? ll b thc
ir:adeae:rtrl lss.le thlt 13 ycas o( exPcr{'
crc! urd ltttSrllon harr not yet seltled. rtLtBd
g loat rt i! ta=latns ursattld thc bssic Soal
ol the vottla R!8hts Ast lrtll re'leln eluslvc-
B 8n l.Btctt?tld poiillcal proc?< th! slE-.
Dnoc!:E i! rhica miDorittra hav! eiccEnl
irppottuaitler .(ud !o thos. oI BhJt .. but
si nrarutcca !o prrtlcdlr t?lults? Or Lr

tbe Sorl blrcl urd Ebprnic aollucal por,.t
riltb s.atr i! ,tlgonioa to th" EdBorl!,
DoFtr l ' tloE?- flEc rrt ,'utt sotlc o( thi quatlons a rF
nr$d o, th" Voiina REbts -Act Bls.!. llld
Lhc rnsrser: ue ier lrora obrioLts wlrll'F

Jrnntn8s Bryan oncG sald !o llrlrenc! to
Prohibiuon: '"Thli l, r laoral qusltloo-
!hGr! t! bu! on. slda to r aorr.l qucsdorLr
Itr 1965. !h! prss:t! Ot lhc act Brt Jllrt rucll
r! lssuc. bu! tha prtdsr (ota lts c:tat'tllon
shoutd t kr ls not. W. n!?d to bc q[rt ot
our trstlacta rnd dr! ousclr€ tlEr '€
ThllL

lFrorn Foauae. Mrt 3L fg$l
1b llotnrr lrr:rr R'aruu!:l

CoEtns or( r c!r-!rtE dublltt rbout .th.
xsstlUfy o( Er&,!tDd'r SEtttDA rlrad l!
[Ur -oaa rt r E!ul! o( uythllls bb€lcd r
coE9rotai!. ltl WlstrtngloD. Er Bar! l!'
stasil, $:seteiout o( th. Rce8llr A<tnlnlr'
trrttoa'r dcci:toa "t endoEa a blplrt's3a,
coED'OElSr biu exllndinS snd strloglhes-
tnr 

-!hc 
1965 Vodns Rlsltr Act" (r! 'Jr!

wgtrinstoo PEs! lppronarlY nlErlcd
Uiag upt lld rccordlnSly rllabed (or tFr
nornrt iree rua Sure enous!. lhr SFrt bt.
prrrS.tr coEptlml3a tUrns ou! to bc norJr'
inc but r crrli! .to raotbc! Erlndlelt
scherac lor conrenint cqual opporitrnrEr
LEto equd outcoErc3.-Ilrc'issue r.il elong herr hed bccn ih!
st!.odard! rhrt should rpDty ln considcrlng
Ehcth"! r stltc or locslliy ts vtolrdnS :hc
vorinS Blgbt.t Act- Juss rbour ?rar7body
egllri thre tha a.!. soEa palts o(.rhlctr rr!
scneautca to .rDlrc thl! tu.EEet hat bera t
sub$snurl succtljl lDd should br crllnded
la sooc fotto- Tba qucstloE ls rhrt ,otE-
SDcculcdly. ebrt tr:s !o bG sbosn lja ortcr
td provc th1! soraroo!'t YotlJl8 rghts haYc
bcca dlscrlrnln:torily dlnled or abrldEed?

Whcn tba Eou:a of Rlgr.acatatlvca ';oted
t ertrad thc ..! lest Auausl lt Bovad !o
cha.a8! th. opcraitrr studards- S.c:loa 2 o,
th. er15un8 a41 si.Eply sat3 !h6t stltrs s'Ed
loellu!! ars aot r.llorcC "!o dra, or
rbrlda!' thG r18!! to rot!- Thr Elou.rc
regotd:d Utfr plssesa !o tirt tt *ould bat
ray erreasunaLS 'shrc5 rlsu-ttr to r dlnlsl
or abrldGac8"

Glrr!-thc cont!:i!. thri sotd "raults-
!tras oElI1ous. ftrc Eouse ras ecttn8 t4 ot!!'
rld. r !980 Supreae Court drcltoa-C1tv ol
Mobih t. loldgn-rhlch had errphatlc?!,
Ejrclad thr rlrrt lhlt al.cronl r$ultJ uar&
voLblc to Elnorltt votct: lvldenccd dlr
ct.Ell:rtlo!- 1ac Cou!! lJ3slstld rha! ttscrt,
lrr.t to b. r dlscri.Elinrtar? iotent be(or!
thcrc could bc r Sectloa 2 tiolstlon Tlre
Eous. vota sas a.srt !o LEpl.!l.n! thc d'
tlmruT! vler, Pmpou.Edclt by Justic! fhu!'
Sood M2tlhrll cihosr lcnglh, dlssao.t q
liodile coaptein.d !!rt i.Etlat t?s too hard
to provc enl errrcd ,or I r$u.Its standard

tla courc maJority chln lerizrd ldsr'
shalt'! th"ot? ol ths cas! rt e.lt e*trtme one:
arYrrrhele3l 13 appcstld for e r;hilc as
thouah lhe Senai! too rcou.ld buy '-5i-1 llna
t'!re Senetc held olt shrn r auurbet o( P.ee'
ga.Dll4 consplcuor:sLy includlng Orrra
aatcA of lrt.h loc'.:scd oo s{rmc unpleasajri
lEpucttioE! o( a rtsults strndard I! :trould.
saii Ertcfr. -rzdic.Uy trarcsfota thc aosl o(
th. Votlna RlShts Ac! lroa equ'r acc!3! t
the clcctorel Procrsa ha *rr'' outcot!6 !B
ttr:! process,- and e;ould lcad lncxorablv io
'a rtindard ol Dropotlload t.prrseDtettoE
by racc s.t th. st.ndr'rd lor ldrntuyhs dli'
crtEiD3ttoE . . . E.rc it ao othct tossibi.
lBaroi.tr8 to tbe coDrr9t o( dlscrlElEltor?
'?!sults' ,. .'.- grhrl! gotr,8 on h.t!' tou rdll obs.n'!' L!

1I1 rr81:.Ec!t tha! rurl:r oa ?rrallel tBcls to
ttu ohc sbout llttErrllfe &tloE- T:l.rq
too. leFt dcslged to c::i!at! eq'.:al oppot-lu'
Eity bar! lont sinc" bGCn t=r:slated tlto .
prria for equd ourosrcr. Th.E. loo. lhc
hcagraltes har'a alettcd to comProrals.
thclr orisinet coade:ons lJrd to .cclpt ihc
pcr?etuatlou o( proFs.E tha! cquaiE dls'
irllrtartlou md lrsr equal outcoacs lor !El'
Borlur..



June 9, 1982 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -SENATE 
S 65Jg

ol th. lrat ,Ie!e!ly contlrt d court tallon rDtntna thc mottva bchlnd o-nc': tsttoog lt shtch err cxtandcd urd rlDsidrd tn llno

o, rh. vorhr arrnr e;, er-tiE"y r,.a rr--.rcdi.-d'i.ry-ar'liirrl ucturiiii chi utd !9?l. should b' rxt'ndcd (or t0 nott

hi*l#ii'{'jl$ffit$$ffi;TdEd-.'*}"",.}1""***n:f.?:';ft11.thsErhretnsuDov!'
Encr utt trru trd otltGr friri"=iE Jtr nrt'rr'ri;iritcrf t'ch u vottra;;n-- onc o( tht Ealor lsu€' hYolYC' thc

,o.3 EtoL do.!rr.t ur{ru, rsa-i rro.no srta ra r r.rr?dii-irr ,.v *tn9 rr niint uinp' 'lntrn!{rtcct!" dgtlnsllo6 dtNn b' ln'
Eerc.ch.d hiE tor ruppotEitool-*rii t-."tiit;- il tbit ;terrbttc 9r lii"ioir'ir L-s' tupr'car cour.t thrt th' Eousc'els!'d

ii-trrrr,o,t tbrE rh., oai"iJ.ilp'Jiil u. ir.,[ii-I"i7.iv"rii-"a;.*:",H:H IiH";HH ,':iffif.fi,tto?J,l$.JorLl rterct.ararlon trrJ-tnci 
-rictitea tt9rt!'otrtloB b thlch lt s lEeued til'cIlt' ;Fff1t-"trs;;t.i*;td;ii

rh. su9r.!E co,rr, o.rorfo?'rh" T;ni cr;a"riiEii ;;ilt to re.u-ra i t'cstrtr bG n:rtoagtoc- DrolrcE rll cltizln' !t!E
r-- ud. b ,r.L r.t d oal, ehr!_tb.t n r" ..-r.f-if iiiit to 

"otr. 
f,llt- dur' hr'fit lh'lr tirlr !o votr dcnl'd or

srid th., nat ( o -'otit ro . s;Gi tor::s-'tictil"iii-i-iaaracat rroa oac r.uaasca o! tlG brsg o( ncr or color' tl hs
y.!dm &rr hrd 9..rrd 3;I; Ir-;d;-r.r p-urtrtr"r-ase tq*roa to o"i i.qrrtrtar trrdtuonrllv b..n undctn'od to rtlean' rnd

Dolr cto lrrDdl. Rru.b't nrc* Ec toof r -Eiffi-if-n'ti-n"4;;; rlpcrcat*lou 198{'' tnrr r etolruton oI thrt L]t r'qultlt r
tadlrra rrr tE th. y6rrrt ittjlt' &aE'" h. ,r. oiliarui ttrJiln rl oi taj conru' dltlonssillotr o( Lut nsloa or r dEcrt'rLlrf

,.rr !!od.dr. b.c$r. nr ii-o'fr6r-taErur nruoaa-[Iiitu.iii.q9( -.rtl eouucrt torv p,rnc. ThG coura hrs rl'o n,lcd thrt

3hould b. !.ru.d ta *jiffi-rnli 11r.o lrr"a"i 6'Ea.-orlg,-iis. urarsoi *"rcr onti k tucrc ls 'Dur?orcfirl d's'tErlnrrlon"

os thr srogr !16r. a ouit o-iEp"ou- rb.s.-fi.E;;ft.-rrrl rlprorcnt3tloa ot cr! thlr- b. r v{ol8t'ioD o{ th'.cqurl'Plotrc'

ar:, qra! .,ur brrlr. wtiltl.'y'?5-ili .p i1=;;i rrri pcopre uy prr:onr o( ac! don cbrs. o{ th. ltlh AECadEC!L

accd. ta rhlr rurcrrtrtn ,pEr.-#. i Gv gr- riitii"iiiJ vriilniL,.- T,trorr fryor. Ttra Eor.so-osrrd Ectlur,tt Eould chrile
srd drytli"G dGbr:lr on orffi.rlou-= -- g! *i!;i:; lnift-iili rll clrsser ot !h! stradrrd ot proor ror s'cdon 2 l8s'siult!

..t tniDt Rtgubrk$r snJ;iaEiii o( tbc "mrai 
riiili-u"iJ :oac or lhGlt ota bv c(Einrrlns thr rcqulllEeot ltt8r' ttl eloc'

!.ct 'o, oB tbttrGr ur.'6i.T-ilr.-lE grr-* ff-ti]ri-..i.".ur" uoay u oracr tiret:uriratcuoa h.s in!.ottonruv dlscrlrrl'

-wcscrcEsitt"e.coraprrgonrrlgcoPl.rld ror.t!;a-reiGJtEEtttllq tob' bctt'! E8!'{ttr Yodla lass' hstad' ll Ec'd onlv

rr ou&! ro rct ltr. ,. .'#fri -ti;;-r.si Gg"rfiJ-i"frr-u.a*a ob..!Tcd. "tJrlr .€r -la . ErEEer ths! rltultt la I duld or

.o h r litrrr Erfly. - rtu ali.i-n.Jp.o ,'ar{c? l!9 rr:liu8.EGBs rbrtdrElat- ot voGirt rishts =:c Eous'

It E . Db,lto.osh, thrt E,r b..! .rplt!.d thr,r ilA E;-"ii- or trr. p."etc lt,rc.'.. propocl r strld$d tor ldctrttlytEs dlstriEr'

Eotr blu,Du, by Srcr. fr'o];-fiIiroo4 -e r&i-ii;oporrGirrf ripr:rcoteuoa irrtion tlrt loors to thc ndrl'.{rcctsr or

ctdlE. o( rlo e"poiu-Jo 'cEp.6 n utaiit-oii ioiioo ot rrpra.rlruon lor ;dlspranra tEorc!" o( !oB. grrtlculrr

coor.rEitt !. cno E pcnoni-";g.;;-d-; iaomli. tti-r'rracrruadci:tood rcprarn' rcltia oa blt t! or olbrt E'iotlu6 rat'hct

wtit Eoust DolG?hostyh.hesa9{9.r. uo".p-i.ic-""oot-''Ettlrhr,rDdenlerr' !hr^a o! rhcttrcr o! noa t!. rctloa qnr uo'

clar Drcsd.ssEt o"rtv,iiiii"Jrro"-af1a- *-ll. pub-Ilc vtcrr- Ploponlosrl rrgt+ dcrtr.eaforlaglcarlPurE€.-
hi, -lt.,onr -u, a"rgroE cDc Dol.,t- r."t ri-o'tn lts oc iapar.or hE ,rcG!3 tt eould 80 b.rold th! extltrlla s"e!d!d
st rJ Elt ab.r.b. rull h, hcr lob .r dt !cr._r to-proau.tEGpiyi"r ia* sousd dGcisiott tbr! cov€tr tD.cillcd Jurlsdlcltolr liith hJs'

ot cors:arcr .rr.r"r ,oa"LEi.lE; D.t; uf-*or-iii &3-oi-pcrsonr ca! b. rE:d! lorle! o( rtGctorrJ dls.rttrLE ttoo (Eottlv l!
lmdr inDorl:a,.'ls""cl'.ril-ui'ilr#'.Iiii "qlH"X"*X.!fu'.a_l,,"'.T: ::1ffig!ti=.rf,"_:1$[Eiif:i![ura,lly. solrc nrrl Elrtrb
dffisuot|! on lucll r!'u" i'iiJiiiiilii a. ca.r. fa rnica rtprcscaurtic. Eould r! .b ;tc-r!rs pF!.vc!t atnoriUcr !!oE enhr'Bc'

is ssai'ct tu,.l,,Gt ,.cu.,r-oo["iF-a-ti"oi q** tl*-rericctaa tbr b''t [oic'!!! o{ ias thGll pouucl poser' Thr proposcd lc''
socndlat{rc b for runf,Jr*=i;:1";;E Uc Alzre Thct sou8b! to capltallzt uDoa Bbuou rould chrna! thc rtsht o( ulnor'
llcve ha i! Eot/tns ,, rb. ,:ri [-;C;;';;r" *c af-vcriir ot .raea-caa sodetv bv cst .b lHcr to vol,c t! 1a Gt ccdYG rlsht to votc. Ia

o( r lgt{ g*ridcErtrl -rr$;:-- ----- llsldDt a ;r$.8 ehrch sould prorEotc !h! !hor'!. troG onlv shotud blr.ls alrd Irtt o.

:{rnrnlr, Dolc dcr:l.! li-" E DsiD' oi vrrlour Points.o.{ Hcs' thrl:t pnt' b3vr th' ri8ht t' s'lcd blect 1,'d lrtlno
BG t! ttol! u, Ertr Jita rOout supply- nldfrU -rriao4ty rlr'hrs 3!!. jls"ru8 Eu. candtd.tar-..4 unrr81r1bl. rtsht-lut dso

std. cconoErca ,rrica iiiiiii;il ;. lgrttiruta Ecireriaeuvcr sould lsllstt bt2ct: should hsvc Lrrc Eaxlaut! poutical

orh!, .r.bt*o.s ncpuo:iiff Rd.'J*l irrc ioic.rirr oithc pcopte or-b. r?91..!d opgonurutytobcrrpr!:Eatrdbvbia.l6tld
Ecmp o( NG, yorL g"t fr.Tit ",it-d,*i-tl- 

ltrrout! , clcctlona 4"+.t thra s'tulr! btluor bv lr4noa
discrlct .trouSb to.crll lor th. rcpGd ot th. .froii of crtfzonr rarj:rst_onc aDothc! i^E i Ttre prcsuaptlou b thl! rEiaoritld ctll b.
riird ,G* ot ue Eespniia'-tii-*L'G rqirrruvl asraobly.-tba rtrlrct! ogtcd !o! rlie to racrcrsr rhcirpollucdstranstll end

ie;;;p*"idi"in"a'"lji'-f;'.'Iiio. --; ;mm*.**;*;:"t"Tf'3:ffi pt:;:"4;Ht,.1"*ffiSil.11i[l'""i'i
Ec rIrO obs.ntar tba

do*t b, rhr RepubljEr,afi;;;i C".-d nruoa. krago! ob!.t cd t!rt.'.1,! lr.av? I-acbor btv! Eorc theo equr,I a.cts!'.o tll'
t a..fn? piac! ehctt u:-wtt-tn gousc ua srcn titc lsar? dtrttDctlou o( color me.dr l,n belloc bor. Thlt Bus! sotBahos b. assuEd

rh. Rlgulltczil lr8Uoltri a;;fi;-d-; rh. Eo.t e!:JlthtrBcd perlod ot tlEq r o{ couel et.ctoral r6'r]t& fh! centrr o( coo'

th. llEa ia tha saart s Uri -no 
ono aiE ks frot na lor tti aost ogpnrslve dooialoa ia- eould Bova lrot8 eliEtnalina racldly

lhr pr6idGat rcrsoaauilroE 'ylthi.B our cec! axarclsd by E5a ova! ELrr-" Tbc Prob' Eotivatcd dls€rr.Eiinluon ut thc voting Proc'

wlr.
DolG hr!ilr,t 53;6 I eord lbout Acagz8- t! ?laa!. rhir couDE?.. A votlnt {8hF .1E,! l:,tlod thrg sorr.ld pr:sh our polltica clos.! t

A,,d R.ega.o h!.sn,t said ; ;.;-t;bdt Dolc. 1J-.d "! ensunng cquel rcccsr to !h. bdloi {i<tttutiondlzi!8 a stsr€la o( single'E:rmbc!

evca r.troutir trc otrs'r-t,iac. "1."t 
i Ues.aaa caD conlllu! lo cooEibutr to tbc d1su-lcts and lr.tai-bloc votlD&

fonacr p.cpubucao xeuliri-'cc-iiiit . lJotc"uoa ot t74.,lzt dls.r'l8llatioE Brit- r Tlrs. tt ts cL,i.E.d. is th. otrlv ssv to t::el!
chdrE s r"cttor hrrorni-iroo ]or Reurr. rrErEtcotstlvG lFtet! El.y b. ulrda ur-dF i:rr lhag thc blrat or Latino vot! ls not dl'
gho rartl, 3at!:r.ar^.hrng Rjc! atxr,.:! Regu} socnti.c not oDly by attecb.itra uDtrsrlzntcd lutcd. end the! cvcry ethnlc rrouP is "tu[y
tr--- quallllcrttorE upon srlfngc bu! dso by rt t!pr"aaot!d." w?ra! crorrlca Er.oy obs€n'?t!"l;.- 

rh. .o.n silr Journar. lr.r. 3. ffif.t".E!ffiEL:l;::lcauo's 
ueoa b thrr tt is onlv r shora s*p to sanclionlnii

ls82: :ldiab(,rs tatirestca tn cndtns:aclal,* :*r:t$"i:"ri,'".,t"IT*:nt.. 
,."1 .,o

A' I'r:^aoi to q'. vry:I . - #5#i1 i:"gx'ffit yJ.#8f,1 
"3H;X,"*:t1.Hi:H"1 ?"o"LT

You! cdltoritJ on Lh. voth8 RIInT flt rneerurei ehtch hlribit indlvidu.l {r-doE odini out i lre dc:igned !o gusrarte. tuU
brrt, on J.rl. f9 l.tllr|'t.ly dclclnocq Lxrl shlla.ltaEgtioa fo eddrc.rr sotlrc_inJu.:lllct -urinortty Dartlclpatloo ta tha dlmoc:atlc
d.b8ta oYGr ex!?ndln8 thli:13.- olLeo represcot curr slllcb trr tir sonlt pro.":s-c=i dso r]rrdrrulinc r r:ejor ten?c ot

IL ls lEponant lo rtallz!. l,I13! lltj lqll rts:r tbe dls€!s.. Ur8 Dllc-.-Bajority nr.la ,.Wh3! i.3 ro!:q

ae'Ecntrtty frora ;r6rrnt [rs- Ttr: groposrl *o"i^nt of Po;ilical.scr.trc.'- 'jlrl;.u:-***r to atcEta.lc{tion rBu]tr."
larntlrt.. dhcrisjnatloa by looklnr st .tbc Dact'.r:&ro'n Collccc -ii'-Si-.bir ltshr rhrt onc srusr sri8h
g{:1.:',":-.ir;:H '3:ii"'fi:{d} cFroa thc r.or encer-;r:',la raD- 21. rs82: mlii:[;35;i1iL:*J'mf:
dErtr!,inrta. ?hrJs. a!, c!ED8!.tih.tc!_Er_8t[ Votlra Rrcn: 

^rrD-E:-oc 
Porrrau horo3r G.i--tnii""t Gtt rocra[rerc o( r 6rnont,

rlEt lbc l'drcu9 o( 10 ei.ct.d .s:t FDly rE !tE- esr! Awar Nor:or ot Mrrorr! ;il;i;;-;oi U*o elccrrd "ln numbet!
such r sev rs ,o rav oecn rhe poss,biutv or r -f," &rfft"ie:?T ffnH ffi't"tt'i:
dctrare l,,o the o"-uci oJ-it5oc'lD,nintv' ItslJ dual !o thc crouD'r groportlon o( the pogu'

hGld sasu could bG rouDd to v{olr!! tbe l.e. (By Jobt E- Burrll) Iaiton- shell noc consututc e' siolatlon o(

Thc i.696rt1on or i' :JiA; tc i-il Tlrc u..S. scnst. ts rbou! to b.gh helrhc s€dlon 2 "14 end o( itscu-" Thlr is u:e k!'
. pla.! o( r, ..tntcnt,' tcl-t, rJr:roicr strnitr.r o" .*-a.-;iic GJvotir,c Rl8hts Act o( 1964. Phnsc-and the 3leep'r' I! calls to mind the

3*4ral6 b, rho.. "rgJtil-."i-iircru"rn* RdilAt-d;tz! end n..t-aiob€r: ot -cdJlerenca bctr'!€n quoles 3rtd soals in d'
uor !n e'gloya"ot da .a"Lrr"Jo.t r. coa,ffi- ;A-ib- rhe terdnart Lrs. flr.ulattv! ttdoo- hogotlloE l repr8etil'



s 65{4 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE Junc 9, 1982

Plrhrp. th., rilt. Tlrry nrry csen wltl'
But thls tr oac vlclotl urrt ittU coEr. lt I
vcrT hi8! coEL.

grclvrL.ltr t)Ir Vqtrtra Brcrrtr Bra Il
. Eeg€rt If,'ra ldrlanrlt

T:lG 1965 Votlna Rlthlr -{ct s8s r brutrl
Earsurs tbrrsloldd nrvar hlrc bcc! ncce+
sr-r? lo r !rcr roc:ctr. Th! t!.ory bchbd ll
-ri'.:at :!,. &airl of rcctsr to lhe polls !a
ccrtaia Souttrtll st,atst sr,s so encl^alc socl
c-"lor! .s lo b. lrealdLlble by ?leccraeel
ui-reiuoa. t: ttquttld lhc ar.su.B9tlotr ot
n ig toa dr.clct ilccrd latlr-i'csliorr. b lts
Iia 'o( ttclr.strs 'olaat rotet rcsisiEtlo!.
tlr rct \ra! lRa€ilta!8lt rnd tduriPhsltly
suctrstni- 3ut lt! Bcthods !t!!a n.ca.s:rrlly
cuda For eEEFla 1! rlllct.d sll Lrlrr
=ttU votrr nlEout bclos 50%. litrtc! l3
bo,? bqga€c..bly noodlscr':=iaelory coEllu'
arlarti l{cr fott Sta!! ccEB! !o 5. tndud'
ad- A.Bd t!l! prE3rsd r c!z!-8e o, !oc!s. rs
Judae. !.ad buretucratr c.lscd t! concerB
Ltrcr:srirca Ett! th. ltct ol disc--lainluoa
rna c.ctctca !!. Elort dlbaubl. 1rrr o( lt.l]
rllcrcd rccultL

Uoa arry b. 3lotu. but tha'!-(fcgta' tltS-lt'
,.ld lo ba nfht raa ncclrsrJ7 l,o rau€b 15'
gEa slJ tlut ?naaa8t !.o ilclallt Dttr'f'
arUrf tiltacnt, ts ctlracU to b. tbt d8h3
rtEadv ro! Dst dlgturi.ErtloE'TEn iuEaaatc a!obi.!a lnvolvlt t5'
uiA-oi Lprclrnqrloo'to shjc! blrcir rad
q.Ur -ataorlttrr r.r! cDUtI.d- Coosl&r- r
wcaara *rr. !!at r:g r 30% blr.l poptu&
itoo an! oaU U blttt sttt !.Elton oug ot
foo. a, ltr.l( !.bs "cE9roportloErt FZrt
rolltt-oa' ?ou!d Eot vlolra s.cdoq a EUE

tEJa-rrrrr l e tf.atlr '-lr"r'F ?h'
:ugcr-Oceus.ot co66 r'rr r look rt tht
agrcraci t8 tld3tlado! lltlJtla b'tt"a
utcfr rna- ratltr. o! !!. dltprtlt, ta ttrL
tuoda b.t ..o bLrcl r-Erl tthlta .du'rdolrl
irc0ltltt or tbr anldlrtr{tsuUoE ol publlc
..fii;-l!d ctrla t5! 8Ey oD. of ilcsc rd'
duoorl ttcrDE coosdurtlr that $,DEl]l ot
evldrscr to ErI,a r vlolaUoa JslcL--rtnr:.rao-rt :.!a -lttccttr 

"6t 
rotda

*rEi tllr uaa of eeldric. la otd!! to
t.-- ..trr Scron e brd bc.E ytoutrd-
* ccr:t-s. 8i! !r.!.8 .ad c:-:lsEEc!'
fmia :rrr to :x c:rl.orgcd torrtbd. s r
tot l-r*its.. to srtgy t!. nrndrfitr ol
Eur1to..fir[t dsErtrBrtrrEtT ttltasL- -- 1ior. rao tsree b.?! Ioaa'tuEl Iticncr or
ayfi-rfrUtr rn Eot !udd.!^I, aactdc.-sEar,lt
Gtli- tajt do Eos [aco? r.a 

'l'<rorrl
""steo 

tlrt loufa suda a blrat c'ir'rrlrt'
iiIni:iat (or o(!ce f:!B r l;hit aDdldata
ir Et rr tnct do log bcilGsa '"hlg clcc-d
;ttld.L of ooc-t:re ernBot rr9rlro! !lt' tB'
trrtcE of raotlrc"- t:1rt coatlDua to JUP'

-JtUroaaU {Es o, th. Vou.at Rllahtt
i;- 5.cr,rs. !:!Gt I.cEtJ.tr coEeitttd to
nrgat t trud ri Ert ftzr.d 9outlc.l 9rr'
c.r nUcr t!r! taantd tlrr god of bl''k oa
t rrlao po.cr '.h^8L t.Ict (Gal 3rroEdt 15 aoc
tb. trua ittS of llrdalrl cqr,rut,:

ErrDtrrl Vofl:rc'Rrclr: !!4rEroa
(BY JolrD E BulE!.r)

Fldd.Et Ra|s's rld EolG c,tobrrr ol
dnrrrrs !rro! erEndlD.8 t-ht vottlis RtSht!
A4-;d ErfDtr&58 rE b81c arotcclloar
.aa sJaruta€a. tsu! E3.oy ol '.!! td crr
tGi;"llc lncndr of '5t i-rt t t! tssu' eitb
rrr-tr of tbc Eous+passed btU-lor exlaDlc.
-'.b. bul!8:rl tlquJtrslatr rh" c'ould 3lY'
rrsistrocr !o clrtalD ElDot{ty frouDa o! tlL
tart out'tt:Ddrrdl bt rhlcb la clcctlttl
friratUoa cr! ic,-luoo ?€ lt6ovG l?uu
Far eo"cnlc bug sluc.! oray boUevc rn
rlEost llDotsibf. l! !8tlslY.

wirrt-Elr !cc! de€?ly olsalrbi!4. hort'
rr- tr ',o ;lr.o?at' ur8c soBc lonS'tlae suP
Jna!! ot tb. Vottqf RlSbt.! AcL ?ho t.E
-nrrt a o ..!su!t bctor! gbc Eousc or
S"orta JuatcUry subconiltttaca !'c!! strb'
r.ara to hszsl3Ec.a! rlrd ljlrtEldadoE'
ilrifouna ur!!tsclr!! cr.tt l.B 

"!r! 
rcl! ol

;-int..' bt tlcr Eho haer consitEntly
r"c,raca eai <rtudsa o( s ecr? conrDler
otic o( tcdsl3ttoE as outfltht oPgosltloa to
ltrj rotl:r- rtthB la,e-"codc *ord:.- srld

. tnc *taracy (br th. yAAC? Lctrl Dc(cosr
!\.Ed.'tor Eot ettradLE8 th. rrt'

'!o olE qtr:t8E to !s arnct'
tbr acgrtc froo lhe lr.dct:hl9 Coa{cr'

cnci oa crrrl Rtcirl& aa u.ebrcllr Sroup oi
orr:ntzilion! r-h.a! ilrrudly Eslsrcd t!'
trcr.-ing prEesr. Eu c:4r: El'.:rcr yoq ere
rcttrcly YltA r:s ta b...lci,!s r-tl th. chaEac.
riilat b "our bill- or vou rrr rctlvcly
1(2L-4 '.:r. Frrcd sttlr. !tr ''1alr.BidrilDa
;"1. o( lobbtaf rtbe ior4: ut thorc ot
ijoagranraro EIc!.tr gydq uhc Ilnrtar Ra'
rubtlro EcEbG! oI r5. Eous. JudlCrrf
iutcou.olrtret Ih-! "llElt?d 6arior:s d'b('
rad ctatrd t saYc o( ag9rrhcEsiotr uaoES
ucr gtro Elaht h.vc sirclrclt quasttosed
rottl, U tuc ur!'r h.rall!c!-" r aurobcr oi
cotrat:al Fltirasca siro9ly c5osr Eag to tGP
-tU;. -Xo oE!.- oirs.fied :ltL Eydt --lshe
t L gb. t stlc oI nciss clrracrtn ruos.-

Tlt.r! B lqor! th.8 I llltL avldcEcr thr!
tli Eousr $lbcoEElttca hcrrisgr trt! EOC

J*:.r rs utbtrr.d totrrn o( tlr. 157 etlt'
niJir- urtea !3 ur. cot!.Erlt .'r rcaott onlt
i2 6,....d rtt n'adoEt lbout soEa o( t!'
Ja-tcig ot ll-R. 3tl1 O( lhiG lour lrr
Oocrrarat.a [a lha b.rtbt rccorll r. !rvb8
.rdGra g.rtoDd t$ratr ndlrrrl' or hrrljt.'
srcnt Confes'ana Eatold W|5hLESBoB t4'
cts.O f.o -*ttrrtscr<rr ra 'B'dgur 

col'
iij erofcrror. '..ts! otb.r r (orE ! cltt rltol'
;';5i;E i;s bcron tll coEolttr' tlih
dr"t;-h.sdL- BaBi.Ea Bbrt could Eot b'
b.U.tcd b.cai; thllr opporltloE 9u3. lhra
rr=-db-uau gt.b rtoDSdat! lod rzdrtr

A hitnft r:oeard- blrct dro'riSbtt ri'
b;;EnE r-col6. lold t!. Eou!"rb
;ffilh!. o{ tlr Prlsrn br eocoun:r:d
oo3to trdfr.

Ms. ColoE: It nopPGd b'lDs Dranrr1n9
ddd- bctls LDttEidrrtoE ts soEG poiEl
lEp*aal ."-""ac hld crllcd Eo" o( E
c]ii..slrcr- ta Mis*stpd rsd I lot'tnd Ert
irriE--v ut*! I:tendr tq th' P'cpubUcra
iG;cauils E. uP srvi!8 I Err coElla.ul
Leri'o t Afv qiia* cnr votitt's Rtsbul
ArL- tht, ,si df&'t b.Uct tL tld cYaB

rrot r-irr. E flth!!-rbo'' cocirlnlra
Jt-tir ocreiicnitc Prrt, trr sgs 661'6!v-reld
ii;ilbrd Bstcr btrrri nrc.ts vlciour tlla'E
rDout h.!r roa-

ur. Syd!. ?ou fit! slttlls crlblrr!8 to
p.rtlrra you Eo! ta coEr rad telt.llY?

Mr. ColoE: ?4. .. I do r Fr.t dcd ot
c{nrt t'tsb- ultSatlo!. but tt Etr oltclstec t'
i.-t'ffi lrLE ol raisr cdled rac and lold
il .oa- oy t"-.tbba rbou! Er! tlral Eould
Ur-riry o(irartvc. It sould b. lll' goEcoaa
io t:r-roosUcr uloDlq r Jobs Btlcb't or
rorsctltsf. ooa o( blt f{cods crllcd hl.lB up
i!d-!.Id ilDdcr:ttaod you rrr r coEEruolsl

ta thr Srarta h..rtDE r pdaeiprl locss
hr. 5*!;!E EGt laaslrrta la sGctloa 2 ol
:ha lloula biu'Jrrc clralc! tlr 5r3.!drla oI
iia.ur 'a shot dtsa:Ei!$ot? i'!:'ig 5 I
"c--a"ceraa 

thr! thc b8Uot bor. rlt5ouah
;ea'rlly ogcA- tA eecrrgAa El'Jgt, tteld
Jitr-rcsutir {o? crrt$D r:drl ui'trontlta
i{'.8 ;a'-5".. tlo !."o! .tuad,Jls'J! brll
t t-&-*"rr i =alcritv Ec' cicr'ctd
orocar fiIl ,\.lribcr proFordonrl i!?r!:tc!'
;-troa srsca on :rc!- BuL oac! 8tr:il' tl
&;btttn Ertch ot tha Judtclst rub€oE'
-.1!t . ild curur tlc hlrtlg. p€o9l: tho
,G!l- rstld ta Usttty -hret €xPrarscd- Pc!'
r"nrffy-to-ac beressmeat' doui trstlJyu.8
;d. tt'utllv. htra aot b..!, tblc ta' fY€
bc.a rggrilcd b, il-

' or.DElrD rqtlo coolElra
A recocdz.d lutborlt, os tlc ?ot88

nGuii-e,tt schedulcd to rr$ut >o tbe
oE urrr a"i o( 'Jrc hErri.ag. hrd plagsed-r
riseerc! '.:1, '-!5 :ll to r SoutbrE c:ly' l!
orecarattoo'tor ib! crlr. shr c,.llad aa attor'
;;4.!e;(tip56[. tho s8ld bc aould hclP
l1- uo -rca. totcrri!3! rltb 9oUllcall,
;;lri-uf.cfr Su+. r tect igcr rhc rzs told
tfrri noo&pcndoa bld be.a otricr'd bt I
fceafrc .trai8lss sortlna closd, Eltlr tb'
t-taEtrro @aterraca oa Cirrl R':8!"r
,-r-ar -.ui b8.ctrd ouG o( th! scn8t' !'!t'
frrr.lt *- e.!-co =!dc clcrr !54! Eo oa! Qls'
;GJ-t!.lrtf rigUu Io thc Sour! rs llkelt
o rriip u* rs tous rs strc pler:scd to tertuy'
Sbr sltbdreg ir a rttDctr

' (8, P?Lr'BrlE.lot,
SlttlDS oE thr cdrr o( hll t rt obcdlentlt

bobaE uD ud dotn lr tb. bcb.d ol r
r""-rttl oi elcaroofc Jourarlltr r'sd thclr
;"odt =Jeo9!oEc1 'sbr bulbour S'!'
e:rttt. !l(rl!5! o( UrryIEd looi.d 3llltl'
ff.Lr tlr @J.rs bUED Erad!8 r3 ltl
IBo"rfar arrt oa. tlDd, dry. E srr la odd
;;;in ,a r nt?ubucrg oa ir.E 20. th'
logydu, ol Roarlts Rcr.g.a'r tir:t i!'u'
:r[f radrcs. shlctl. l! r!53al !a . qu"'
Ifoo. Ur 

'tnlrld 
!o rrt sL l cllrsc fot cdF

btrlloE Bus ht lhrrtd tls 3Ec prilr lool
oi trtlt o,rs lDdE*loE g Scnrtor :<al!r'
av GO u ratstrErat o( prc(x'oorl lllrcr'
ijr Cttrnr .s h!. cdg bcludi.oa l!'
xr.ecrr 36s;rFtn gootl rhotr nclodiour
f-e"r.g"o ot r&is t! r E DubuclE F!tl'
acit .trraaer G.o.El ud/or (ellol Srar
tor reo! GqurllY !.Echr.Urlsd

tbc erslotr r prlrl coa{crtacc cdl'd to
dcoounct thc g6tpoacB.Et tol onG ua'l ot
Utiring oE g. 1991 tb. votLDa Rtght Ac!
tlrteasloa bill. o( suc! .\ltr!t{ls ls lhr lad'
tug Rcpgbucr,a sPotrrot T!! totrl dctrt
tArs llAlEtca oE tbr Ecr.art{.'l lltltldra
t!.rartrblrr nll.

Supgonrs! of & 1992 b.corB. hysttttc.l ll
tha slisbtltt IlDr o{ grloarrd d.Frtt lor r
riaglc -rsoa- Il ll th! sz'Et r!'Jtoo rl
clicr thes. Fult 9rcddld. !o E? to tnttEl'
drl! queaglon"J: bt caotslD8 tha hesolc rt!
o( crr/il r<-shts b th. 1960!. clltDlr r Eyrt d
Ji cstrUtt.t'-caf nlgporirt:r. polnttnt to tb.
io-oriaoa EoLlsG lpprotrl of thr td'ltlcrl
urigr.rrr aurus r !'Jl l.E lhc 266566{c re$r
of riao. r.Dd bnadt3ll.Eg tlr ll53 ol 60 Scor'
iirr cicEntorlls u4hlrJ bIIl (so!il ot
rhoEl brvr hr.d s.coad t'!ou8!trl

.S. 1993 F-ooa bcrr scruuay bccaula lt h
ooi rrcrcA 10 ctlaasloE but r.B e:$a'oslotr
oi tui otiist 196! -ArL I! rou.ld pro(or''6t'
l' Utce aot rnlY loracr Jln Gow rrcr*
6ut riso tht cntlre cou.Dtrr. Allbough Eookr
r.!'S!J:ed '.r Elcrrra !:eei::E list yarr tllal rU
ha sratrd trJ to ,r!vaE! lba 3!!ol'.utoBrt
lc !rlc!s. lroE .t-.$tlcr DcArttElEt's -ovef'iisht ',,!.ec rar csta,Sllsbcd ll1 'lr. 1963 AEg

ioicoa.sr.ra:trr= rse.uglst l? ycsE Eilhoug
dlscrlElBslor7 gotr!8 inEdcaa. lt E not
cf.rr tUr! ctrrl'nrb:r goliticbls hrre scEed
raotJrar opPorttEJ:, 

"o 
clff! oUt r!.1r1 pct'

. qt.tstto. jui; rs chc 19fl CtrU Rl8hts Ac!'r
iaudsatlEilugoa ProelsroEs hrrr b'!a
:irrertad '.Dto 1 r'rqr.t:neErEt !o! Einorit,
iuotrs. itlr.s rl d:{6'i poiEt d s3 thc hcrn
ol *!3ene Cortrltsr' relpons! :1ts bceo r
sorata coupotraa o{ !1!'Jorr.sa!34. (err aad
lrat of Eoral trbc!.

1te c{vtl rl8htJ BoYGEeEt l! r Sood caus''
n hrs r lot oi ,r:sdcc oa lt! sld!. But no oac
ir;rit d- to tcsittv uclorc coBsQsr shou'ld
trcc ta bot to tb,!r rott o( prcssura Apprr'
coUy toroa cvtl'rltbts ..al:'lsu bclleva tbcT
rrr iotltlca ta do Ehatavar b !'c"'3t? to

".i ttriu btll pessrd. OD! S.mtt sulllr pri'
;;Li;-.dr!iind ls EuclE "T!c.oct Justilt
G.;;;.: rad sc'l! do sld€eet s' hrvc !o
do t 3G! tbroucl!.'



Jwu 9, 1982
Colnlnunlu.. "covcrld- by tha tl?.t could

rltrr thctr rtruetur. of governmcnt bnly ll
tha Jultlc! DcprrtErcJrS d.clded ths! th.
crfc€t Eou.ld noc b. to dlscrtmlnltc rcllntt
Erlnodtlcl $ho not h.d !h. votr. ?bu+ lrr
lgto. RoE.. Cr- su prcvcoted by tha Su.
grroc Court fipa antlnt ehr,E 3rs tr.
kaorlrdged to b. ra lanoc.nt chanSa oo tba
froundr thrr lt eould cDtacidcntaily rn1lc lt
laoE dl(rlanlt to cl!e! blrrt3

Eut .t-ultranoudy. t!. Cousi ntus.d. to
irll! dorlr I ttFllr |'trUClUrE lD Mob0r.
.llr Eccurr tJr. Mobua ttrucluE DrH:t d
bbct.lrrr^uct:llEGEt.:rnd dld Bot rln.ti r
Dd.f965 crtraG. I! could bc clrllaogd
oslt 6 th. CoDrtltuuoorl rroulds o( tlr!
15th LEl ndEratt bra on dcnlrl or rbrldla-
lrctlt o, tha CaDc!l!. oa t!. gorrnds o(
r':rc!. A.Bd tlt Suprsar Court rulcd thrt
acrslt bcceusr blltll ?.!! trot c}.€ld to
i.br UobilG dty corlrllrdoa 16 groportioa io
thclr populttoa shrre-the'rltcct"dd
no! DlquS itr aLctorrl rliacru!? sas dlscrtJB-
lr8orr" u tlle lrr Eas n ullrl oa lts trrt.
th. Couri srl4 to ot'€rthlott lt Eould r!-
qulr! Drs( o( dls.tlEln rot?'ht!BL-

SuDpolt.F o, 5.1992 dlsllL! tb. Supltlrt.-
Coui'r rlet o{ tha CoDltltutlo!. So lblt
plrr to rlvc=r l! bt 3raiutotT Errr!*-ryi!.h
lIae lrony. by dr! rry. slnc! rooat cl'iF lhat
S.tra!o! Jasc EeLo.r' si.Elb! sttataa, etth
trrpac! to rbortloa E ulconstiiurlonal Scc.
Uon : oI S-1992 tould .lloc r sult to bc
brousht ut?h.r!'lD tlr couEtr, to nl9.
prcg ell Doutrcd 1r!':1n8r!acnts tlat brvc
thG "!{teet" of dlscnrail:Uorl The .!s!!!lrl
"a(t!rf l*|'c doar tha rr"alllatrlallt produca
t!,lnorlty rlgrls€nt tloa ,I1 pro9onloa to !trl-
scrlly nr:Ebctr iD tba gopulauoa a! Lrtc?

Op9on.ots rrluc that thl! lrlll Lolrorably
crrata a :lyst:a of 9rlPorllonll rrPrlr.Dta-
tloa. But rrillorlt, r!gE!.!!atloo eUl b.
hoc only propoRiond buc 8u:.rar1trcd. lr lD
t.h! Prrllaaent o( Rhod.ci:/zj.E1b8!1'!. rg
thc expcrs of thc E:.Jority. Tbts ess ErdC
cl?rt lD Uaitd Jcroi* O',gonizallorl, os.
Cera. ttre Ju.rttc! D.?srt!:rcBt Eould not
b?llcvc thr! I gropo.rd dbtrict h BrooklFt
sitlr e 5l7c notrrrhjte ra3jorlty lrould cl.ct r
oonrrhita Rrpnsantatlva. bccausa troa-
uhlt€a 'relc cxpcctd to hsvG I lowr! 9r!.
9..n:{t, rl, roi!. RldrasilDt iha bound2rta
cnlei:ed dlfldlna r conEurlty of Easldlc
i€er. lrhr sl;ed to rltil "thcif' lrrl- Xot
bcina bj.cL Ancrlc:i Inarti Ari-i Alas-
krrr or Elspr.olq but Earcly \rhltt tbcy
rr€r€. ncg r:xpllc-ltly protectad uDdar lha
f6ttn8 Rl$btr Aci. So rhry losL'Thc nrg
dbtrtrG hoe?1'!!. prc(erftd thc FourdtnS'
Ftthrtt' thecr? of rlprcsrntatton to that o,
!h! Jilstlce Dcarrtanrenu It cl.cled Predar-
kI w. R:c.tEoEd. sho. Lr l,;ndrsput blt
?hlta

thG 9ou:l€l conitrquanc!! o( S. 1992
corld b. dlc.st8tlc& ag r'.isi6r'n. lt vtll
rcmoye froar Lhc Rcpubllc--. oac ol lh!
tlsditloEd trults of AEarrtsn elcctoEl
oMcla robust rrdlsirlctlna-"tlrryEander'
ln&" tttlr r,ll b l.a AEcttce.B Llfentton- gE-
(orfirn$liy ,ir thc Rcpubllcens. tbr! s{U
nos incur thr Fratts o( Justrcr DcpartEcn!
burerucr?.is. lt thc dllutad DcEoctatj tuE
out to be lalnoriuas. rs thcv t€ad lo ba.
W.ekltrlna shit !. hoE!v!r. l3 stlU oL:t.

}iorr tlgrlrlce.Et:r. & 1992 ls one l.E e
serlcr ol steE l! the last lew yratr tlndrJra

.!o asarrbstt lid lrstltuuoDaIz€ raat!.I dl-
ylsl6.. gnd!! thc syst?E lt propose* tt ls
rds&tag"ors 1Dd pGrhaEC aeccss:r, lor
!r€r, AJncrlcea to cl?3vc lo soEc orianjztd
ta.{oa-Just ih. crcnturllt, ih. Constitu-
ttoE souSht !a prlvenl To loalc Er!t?!:!
eorlr, icgtsl4ot! eieetad by bomotescour
consdtuencle! Eould havr le6s 1Bd lasr a9t1-
tuda o! usta (or comprora!:c. Poutic! rrould
deSeoantr tato r renr.q of ''W€at SIdG
Slor:.-

CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
ttc tnrth b thrt erh* E?r onc! r cletl.

r18htr rlloretaent haa lncr.rrtntly b€toma r
drlvc tor ctvll ,rlvll.grs To clroo!. ra "ef-
fGclr" nthcr thrJil rrt 'lntcn!' rcaL i! a(.
flrmatltrc rcllo!. fd! houslnS or votlns
rtlhtg b to lnrc{t th. ttau oo ltr behdl
wtth th. rl8ht o( andlcsr rnd lnJtnlt locld
cglxtrcarir!!.

Suprotl,lt! ot 3 t992 rrluc thrt thc
tataat ttrldrl! b dutt6rl! to pt!Y!. s.nrtc
opponcnlr Dlr6 to prcduc! Irvtnl Youngtr.
on o( tb. cottltrr''t lcrdlnr trlrl lrrtycEr t
rr|uc !.brt tt tl not- IDt Dt lr routlnclt
provcd tn dvll r.ad eritlr'rl cls.a Blulout
tjrc coorlrslon/"srlouna trr!'-tr?c wl.
dcnca that dlrcrlrnil:rtloo an'lgt rrla lolEc.
tllltlr trtd ta rlqulr! lo ury cus., !tnc!
rh.n EU tlre lee n pporcd to trd. thlDgt
crslcr tor tbe pro*cutloa rr tha crpcgsc ot
iJstic!?

Tlrosc rrho rugport s. 1992 laoe thlt thr
grogortlonrl-r?9Fa$ntallon er8u.!r!nt ls r
!h!"rt lat thrE Mrthls! coErplalcly .Edrd
tllr isru. l! h13 Dcc. 16 cp€"c! lnlroductna
tnc bIL prlllnllnt S.ctloa 2 6.!!ly E I
tactuicr.Uty andc ncecssrry by lhr Su.
gr!t,3. Coura! ,aIluE lo ba "dcrr.- L!-
rctcc sitb hia Cor!.t,.d r! tha prels cga.
tcrencr. hr fuU b.rl ou lhc btu's concasioa
rbrr dbgonion tr Epri!.atrtloq rlll ooc
''tE ,.ad o( itsrlt' Do evldcaca ot dicctlEi!&
UotL

?hls lr Jus! not 8ood enouglr- !h. !f?a€t
d.clrioo sbol,ld tlat Juds.. vtU UtrraUy
Luyer? thc ttlcsrllt o( I staiut! uDd.r tba
p!!!Irua! o( t?clrl dogar tlrc vagrrc addl.
UoE l cvldcncr llquired lu & 1982-l Pet-
ten of bloc aotln& to! .xurpta, lthlcb
eould b. Do.ttcd.sylth.!!-rul b. tro grob-
lca.

s 6545
r sccond Qucbcc. Tlrnc! haca chan8cd slncr
1965. urd th. bcr! soluuon probsbly srould
hrva bcan to Ic! tha rat run ltr coursc. pror-
ceuting rny rubacqucnt o(fandaE ln th"
usurl ray. Bu! abova rll thc das8c!-pohc
tnurt br brok,. Thc cftcsll t4at lart5a b€ d+
tertrd.

fn'orE thc W..ilE3toE Po.L Mry 26. 1982:
wtl rEsQ@,oi vot'tilo Rtarlt?

' (8y Jr.anrJ. KgDrtdct.)
S.n Robcrg Dola o( lbrn stlll b uelv.

LEt phuCltr lor rrt. "eoE9fotdla' rmcnd.
Elnt to tha pGrldl8s crtllslon of th.
VottnS Rrshtr A.t- F!.ldcat Bcrsrr t o
quictly egrbr?cld tic Dol. 9ropor.,L Slx ot
l0 Repubuczrs on thc Judl.rs? CoEEJlt G
bouait tha proggiuoo.

Irt I!. put thr il.!!r! is blu8tly rs I cr.u:
tha Dolr "eoEDfttElsar" tr no coEprohlsa at
!,tL M foUy. In {0 tril::t ot cov.rlng rroil.
tlc* t carnot rucall r Eora lr8aat:blc leajs-
bd". elror. Fo? thc !!nt tlnre slEc! th. day!
o( Rcconrtnrctto& tbe DolG rECndEcni
$orrld h5tttuuoarll4 trdst pollcic. r! lha
vrry corc o, our pubtlc llfc-rnd thcrc $.t
thts io b. rdd o, th! edrcrr o, RlconsinJc.
U6!L thst tbc, rgpucd only to thc d!(e8t!d
southcra n t.! rod thrt tlr.y lrsted for 12
yraE only. Dolc's emcn,r-rnt $ould apply
to cver? toga. dt,, cor.tDty 8!d st:te, ead
thc rct eou.ld shrpc or contlol our eleslloD!
lor thc ocxt qurJn!!<alturr.

Ye+ thc votlla RlBhts Ac! of 1965 rrr
fiJly .,usrLtlcd. Yr4 tba rct h.r accora-
9lbh.d fr?rt y?!. r rlesonablc
axtlssioa provisions
EouId the bill

bill th.,t
Dol.
t.l!.
end

on lhose sta!6
arly ag.€ted by th!

b,s; rh!!c JutEdlstiorrs srttl could hr,vc lo
!.pply to th! Justlc! DepaltJoent. h:,t to
hr.od. for rgprorel oI th. sllthics! chansE
!o r pr.c5ct polllna plls!-lad th! Bould
co!1tlnuc no Eatlrr hoB dar! thcit records.

fhit uDlairnas-th8 unt.lentina oblo-
quy-E ile le!.sc o, thG Ef,ontE lD thc pcnd-
tDg btll. Ttrc !Dor. proiound ctlor lle. ln thc
'aiolenc! thlr bill €cuid causa lo 3 ,unda.
o,ent:l conecpt- of o:jr coDstitutional doc.
tllnc. to qit. rhlt th€ ri8ht to rote is al la.
dl.ridud righl. qndl this llomrnt qrc hava
had no til(llnS oI ":roup" rlghts or "el?ss"
!i8ht! t! thc ex.lejsr o( otJ! frznchls!. Thr
Soal lr lllal no pct:ort. becausc o( his racr os
color. shdl b. deni.d his riSh! to reSisier. !o
vo[c or to h8vc h.Lr vor! fz,lrly countea

To tha! rod all o( us'cao Bu:tntly suE
scriba t'::c pcndias btU 80cr orainously
!:ruch tul"!ha!. For the Ilr:t urlc sc flnd
la'nElragr dealtoa rith ":::,inority partlclpa.
tlon'' rnd srttb "nh,orlty froup irgistra.
tlorl- For thc llrst ii.!r.. $c flnd ihet no
cheng! lray bc trladr that q;orld "dilu!c''
equel acccss to Lha .I.'ctoral procels. 'trfhat
trrer,ns this vc!b. "dilutr"?

?he Dolc aEcndEran! could protlde s, !'1o
latlon of l.w "U. basra on thc totallty of cir.
crrElst:ncc+ lt ls sf,oB-a thz,t thc polttlcd
proclas!:t lesdlEa !o noEin.tlon or elecllon
Ltr tha stat! or poutl.-l subdlrlslon :rr? noc
equ8ll, op€a to'prfliclp8tion by mcmber: o(
e ctass ol citl'.E protccted by subsectlon
(a). LB tharlts racrlbcr! hava lRr opportunl-
ty than oth.t Eemb€r: of thc cleclolatc io
partlci;rt !n lh. political process and to
elcct r!?r!ce!t:Uvca o( thci.r c5oicr."

\lfhat rra i,re c-rtln8 bt t:i:s larguase b r
''protcctad class o( cii!e!,s"-that ls, blacl
cttizerE-shos. bloc porrar must not bc "dl.
lurcd-" Ibe hiplici! sjiriuEgtloE rnd a
r:a:.st ssfli.Bptloa lt i{ is that bla.t vore6

Alrcedy soac dv{l-r'lght! polltrclrru. noE-
bly Jcssc JlcIsoE lrst retl !E Colunrbil SC-
,l1trkly lss.rtd tltE grogo nonallt,
thelr SorL

S.n8tor il,t!.thlr! Flll bG 60 thlr y.lr. BG
hr! drvot d hls long c1rcer to thr Ub?rrl
cause 'rlttriD RaEubllczD rualg. ead has srrt
eir! ust ! leiluE Ea l! not uor. llkcly to
chanSG hls p.lElptloo ot hb clvll-risbtr
slllGl or 81vr up t!! coonlortlD8 !f BusorT
lco,:latlotr o( bataS par! of r haa"lrlly (end
coEqucrb8) hosf- El3 osm rz.l8lly dlvided
st:tc stU bc so bard-hlt by ilusatloE lt g
1992 prsrc! t$st tt stll prrsdcally lortcti
sau-govcr]:l1latll Arrurbl, no rt'crt' lors.
But Mrthr..r. llkr la6t elec!.d f.drlal o!tl-
clr,l& lalsht Blll calclrli!! th8! hc at least
should be rblc to evold troubla A.afasy. hlr
rcat ls't up rurtll 19Ell.

And th.E ls a.[ ugler lldr to ths votlng.
rl8bts dlbata. Il e![rraa! ltl r.asti$ont pr!-
Der.d by NAJ{CP! Eooks lor lhe Jan- 20
hrarinS!. ThG i.trtrits tcit. it r?8.{.. "ls o(t
trJlcs r coda Eord (or allorrtnS dlscriojnr.
tloa to contlnur- rv!! Ehan tha dlsgl'1r:rin&
tlon is thcn lor scct?on? to sc€.' At thc
prc:a coErrrsnct hG lrlt a sl, saguenest
rbou! hl! cherSe of nratslr ss r nsult of tha
hcadrtit postponcE.tlc'Thc!! bas to bc r
tsc:st rtoruld soEratrhcr!.-

No rrrusstloB o( lrttchcrsrg tE SaI.E w!!
!r2d the iEpa,ct, th8 slr lccusrllou ol rzcisra
he.r on AE.ricr'! currcn! la,crErkct!.

Ot:eE tog: eaaordlnS to opponents ol thc
bul lhc le.,iln8 lcrdcatc rxp€t1. on rottoS
rlshtr. E.rrard't Abtsa[ lll- T],snsuor!.
hrs b"rn dlssueded !ro!a testllyitrS arairsa
S. 1992 b, clvU-rlthi! pouHcie.E! thrlrts ro
slthhold coopcr?tloa on h.r lorthcomln8
booL

T?r. VotlDs Rl8hts Ast Exllrsion BIU ls
uncdllylns Rhic!.v.r'Eay you lool r! lL
Thr "b..il-out- prov'lslot!: ll! sar onerout
thss lher! ls firtu3uy no gGsibUity sn,
SoulheE :rt!a clr indlplndcntly quaiuy to
cscapa thl! second Rccorutnrcllorl The
bill's coscrzse o, ,tl<pr.Dlca sltelpin8ly dF
ttacd. Ert dllly DncEotr! Lha.!a.rrrnc. ot



s 65J6
rr! not tndlvtdud lotalrE th"t lt! lilouP
wrtlr!. or clrtl vot!t':t ln tha lan3r83r o(
lDlluca ruch .rgunptlort! Itt! (uttillrr: ta
!9.rt csurllt o( th" hbor "ot.. !b. frrrlr
roL. lhr Crthollc tot . !h. Jc?ish Yot.. Bui
rr do not undetrrtr by bindtnS lrf to 9t!-
tre! $ch trouf raIIrlC dllutlo[ of tbctr
no3.f rl thc aollr.

Foa lha nvcr o( thouahllEr $D9or3
t vlo u) thir E{tauid.d bill. I t! 9.ctlull,
dlr.oL
Elto|! t!. F.ltrla{ton Po.t, ADr. 2t. t9tot

1tsMola.sDEtrltto[' . -

It tr clcrr Lhrt th. SugEan Court d.dt I
&rrp blot to bhct Pougcrl s9lrfttotra I!
tha Sout! lrrt sr! rb.tr l! r!(u!.d to
brlrl uD th! ryltaE Lhtt rl-6t nJrr.:r.ott a
lttobtL. Alr. r' dl.strlt locrl tovcrDnrdrg
Bus t! Ir aot rt rll &l.s urra sh.t t!. Ju}
Uolr dld tra. lroB t!. lltrl poiai of vict
vtlrnt or Grtq t!.at lletr dcctsioa rrPnettBt
cd r trdour r.lb..l !o dl'll n8h!s-

Sltl9P.d o, ltr strrnc!* qla lscu. tha
cotrrt hd to nrolvr tr. shGtlta! Mobil.
rhould bc tottld lo lbsrdo! tts! fotE ot
t€l tse.t?Ecn! l! lut h.'d sl!c! 19lt bt
crrEa tlut grrliculrr arrul8cEca! Ealla
tba .lccnloq ot bL.t oltlcirl! dEoct lEDoi'
slblG Ihr rDJtrs-tlra! MobU. c..o sta, tJtc
ray it lt-.dclrllt th! l.8rl tblor? thr! drtl
rishtt lrt?rF hrd bo9.d Bould torE r
rlUt troa at'lrraa ctccllont l, Ertd or d!'.
Hct drctiolr iB ctUca ell oser !h! countrt

t! thl. cr... thr tbcorT rsrertrd lhat t!.
ardirncr o( tllc cotrr[].iltloa systaEr o( 8o"'
.fn reat l,l Mobll. tlD.llsulutlonrltt dl'
tutr! t!! votcr o( bt ct!. B€causr tha coE'
Eisslon $!taE rlaadrte. rg'lar:r elactlottt
rnd bcerr:sa MobUe 15 stlll ilveE to Edd
bloc vottnS. Eo bliEt hlt crlr bcea alacld
to thc city 8scril3ant lJtd Eoar ls lll.ty to
b. tn lhe fo!!sc!8bl. (ufura If !h. clt&
th;clr it 35 pcrcat blr.L t r! btokls llto
srrts. th! el.dloa o( solaG blrcg tould Ea'
dlnort assutd-

ltrr troubh dtft thil3 ticrlr. !o lh. vllt
of scvcrel acEbat! o( lha cDur-r- E tlLtt lt
runr oD lha rssu.EPdoa thar tha cor:stltu'
iiondtt, o( rE, l8e dcaesds upoa lhr.t'
(rctJ l! hrt oll Elrlorit, rfi,up!. th.t tllnl
Iltr! should b. Jud8ld oa the l.trtlut l1t!
Bhlch thct nGr! sdtlra. :trt! 1rr1.lEc!r-
Bh*lrcr tt lt Gtlrc! oE l.B!!3t-hr! b.cq
toint oa ..6oat lha Justlcsa lor yerr:. Prl'
narlly bcaur. nelth.! st.odrd B rallt
salls{rclorr. SoEc cl.uty LDrrocelt las!
h8?r unintlndcd dtscrttBinatot? ettect! oE
sotlG Ebonurs. .tccualely discoraru[ tha'
lntllt rith rhlc! hgl!I1!or: sclcd E dr'
!r?nr.lt diJtloilL

Judsld bf ltr e(tccis. th. coEurjsdoa
srstlE !r Mobil. chrrly dlscr1]ninatts
18:!fn'! blaatt T?rct ajr not only krpt out
o( ofncr bu! 1r" aEo d.Priv"d o( ray rcel
prrtlctplttoa l! 10crl to(cr:lErent a.trd. bc'
crusc urri! vot r art i! tblt scns! Elcrlin8'
lcr* controat r tov?mrEcn! l.s tha! saltt'
tactortt, rrliponsiv. to thclr E.€d3 But
Judsd by thG iotlnt o( thosc eho g,err
irround in !9tL thc coruiEslon ststalE do6
no3 dlscrtEln^ala aSain:* enyonr. Blacks
dldn'! voi. i.o Mobilc th.n- Bcsld.!. thc
3yslca rrl ldopt d lE Ahb.^Er. rnd elrc'
Rh.tt rs . rlfotE o, corfl9c s.rd polltlR

Bt opttn8 lor tot nL or !o6.thj'n8 closr t
tq I anrodt, ol thc cour-s hrt ani doFa
d@rtrt p.rtrt,E htrtdtrd!. ol legr.I cbrl'
tant6 thrt torild haca b.an Eldr l8r'i!st
crlsrint Jtttltlr ol Sorcraaeat o! Euju'
mGnrbc? l{lsLttvr di$rlctL lt hrr also
.roidcd thr lo31cz'l tenalnrl point o( 

"hos€cha.llcnSc! th$ clcdton dtttrict' lln€. Eust
b. drat.t to llec ptt porliond rc9rcsc.qtr-
llon to minodtlca.

ftrcsc trro (asl!t! oItlGt vhlt!"rr r1F-8!
llrt hrvc br.a doa. to blzEl hopc! o( usi.Da

CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE Junc 9, 1982

lhclcsrlsy3!.t!looDGnupelt.shtblocelo(r.nbc?tt.dopt.dhrC(or!r!tttofcrn?nrliJ.-iE iii Not rU orourlnrs of- aiscfrf' For on. thtn& lt rnal<ct t! irnpesibl' for t!'
;liil;;;-i";-il."tii-ui' 

-i.t!i;d 
to ttr" cuEb.nls to hant onto thlit !.ets tbttu8h

co"rr* 
"na 

tUs tr onc lct! Jr5!.r ?Glt !n lha rGdlstrlclh3'
;n'rGu-i*;- - 

_- 

_ ':-- - ' -- -- --- 
"f: 

,*-* ll"S.-TX$li,-Hl :::
CFtoa thr Wrll Strtlr Jourut Jea. 19. up aoin8 lt bt c.s.nltaltt rrct3r E.thods. dl.

t9!21 vtdbS !h. coEnilSlty lnto th' vrrloGt rzc!'
Votlto wroroa rJld ci'tr'Elc SrouD' tb' las !'o9ry* to covet

rer' ra.iraararr to !!r vorlES Rlsbtr P_1_-!P'"t3 to grot'ld. etth rtth r "9rF
Act o( f965 rrr uD tot srJr'il*i"i'.-uE rcrcitlvc' Soarlror tlil! do'!B't ltrltc ur rt
vretradrteondcrtturfiiffiii;;; :!9-F' ?t rhould bG tnorlnt It T''rt!
t!. coalinudoo ,rru nou;-fr;-E;;-;r;; !Il:. t r?Eaov' th' vcsttaa 0( lacltEr Ur

.:tfi;IilI;it itl b A"-;;ir'pt* lPgca" todGtv' Mo'rroYlf' E doE't 
'lnd 

lB

ffi; g,ifl,*p:ffiffi e'.tffi.Fiq# *i;]f#
?h,ci rtrtdy b8 Prs*d'th;;;d;:t' dojrs' dr'rratlchlslnt rot'F e'od dlosLus t!'

tlhlr sctss ta b. I os.Ji contrltt-;og lnclr'lbcnts to Jtat la poslr.
6;1']-r!.n-to-rjog tfiecf ortgtr:sgy 1tc 1513ndErnls tlt SGa.!. siII Yot! o!'
ddsrt l to oyrttoqt rf.ii-rtG dcngf ol soon should bc acnrbbcd !o t.vor o( r rlturE
;F - to thr polLr la ;rtai! Souurct! !o t!,! tntclr trst a.Bd e pleased phrslout
strtcr. Urr bflcit rEcoocffslca u ptrrpo!.. of tbc voc:5a Rlslts Act rlto'lthar rs lt b''
:"o f,ffilfr.ipef. foi.rrrapiiiZy. ol tlc ttid- coBrs lncr.rsi.nS.ly cvid.llt !ha! tro oE. b
bt. bt&Ir rrc rr3r.trtl4 ; ailoid nc1a15!6 b.rns E!93 !106 th!- pollr lcceusc o( htr
,;;B i 6t. gur ta tgff tfrJ frr rrr .xp.,Ed- trca cre?d or color. Olb.rt'lsa *r *ill cod
Jbd;"d t5J- SourU rna cxtaodcd to 'lrs. uD rttth EoE lol 1t". tzcid ead ctJgric po'
aErC cunoaurf' ts BllL Tod.y. b..ausr o( !^rlzadoE'
;!:lt8!r acclranisls" lhrr i.Erokr ltrc 18t
etrcrt liCltl stolarloDt rr! s::s9rctad. ril Grogr Von:rc Rlcnt! Arr
votlEs dlstristr tE oiDa st:trs 1Dd sottrc i! 13 Elrcoils:tt,uTtona.g
4h!r! ra! ltqulrrd to '!r.clrtr' slth lhr
Jusdcr Dccrfilr.lt ..at gropc'r.d chen8!. (Ey Alli! Brorafctd)
fll-ctccltooir"ccdura.'Ihfrty st:t t llre r'!. By I vott ot 1,1 !o {. tlc Scnrtr Judlc:erl
AIr.d t piriaa b0ln$::l dccr,loa rlatcdd Corr.Eitt!. hl' trzJ:tlo8.d llr Votlqi
ina rssisqscr. RIShtr Act o( t9lt5. No lonSar ls lt r.u rct

rrouaa 33.00{t ploPorcd !!c.tleB l.t lrcra! to ?ravrn! rz.irl dlscrtElnstion to
ch3!tc! h.r. b.ca tub6Jlt d to the Justlca g.hl poukts booth bu3 ls. illriald. !h! .doP
Dcpertaeatsi'nc!.1965. O( thos.. iustlc!rt. doa o( a coacr9s shlclr B-totdy diaa to
tusca to {sr Ct1. th. bull o( Bhich ln. lhr AJrcric:in pollUcrl end lctel Eadltlotr-
voiva rll.ra rrducdoDr La -Ehorliy' thri ol progonloael rePrcllntlttotr rrrd
vo!r!8 posGr '.!rou8! dtstticttna chaa86 "gtoup rlabts.'
rnd r:sa o! 8g.lrr8r u opPosld to dlstrict At r rcsul! of sctttzl Lly coutt .,rr"o. tra'
EgrEGat:!1oo. Ia rorar c.s.!. Ju.stlcr hts dsut1r,ly Clt, of Mobih t. Boldctr. thosG
Utocfra elrcttols llct Yort Clty. for exra: $ho uricd proponlonrl reFrrscntalion Erre
pl.. hrs ylt to hold tts t98t Clty eouocU told in clari trnrr ttrzt sucS 1a idla $!s LlD-
ilecuons b.crrlG ol f ndlstr::?tD8i dlsgut} coDsUtuttond I! th! MobUc czse. bleck cltl-
lFttll W.shrDgtoE - z!D! o( tb.t ctt, clallcnacd thr l.s"Jjty i.td

IB oDIy rbout r. trnt! o( thlsc c.s!. dld corrstthrllo!.ilit, of tha 1t.lal'8c el.eltoo
.Iustlc! ftn t ra:/ 'tut at- to dl$r'lElnatr: LE procrduE. rIcSlnS tha! tbcir rot! had bcctr
lba rtlt. undrr thc ,at'r strict "?rectcal' 61lut d bac2,usc. whilc b1.ct! clmprtad
Loc.' trsL lt Ecldy focrl'j ttslt thc Dro' E'o'" thlu 3! 

'a!e!o! 
o, thc popu.t tioo. no

poled cbrls6 sould heva ! d:ttttEi!8tort Ulect htd aver bala ltcctrd r cilt eora.rair;el!ccL- TLtt "!fi!ctt" test orrrtntl, a9. doncr.
,U!. only to lbos. st:t. and-:9!au.tt? 1'hc tr,:l court tourd that Mobtlr bteckr
phtch hrd e hlstor? of ht!$tiorlal dlscruil' s.re alic to 1'ora Flthout hu:drenca but sttll
DruoaordrsproPor?.tonrt€vot:n8?lg!try4. h.ld thrt'rhis..clllusioD" o! vortn8 poscrr

t:he suEreaa court h.s .nricd that T iJao ioriaslEtent oI th! riShr ro iote ta
otlr.r grrts oI lh! corrjl(ly i:t.gos.llticnE vloiatloa o( itra tsth .tr:end&cnt and or.
llurs fll!! prove "iDt nt- .P 1l|f=l9lr aerra urs ruplaclE.nl ol the comrntssion

f::::J:,:t"ffi illli::-l,"iiT il ilifi :ii;n y;.3'U'fl Tfl .#'f * il::
rg t1rf! eodrg systclB 1.5 .lgs.r. ti.te co.r.ltg iinci;"-b.r dtrtrtcts. Thr SuprEB. Couft
ssld tbst sotac exlrtLEi clcctio8 9-lecllcal oveirrUea tiis drcsion-

ii,'.:.tr"i:i,":::{i,ry,$f t#ffiiom*111.ff$1"*ffi i11ifi ,11.,iiIItssu constltutr'Put?c
rH B'.."'s,fitr8"b;,1 g* 

ffi mffi'#{lH'ti,Tt:,'ljllHc.rdld.atlt elcctcd.-
?trc Eor:ra uoendErang! to s.ctlon 2 o( vottnS RlShts Act' uryon' chaltcnains Qlec'

rhc vottnr Rlrhr! Ac! i:",ia-ili't ii ttoE laE's t .ust shoe dlscriErlnsiorv tntanl
.}}c.Ui tloo-:5c Cogrt;s-toiJili fcacr. t?lr S.nr!. Judlcisrv Comraittla thus t!'
.f ior"in-."t woqfa nJ lo'tiiii :r.r" l" vcn.d lhr Clty ot Mobilr drclsion- ll rlrc
p"oi" ,;fi*"t- to afscrfrcLad-fn cf.ctfo6r (uU-Con8rB! rpprorict thlr chutc. ctlt6
I! could 111c*ly cf1g votfni-pEi.G;;;ults; Pro(..sor Wcltcr Bcms o( the Am'31en En'
G aff.Caf afr&6UneUori ?lri.r".oaoriatr qrprtst listltut!. 'l! q'ould pcaiit rotina'
E|oulO-oUiiCrrc thc Justtca DcpsfiI3cnt to riShls nrlE to bc lllcd bv th. attom?v 8cB'
rnii, ifictfonr tg crcry-saie-ana ro,:aict. eral or aEy PriratG Ut'Caat asall!3t el'et?

;.Ut, t" 15. o"ttoa.aito-ioot;; "rlttn 
s:at:. ctty. couatv o! othcr ?lector8l Jut!'

i[&"6 clrns!. ln ,Foced!:E but also rt dlsdo! LB t5! cor.E!r?.
ivefo irssl5s- cl.cloo larr. The bi8sst "I! Bould pu! crrt, jgrisdictlon on nottce
t.tgit r"ufa i&cF bc the at.lll.la sl.st.Er of tbat tt raiSht h.l'c io apgcar ln r fed!l.s]
votiar ,:sea 1g t?o-thlrt of i11. 111odclz!6. court t deJ$d tts clcctlon lsss-any h*
rize-dtrlicfprUt er ta [h. U-a rflrclln8 elrcllons-l5irsl ihr chrrse thr!- 

..iog. tbc'rt-tara! J!:ste!E ira'f g.rtrct but thet 'dllui!' tlrc rotcr o{ blacks urd I (cE
It docs lrrrc clru,in Eerltr aa4 :adrcd. x-' oth.r ainortt, ilroups .{.od it Eould. o(



June 9, 1982
courta. Et.la th!!a ,rdqrl courtr thr couaa
tr/r .l.ctotrl lrrd"!r.-

fo ufur tblt U 10 D..c{!nt o( I coanual.
tt t blrct th$ t0 p.tE!n! ol thG clctrd o(-
tldrlr .lould b. blr.t b to tltGct cstlrrly
orrsd.t o{ lDdlvlad n3hE rlrd lttpoodlll.
tg.a ll t t br EouoD th. totrllt rll.o
EouoE oa 'EouD- rl3btr If,Lt rlt l rll.
atog ttu[ bt..]r,

U 20 prrcat of tbr pogulrtlo! b I dv!o.
@ElEltt L RoEra Crtbollc. &ould !t.
D.rEat of tbr otlstsold.il b. ol thrt
tdtht Whrt U tt ftltr ou3 thrl 30 D.8c!'rG
o( tlr dtr ua CrsbDUst Shoufd t tlta
EEotnr fO p.rclat -Aad rbr3 ol ttElc
atouDd U 10 prrcrot o( I rlrcq @EuEft'
b o( Itrll! drscraC rlrou.ld tlrr boLtt&!. ol
dtt conDcl a.EbcrlhrD?

lEhlrr rotrld E €ad Votas! latrld ao
loaSlf cr,i, tialr brllrota ror iDdlvldurl cllrd.,{-t- bu! lor llDn*ntrtlra ol ndrl rtu-
dolrl.Dd ctbdc EouE Gtou9 sotrld bc !.t
rsrlls, goqe. F,cprcrratetlvo daEocr*l!
aovGrlorlrnt rould b. dtccitv.It dlEj$
lrh.d.

S.o. Ot?b CL Ertch. R-Irtr!. o-r oi thl
lcr lgcsbcs of Coagrs. to vtsoroudt
oD9€a tDl! outrilScout Dotlo!. rt r.d tlrt lt
rould tlradora !b. Vot !8 BlSbtl AE
tEE 6a dt.t8Bcd to "lDsu!! cqurl rrcar
!t Ebodur! to t!. rEirlGradou groc... lad
rha h.rlot, bot' lnto oBa dcdGtr d to 't
ao$rrt durl rlnrltr rsd .{ual outcoE - lor
nrc! arEuf Ia bl3 vtrr. trtrh !rfd" -!ot!
.rl! uDcoE tttutloErl rad rh. pqbllo 9ollq,
bpUcrtlolr ol thlr chrnst l! !h. llt Ert
b. r, 8!rt l. t!6.6{ r.at lcdrlltto! l! th.
hrstar7 o( our couEtrt.'

who lr ttcpolrlbl. fs! tHs dlstordoa o(
tlrG Vottn3 Btshts Ac!? It ls uot tlc Ubcld
Dctlosrtr tho u! plc-cd tttb tb.
tt ult-bu dd Dor ptoduc! lL lt tr thc Rc-
publlcra E Jorlg, oa thr S.art! Judld!,
Courollta lld th! Bcagra AdEIDEtrr'Uoa
ttr.U ehlc!. a^3t! to cour! !a"or tltJr tba
"cMl aishts coEEtruir.- .cqut8c.d la lL

t:ra lcstllsllo! 3rrlt spo!.:Klrtd bt Sa!.
Robct'3 Doh. R-tr!- ifht dld hc do li? Ooc
ob.!"rt ratd. 'Dolc ls rannlaC tor 9r!d-
dc!L'C]l..r!r. rhor?nur polltlcel dvrDt r!!
Dot loDa-ru! lalcrtr! lor lie cou.Etry llca
b.llnd thir l.ablailoE

Aotb tha RG3gaJr, rrlF{il<trzttoE DoL
.rrd th. oth.f Ertubllcaas ?ho eEbtz..d
thlr tgpro.c! Edl lt ls s coEproEj.rr ll tt
uot I coEproEl.a $ dl-.^d ill llbcrrlt
kDot lL Sp.rlcing o, Dolc. Joseph Eeu^L
looa-tlEra r.ttvlst ,ith tbc A.B.ric.!r lor
Dcaocatlc Actlo! 1od nos cours.t to tlc
Eost ettrlEr 'eivtl risbtr- aroup.. laid
"Ec res nrp.r!. E. tot us th. pcrlcct bul.
'wa cor{da't h.v! doE. lt Fttboui hLE w.a
tt. "c-oEproEls.r" teu! say:t, qult progct
lf "Il rrr no coE9roErsr at dL W. tot cr-
.!ythtn3 tac elstcd.-

Thc l{cg Yori Tlacs flaelly fouad roas-
trua3 to prais.- Dlssulsitra th. pr€ddalt.|
lupgort tof this dl"8cd "coEprorols4- tha
prD.! s.l4 '... lot btrn tbefl, t6 dltplrt
!uc! !.Dsidvity lr sood tor F(.or1!ta* 8ood
tor thc 9rc:ridcnt lnd ad for dl o( ur.'

It b 8ood oEl, tl Ba g,:l.ut to endorsa tba
ld- of DroDorttonrl lrprcalrlt8uos and
goup tlshts clrtl rt8hts frouga oDc! s.ld
rU th.t sraird lras equrl risht! rid cqud
opgortuDlucr..Yo onG o( Sood Eul cza rlSua
EiUl 'ht.What thc, uorrr:'a! ls somctblnS dllfrF
col thy lr r conscrvetivr Rrpubllcu .d.
Elllstrrll@ Dr.grrld lo cEbrac. tb..a
ldarl shlcb rlicc! dl ol our pollUcal prl.Ecl.
Dl!!? PoUUc* .r cvrr. rnCea suzogr bcdlal-
lorr ladccd.

=tgro- ltt VotE{c R:68!t A(=
- (EY St Dhea CIr:.g-";
Plrstdc!!! JobJis@ tisr3cd th. VotlDS

Plshtrl Act o! Aulll:'! 6, f96{ l]r rbe raor

CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
ltooE of tbc U,3 C8ltol r;h!t! Abrrlrra
I&col! hrd dtD€d . btu lrt tna ttr?6
torEd I!!o thG !.tv{ca o( tbc Coalader:rrr.
Joltolon cdlcd fbc lt ''ona o( lhc EotE
lnoaullcolrl tq t!. hlrtort of AEcicr!
Itccdoa- end proaJscd t! tould 'Jtrlla
.?rt !!. lrst lrrJot rlrclle- oE blrcl
A.EGt{crna

tb. gotlat Rttltl Act sblc! rrr totr!&
cd to aaltr!. blsl ,rttXcitEttoa la alacdoai
hg arcrrcdrd bat6d Ge!6 Jobt sou't ,o!e
drst bo9.a t o th, lr Coafrcs tc dltrs'
EiDld t<, Frrnt tE

I:br anccrsr o( tha ht aUdtr E!. r81tt'
Era! rEo8t rIEolG cillEoar llr W'ghln8.
t6..R.B Eloa &ttrrdl o( Crlltflda' r llb'
.ilI D.6G1L rlt' l! "tit Eod, suc€lrrul
drlt rtshE btn la.tlc hld.t? ol thc UDlt d
Sfrt.!." crutrE Ettdfotd Blmolda tb..r,
d.rtrat rttotlct tc6.trl lor cinO rrshE call!
t!. Vott8a RtSbtr AGt th.'s'sE! JcsGl" ot
thr clvtl rtahtl lrtL

Itr t lglbl. E ulE u! phcnoarorl Il
196a. Mlglsdppt hrd oElt 29.0OO rd,rt ttd
blrcl yotrd. By 19tO lt brd 330.000. Al.&
brErt blrct rotal? flttJtnEl,oa hr. triplr{
Thr lr, hr .&o opGDGd up €l.c'4d o{tlc€
to blr.Ir. thcn rrc Eot Bott thr.E !.000
bbrl, .Lstrd otllrlrlr E Sou&. coEprrrd
rltb !!rrr thra 100 ll1 1966.

D.sptt thl| car{abl! ncord. Co!g!.r ap-
prrcalll --'t lrdst !oE! trbstrBttrl
.h-Frct lE t.ha lrf tbcra c!rn5!r 8lt
bcy@d sErnotlalls bbrl tttlctpruon l!
!l.ct oDr to posslbly rcqulrrar t&rr ElDor{tt
Srour b. Dtogorrlolrtlt tt9rlltot d ,!
cl.ctd otltc€. But t!. dnlatstndos-
ehtcb --. llto ot lc! ruuurr shcthcr lt
rould nrpgort cvrs r d.a9lc ax!!!doa o,
th. r.c!-hs cBdotlled thc rrrtscd vcr:loa.

lhr orlsttrl brlUr tar crpcstrd to br
oyc! l! lDtrE dD8 lssUc sbould southlnr
ct t a sttU bc rtorlred to 8!t th. .dvlDca
rDDrovd o, tba tldarll SoecrEE.at lor
aycr? chlti! l! tb.! elcdloa lrEl .Jld Dto'
ccdunr. oo lortttr bog ralnor? Or hevr
thcy progtscd eBoutb !o bG trl]std lrtt'lr
tha r{8ht! o( tjr.tr Friot'lty citz!!s? Irdor.
hJrllt ly. tb! only qucltloE ehlc!, h.r b.!n
d.brtcd i! hor tl, tba laE s!.ou.ld b. ct
f.Dd!d-

1tc Eous sErtrd thc tl8hi b, clr-'3{n8.
L.t s.cdoa o( t!,r !es. Scctlon 2 prorslDcr
a.ay -naodrd. lrrrctlc?. or 9rccldlrt! . . . to
d.at o! rbrrda? tbr rlabt to ?ot! oE .ccou.Et
ol ncr or color." Th! Suprs{llr Crurt nlcd
l! r 1980 cesc taeolriiS e lacsult laailst
tlc clty o( MobUc. A]:brEr. &at thr llt
(ltkr Eolt civil rtgbt! LEr) forbsdc only 1a'
tlntlond dlscrira,inatloa. So. thc Eousr out
lsFcd uythlDa srhic.b "r6u.ttr" ID dlsctEl-
!r!1oo. on thr th.orY t.bal i.Dtc!! It rLEoc
lalgoclblc to Drott-

:tc aroblcE ts dld. rs SsrirtaDt lttor?.t
Rcynol& pui tt. rhi3 chzlgr Rould rndz!-
tlr ":ury elrcttoo lystlE undrr shtch caDdl.
dat.! b.ct-.d by thr !Ei!edt, coErntrnlt,
E!rc !,Oc .l.Ct!d ln nu.Bb€t! cqud !o tlt
goup't groportloa o, tlc poPuLlloE-'A[d
lltltrt ErS trot ro hrrd to Drovc ta lhr
MobU! c.s.. l! tha Etrtrl rrtcr th. Su-
pr.ra. coura'! drsrsio! th! city e.ls !ou!d
nrflty o( Lbtcltlond dtscriFlFltto!.

Aftlt' !d,il6t loEG dilclslEcrr thtt DrD
ponton:.I nlprE:irqtauoa Eas not l.Btandd
tla S€nrtr Judtcizt, CoBrEittca l9pro"cd a
aodulcd vcrdoa ol lhc D.s stzld.rt T!.
riil{il<t!:fdoD. stlll urenalag thr lcnctr lt
drr:3as.d 5y 3lvtns ta: axeEr9uons !o rtU.
8lous schoob ,hjch dlsc!'r.:rl'inatt rtrlEs,
bl..t.'. dlcidrd t suDDort l!! rlvilcd lat
?trc blll b cxDcctcd ro bc lpprovcd ovcF
rEh.lEiDaty by tbc tull S€nd..
' Th. dlscjrlElrt rDd EodltlcauoE lEdG
thlDar sourtd r UttI! bcttlt but bolh l!.
$pponr!:t rnd opPoocnts o( th. orlalDrl
Eousc bill s.^y th.t .€trall, Elll Erlc ao
dlttcrcocr. Io aat casc, EC!IIy cb:a8uf t!.

s 6547
bgtr ,or datlrElnlaS dlsalarlarlloa lavtt.t
,udldaf Elchltt-

Thc court. ls dEry!. E'01 ulrtB't.ly hrta
to drdd. ehr! lhr ftYlsrd lrt Errl:l llt
Dot hrrd to blrar.Dt I Judsc 16at-t r dlr.
DFpontoDrtrl, rrl ouab.t ot bbct
olllc.hold.n 18 r clt . nsalalr^3 lo ttEd
roE ot!.! hlBt o, pl8t dlsrDlrrtlo! Grt
b bouslar) rrtd coDdudlna tlrt tb. et c!lo!
lrsr dbGllrLElt.. Tbri eordd b. cnoui! to
!rc!t tla rlqulrlErqtl o, tlc Ea, lrt
SIDC. lE do.a^! torttd gro9ottloarl rcpE-
r.atr,tloo .a r rE d, tor dlsrdJtrlDruoE-.
dartflcrDt o!rl!JoE-t!. ,,uds! could tbsr
sEplt ord.t lt refrrdcl o( EhrS rhc chcr
toEt Ealta

tlrr dlscbiscrr. rhlc! srt tbrt prp96p
doorl Egrrseatrtlon rr Dot tlqulEd. €8 b.
dgcrrdcd U tbt JudSt thln}. tDct coF.llc,'
rtt! t!. bfr pur?a.. tD rllosiil r.drl
dbcrlElDrtloE rGi.Ese thlta la grrfcEotlrl
hlrLDf schlE€* !h. Suglllur Coutt !xpuc{t,
l, rlr'orcd r Dloelsion of l!. 196.q Chl(l
Rlshts tct d-rF.d to 9Eylot lucb 9r!.
8rrE3

Ot courrr lt ts't dcl' tb..t tlG court:! t{Il
tot r?Es thr ravised VotlDf Rltht! Act t!,
thr Eor't rrt But tlG bcst !ra, to PscvcaS
slrc! lIt r?rlta:UoEr b to vrtt lrrn g
clcrrlt rr po6sibl.. f]r. coEgrcEjsa vcr:noB
lr drubcrtriy &rbi3lroE3 A.ud .hbtguou:t
lar! rr! to ..tlsl!! Jud8!. ,hrt tdlc h3!n.
rr! to tb. d!|r{L

volilc Rrcc3Ac.r IJrtET Vasor Eranr
(3y JrE6 EluE !.1!.l

Ia thG clrrrla'g dcbata oa rrB.?.1 of 'J!!
Vottla Rt8ht A.L tb. S€!.^ta lr tocustoa.t,
tlBtloa oa Drcbbly th! Eort tEpofiaa,t
eivu rlshE lssuc oI th! 13803 Wtlat is ct:.
crLELE^al1oE sad hoe B lts.!st!!c! provco?
Ir dlscslElDator? Dur?o!. or Erlcly dlscriE
lartorT lrrErc! th. prog.! 3t ad.rd?

tha dl*rncdo5. rhJch iEpucatE t'.Ladr,
B.ntal ealu.+ E hsdly r quibbla

Ai tDtlr?lltld by tbr Supr.EC Cou.t-i- ScG.
doa 2 ot thc Yotlag Rtchir Ara .'quLrca
proo( ol ndaUy-bl,sld treatl]lcBt. A cotu:.
o( coaduca Eust bG pursucd "at lc!s! i! prt?
tccaus. or.' Dot EcEly 1! splt oI.' its rd-
vct! eltectr upoa r! ld.lulbblc (lzridl
3'ouB'

C:tt[.{G ol tlra proposrd strndud :!str
o! ptilfrtrs- Pls.jsrftls cr:l Elor! cas.lly
grovc thr! 1! !.! adveE.ly dfects 8 lrIld
rElDorit . Statlst c! erc rerdlly a,verleble.
1.nd th! lssu! olt& b.coEct srEply !, Bat!?r
ot nlrlab.E. hoo( o( dlscrt:rioatorT intes!
o(taE ls Bor! dutlct:tt to rJrcoe.r.

ttcsc pragaretlc concrrE:t LlDdalua t!,!
proposad chr,rr-rd t! thc Ac!-froia Altr

"lDtrng- su.Edrri to r "rcsuJts" tpproacb-
E:clusisc eaphasis o! pt?8:E3t1c issucs.
horrcver. een blur tha tuldatocngl philo
rophlcal !-!suca tbai 11. bcDcllh tha pur?osc
v!. cttrctr dcbat -

Wlrll! r.u cttccg nsodard Eay t,uclrlsr
Dlrl.DtlJt!' prospcct of ruccsr. adoptlon ol
u cttacts lcrt Ea, havc uJ32aclpttbll t!r-
rcachiat lopllcatlons.

lnac5 lar.rst trot bG dlscdErrrat d ags.Insc
Ltr th.lr axercls! o{ tbr fi::2''rchjs!. Ih.!r is r
fi:ad:racnel dgtlBcuoD. hoscy€!. bacE'c.E
"dbcriEln:,1!loo" by Sovctanrcat on lhc on!
Ir:!d. lld nautlzl Sovaml:lcnt aatton thst
her the col:.:trqullsrt o( dts:dvanEarns ao
ldeotlllablc group, oE thr otbct Idenuflablc
gfi,uF. ar!! sucS hrlrtorlF.lly dllaiElnalld
rteirsE 8roupa rs blr.Ir si! Doc lEl:lrijrlzld
lll orrr rouah ard '.u.Bbla polltlcal systca
lroro thc rdvcr:!! lEpa.ts o( SoraFJlreni
r.tio!. prosldld l!3! tbosr lctlons are no8
ndril, Eottva!.d-

lIondlscdEinalloD. r procdu:zl conccal
foc:rsS oa eyaE-h:Ddcd trrl!r!!!t o, lndt-
vtdud.r I! n::rentect bdlvlduds . Ial8



s 6548
!hrL. r d.drloa.Etrldnt pft,ccra frrr ol
trdrl bh.. Slmtlrrly 3i!u8!.d D.oglc crn no3
ba trlrt d dttfartntly b.caur. o( ttlcir rr4!.
Tlrlr concrpt o( dbcltndnrtlon hrr 16 cr$o.t.rr lntrcdl.at of volllloa-intrstloorl u&
cqual tEa,tEaa! basad oa ilca-

AdogSton o, ! subrtr.atlvc crtlctt Jtrndrtd
thlrL t8rlydr troor thr d.crsionEtllrA
Dr€ to ra cnorllrClo8 o( rlaultr or out,
cma Adlrcnocr !o tlr8 r9gtol.h turE
thr detle troa oar o( r'trtr l!.e.- tO
ttr.. of r rrdrl -tds ilrrt -'r DLr' odf rha
aailE

. tlra rgBucb liubtlt but atc.lrrllt r..
. erEGr i!-l rratdly DroEor(oaat trtct o,

DafllclDatlo! tE rod.t/r lDrtituUoE u! tha
!orE; rnit a-!rt{rl dayladoa lmtB thlclr
cotrlElBrta lucar drsslEirltoo. coloF
bllna nrlc! ald ptlclduna rlr htutfld.lE
nddly-b.s.d Du.EGricd out4oEs3 coltroL

Tlt pnlrrCc o( rzcid1lruEallt, E tr.!!'
totE d llto .o dllrantt"! dutt to coBld.r
rr.! l! .cnicnn8 rr irly datlald outcoEB
lD othta csilarrr. lllcEruoo. lo3 dr! Gt.
Etlo6. .sd quo6& D{rt fdr hlrtlt g!r.cfc!a}
bcoor cratrrL

ID tha eotEa lr!!r. t!. c!.phrdr oa fdt
Drr{dpruoEr<u.il. Ecr!| to rtt*railoo
rld "o@t-lr rlplacld b, rttaEtloE to llt
EutBb.t o( elcctrd ottlcirlt. to lhc EcPoa.
dyloclr of.lrct d olllctrls t gcttliv.d al-
oorlt, na.dr. rld to othlr 3i.urilg out€oEa-
tricatad.'llaca o( tha ratlon- coDGrtla

Gcoml rdogiloa of r8 crtact| trJt of dlr.
qlEilrtloa EiSlt Eirf! it'tlr3udlv lE9o.d-
bla loa Soeeflracsi'do trl! |!y ..doE tbrt
dlrprogotaloDr48 dlr.dvrstrtct br..L' A
crr&.rl on prl glEs d!3iEcd to bcllttt
blElt ?ould b.vlt-hly rdr!!!dt rlt.st
blrclr dsproportosstalr. Do t^hE prD
grnE brva '.t.I1ur!' tEllugr lroq tlr
BOE:rl Doutlcrl DrOCar?

?o su^asrriza. lD otdc! for r subcta.u,tlve
ettactr r9plo.ch to Er.k. soalyttcal s!n!a a
BotloE of nclrUy-Ers.d ?BtitleErEts Eutt
.ns!-to scrt io rchool to Job!. to housin8
to elcctrd ortlcialr aad laroEbla goutfcrl
trlltJDcrt !O r ya.st rrTa, of ljjc chrnc-
ECurItt o! .." ttsult rlplrr)at .qr'll!, ol
opportr.urlty tr th! yrrdstlcl for Bcrsurllr
dvll rls,btj p!oG!!r.

Alttrout! InzErtlc olrecttont to thr
lBtait strndrtd rr! not vilhout soEa ECdL
rdopuoa ol r subs6[tl"a crlcct! sq.adrrd
hrr uarcccctrblt las-rerchtla Lulpucatton -'A Elddlc Boutrd. rhlcJl .dhct!. to lh.
lDtlat prlnciplc Eod yet &roh-odat . thc
prz{Ertlc obr.ctlorlr '.o tb.rt t?'nd3rd.
rbould b. sousbs out.

(Froa thc Ncs Yort T!E.r. M1!. ,, 1982i
?ta v6!rc ttr6Etr .lfi

(B, WIIUr,o ttllcb Sr:llt!)
W'rsmrca.or.-Con8r!:i! ls currcntly cotr-

iidtrrls tha crittcal qu6tloE ol Ehctb!! to
crreBd rhc vou.ua RtShE Act ot 1965. th.st
r.B Burt b. exllndad. A.ad tt shordd b€ €t.
t odrd lD ltj trild-rrld-tnra forE-ncith.r
coDtr,at4{ nor erprldd to t!r.n r:!sub-
rt&urt d cont nrtoEs th!! stEplr snd
suzlahuoErr{ posilloE-to crtlnd thc lat
r.r E-lr Prlsldcot Rratalr'r posiuo!.

OEfortlrtrat.ly, thcre brrr bcln dist!:rbin8
r{tortr to deBS thc .lr.p.ssiorr:!! coasidcn
t oa o( tljr ls.u. by bri.adlar 1ltonc rho
doc! Eot suppor! r bul rlclntly pssed bI
thc Eousr o( Bcaralentetlrra ls opp€cd toth. Vor{nt RlShlS lct ltsltl. :tr Efous. btll.
horcvcr. ls aot thc Asri-f Rlghts A.c! bue
rbact.hrag v!r7 dlt.EaL fba difiarcncrr
Erujtr b. ca,r!(ully coEsidcr.d ou thclt
Earttr

lhr ao.t drzsttc rr|lcndrlelt to ths crdst-
lag end c{rrcllT. vollng Rl8hts Art 9ro.
pGrd bt th! Eousc biu b l.u S.cllon 1 r
DCTDUOCII proyisloa requldla Do chanta.
Ar tbr 198O Suprtaa Court dcdsios !a

CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
MobU. t Boldcn cr9ldncd. r 11ohtron o(
ScctloE 2 trul! b. pscmisd on groo( of dl!.
crtEin lory tnlaoL Th. 16rr. 51q ,5u16
ovar!!,rr! gha subtla nrll o( les rnd providr
thrt I vlolrtlon lrry b. strbllsh.d by proo(
o( EGnr 't.etultr' o?'lttcsts"-aha t!s! nog
lound only lE !h. tpcctrl Dt+cl.sloc! Pro.
Yl.ioll! of S.c!to! t.

wh.a l! .nrct d lha Ctllctr trst for s.c-
Uoa 5 la 1965. ConsEt rppll.d lt oo I Eq.
Dotr? barll oal, to.l.sCo! lrt clu.ualr.
rad ooly to ralccrrd JurtdjcdoEt sttlr q
cl6t hlttart ol ?oclrr8 rbu!r.. Tb. Eoula
gtopCl to ra.od S.doa a hoecYct
rou.lc ..trbllrb tblt t4rE oa r gcrEllr.trt
bsls. r99ft lt to rll c:lrtlrti GlcctloE rvr-
tlrlt md prrgtlcta r' rall I ptlDoa.d
chrra.r. rnd Grtrod lt ortloaElda It souJd
do so Fturout r.oy !eld.sc! o( rbusla to Ju$
tut nrclr r dlrEruc chrts"- EYr! l!.
Eour. Egora lts u Eco3lizrd tltt'no rp..
c1t!c Gnlctcoc. o( votlD3 dlscrlEiErdoa lE
rrlar outstdc thoaa DtEaad, covafEd ?al
Drrraat:d.-

Tb. dllc'ts t rt b tbc Eousr btll nth.f)h-- !6:.slEt oE lotalt ll t! t5c clJlrloi
!rr. rrould tocur oa el.cltoE Fcillt& Tbc
t rt sould h trl8Srtrd trhlllecr ckcGloa
tlsulB dtd loc lrlr:ror t.ha populatlon rEir o(
r parttculrr cor!trlrriity. r.ad could stadud-
ly lerd to . systrE o( ploporltonrl r!9rrtc!,-
t8UoB b$cd oa nat or ElDotlt, lr.q,fur{a
ltttur4ssllr.r.lty r quotr syrtat! tor Cl!C.
tor.l gouue Eccdols rsog thc ErEloB .!
avary larcl o( .ovrrlErot-(roE lchool
borrdt r.Bd Gru.Eg, cohn.<iont to lctlslr,
hlrls..4outd b. dlsrugtrd by uurruoa-

!,[ot! tulrraF.llrllr. t lystcE ol 9ro9oa-
uoErl Egrclrsletloo ba..d oE !:raa l5 lacoa-
sist at riit! thr d.Focraqc Etdltlons of our
plunUstlc s6i.tr. 1ta Eousa bitl ls brstd
oa ard Eorrld to6t!! tha abhor"aat aodoa
thrt bLck! cl8 oaly b.' rcDr!! nt d bY
blrclt lDd shttc. ca! only bc r?pr!3.Etd
by !ihitr.. At Prot $/lllha Vr.Il Alstla! o,
Dule Oait'crsity h.s not+rd. "Thr aEreld-
arlt Brurt irvlri3bly ogeErta . . . lo 6rrta
t"cietly dcllacd r.rds tlrrouthout Buch o(
tha o8tlou ild to colEpcl thc rroEt teEdao-
d!! loqr:rd ruFbl!.d rUcrlr.ac!3 lld dYt-
sloEr.'

SugpoitrE ot lh. Eous. btll erc cuic! lo
poi[! to r drsclrLEc! dausr thr! ?rortd6
thl! thc ,silun to .ailcya Dtt portlon:U r!9-
rrcrEtadoa shdl noL "l! 8ad ol ttscll." coo.
rutu!! r lrlohuon fl,lr drusc sould onlt
coEr l.Dro plry. hosccer. a(tat alecttoB sy!.
tcn!! hrd bacg restnrcturld to 8ua.r:Jtt!c rl
[lrrly :u f,ossiblc rhat propordonrl rlDrF
lcntrSoo Bould rlsull U. oncc this q;rs
donc. 9loportional FaDrr:lcnt:lion sal not
L:!l!ftd. llco aDd only thrn rouid !b. d!}
cl"irrcr clausr pEcluda rh! fladlns o, . vlo.
Iatio!. Thr clrus. slEply $ould not greres!
dr2.'ltc che!8!! i,B clactloa systaE:r aaacrr
lha collat'I? to (acillt::!! .tEr.oEelu o, pro.
portlond racirl rcgEacntstloE-

Propon!8tr o( tllc Eor.rs. biU clat! thrt
r.A ettccts telt ls alcEr-ry bcc.usa intlnt l!
"t!E9o!slblc' or "lrlrrErly dllllcull" to
Drpvc. Tlrir lr silrply !ds!. Thc SuprcE.
CouE hrs E2d! cl?rr. oa scrllzl occasioDg
that 8 "lFotsiE8 ll.l8" B noi Equired lo
Dror! lDlcEL ClrcuJits!:l!1d lDd. indirlct
cr{dcne:-inctudinE ?eld!nc! o( allacts<za
bc rcucd uDoa L glori.na r, vtohtio!! T!!
Justlc! DcplrtrarDl for exaJ|rlplc. Just r!
GlBtly lnt!firard ta r redl$ricdna cisr l^o

Ncr Mcxlco. loaj.ot3inint lhat dlsci.Erioato-
r? lDtaDt F6 bc prorcd tn tba! lrrstr.oc!.

Jllstlcc Potllr Strsafg dlEronstrztad L!
hlt schoiarly opiiion in llobuc v. Bold.!
rh-r Sactioa 2 Err dreltcd to etdorcr Ul!
grot ctioa of the risht to vot t-o i,.he lsth
AJ:3cEd*.!lL shich har a,lra].! rtquirld
pmo( o( i.ut.lrt. Ttr. intent t.3t iJ the nrlc i!
lhe clvtl righl! rr! . oog t!. cxcrplioE Tb.
sqr'.l grotr-lloE ci$rsa ol Lha l{t! AEasd.

Junc 9, 1982
rnant. fo? elr8lpl.. undlr shlch 3(, m.ny
hlrtorlc clvtl rl8hta ldTlncla hrea beln
nrdc. hzr tha setaa lr:tant tlsL As ,orrttlr
JudA. rlrd AtLrncy G.n.nl Grttrtn B.ll
hrr lrrtttla lo

Do3 btllca. &r thcre lr !o EGGd. t tlr lL I!
.bou.ld b. crt !d.d.. E

Frota th. wrsti"rs;P*L Mrr. 29. l9E2l
Yotarc RrEtrrt Ac:: *rano Ir 

^s 
I!

(8y wltllr8 Freac! SEit!)
Oa !{r!ch 2{,. lte k, publsh.d tbr

Lr!! i l.B r con ttslna s.rtlr o( edlloriab oa
tlr rpprogrlrtr trr! tor chdhnaiDg cl.ctloa
ryst lrs uDdlr S.clloa 2 o( tlr. Votlna
Rl3hE Ad. 1A! e:isElla r.L Bhic.b th.
R!.8r! rdEiDistladoo bcllrvc! should b.
crt ndcd. rlquLrr. proo( ol lntrnl ro dl!-
crlEllrt . A biU t!8t hrs p.!r.d th. ![ous..
horrc?.r. eould clrela! lla vottna Rlghts
&c lnd focu! Dot oE LDlent to discriEin8l!
but o! "!(f.ctt' ot -r!gult&' NuEcrous ru.
thortula aad coriECnt:tDt! havc exErcssrd
d.!p coaclr! !!21, r 'tc!ult!" tr.t cguJd
gzdudly laposc r syrtcE o, proportjonrl
r!9ra!{!!!a.cloa basrd oE r:rE8-r Qtlo(r
316tr- for clcetolal polltlcs. Judsjla by lt!
ocra cdl,torlalt. lh! rtspo8lr ol Tlc Polr to
thlr coEclr! !E ya+ Eo. Ea.yba.

I! lt! A9t{l 1960 dldsioo tn Jfo}& v.
Boldrr\ th! SuprllBr C.un, explr.ined thrg
Sxt ou 2 o( l!! VotlRa Elghts Act rcquilcd
groof of dlscrlEinatory i.asrnL In thet GrrG,
Jurtlca PoEt!! Stsr..ra serncd thrt thc
tbrory o, thc dtsscntinS opi[ion. rhtch eu1-
brrEd lh. rBults talL "appe3rr to be thrt
cvcr? pouucal 8rtuD. or rt lcrst cvery such
group that ls Ltr tbc Finorlty. hrs e ,rdenl
coEsrlturtoo.rl rt8!t to rlcct s.ndld.ar6 i.u
pro9ortloD to lts nutrbcr! ''

Thc Psg rgld r'ith Justicr Stcrrt-t's
co!c!.rE OaAprU 18. 1960, lt concluded lhat
lha coufi *:rr corrlc! t! trejlc! c5allanars
brrad oa tba r.esu]t! tcaa' "By opttES for
lrGrEL- Tb! Post rlrsoncd. thc court, "hrs
. . . rvoid.d th. lofical taminal ,oint o(
lhos. chdlen8ls: th.t ellcljon dlstrlct ltne.
!!rJ.Jt bC dlzqil ta 3lv? progorljonr.l repre.
s€nt3LloB io rdlorttla"

On Dcctrnbcr 20. !981. bo$B'er. Thc Pcst
che.n5ed, lts tune- It the! sugponed !h" n}.
clllily pi.srd Eo|sr bill to or'.rtum ){obilz
tlc Post r"jed.d F!3ldco! R?3s!rr's ex.
prlssd conc!!':n tbac lhe rlsults tes! cculd ,

6'6drt! proponronal rlprE€ntrtioa basd
on rrac<xlcrly *ha! T?ra Post, h2,d e3rli€r
sr3trd rrrs fba 'loficel tcn:lu:d porn!" o(
that t!:rL The Post pointed to I ehusr in
th. btll thal. supponrF clsurr Eua,rd:
rGlrrt progortionrl ragresentltion. lL do.r
not do so. but tn trry casa. ll proporlionsl
rEpreacntaUon l.r tha "lo8lc!.t- end oflhe r!.
sultJ !r!L as T::c Post claim"d- it ls dirficul!
to srG hot, ury disclzj,raa! clausc caJr b. e{.
fectir!. Tha dlsclarmar cltha! completely re.
pcdr thr rlaults l!st. or ir EreaninglGs. Thr
Post noEcthclFi urg"d thr pEaident to
"t!op objcctlna and join th. celcbr?tlon-''

Oa Jar- 2tl. 1981 The Post esnin editorid.
tsld !a suppora of the Eous" 5iU. clr,i'ling
nos tlrr't the biu rould marcly Etur:t thc
11, to shcr! lt hld bc.n beforc .lfo6il.
cha,nScd it-rlld itinS cas6 thr! Cld not
support dr.! propositlon. .ls rhe Pcsr e:.
plalned i.o ycs anothrr cdttorid. on F?b. 11.
''rre bellcre }lobile srt t nes and ua:lcfgt-
serUy tough.r standard fo! the court to us€
i.E dctar-llri.o,ins lrhcther I g!flrc..tl.! sl.srrta
i! dls.ri.Erialory." ttlr Poss's origlnd edlta-

ill d.€lsion by stetutJ sou.ld ba -ra erl
ralt drnaalour courla o( ralloa uDCcl
torE o( tovct:tEr!!.- ,--/



Junz 9, 1982
rl|l-thc on. th.t |5r!rd slth thc (i(o6r7rt
drciston-toBNhrt oddl, rurdc no ra(cr.
etrG! to lhl, $D96d -c!sl3t" I! !h. lat
I'hft tut86r ttlc n.t rrtr:EGai lrTrt LloblL
cirns.d thr lrw ls r hrstlly dsrlscd $!ot+
tclcro to obcurr th. dEEtalc cl:rlrc 9!D'
po..rt bt thc Eou$ blll.- tB lt trtalt Gdltodrr r{lort ot Mrrt! 20.
1ta I,o.! btrndt E lrDrlllioE o( conc!6
thrl tla llnrlt t lt could lcrd to Ito9or'
Uooel r:ptruor'tlou-ltu ot?n arTtrEla3 rl
oD. pota!-r 3 'lcrrt t s!lc.- 8uL rE tla
srra t Ert a l.brctlcdSca tbrl ao ona
rrrrll 9Eo9c'tioorl ngrr:cnt.don lDd
urtE Edrt btU supporE[ to -tr.l Etrll.
crrt rrrr rnl ncccrrerr to rtrlsut! uDdcd&
.d $lrtrrcr" tbrt plogodonrl rr9m*atrr
tba-.cEftttaS to 1lba Po.L tb! ":odcrl"
tttElrrd t,olst' ot !b. ttst{ts t {-.lll lot
b. coEDGlt d by tbrt tt L Pltlrr th. h3
A HIliDs t€ EGoEizc-.. t! ooca dld-
tJil tla lt'rdtr t tE could lad to pt'o9or'
uord rrpE*atalto!. At l.r$ Tlr PGs It
no lont:r fra{ldt utEaA tJ16a stltb suc!
coEclra! !o "stoD obrcctlDs rDd JolD tbc
crlrbEuoa.'

tls kt colttld!. botro.r. tbr,t tt ls
'rlEct ttlDdbla" lo gFov? iDtcat4"la
tlout! th. lltrlt t !t ls t!. rtrDdrJd tr t
la clvtl rlshts ler rnd F'iy otbcl lrall .s'
cell eod tr ott !t Eat b th! courts. Accord'
laf u, tbG Post thc Eous. btU ''l,ould rllot
tb! coufi! to loo: lt I auE3b.r ol t,trtotF-
hlstot, o( dlrcdalutloa ooFln'ttnt pltrcF

. drE!. rtadtroa !!'r.ttt rtsgonlrvrlcg ot
rlcclrd otttdrE' At &J3tlc! St!firrt !,ld.
quJt cltrl b A^UII bo?!"er. rlrt ls rl'
rtrAy uuc u8d.! tha lEilot !!JL A'salots'
iDt t1r8- B no3 r!gul!!d lad liotcEt Ely ba
pros.d bl [Edtr!c! a.od dtsuEstr.Btld €tt'
drue. lacludlEs crldenc. o, !!e lort dLd
by tha Post'Thc!! i: of courrr oothlaS rniotrt t{tb t'b.
slturttoa l! shic! fr€ly ctst vot!! l1:rE9ca
to- etcct !:l!orld€ LE Propoaiou lo tla
n'6bcr ol Elnorturt !a tha elaclortta
wtat h dlttutbin8. boB!vc!. :s I ledllauvr
crtort to corapcl ruo?Ssaiuatloa o( elrtonl

Con3t6! to ttk! Bhalcvcr staps ant :lcc!:r'
sar? to SulEurtra that ProPofijonel reprt
s.ntattoo is not coopcllcd Thc bc3t E'ry to
do tn3t ls to.xtrnd th. !,ct rs lt

ttr"oE !!! sgashtaston D.t lln.. !tI[. 29.
re82l

Erotrca 8 v6:tr{c Rrca1!
(By Nlclrolzs E C:lIo)

Ttt? OEttcd Stalr3 S€nlt. ts PtElntly coE-
ild.riDS a blll passcd by th! E[oust o( Rrpre'
ttatrtl"Gi 6tich fun'{'-cnBly Eoodlrica
th! vortnr Rlshts As! o( 1965. T?r! bill
a.aand! sGctloa 2 o( lha Act by lncor?orat'
in8 r !o€.U!d "erlccts t 5!- lor lrovi.Eg
t!e! r pmtcgtcd Eitrorltfs ri8bt !o votc hrs
bc"! dcnjcd or sbrida.d ir r.rry staa
couity. sltr. or ottrcr local .l?c!loa.

lba Raegan AdBlinittrzuon and Lhc Dc.
,artEanc o( Justlc! ra"or r strdth! e:!r!'
siou o( !I:c 1965 Ac! but op9os. thr qodlll'
clt on ol secUoa a Eorrlvlt Daithc! hlvr
orzz.aizld oppositloa t thc chalta or !rrd!

CONGRESSIONAT RECORD - SEIIATE
ra dtcsUva publtc czsc tor opDortnai lL
wfth tha A,rEttlsurtroa unslUtaa to Ea
oaa El3ht r.t thy lndlvldurl Scnstor!
rhould rt* thclr (tgurrllvc n.cl! to do nL
thc rr:st'cn r.rt not h.fii !o ftnd.

Tha orrrJnrl rotdln8 of s.slloB 2 !r noth'
t!3 6ora thri r slatulot? codutcattor! o(
ua zut.lnt! AEstdtr.at ?hlch provld.!
th.t !o -sEta or pollticrl rubdlsttloB .bru
.st !o da[y or r5tid8! th. rlaht- to vota oE
r.rousg o( rl.l rot surlrtt&lly. dlscrlal'
lrttrsa caltDoi ba groYaD u!dr! !h. zu'
t .!th AEandr!.lt, b, a'dEgl. shogtot
tbg t.acatror-o( r ndrl or hatu:^gc EtI'
Dort!, lo.3 la ciccdoa. A shoslDS o, l.Btalt
or rutDd.tul r€tloB ta d.!y ! cltlzaa'r rlaht
to iot E [tqullld. Tlrb cotlstttutlonrl gria'
etpl. rl EtllUt tt.tllra.d bY thc Su'
girar Coutt i! 3 lgto dcdstoD. c!t, ot
![ob[. Y. Bold:o.

Jtt rEGndd bY thG Eous. bql hwwcr.
'drrlE nadoD- undc! s€clloD I crJr 1s8.ly
bc Dt!"atr E.tdy bt 3horl:,a tbr! dGcttoE
-trcrrlta- hrd a dLrBaBt EaD.st or .(t!cl
ID otbcf eorts, !b! Iaa!, thas tro Eclr.l or
trDs|lrat rElEorlty c..udlddr ear clcrctcd
Ery bcocllor.h consdruE r vloladoa ol thc
lrr lI tlrt Elnodtt consEltut.d st B. DC!'
crEtlt! proportloa ol tha clcctoratr.

Prglaaa of tbe eaeadcd s.cUolr 2 sI! drr'
utata tlis couatry! cotlstttuttoarl tradluoa
o, popullr sovGrri@ly. fh" FlJttrat!
Ascadaclt fiU bG chr.u8!d froa r prctrlbl'
tloo r8dEs! dr!c!!BL!:3!loll lE ?otlBa lo a
proJcrlptloa for rzrjd bdraca. Ftdsrl
cor:E fiIf ba trtDsr€rrd lDta drclotzl
da!:t Gts- As r grzctlcal !1l!t r' lt rrUl
€!.ta shai Justlc. Stcssrt tlrrtrld tD !u
t!! ltobilr crs! ls r "quotr rtltcB' ,or
llrctrd otttcl..Lr.

Lib.lrl groponGatS ol t!'a c!a!8e !69oEd
thrt JiDct sccdo[ 2 coatdrt! 1 "s.'dnE
claula" ahlc! ptlqid.s th.! dlsproportloDl'
Uty ol lliu.tt -lhrll Eot Ls rld o( ltsclJ. coa'
stlhrt 3 eiotltloa.' fcduzl coufis rrtll ooi
ucc!$aaily rlqui.ra proporalonrl !!PlE3!!ta,
tioB oE thc brsir o( ci.c!1oE Ittultr Elo$cc'
c! rlcrDt c2sc! Uti3zled uBdc! othr! staar'

s 6549
h.yc to d^ata ft oldld outrtght sanetlon for
-quoqr' lod -a,flr:Elatlva ..uon" in out
atacuE lat .

All lhl3 could chuSa ho!t!vc!. tt t,hc
!or=B scckiat to rlvr.Erp thc Vottnt Rtghtt
Ac! o( 1965 ruccccd tn thclr obicctivcr Tha
dvtl rlsbta cnttrtrstrsts sa, lhcy Brtrt tq-
Judge dlscrl*t-rtloD ln el.ctoral grocldut6
ucordlns to 'rttlcct" ilthrt thr.a
't!t.ar'-thc lrttlt b.in8 thG !t:!d!rd c18-
Eatly oo thc boolr !.cardlla ta cxlntDt
rrtstut rT lranlr.t rad tht nrllaa! o( t!.
coufir.

As tbc ctr{l !i8!tt €sthuJrstl pcretive tL
'lnt D!- to cllcrtrla:t it te h.Jtt to
pro"r. r., r! Cttrgt! tgr Etlst ba tlscd h.
!t .d. whlla c(fort! 1r! E d. to drsgutsa
th. E adtS ol t!l! rDprc..tl.. lt boib dot!.
tl a*ncr. ta thc ld"a o, quotrs indiet d
!t ltt auEcrtcd tt-tar!!. th. "!(l!su' 19'
prE.ab luStBLt it Burr b. baclus! of dB-
cri.rdaatloa.

IE obcdlanct ta sucb notloE lhr Eousa of
RcprcscBtrdvct hrs p.a.d a vourS RiShis
btlt tlrt ror.r.tdt flnd colErEulitl.. 3ui,It, o(
dlscrjElnrtlon oa the Slouads ol ''rEsults"
o? 'Ctt!ct3- 1!r S.nrt 1ad ih! R.!3:!
AdEblsurtloa hrrr bc.s hcldtEa oul
{zinst ttsi! laDSurS!- buE tB r!c!8t da}t !h.
E ,str!c! hr. bccn aullotin8.

A rlgort (roa thc Scn.tr Judld3nr Sub
cornEltt . oa tb. coDsututloa puts thc
Brltlr salt. Tlrc Eous! vcrsiot!. it sly!.
?ould EGln "r tzdlcel EzrsrorEatis! ta
thr VotlD8 Rt8its Ac! ,!otn onr dEigaed !o
proEotG .qurl &ct!r to Etlstr?tloa lrrd tha
bllo! bor lDto on. de.iatld to eeauf!
cquslity o( ouicornc rod rlaults"

Tbr linc ot '-h:!.kEa ,r.yorcd t^D thr lIousr
rppr(.c! l..ds lDCeitably go FiaEotttolrl
EgracntatloE-{blch has sorEa F.etula!
slde{rrrcls for thora qrho c!r.i!o !o bc con-
clrnd rbout dv0 rrghts For onr thin&
Juc! aD agpro.ai r"quit?! l.ls to !. irlQnscly
colsclot! o{ nE!. color rnd ethniclty.
lrthcr thsn indutlrrnt to such !::atten !s
lhc cifil riShts onhodoxy onc! had !L

1:hG poiicy i.:rgucatlons ot i,hls app.-oa..!!
r'tr! uDrriual g rrcll. U it ls grcgurrcd. for
Utstaoc!, rha! bla.t citrzlls Eo'.r.st bc
frouprd !o suc! r Ely tha! ihlit voi.s sr!
r8grrSalrd iatbcr rjljn baiht -dllu!rd." !h!3
aoujd lrall to ltnoly th. nc:d (or r.sldlltlal
5rrESstlon of blicks. fBthlr than ,r raidcr,t
dlstrlbutloE rbJouSbout socliay.

As thG S.nat sub€oEJlitua PutJ ltr
*Stnc! our aicctolal systlEr is eit:'i:llshad
wlthi.o g"orraphic patao:rntent" lhe pr?
sciEtloB o( racc-bascC proPortional ie;'Fe.
scnta:lon ::trtl:s '.5at Blnontt araup tr:P!ll'
516 wtll tndltlctly bc encouragcd to rPside
i! lbe sam! rr€as tn order !o let!3ir1 l.n tht
rac+,basld poiltical troup. A political nrr:ni-
ur! *ou.ld br pu! oa sc8!!83ted aei8h5or.
boods-

A (!ntl ltony ts lhtg thc rllcnllcas pursuit
o( lhc "!ttec5:' approach coujd actually
Btd up dlcrlasin8 tha rllrtil'c influancr o(
?rhric mlnoitla To the .xt.!t th.t blecks
or ottr!! mlDority Stoupt ar! conclnt=tad
l! dktrlcts to !lcc! "syhbollc" rrpr?lent ,.
ftvr! o( :hrir ol'lr thcit trfluen.r a.lll lend
!o bc coD(ircd to those dlstricts. rath.r thalr
bclng sprlad throu8houg th. potiticr'.i
sytt!t! Scnctzlly.

Th.st goints and othct! like lhcB ha$!
bre! Eada not only by Senrte critlcs of thc
Eousc lrnSuaSa bur elso by spokcsmcn for
tbc Reegrn Adtlrinistretlorr. !.ast Eaek. hosr'
!er!. lha W1iit! EIouse 3irnaled lLs rcedin6t
to iign olt on r "eompromlsc" Thich sould
rdopt th! Elor:sc languaS!. but add a ('leust
saylna thr "totdlty o( cir.rrnstanc!:t" must
b. q;ciShrd ln Judring $hether discimin3'
tion h2s occurr"A As poinred ou! b!' SetL
Orrtn E3tch (!L.trtri), thls cornpromisc B
aaludly r disgrriscd .cclgtanca o( propor'

systrlEr to gu.rzatee such r resull otr thc tor, prorlsiotr! Efucb cEbody a! cJtects
brsir of tbc lbhor"lnt notlons th13 blr€Is t!.tt hr,v! d€rBolslratcd tha! thc courE .J!
eot otdy for bhcls aad rrhltc. ody fos stltlar to ftnd that srt faslos. ir! lddltloa to
ehtt6. A! r roclaty, er haec lBoYrd rrall r dsproporttonrl rt ult. coEstltuta! ta
bcyond tllrl rbr{d8Ecnt of tbc rtSht to eot .

Tlrts adrunistrztton fully ruEpott cxt.a- ttC Mobilc d.cisiou phich upbeld tJlr trr.
iloa o( tht Vottna Rlgr:ts Act-(or ar unprlc' dtuond inlelDlltltloo oI tb. Ftttt Et!
edcntrd 1O yer:. The PolL by coltttz'sl AllaadEcot hrs spurrrd thc p!"rcnt tt
suDports Urr Eousr biU a$d ctr\rufr:t la t]lc llrnDt !o ..Ernd srclrotr 2 o( ll1: YotlnS
tct. Congrr$ has . choica-]l-cz!.*S{t Blshtt Ast. Tlrc ubcrel propoo.at! o, tbi!

nvlsloo opcal, brse tts.Lr casr o! the
te!d" to orrrtr8E ths Mobilc dcclsioa-

Wc rr" p Post Ir urfina

konics[y. th!!G u! the sa^E! partt!! q,ho
edl r dirte o( -uDconstltuttonsllt/' wh!s'
rvrr con8r?lr! 1!ta6pts to lr$.Slasc srould
coalrovrEirl Judlcial dccisioB shic.h do
suit t!.r, ltllral ldrologt.

Obslously. soEe tDtlilcctual hoD?sty 15 to
ord.r. wltt! E pr.lcnt h.rr: ls noth:n8 l?3
thrD rrt attllnpt to usa lhe Faderr'l Court
t dictst! clcctto! rcaults b.srd uDon t!.
rzctrl rad lt!8uaae comgoslttoa of thr clcc'
torrta. T?llr hardly colaports rslth uottorrs
ol !cda!.Il.E It crneinly !r.ib to coErport
eitb constitutjond DotloEs o( Judlcrd ru'
thortty. Ecnca. lha ansB.er to the quEdon
shy ScnatoE shquld rtsist the refision oi
secltoE 2 All AEcrtcans, inctudlDa Etnor'
lu.+ rtu p.t Ior yaar:t to coae tt !.hc
Sanlt! do€! not nos rrisg !!Ir altalllpt to
oblltarzlc thr ltadltloa ol DoPula'r sovcr
clEtt

F"oE thc Euuza Et'rnta Mry 13. 1962:
ItrE& Vornrc R:crr8 Clvt-Irr.9r,L!6

Erj6roi! Bt Qsotl?
(8y !L SEnton &.or,

D6pitr rDsrt arls o( lectslauvr foolr'h'
ad !i auccld guEult o( dsll rlSht* Ec

rhc plotcctlon

on . pcritolls 1Ed dlt'lsivc cxp.rl-
rith r new standaftL t}r. ritht to
iElgort:.!! tQ bc Jubjcct to



S 6550 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -SENATE 
Jurc 9' 1982

Uonrl ttpEs.nttuon rltts fra+.lvLla tra' canmlrrloncr. Stnct thc CC!'{l rtShlr 8r!u9' 
"ht 

15-th.-.Am!nd'n'n! prot'ldcr thrt th''

rurr. rddGd t - could fr;-;;;-G.r iir tnt ni'ir? iiJ-il riint ot cilt lnr to eot! shrll noc b' dentcd

Ar ar.,.t:r c,r'ntt, il'4 rJrGn t .! rrrtr al-tlilir- *ri-b rcce uracrs Jirtfi ttrr oi roncc'd -cn 
'"co*t,t 

or ra'! o? .olor'

-e(fce.- ttrr Io? nrs or frj?ofiinrgnE ;ii4-|l;a; e-t- tnJcoitt ltu;-aui lhc t?r'G hrs bGGa vi'tudlv no d"brtc ov.f sGC'

Ac!-sallcd ..pr+croniil';;'rffi;F 
"uit.w-?tGriFtrii-*iorttv. 

i-oitci Surr' lton 2 in thc a's! bccru!' o( ltt Eonconlm-

ltonr 8*r1.dl, (ound n,riii oi.i''iild G n.ri.-tfiir-trir:;rrirrio iuet prrclctpr. vanld ob,€ctlvc!.

!ot, coaduc! -a ..qurr.i"to-;rffi th;i. u"a.9;;;ld;d';dc..i ad.r i:6't-p.oiict Do't.sccllon 2 eeett onh b "cooc''t't,-
rlta fltr rrclloa hrs b;-tr;ue titnr rp^99l-[crt-rroupL; hos€v'r dcrtn'4 rroa fisdictto'al
6ii'r'li'4'l "'* " Iffi ffitur* ffi.ffifl{}HF"{',mp$
tsrdlna tot,td Progortlon
tullt lulllYirlJl rgPrchct

ffi ffi.i Fffi,p:i*#,a:=tffi J,. E :*-5g*'A1;;";X.X."I";g
ba stttt o lnto tbr trr LE I

Sooa blt l sDoltor
r.i'rs !b. -rrIGG.- ;;p.o;i- ;-!i; t+Ira- 6noc Jory-b. l"$rz!d- Il nU waat is ttu tdo,iloarJn;i, batract'n ter,t'tar t

#Hft-H'.".#E?t= 'F'-riE:'LI"Ttffi91.-,9?, 4',td't,.c"ons? d!c.
hrvr rrrco dlor'Gd ooc d iic o*d.r ;a ggftr.i rfrir"na "?'*r'r ffi{fl$ *ooY,it {.lE H:? roH,,Hju"3" -
E.dta c..D9h@r. r, o.rdr'i"= fi;; ffi !,.9: !ra. 3h1t ub.rrli Eao.t clthusirttl' '-r'd.r/ rrl prcposld chrnt!. h thrE

crcctrooquor.r'-ra+t"E-{-{ffi-t* #y;"ffH.t'ffii.0.Hffi f.H5H.-.":fflT.1f-*,1j*'ffimrt 3.xE bo Etdttd irto lrr. slltull Irt or iii--p"-.*,"o8Eauc otflcr. ntl cotl8bo- ;;;d;il;a-ippiio ro slt Jur{sdtcrtoos,
tJEgatt dstr.!. _ nr dttr snita licpuuU-rs ra!11!l-!-o_.f i! is;A.ii-itrd ciinca.s ls srclloa_S. to**ffi*m*ffi- Hfitrffig'H#hffii$E ffiFF#'Fiffiffi?T' (E Prt.rtcl J- Euci..lsD fub trr8l bl..t constttuenclc. -thlc !la: rfi; l.*s ena pro"caureL

todry. I lot qalr'rralrt d to lrlut! th. polltteirnr BrJrt- but rlthollc ,I^,-.- IPH Wtri a ttl[ DtlJtc,,Jt lel' l'ilrt ttJ,'€, b
cffdrtrJi tfroo *n6 hrv. fostld UrG coB- hctrl cneractrnsdcr ta b. rd.Eltlld t l s!. ,cctton Z?

?:Lt3"3lL'"Y;I',3fiX'ir%i"# "'Hoffi,'.t*- sid€shor' io-'-'-":l "R:;il"H":ffi:'1i[':H#"l1;;;"-tlij *.rGlga-s*tit c:easloo o( tb. ltlould rEult (toa tlc nrs bY.'-TljTj ;;ij[fi'fi-rr.in u..a ri lntcnt st&d-

k-y*,fi:,* metslHil :lii;B:tt;""'*?f,S:H l;!:i_'F_*li #,*"1;*i.*.*.:",fm'.ff"n;
H* H,ff u ti;l:t"H Tf; Hr'*f*a*r "?'T: e?&Sfix! ::g"*';g:tl;'J".1g5.ff;f?n"o',*
'h{ffi tsJ'"'S; **g f,tx.';trli_ if{l.Hffif:T ilBr}"i'"",a, .*;* 9. = :',-"*-
ffisg Tr-1*"tHutH"-*X :ilY5i*:i"":t6ikg'.E.#fi";l.1 ff*"y:r ;;; ;;;; e r ch*no'" in

raoit tnEclldul ctil :rsiu llrr crc! e!' n tt.rliiliit' seo;t Ir? a$tine l4ut2

Et.d? AlrjT";;r-uo"ild Rce8za prtvellcd - l{o. .Thr. lraaur8. i! botJr th. 15th

w.ll to bG liBDtbrjc rDour l! h! qrar prc- ueoo' ti'-.aao*.- nrv calracc:. ';:;; AEcodEcnt ard srctlo! 2 gros'ribct tb'
cre;tnrtjnr bccins. tn"iJ,i i"Gg zuir,ts U"'y,'fiffi*ffi-', #:,f;tr-H i!%r1?1 1$lX'i?;;f ffiffi!."fl'ffi
*ff'"'ff.'*tF"?"11f'Tlffil'Ttr :X*t*t il'T'"#f#i-'ffifr;[ H"5o,"J;. 

"XJfri1,1-ooffiruo*srr! rulnot .rl,c :l-r-Lii,fid;.-a-irrt r!. i;ij;il-b;i;-r- aoii--iiir,-ro !Ddc!d" th.r. is Eo othcr kind o( dlslEi,re'
to !. cl.c!!d. Fhea li{r. ncaCu signs lhis tfrUf-rOo"ttU.r,ltlrflrtivG' - --- '- tlog ar !h! irt! hls lradlgon'lly bcco u11'

lrdsLdon. br .Ild ccnsltlt sur hrvc orn- euauoos.Dd ArsuilrE tDtllt 
". 1=9t - :ffiffi"Jlto*H"ufllu*1 ffi gffi

Cr-trd lhc rr.qrl ,oLrirsioa ol AJlrrlcr! Tb. Voltlf RlSht! Ac! drbrtt stU todrt LZit-"rrJ seCloa 2 rcqutEd soac dcooa-
golitlc! (of !h,! rrn o, uu, uvca upoa r proPord cSurte lE '"h! AcB iD+ P' ru=uoa ol otscriaiuor? pur?o!c. ?lrere b

T?rirlk thst'3 1lrtresc? constdar tunt-llc volvca onG of lha moat i.gr9oftro3 con:rlcu' ii acciston o( the coula erthcr prl0r to or
:titscd196llr.e5dcrarGdto..coEpll-tll tlotrrl lsslr.r to coEr bc(oru.Coag'es. _tE ;;*-t;6iL-rhat b.r rvr! requirld ury-

?hc aors bG[ia! ptor6ioo. 'prr<!.tl' Elly yarr:t. iDvolccd LB thL dlbrtl trc i'.t{ ;hi^. ;iL;; rhr^o 1a -tn!!n!" stald8r.d lor
rncc.- rtll ba cxt ndcd for r quefi:l'ccll' da.B.Btrl lsJuta LoeolfiEt! tlr! nsuE,o_t in.igthAqea.r*cnrorscctlonz

. cut:. gnacr thls Etsvi!,oE !lt!. +u+:P Alrlericea rtpE!.nlruvc 9cEo!Ig:,i1T; 
.-itiiJt-tn 

S""r.n Cort U,tiliacd cL ttJstlllt
stric* thcir eiti6. couDttc. llrd school dlt' rUrE clYlt rtlbts. sld th" seprrzuon-ol ;1;;rl@t,.i-UoOtUaccuio'.t
;;-Xl#:"n?J: ,'&;1ITH"",:B?"T, n H::?*il131",T1I"T,:;fii":lS"'.T; . p'el"1Trt',:tY'.,1"i [JH.".llffi.
ilitrX e":::i#f.f$rB#'tl olXE1,'-EI *i, ,i,r,i i',cor*d i,. ,,," tiutrm:I*:3.;fj15o[P&',fr
iiB r-ouia "dtlu'r" blrct votlr3t rl8bts-l-.- pE crrt votinc RtshL, Act d2bob?*,.crhcr or A;#;-f,n;& i.-aiilr,ar riz us. ;ss o
s;r,*Ery;* r b'|'cr -"1: ,p;?H:::"f iEsfla"#,:'?.?# #.;#t;fffir r:"1":t,.:iHii
l.I*iii"i,$i;ffiilft,i11?l:i"Iiii ;;S%Hff:"f,Jji*[i.X.ql,;-;f,-.-. *as no11_rifi'.Gi"a.r"!"i """e--it 

q?s I
Grrr? voGurt dgtrict in thc gr6it4d st'tt33. ':.'..ifi;;Atd--1'b",' It t1i;i1|;;; l{th j1lr'cn&nent casr' Futthcr' l{-'\i/' r+
(rora. con3:c=r ro th" Er.t lqrstttur". t gcitloa !o crrlttdln8 ,r," p-.i"'iiii i?'H -c."e-3*ti-tn'tory put?o3c er?n !!ndr!

ur. corrDr, coundt. to th! bo.r'rrt oI ddrs' Act or a.latrLuint inta.! ,rt" iilil- o-iti" ll1l-1* An'ndEGaL Th8! wnilt rlqutttd

fllaa erD b. ord.rrd sldrarn b, r hdcill uons.ndSlrrznt!6o(thcAci-'- 
------ Putrola Ber rEi!'rzt'd by lhc coul.l in

JudSa It th. -rEult- o( s.id boundrriB is t mo t propor ine b ctltrl,roc-t u secl,oa 2 irodua ana' Lnd"d tt Bas r?ltcrated bt Jus'

dcnt os rlrrdG urc n8!t ol blr.t ltmctl' ilznd.otd? ttc! 'whit! ta dlss'Et in 'troaila Jus'ic?

crtlt t! vo(t' AlthouSh thr 
- 
go9uLt--pere'ptlon o( thr whltr 'q:s-lh! author o( lh" trnill v' Rcq€t'

But lr.vrt? blr.r lsho Earts to res{src! rss"i'-rlr-orr"o-rri inc v;th8-iiihB Act lrt o9inion' T1'!c !'rrn rlsulls 89p'!Il ne

F- rc:tsr"r. tt arct? bhct Eho sis.hcr to acoeet-irr-Jtnii ii not t:*'li &;n-JtA E-l!r' b -wl.it2 
r' R?oest'r' Thtrr tr no

ror. cen ro(r. ho? e-n thc ctccltoa rrlultr crtar u! Sottta to- uc o-fc to- ;;;;"-cb! 9!ry" TYI dccision 
'ithar 

utuErng a rusults

b. dtsfirlinrlory? St!a91. E, (rlcEd- Th. pr$Gn! Vodar Rt8ntt e.t" tfi'i-i*tfoi-i tltt utrdcr s'ctloo 2 o! lhc Plttccnth

ortnclprl ttsull lhr! treicifortb rlU Uc a+ Ill"c-Gtofi-ir -ijor chaaS! in th' Irs Arrrcndraent.

lGrElnra! is hot tnant blt t tolks got pro&fr&;;t-t"'tdccrv{-a-cnt"i'os"' fi19 ! t}ustoadatllortllc lltho'wad"
DoElrur,Gd end hor E:r!y fot elcd.A nity.-Firs rrt urgtae *V t.tt"-tt;'--"nT& 'l,.ftlt't.cq1r4! 

g'!l.f'lior' clc14','?

Thrr grottioa ."tr cilLd ro du'p or.r. .riritii prir*tiJ--i"--is. riiiGg Rlinu Th. tntlrrt stendard has alT:rts 
'pplled 

to

dccisioa o( th. suprcE. court ln t98o d.r.t- ea.'-ri".i;"i-tz-rn.r s *rrcuii ii "oiix: !!c. l{.lh latcndllnco! as sall' ID '{riiaqlon
tn8 Etr! rh" dty ot ldobua 6:tru ri8hts p.rraii-notro* or "tr{ agnts i'iu ii-Gcoi' Hetg,,tt'v' Mct'P"ollten authontt' lhe Su'

8rrup. cont ndc<L rcflIzrrly thar c1'e! coqti;'inrc th" let' prctnr coufi s!at'd' -Foo( of s i?clallv dts'

thouah Ltobilc rlr 3.!t pcrcrnt blsct th€ w};il i-ikiio" zt cntlinetorl' lDt'n! or ?urpcsr s iequtlld to

clty-i.o itr .t-lrra! "r*.ioii-ioi 
-ritr* *!; s.ci;; i t tr," strlutoty codltlcalloa o( sllos I 'iolatlon 

o( the equ3l prot'ction

dmlssloolrr-hrd nrvG' .l.cr.d r urlcr rrr.'-r!Ii i-roa-.ot to ghc 
-consututioE claus. o( llrr ltlb a!flGnd:nQnt.- {:9 gs'



253 (rgID. thB hrr b..! nllt ntrd la r
nlurb.r o( othct dldrioDjl Fasilagtoi t
D';sl[.. nA U-3. :29 (19?tX lf,atscdrr...tt' ".L.1'[7,, UZ Ir-S. 256 (19?9). Ia rddtUotL th.
cortr h.l dsa}! b..n caEIul to etlPhstra
th. dtsttlrclton b.,t ..o d. trclo rnd d..lrrt|!
dlscrlaluttoa !a thc rr-r o( rchool busIDS
oir, d. J!r. (or purrortuD dlrslrtlDrltoa
hrr .Y.t b.ta r b.dt tot rcbool buSu;
ordcr ta,rr r. *rtlr,?, r13 U-a lE (19?:lr.

9M Ct!c1!{/' It tt|.'"l,itlr,ll' ttztd€id?
1:h. ltrt os dradrfii rlnety rtrrultla thrt

r Judtcrl tEs.fhdGt c?durr. dl tlr ttt
<laocr rn0rbrr !o hlEs.U o! th. b.dr o(
rhathaf oa Dot lt dcaooltua toEa lnta,Et
of turn a oa Elttvuloa oa tb. 9rn ol tb.
dar&drE3 to tGt ln a db.ftElnrtot,
Err.a!.t l! tr thr trtdtttolrl t rt tor tdcld-
,yl!s rt rslElrtrtlo!.- W U tlqrtit" rr?tlra c,alatotrt ol
l^Lr{bdk al,8irto4.r'

}{o Eot! thr! r cr{!rt8d trlel rrqulrtr cl'
prrs csal-.roDs ot Artll I! slEply rrquirt!
ih* r Juarr o! lur? bG rbla !o condud. orr
ur. brdr o( rll thr cYldcocr rrrilrllc to lL
tncludlDf dlctrllltlorl't crldcacr of thrt
eecr tlD(L lhrt toB. d1!.'rl!l!8tot, lnt at
os purlctt .istrd oE lhG 9att of thG -dF
tcaieng Shrcnl arjor cesa dic. ,(olir.
hrv: hrd Eo dlrttsul! tlndlna 9uFo..rul drr.
crErbatloa stthoug l "ooIla8 tlrB" or.r''
ptlrt csatt rioDr ol lltcol

frr.n u &aa lroa ,tflritt 'trlind'?.adlnf
t, to'',4 o?go'.cats o! 0u'la,,lil'tt&rrdIrd
he!. r,reeGrLd,],

Abrolurrty aoL'lat ot- t' 9!src! rlthout
'?ri.od-r?adlnf thour.ldt o( tll8c. cv!17
day o{ th. gcct is srtEiDd srd clYll ttials
aciog tha csuBiry. lnd..4 thc crtr'inrl
!ri{t rla crl!(rnc! o, latrls rlutt ba Drrovqn
"bcyoad r t?tsonrblG doubL" IE lh. cllvll
riclits .t!.. rha noral t6t E thr! l.[tcnt t
provcn acrt!, "by r gngoadcra-occ o( tlr
cvidcora-

Eol6 cg;:' th2 int ltl ol loao4ed' lcgisla'
tott ba dal2fiined wt&t Uu Pt6a t tat?
Thlr hg nGver bcctl lccessrt ulrdtr ttu

lSth sllcodtraor. M l.irtrlGva$t shr! tha
intcnt mry lrlr! bee! or "lont'd.rd" les8lr.
tonr lr !h. dl.s.d drscrt:.inrtot? t3ttoE l!
bcin8 tadlt:i.EGd rT oltl::lly by Pr! .at l.f'
ldslor!.

Whcl kind ol ai&ncc ca:a * ru,scd b deib
or'!,trsu "l,,tcttl"?'

At.ln ltt.rally rny klnd o( rYtdlnc! crE
bG us.d to srtlrty lhis rcqulrencnl At lhc
SuErcaa Cour notcd ln rh. Itlizgton
Heichtt czs.. 'Det.Ealni!8 lrh.the! iJovl'
dlous dtscr-lralneto(t Dutgot€6 ras e aotl'
t ar{nt t.stor drsrr.nds r sclrslttvc inqulrt
into nrcb cltsutr3t:Iltid e.!rd dl,rect evldenc!
lr| trlry ba svailabla {29 U-a 253. 266.
Asnong thc sp6iJtc eonsidrratioB tbrt lt
mcniioll! u! th. hgtoric.t b..kgoutd o(
rn .atlon tha{rquc[c! of evcnts laedlnS to
I declsion. tha exrstrac! o, &9artur6. (roE
nonnd procGdutt+ lcalsLtlvc bL!!ory. thc
iragr.t o, r daclsion ugon mlnorily goupt
CTA

Do yot accn thel lhc grtal b^,,acl o" 4J
lcclt al at ectlo1tr l,Ert fli,.orlty gra'4gs con
b. corsid,c"cd s,,dat the inl.nl t.ra?

Yer. Uollke r !6ulls or rrr.cts'orlentld
!.!L hoiicstr. ti b not dlspositlve ol a vottnS
rithtr Ytotrtlon !E .!d of lt5.U. Ittd lt
c1rr!o0 crtEttr.ly shilt burdctB o( prool ln
and o( ltsrlt l! ls stEply rl'ldroct o( rh3t'
cvcr forEr t! cotnEuaicat s to lhc frtt'
(lndca

Wi, el, torrr[ ,trnl6tltze b sr,'bttit,,,I 4
nt!6 "razllt" lal in teclton 22

CoBDlGt ly l9.ra fFolrl th. ftct thrt th.
Vottnc'RtshtJ lct hrs bc.B rn ?rt€ctlv! lool
lor coabettnl Yoltns dlrctimlnrlloo undct
thr prrscar rund.rt lt t! debrtrblc ehct!'
rr oi aoa rn rggro9r{rt! rtudstd should b.
(rslrlos.d ot lbr bldt o( shrt tldlltr3ra
nrccr.trlu Drolc(utloDa Ellrllnrlton o, dr'
;lcyoad r nEoErbla doubg- ttr.adrfln q
crl;tlrt €I3.a. tor crrEPlG. sould c!r'trl!,l,
tr.futat srElDrf conv{cdoar T!. Nauoo
brr cba.a oot ta Co thls brcau:. thclc rlt
colE9qirDt ?rlu.a a.& rrlt!.3 rad dul pr+
GA-wtat lt g,ro'[c a'l,, On i&rlb .tcttda'{t

ttr:t ol rlL ltlr totrll, uncl4r Ehrs th.
*ttndtf nrldllll lr supp6.d to trplt eat.
l! b r strldrrrn totrUy uDtlora to Prtscla
lrt to !!r ctunt !!rt lt! lcttsl*lva httto'
r? B ltlayrlL rnd to tha.x!!!3 lhar it 13 dF
sirod to rc4rabl: ra ctlccts !€L ih. r! ta
oOjccUon b thrt lE tould catrblisb s r
rtiaarra to! tdcntu,lna s.cttoE 2 violauoll
r "ptlgortloErl rGgrlrantstlo! bt r:c!"
5trrrdrrd.

Wlnat i targ;l,a bl 'rttl t:llorto'l tr:ln L,t'
,'.iloltr ba t!r,"?-f!r "iroeontonel regracstrtton by ncc"
str.odrrli l:3 oa. tba! evdurter .lcctorrl rr'
tlo!! oa lbr bsis ot ehrtlrrt Eo" Doc ttt.t
coEtrlbult to r!9r!r!!!.doE r! s st tt lctb
l$urr or r Oly CouEctl or r'CouDlt coE'
rulrstoa or r Sclool Boar{ tor nclrl aad
.thltc atouDl tD. Dloporlloa b tbr!! au.trr.
bcr! l! tiG Po9ul.*loa3

Fi,ot it iatow -roll/l "pmfrrf,l,oacl ltPfi'
td.lallott W ftrt"?--ii It r ciacept tot lly lnconristcgt Ei:b
thG tndluoarl rocloa of AE.ricaE rc9rt
scntrtlvr SovcrnEcot lrharclll ctactcd olfl'
ct-re rlptErlot l,odvldu:,I citlzlns not t?.ial
or c!t!5ic 8rouDt os btocs. Ia rddluon 'rs itr!
Coura obs.r'vrd ,ln lobilz tla Constitutloa
'docr nog lrculrt progonlonal re9rrscat:,
Uoa at rE Lagcntlva o, pollucal orreoiz:.
uoo." At Mrdboa ob!.rtl.d l.! tlrc Fedrnltst
}{o. lO. a Erlor obJ?ctlve of ttsr dtzrt!6 o(
tha CoDltltutloa qtrs to lkElt thc lrtJlu.Ec!
o( "tradoas" lD Lba clcctoral 9lo€eEt.

Co''';gut th.lt 04 inlc',,z o,,td u* tztttllt
t4t?-thc lntcot tr.t rlloss sourts to consldct
tlrr iotdlty o( cvldr[cr lutroundln3 an d'
lctcd dls.rlElaalor7 rEUon and ttla! rF
quirct suclr cvldcscc !o ba aval'Jatld oE th!
6rsi! ot {h.thrr of not l! rrl5.! *! tnrcr'
anc! o( pu,rposr or Eotl$attoa !o dlscrLEl'
neta T?rc Enilts lqIL hor€vlr. $ouJd rocus
.nalyltt upon Phalher o! nog minoritt
grou'pr rcre rlDFelGntcd pft,portlonatrly- or
shctbcr or troG soE! chlrl8! !o voti.oS lr,
or procaduaa qrould conE:butr toltud rhat
r!3ulL

What d* 0r. t2fl* '1bcifl{fl4otl ft'
slrl8" t ?.an?

I! mcsts nothlEs uor" than ',s Eettrt by
lha concap! oI raclal bdanca or rsairl
quotrs. UDd!! tha ra3ulti standalL .cdon:t
i;ould bc Judg!4 putr and siEtplc. oa color-
cotrsclou! rmunda Thi! B toaally lr odds
stth cv.r7rhtnt lhat th. Constltutloa hir
bcaa dtr!c!!d tolratd! s{ncr tha Racottstluc'
Uoo Alacnd.'tlcnL Srrattt v. Soerd of Educa'
llo,l aDd tbe ctvtl Ai8hts Acr oI 196{- Thc
teE "dlscririinatorY rcaults" i! Ot'wculttr
lI1 thc srrsr th,.i tt Bdlcilly tlz.osJon 5 tlre
conctD! o( dlsctt alnatlon froE a 9rocl3l or
e ncins co 1a eld hto 1 rlauli or .nd h
Its€Ir. Thr rrsulls t!3! nould outlas Etlo!:!
Eith a 'drrpsr?tr l!!Eac!": this hr5 rlt-:xlrlly
nothlDt to do lttth Lha notloa oi dlscri.c'iar.
Uon s tr2.dlttondlY undrEtood.

Isn't Llt "prtooiioaa! r.?resc"rtlotto W
,aj'r" d'5,c?i?uon et (5'trefi.a d2r'ffa9lioa.?

Ya. but lhc ralult! !6t ls tt! Qxt-Glc
tltL It ls b.scd uDoR Justic. tttltSood Mrr'
shall'! dlssant ln thr .fooi& flrc lr'lrlch !til5'
dllcribrd by rhc Coura !s loilorrG ''th.
th6t, o( tur dlsscaltDt ogEloa . . . rp'

D.rE to be thr! svat?'pollucal 8nou9'or r!
icrrt evcr such Sroup thrs It tn lhc rnlnor'
ttv hs r (cdrrr.l conlttluttond rlSht to .lccE
crnOtarrcr l! groDor'lloo t! ltl nur!bct!."
th. Elousr R.9ota l8 dlrculsln. th€ 9tq
,osG\d nrt '?etuJls" lcsL rdEitl thrt ,roo(
irt thc rblcncr o( progotttoorl G9relcatr.
uoa "'?ould bc hrrily r!l.vraa-.

8d doasn'|, ttu foco,,cd a.to ,4ftloa 2
ta'^o",,ct €'9rttttlt tutta 0t4l glE,€rtioaa'l
tt'/t2s.7t!a!lo'8 tr aga lE odicctlott

?:ren ir !o fEt a dtrclalE.r Pt!"lsioE o(
rorts. tt l! cl.v!r. but tt t! r raolacrtca- It
rtatr.. 'ThG fs3 thrt Erctlbc!! ol r alaor'
l!, lSou9 hrva no! b.!o ?ltslcd tE DuEb.!|l
cqud to lhe ltoug'r propottlo6 of tba g€pr&
Lrrlor shrll Doi. !a rnd of lEalt colstltut a
rtolrtlo! o( thls s.c!toc-

Wny Lt lrru tangiJraea o."rntakatcrt'.;a"?
tte fcy. o( cour:c. It thG'"tB rod ol ltsell-

lrDsusS!. h Mobill Justtcs Ma'r:hrU
souiht to d.ocs! th. '9t'ogortlonrl re9t.c'
scntaltcB by race" d..crlptloo ot hi! t!.ult!
!h6r:7 lrttb r sioller dbcLlEcr. Constd.t
!b. lllpoos! of thc Couta 'Ahe dlss€o"{E8
optntos s€Gfs !o dltclaiE tllr dG.glDdoq o('
It! i,heorT by sugfertlnt ther . clalE of vota
d[utlon aey rcquttl. !o rddlttoB to proo, ol
elegtorrl dcjlrL soEG cvidcnca ol'hlstorlcal
..Bd seirl iacto6' lDdicadnt tllrt !tr. Srou9
!a qulsuoE ls sllhout Poutlcsl lnfluenc:-
hrrltBg !o th. sld. Lh! evid.nt Lrc th.t
thrsr nr:zZ soclologtcal consldGledons hlY!
no constltudonrl b.rl!. lt lrEntlE! lat ('or!
clri.iD thrt tbrt coujd. l,ro r.ay ,rtnc{pl.d
EEanncr. excluda tbc chilo! o( t!, dlscrltt
geup tha! h.BDcos ,or {h1!ava! rctsoa. ta
iiccs lcgcr ol tts c..odida!.! than atlthrn.tlc
LDdtcat4r tha! tt EiShL Indeed. th! put3tlv!
llErtt rrc bou.Ed to Prov? tllulor7 U rhe rx'
Drrs:r pur?os6 injonning lbrlt a9pusatloE
eould bc. as lhe dtrsant ..:iltuEca !o redt"ls
lhc 'lnrquitablc distrlbutloE ol PoUUcal l,ro'

Ilucicc'."
E:?loin filr,,h..a?
lD short. the polnt ls thst, lherE rttll

dslyr F,c an addiLlonrl scinttUa o( e1'ldlnca
!o lallsry thr "tn 1Ird o( itsrr l.!8lraaa
t!ri! lr ;erticul:.rly u.trc sincc ticlr lr Bot
strndlrd bv q:hlch to judSe any avideuca-
ercla! for'.F.4 i"sulls stz.r:dara

Junc 9, 1982

OstlDsiblt. lt E 1r8lred th.t vodnS rlSJrts
violrt ons .n? EloF! dullorlt to provq unda!
r^o int.n! lt,ndard thea thc, could.tr
undcr a Eruits sandard.

Hou irn,io/.anl tlt,ltld l1,,ol conrid'.ra'tloa
0.,

CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE s 6551

Tial @ddlliar'c! 'tid''rlcc 
aloac 'siut col' '

Ccttcc 'tf l^c lac.k ol ?rcqo?lional re??es.',,l8'
tiol\ 1rould s1!.ll1ce to cot^PlcL e seclion 2
fiolaltotr lJndet i;l.c ?s1tlls utl?

AEooa ibe lddiuor:d bits ol '3bjcctlY."
cndence io *hich th! :lousc Report rcfen
rr. ., "histot7 o( dtlcrininetlon". "tzclally
polanly rounf' (sic). er'lAr8e eicctioDs. ine'
jont, 'iotr r?{uiramen!s. prohibitlotls oo
stnslc-rhcc cotur3. lnd outnbcrcd postl
Amtng othe: ,ectoE lhat hsva b!!n constd'
ered rclcvu:t i:: thr 9lst in erduatins sub-
rnisslons by ''cotcrad' Jurisdlc!:ons unda!
sccrioo 5 oi th. Vottn8 RIEh(s Ac! are dlspr'
rata r?clat rlsistratloa tigur!!. hiltory o(
En8ltsh-only betlolr. maldlstt1butl otls srF'
tcrr ln ra.i3lly d!(tnlbic n.iShborhood!.
staStar"d ctecloral !!fit15. sotaa historT ol
dlsctua:..1auon. !h! cxist.nc! o( dud schoot
slst?rns L1 thr gast. irnpedlncnts to thlrd
parly votlnS. r$idrncy rQquirenants. rcdls'
crictlng plars $hich fall to "maximizc" I!I'
iorit? lnllu.ncr. nurBb.t! o( mlnority re8:r'
tratlon olrtciat!. rc'r?ttslrlilon or r!8:istip
tioa purglag r"qulranrnt& cconomic costl
essocistad crith rc{istJ-rtiot! ctc.. ct4.

Tfi'esc feciora Aaca Oa"n lctcd b4ott?
Ye!. Is vtnu.sly evrrr. cesr' lhey hava

be.o r:sad by the Justlc! Dapar.Eent (or 5t
thG coufis) to asclrtln tlia cxlstenc! o, dls'
cn$imtioD in "covrrcd" jufisdlclions- It is r
:rs!!!! o( one's irnrginltion !o com. up nitlr
rddtlonal tactorr thl! could\a uscd by ctF
1!1r€ or lnno$1tlsr cour6 or bur?auct?ts to
sausty thr "objectiva" flclor requir.saoL
o{ rh. "r"3ul!J' 'e..! (tE addlllon to tb. ab'



CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
bclt*r {hg thr crrtloo o, btEt $.trd! or Vottaa RtSbts Acl:' 3! 1:l,, P.tutc Int,ttrji
h,spldc serdl by u"ar"i'68_J.-p-ouu: re.-4r.ra!ajar !;b.th.! or not I vo!. b
crl ..r.hccra..,.. EinlEt .'tb. j"h.#;-& "?(t.cUv.' or "dllutef lr Senc.Ilv dtrcr'
t""fi;I! d krclrr d.1..;'tr ttrei uucr P$td.{EPt, bv groporltonrl rtDngtat}
iD,ouia;for;iiapt . L .olrrnclc bv th. i16q sslvrJr'
.r".!t E oii ifnffc Cdpctcsrt blrct-werd lfi ttlt oarg" c€l1g,6lgl7,rttl irrr4t i,'
ftUt rnry dr.n I blrci pcr:oot-lhra bt oofD.duitr talbi2?
ilrt 3o--p.tc.r3 blrt srrt (l5rf trr, Ya Glrca !hr! th. SuDreor Cotrtt trra
clc! rlccS-rhft. !)rrEEr .,ll ol Ehot! gtll br btcrgr:tcd t,b. lltb A.BcndEGnt to rcqulrl'
faOuai:ea dElticrlttt b, th. ble.I coE- 1 iraa63g6!t6! ol pueoofirl dl*tfittlDr.
Eus.ltrL uo,a b or{G to atrblls! r coEtulutlonrl
-',rt;L eb I stqq lolrt O- 

"ra,p'{ll4t 
flolrtto!..I]d Slvr! !h$ th. VoU.Da RtsEtl

!h.a,l et t4rar ./,'ttlorr[ art ct u't{urbt4' Aa I prr<ucr:d utoa t!.. lstn -LBaBd'
l,;o&t t !!GAL r.h.!a .ra ...!tollt coEtltuEloorl quc}

PIEL l! tsrrnt t5. trzdlu@rf oErGdlnr!t tloos'tgsolycdraurrh.th.roraogCo!8!sl.
tbr Yotlsr Bltbrr lrt<crrsl Ectll lo lE tE ltctloa 2 crs t?bt r!r!! tb. 9.E6.t lt
d.ctotr.t 9FEEr.-oB ltr bcid- A- !D. cour|l of tUr fstl lEaodE.st b, dEgla strilutA
ddtlr(otila't!!rtS,h!to cqurlDuuclEr. ginir.- colrsifnruoad quatlo!. rr1! lac
tloo tE th. elcc!,or{ gloccstr do? 993 Pl95 volvcd la gcadlar e{loRr bt th. Conatr!. to
r! DoUUcrl 31.oug_. bos-.rC! dlgD4,I99 rttturcrgi ovcfiurEr !!r SuDrear Colus't..
clcctanl d.t..r- Sacala tt clcourral. Iro' roortora:aloa la Eo. v. g&- B lota.,
uucll bolrtroo ulooa Err.Eotltt .EllE e*ery cr!.rzl GdtSa Bcu hr. obl.rtrcd.
trsbcs 3!rs Eritar to cil.r ralo cl.c8oral +;;;;rut! rrr .l(olrl d.cistoa bt srtut
co.lluotr! l! ordcr to clrgt q+Igrtf t_ot ;,!a b. A cstrcracly ,{.6t!rou! cour:r ot
rbL to rldr lDt rgtr sllcl-oE{t etgry rrtton u8dr! oru lom of 8ov.r!Er.!L"

EltrSffiffiHi# #ffi'ffi-ffi,E
op.-. srrdooly eqtr't E';t.d E"d;l t" Ftltld.5il r.rSr'B tsan cxprcrsrd hl! coac'E

ffi S'"##;ffi'"ffi .fi H,1*6lii,:F,Hlr"":f.?5:t
'Eouucrl goqD. do coc Llr;-.o'i'dagcld' ?I99Gs *ts Ccr1e-acc' icce'ocr i?'
cat coEdtuuosrl .r.,- i-LpEiiljii"o-- iggt'. 'ettotlct G'!G!zl wluL'B Ftrer5

Wner ,enld,E tlut tza'}{Iit-'ot-c cot!g|U,;e SElih bt8 arDElt'd siEills coocara3
tt iiiital;"tr,r:l te iltcE'ibite'al'14'w Su,;n,J:izt tlu teti€i 2 L'sat'
an*lciad rlrr,ttott 2 Tla dab/rta ora! rh'thr! ol loc t€ oveF"ti;il;;;oUa Ur groforur{ b Uobilt tura t!! Suprcac Court'! d!c,!ion !o.tfo}ilr

.ttlri-io-r:tr of 6.'.-i61p1 Sovct?E!!! ldolt, 16atiE'llri vodnt dlscrlraiartloa i! pit r o{
rO Uy tba aty oa th. b.st of t!-. tt'l.Itr thr piscat ll1!.!r t!.L ls Frobebl, fh.
ior:lr' of clty- couarfl etecdoa- T:r. Cot8i :toCli aod !]lporU,ui cotlstltutlon .l !s!u.
rt ttd 1Dcrpttr LEcrtd lttrct! uPoq tht! fiU bt considend by tlr 9?tb Coa.
E tltterElbd <et le^ric) lrdslatlv! dgtrtctl' 3rEt tavolrcd la lhj' coDtrovtnv rra !uE'
tbl Coutf hrr coElis-tartly bdd lh.t fbc, aeocael L!su!. lovolnlc th. natulr of
rrr oot, ulEoo$ltut1onrl-" l! Moai4. Be!! AJrlcdcrD lt9rBGatstt?c deaoctrct' fcdcr'
;.!--n lt4 t!. r!.ltr8. ehctoral ltructur6 rIIsE lha dtYtsioa oi poecr:. rnd ctvu
oi tbt-aorc Gro tso.tUras ot thc 16.000+ dSht& By r:dlrld!.S tbc Dottoa o( "c{til
uualdgruucl la t'hc coual,r, rh'! .brY' ritltf rud "dis"1^Bl!adoB ta the contrrl
.ao-pt!i t S forra of Sov€taErlL rould bc oi vottag rtat:La thr progo*d ':€snlt -
iirEafaserlouslcoprray. r.ElEdEaBr tould traEsroEl th. obr.dlvG
--Wttot vrZ U tit itrtc6.l,! al th. talrllt bt ol th! Ac! lrotE. cquel &c!,! t! the bauot-
uoott tcdi'lrlcl{,to ead ttg;gco'1.,E't',,[,l,,, box tDto 6qurl rEu]ts l! th!'clcctonl PIE'

nraf*rietlnc r.ud rtaggordoEEcat aailolr csl A lt!ul!! tlo,g tor dllcrlEiD.tioa c'o'
rLo rrttt b. Judsrd oa t!! bastr o, ProPor" l?rd notrh!!! buE to . rEr:d:ri o( progor'
Uoael rtpreseatrtloa r.orlyslr A.r Dt. W' F tlonal 

'"prcsGatrdoa 
by rzc!.

clbroE tbr Frltdcit ot t1. Sou!! Ciry-UEl (The (olloring proceedlaE occuna.d

il#ffii.'%?","ff*r*o,lf.f'3ffi .auf Mr' EAici's reraarx't and are

"unlcrsr c. slG I namrrctti piFtrti-fr priDtts 8! thr< poiDt iE uhG EEconD bv
ui-posat[ftv of uu"rs'Evria uj prou rrnadaor's cons€nil)
;uritAb"Gi iiccta rn propoitos ti 15js lvlr. 44glfpY. tr63'. hesidenL il
oootrtiuoa. ri gttt pusb, heri lor t uer thc senator froru ulah qriu yield- as 8-etin-- Sieu:rly. t.tla RescleEd .Ic.s. .ircl' cosporuor o( the leCislation I arn woo'
loB h! stl!!d. "Bl8clr -.o^P?t1_"8*1H acritg srhlthea wr ar! goiDS io haye 8

:i#"t":'.r,1t'""?"*ie?:?ilffi 
liff U:it$ltjlg#dfi :EFotEc! .l,slrta'Eg AttollC:

Rlshts Dlls D.ys br. cor-i6ir 
.ro-"i -fff U tan-gcfy G-gae to that.w" qiere goinSi to bc -calling this

p-irtE.o-o.-tacotoglcd rcrnrsr-adrdnS oE lc8:slatioB up. I understand the major'
[l"rro,ruaso("votlaruitoa'. Itis prcrogallee on this matte!' but I

Wrtct L'aob dllutbtt"?- ' - . would lika tO alieast have Some tirne.

,#f.E",:*tffi a.'trH,Hf;'1HLHHii::d:HHH;+s,:ffi
gsovtllols ol th€ vorlng
trct oa 5) trEEr lhos! d
;ir"l ";; bt rn}oriU.. 6 rbc rcsrst"r- , thc act{F8 Ooor manager to Erose to
dira rad vottal proctssa Lato rtsor. de'have this lagislatloE belore tbe
slgrcd b ersura cqrlll ?lcctorrl out€oqc' SCnfte.
ttra r-gbr to rEglstlr asd vota h^.s b1!,1!: Ms noe quarter of 5, I have listencd
Dltlc..Dtly '.rzrsrotEd F^=i.11-:-T.?: to th! S€nator,s presentatton- As r
ff"f:?'#tr T."ifli1"'"il::i ilili: {:*' o( rac!, I ha';e he3rd ir n sood
lbcir collcctlv" rot ..criiiif,-:' i; ;t uraD, tln.!- I a.ur surc the Se::ator v;ill
A-"t"ri;;;-t"- Oaa-g*iutioa o't & be able to say the same about mine.

Junz 9, 1982
s 6552
talca ol gtogottlolrl tt9llEtrtrtaltoaL B'lt
lE EIDd irrti tlrr thr 9ur?o* ot Bourr.
ttoa hhtDd tucb vouat dtvlct or rllrraa.-
lEltltr sould lr. lr:ltarrll
-srii"rarr:r ascia ljll lnga(lbaa's 4,rta.
'obt.El;l!.'ro4,,!tt?-tii-sEjitc.rrE !r nl3C.-rhrrt th.tr it
r lltrt lcfisbr:rn os r dtt co'G1n oa -l
cor,rr8, corastgloo or I rchol bor.d r!lc!
do- oo3 rtolc! !,drl ProEtllor]t rltutr
t!} llLllli po9ulrtloa. thrt Jud3{ct m
nU br nrfa.tl.UL to Dtd.qrtl,on uldar tr>
Uoa 2. l! B tfrtllr.[t tDcoDE{r8bla th" ttr'
'18 rad oi lE ft- bDsE.{! rlU no! b. lrd}
lad !t oo. or !ror! -obr.4ftca frs*on c'
llctrs tn a.rrtt rlJ Jultsdlrdoa b thr couo'
tE:7. 1!. Cdslatr! of ?.!ra. trdoGl la crE
liEriroa rrttb lbl rErtlrt of PrEPorttoill
irercsntrttoa" vould rqpnscgt r!- +?o'
aiAc tarrrr tt .v{drnslltl r 3c€lloa a Ylotr'
Uo. er tnt ,/:obib crlrE oBdvErd. tJrc dlr-
d.i6a, Lr..lUusotf.

Alct-rrrl"lAlaz iot t* b tlc tolalti al
lir cirrrrarleacrrl- uvii-u Yoq aa uarc tould b. Do rudcil
str.odrd lor s?alurtloo otbcr ttrra prop6-
ltonrl rwrrrrntrilo!- fhc Eot oE o( looEllt
to tha lo'trllt, o( d.rs nasca b uclaiar'
fur @It lD !h. coil.rt ot loEC llrtt" ltrrF
of-EIDd ttradrd. strc! E btlaL lt Lt !
EcrntastEr Eoctoa t! th! c6t rl d r
rrlrrltrcrrcafd 

'trndand. 
Alt r rutt',l^3

tba r"tdGaEr uadcr tb" ptrrscot telldrd.
o. cottttl ral t!GEsd"4 "Doat thrr 

't'Lamct reir. ra latcrcocr of Lut.alt. gBdtr
tni prop"sa act ttrodrtd. 81"ca tbt r'b'
r-ca oi Dtogortlosrl reFrrrcatatloa rad
tho crlstaoca o( soor 'obicctl"t" trstor- a'
ortor trclc (tt rot r[ t.rrlbultsllc) cesc hlr
Lctu aaSllshrd- ltcrE is ao 3€.d for tuF
t!c! lnculttcr b, th! couft ?hcrc ls ao uld'
Erfr. UlrElhold qucsuoo ror th. coulig
-ltr4trF lootrU tit brlrt*tt ol $retl,. 1tddt"
0u'@t- ta0
. Ctv.a the rlseocr o( prpDorrlond !!gtr-

!.ot5!loa lttd th! cilst oca o( 50ta!'obj'c-
Uvo- factor. tbr e(tccdY! burd" of 9tool
sould br ugoa tla ddrld.lal coEr!1rti{ttr.
IDdtGd. lt ls uJ3clcrr strr! llnd o( crldlttc!.
U eat, toqld sutlca ta orrrcoac lrcb atl'
&oca. ta A,ob[r( lor exeo,plc. t!. r.bsroEa
o( dlrcr{allrrorT Plrrlola r8d tlc elstcllsa
o( lcglttErla DoEdlrcrt!'iIlrtor? ErjroEa
for thc .!-lrrs! tt:ttE of Eudc:Erl el!E;
lloE rrr Doa coDsidcrcd !!IG{rEt evidcocr
by etfbc! rh. 9bi['.?t. o! t.h! losar Fedlrrf
coufiL--nlUae asia Ou a!,,ttarl rri,,c'!?L lot O,.
,r|,lBtttL tattol it gu a'!io' oAieAlE ol Uras
alrallrrytlll{ b ooer\aL "Yoril" afid' tltbtll'
Itrb c "taulls- tz,,lln s.r,tioi' 2?

tIc lro^ocdletr pul?os. ls to alJor a dlrld
lsrsu.lt uDoE lbG EirJorlty o( audc:prlltlr'
l! th! couDtr, ?bjcb bava tdopL'd at'latr.
laslrEs o( ehctioo$ ,o! cl!, cou.3clb snd
corug, cq@.Erluonr. ft.is Ezl 'rbc gEc:sr
lssur i! NohiL. L, r E3!t!r o( t!.t Ptlgo'
trcrlts o( tha tBr.rltr t..! stuG th.a! sld:t.l8r
alcc{tonr tsrd to dlsctlEir3t! ltBl.s:tt Flno!'
Itlaa rho lrouJd ba rqorp capablc ol clccuas
"lbGlf lEp!! .at l$.. to o(tlc! oa r dlstrlcl
o! eud votllg tyf,-sn- ,n Uobill !5. Court,
rdustd b dsm8sUc tbc .t'lrra! alslcipd
tota ol 8ol.!rtlE.!t rdopt€d by thc cltr-- io attamo ,vslrllrs ol ooa!ftg di*timiaob
aoainlt t,jl?€'ili,5, I-CoEDlatrl, roert lroo tbc (a.l t5a! &
lrrac votiDa lor srualciPd 3or.r-nE.!tl rt2s
tastttuua ly -.', coemunltlel la tJra
l9t0'r rod 1920't ttr rElpo!,lt ta u.ousud lrr'
rta.oce3 o( corrugtioE rlthlo rrrd sytt Ell
o( 8ovcr?Eclt. lbrr! ls absolutti.t ao csl'
dcncr ttr.er a!.lar8! sotlat !rn& to d!:crls.l'
!{a r{rLlst Erboriucr. Tl:t ls. uoJcs tbc
DrlEis. is 8do9t d thri oEly bl...Lt c.! rlP
rcscat tfcfr oEl, shltra crl r"9ralaat
thlE . rDd oEly hBpaalg ar 3393tsel1t
hlsDrlnc1 lDdt€d. Er!, goutical tcicDlittr



Juu 9, 1982

!{r. EATC':E \trc lerra r treet dcel
troE e.slr othcL

l{r. EENNEDY. I ua Just Eondcri.B3
rrhetbcr bs can .BlI8!,i€E u* ftrst ol
rll l, to Ebcthc! rrG rr! tgln3 to
rloyc totrrld rnd brlaf thlr lcdslatloa
up ro t,! c-n bqdlr to debatr lL Most
of thc tlrttcr! tlui Ea rre trlllng
rbout lorr ecre debrtrd rDd vot€d oE
rad tlc Sood Scrdos lroa Utrb.es
votcd dorra oE Eoct of tbcrc Ecasurlr-
Alcsr llt aot tbe Ertt ri! rhlc!, brd.
celly b.rvc bcco reportcd lavorebly out.
o{ thc Judlclr,rT CoEElttrr-

Bc tlrt, u lt any. I should llLc to rr-
cdvr soEr talorartloa tor tbose ol us
yho cupport tJrc proposel urhctbc: lt l!
t.trc JDtlDtloD Dos to Eovc tosard rc.
cepdat tbc ardog nrJorlty l.ldcfs
Droposrl to brcc tlrlr acasurc batora
tle ScDat .

tbca I sould rppntlrtc. s aa tafor-
rae,tlonrl polBg ol Ylsr, soEG ladlcr-
tlou 8 to Ehrtbcr others ?ho ssDt to
spcrl r5orrt tbir ocesure er! gotla to
heve r cir.oca to spc..:, today.

!{r. EATCE Mr. IrresldesL a
Eotlod to procrld br.s bc.D, uade, rad
I suppott th8L It ls Ey uadrrstaadlns.
hoscylr, thrt tbcrr er! otJr.r Sc!r.
tor! Ebo dcdrc to spcrk to th! lssur
8t l€!8tts- Scnator tlnvr, lor c:rra-
plc. hst cett tdy expre.s€d hrEs€l( oE
tha,t Esttlt

Whet I arc dotng rlght aos, bccau$
lbrs b suclr a! lEporteB! lssue ls $.
tllrDtlna to rar.le e reeord. as rtll tlo

. Senator froro Massachusctts as sootl
as I r- coElpletcd stth Ey stateEleBt'
t sa.ot pcoDlc to uDdclstaE4 as thcy
lsaql rhk to th. futurc, the lsruea lJ3-
volved tE, tb! debatc. ll I aa, cotrcct
about the llkely consequeBcls ot thls
lcclslsuoE- I ralt tt to bc kDoEa thst
Coa8ress lras tully apprted of tJrcsc sE
thc tlBr lec debated iL

I lcGl tbst tb! recotd hes to bc' E"ra I au wllltug to stay here es long
as lt trlct so tb.t thc dtstin$rbhcd
S€n^alor lroa! Massachusetts can raakr
hjs stateEc!! todey, alt sell but I fccl
thet thesc a.re ver7 lEportalt Eatters
tb3t hayr to bc piaced ia the Rrcoro.

Mr. KENNEDY. I sonld Utsr to Just
fy 8nd fi.ud out rhetJ:er rse are 8oh8
to st l.!,sit llnd some er8,y to grocecd so

- that we arc eithcr 8ota8 to rotate
spcal(E! or uoi as ee be8ln thls debatc
and dlrcusslon- Tbls Ir tbe flrst day. lls
I say. I hasc be.E here 7 houx. Not
onr pcniorl f3e6 rhl< slde of ttre elslc
has had s! opporiunlty to spc& I
hsvc bad r nurabcr ol Scnaton speal
to Be sbout lt

ttrc ozJortty leeder, as bc has dcra-
. oEstratcd durins thc budget drbstc

ead dlrr:ssloE I ttriE.k, sttb srlat ta,lr-
!8. sltetDrted spcakers tlrc be.t, ti.,t
ba could. I thlEk there eas gcnelelly
accegted r. certeiE sllUllgr.<. io
pcralt ScEr,tors ou both sides ol Lbe
a,islc to be hcsrd

t rould Just llEe to tlEd out an \Ee
rje nDDlDS llto l0 rolnutrs ol 5 t!j5
cvcnln8i rhether Ee are toi!8 to 8!t a
chance to sDcai soBettEe ur tle fore-
s.Gsbic luarre.

CONGRXSSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
I eould Ukr to rlso be sUe t€ tadl-

catr to otheE of Ey coll.arcs gbo (ett
strongly rbout ihlr hsue shat oppor-
turJttc. thcy rlll bevc to !ddr.{ ttrlt
rrsl.

!i(r. EATCE We st8rtcd at rbqut
quarlg rllcr 3. u:rybc tt Ers 10 ..(t t
3. Wc bevc had r couplc of othcr ex-
tirrcou:r spccclcl Erdc doES tbc
ery. lc Er8,rger of thls btll. t ra
gotDa to llt,l! thtr ststcEcat. t etU
tt? to do ti ar qulctly rs posslblc, but
tt ll trDortrat th{ thh reeord bc
Erda

I presulra t!* tJrc dlstlasulshcd
Scnstor tro Massactrusctt& Ery sood
cou.atlrr rtll crrtainly anle rg ln-
Dorts,Bt spctch on thls rn'ttr!.

Mr. @INEDY. CoosldcrablY
3hort€r.

lf,r. EATCE I hope so. Consld€tzbly
lcsr profouad. as ecll Dstunlly.

l(r. l(ENNmY- We qrlU lct blstorl-
rls Judge thaL

:vlr. EATCE I tllnl ce stll lct tbc
Supreoc Coura ,udse thtL

Ms. EE{NEDY. Ttrcy have alrerdy
,ud8ed tL ]trr. P:Esldent- Tbat tl tchy I
reould llkc to gltbE, rlt! th" debetr.

Ms. EATCE tbat E qlh.t Ea !r{U
do. Whrt I r,o 6ns to do tr uale
sure both sldcs bavc .n opportunlty to
crDr6s tJrensclves. Tbcrc b Eo queh
Uon sbout trrr3. t eo bappy to stsy
bcru a.r loo8 as I hevc to to llstc! to
rEy couer8uc's st3teracle I wlU altg
try to exDcdlt! E'y os!-'Itrt DOLE- !4r. Presldcnt qrill tlr
Scsrtor lroa, trteb yteld to tbe Seue'
lor lroE transar? '

lrtr. EATCII I wlll bc deUghted to.
l{r. DOLA I qras at another hcrriar,

.dr f uadcEtand tt" those of us sho arc
la tlc me.Jority lrlU ha,vc e chasce to
sgcs.k ou L\l! biu?

Mr. EATCE- There 'rs no questlo
ebout tt.

!{r. DOLE" It sceras rsta$ strilrae
that th. alncrlty Lr aos laanagitr8 tha
bill. It seelrs strante to Lhls Semtor
that -that lr the casc. AlthouSh tlrc
Senator froa Utab d.:d vote to rtport
the bill I sor.rld boge lhose o( us who
vor,.d lor the substltutc rlll be accord-
cd 2BDle tlrac also lo aa.kc legislatlvc
Flstory bccause t[erc are soEc vetY
laportant lssuer coacernlD8 eYCry
Seo.etor ta th! CtaEber, uot Just tbc
lour sho ?oted aS3inst the subttlluta

ldr. EATgE- I tblD.ts lt lr,ill be ha^o-
dled vcrt falrly. and tlrst ever? SeE&
tor stll h.va the oppor.unlty to spealr.
I cerEinly wtU try to sec to t.lr4l

[Conduslon ol es.rllar proceedtngr]
Mr. EATCE Mr. Presideat, at t}llt

potBt I "n haDpy to rield tbe floor to
thc dlstlnnrtshed Sesator troo Massae
chuscgt&

The PRESIDING OEFICE- Thc
Scnator lroa tdassac!,usetts ts rccog-
Dized-

Itrr. EENNEDY. i,lr. Presidcsl I
thlJrt lt B lEporteDt as Ee b"8ln tbls
dcbatr to rccocdzr tha! ls to thG
EBeasu.rn shlc-h is bcfore thi< body<r
E! leasi tlrc raoUoo to consid*-tbc
VotrF8 Rlgbts Act extrnsion the le8-
guzger t&c purpose, aod tbc leaisladee
blstor7 hrvc bcca spe8cd out clearly,

s 6553
eud preclscly I tbrr*. lD thc doqErrut
called "RcporB of thr Con.Elttcc oa
thc Judlctar? oa S. 1992 Wltb Addt.
tlonel MiDorlty. rnd Suppleucotrl
VIcsa'

On pasc 1 lt rtrrrs
thlr Coaslticr hrd rlvm th. l.grltrtt@

dc?-[ad rCtlatlo! baroE cotrdla te lhc coo.
dudoDa tt(lcctad b rhl. RaDort r'hreh E
tbr rtrtllEaol tor tla rtcord o( t5a lDrasdad
lB-ilit rod O9alrt @ o( rhl. blll.

I hevc vcr? eoaslderabl€ rrspcct lg"
:ay good trlcud ud co[eatuc !rcrl
Ut.n, but hc has brdcally trdst.d
uce.ay o( thc provlslons of tlrc vot68
ilshtr lcsisLtlou lPhlcb E8s bltlally
latroducd by tJrc S€Datos toE Malit-
l8ad (Mr. M^GLIE) apd aysell. And
be taicr rcsistcd sta.auously the laclu.
sloE of thc 8oaD.rnsat Ehlch eE-
bodlad the 5glsr-rsg ol ihlr leglsle,
UoE, 8.ad darlrlcd. I thiil. asd
sts€llrlbclred t!l' lcgislstloD- I aE rt-
lctrtag to tbe Dol+t{ath.ias.tcucdy
8lrendEclt ehlc! ls the substence ot
thc Erttlr vhlclr is b€tore t'!r Scnrt
thil a(trrEooa.

I certeialy t3l,e uotlrlng. erey lrora
thc Scartor. &our Iltslr'! triess. l{or
eould I bc able to. but I do th{ib tt ts
tEportaDt ltlt Ec are cstablrshiD8 t.lr.
ledslattvc hlstory. rhr.t Ee uDdcBta,nd
clcarly rhat t'ba Ec.nlF8 o( the var-
lous provlsloas lg bcyoad t.h:D tbr er-
prrsg st3lcurcat of the Eorr.r TtosG
Drovlslous. and t.bc iltet?rctatlon ot
tltosc provLsion.r a,re spclled out itlt
dearly aD4 I ttrln.k. as rell as ury
coFErtt4c rcport tiat I have s€ln i.a 1
long tlne t!, tlrt. body.

I have spcst a good deal ol tlloe per-
solally on thir rrDort, etrd I th,.trk it tt
e strperb coEEEenter? otr exactly wha!
tbls ledslatloB B aboul

I! sbort, s[3! thr: legtslattve rrport
IrclDtt out ls l'ho Pon and sho lost on
thlr lssua Tbere should be no coulu-
slou tor tuture gelcratlorrs as to qrhat
tle tnteltlon o( the la.a8ua8e ras for
thos€ sho calrlcd the day.

Mr. PrestdcEt I arn someq;hai per-
ptcxed tlrat at thlr poilt Ee nru Eot i^u
8 positloE ehcre se are prepared io
dcbate thc lssuc oa the substs,nce ot
tbc issue.

My colleaSue lor Otab says theru are
other Senator: eho lra.ut to spe?,L
sbout whethcr lFC ought to brtDS thls
tssue uD bclore the lrDlted Star.cn
Scna,te this atternoon- I thintl as our
lcrder, Ser:ator RoBBa C. Erng has
polDted out. tlat the MeEbers ou tbls
sldc o( thc alslc are qulte pslpared st
thls poiDt to ge? iato debatlng amead-
Ecnts-I kaOs thcre arc a numbcr otrncndncuts-e.od ol dlsposinr ol
tbosc.

llavlag sald thrt' f elso Baat to 8c-
Iaosledgc theE I a6 rJr! !hc!e are
aanY of Ey coUessuclr aDd good
frtend: oa tbe othe! sidc of thc 2i<tc
lrho are also pregared to do so.

I4r. DOr.rt lvtr. *erideat lrill the
Scnator yleld at that poins?

Mr. iG--N-lfEY. I should not€ that
the hJstory ol the Vottas RlShts Acr
ot 1965, ooe ot tJre urost erlecrlve
plcecs o! lctlslarioE, and certaiaj,y thc



s 6554
lDost .ttcctlvc Clvll Rtshts Act ever
prsscd. hrs bc€n r bip.,rtisan efiort
froE tba YcrT bct EEin&

I! certeinly hls b€ca biprrttsas rt
thtr pcrtod ol rrne. My c"omarenG
rbout'ihost ot us oa our ddc bciag
DrEpaEd to Yotr ln no wey should bc
tbougbt to ,llEinlrh Lhc vctlr l'taont
counitacnt rDd contributtou tbrt
brrr bcrs E:dc to btlaS thb lcsidrr
tloo to tlls polnt by oy collcrSua
lru Eeasar (Mr. DoE) or E col-
lcesur troo ll[erylrsd (!(r. MA:i:Erul).

!ltr. DOI.rt Mr. prcrtdeaL t,rtll tbc,
Sc!3^tor ytcld?

!(r EENNEDY. t sould ba Slrd to
$da(M!. RITDMAII ascuEGd thc cbdL)

l{r. DOLE I llj.D.l' tb" Scostor ls cr-
sstlt corfts?- I thi.u.B tt ls 8ll but e
hradltrl oa tlrl,s sidc pbo are prepared
to vqta llnel pssarc. end I \eould hopc
t a .r!, uot toirls to postpoEc-I tros
r:ade=trnd th.t! i! aot Solag to bi
r,Ey clottrt! aotlon fllcd. aad !o lotsE
tloB to dtsgolc of tbis lcd,sletlon lalcr
this EccL ehlch Eclls lt c,'tU bc aD-
oticr BG.! bclore Ec 8!ts lDto tlic
acrlts of tJrc lcstslsuoE- t hopc t!8t !3
oot tla czsc. Wc ar gpcld rthrtryeS
trEG is Brccllsarr oE lt. Thttt a'rc ooly
cbout foqr or ttvc Meobcr:. aar{ qtg
Fniot ruE eeetythln8 arouad bcre tor
lour or flvc MeabcE

![r. ETNEDY. Mr. I}residcst' lrtU
tbc Scngtor ajree rlth !B. tlat Ehat

. B. haer llstcncd to ta tbc course ot
tbe aftcnrooa qias. no! redly e dlscl:}
stoa or dcbstc about srbctb.t trG
ou8bt to brtas ghll up. but'8ctually
dabatc oB tlre substrac! of the BC!s.
ur! the,t ls bc(orr ug

I havc rrnalned here on the ftoor
througbout tlri disqr:ssiou. end I havc
heerd oo diseusslou about \shctbe! Ee
ought to brins tlrir up. Wtrat ec havc
hc.rd has bccn 8 very scbolarly cora-'
orrntarT by the Scnator froa Ula! on
ylcgr that he is vetT sincere ta hold-
tr:8. rhich hc has dcbatld $rrnuously
bcfore thc Judlciar? CoEIajttct .ad. I
urlSht say. h.s Dot br€n sucersstul
tlrcrc. Ee EBay very g;ell bc sucecsstul,
here. I hopc noL But I do trot underler-
tluate his pe-uasivcness.

lvlr. E.fTCEL !v1r. hesidceL crin tht
Scnator yicld Bt that poi.at? I persoa-
ally would llkc to dlspose ol thir
Eaite!: I *ou.ld lltsc to rsove tL I had
bopcd tbat dogurr would bc lllcd
today. All f ca^a do is coop€rate wlLb
othcr Sclatonl but I hope sc cas dls.
pocc of !bi! Eltter expcdltlously sDd
votc lt up or dorrl dnc rey or the
other.

I havc ststcd Ery arSuurent$ J think
tlre record has to bc roadc. I hrvc
andc tJrosc 8r8u!ac!,ts siacerelr I bc
U.vr that thc Senator froo Massacbu-
sctts l(r1o!;! that" Ee has also eadc
stncere lr8lrEeuL aad ls likdy to pre-
v8il lD tbB Eatter.

I also nespcc! tlr. S.nator froE!?-nqr. sho has sougbt to btirtg
rbout e coraprfomis! herc tlat hc fecb
criU bc sork:,ble. I personallg do DoL
But that docs Dot Eea,n tbar I a.a un-
silllDS to harc tbis rBat!€r votcd ugos

CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
r.ad novcd as cxpcdltlously as possible
onc siry ot tba othcr. ?hrs Estt€r will
tiarrly bc detrraised by thc cour-ts
a'n'rra% fbst E hos I feet. But I do
bcllcvc thrt src hacc to nak. our rF
sgcctlve c-.cs. f rcspcct th. Scnator
lroq l{essachulttts who has artleu-
lst ly Brdr hjr cesc duriua thlt proc.
c!r.

l{r. EEII.EDY. Mr- Preddcnt I scc
tbc ecttas nrjorlty leadcr hcrc oa thc
floor. f nould lIL,c ta ask hln Phlthcr
It B hlr tlt uttoa to llle 8 cloturt
aotlon pcrhepc It Dot todly-lhc boul
L lrtc-but cattrloly somcttac pcr.
lrrPs tomor?os !o th.t at lca.sg Ec cir8
uovc tlrl! Dtlcsir lortard.

The fzct reurlnr tbat ln spite ol tbe
rtrt€Eeats of ttre S.Betor froa Nortb
Carollnr cvctr tbouSh Au8ust 6 coaa
ud passcr esd tle legislatioa reaaLns
oE tbc book!. thc tac! ir that tle ea-
loreeurent prtn8dons sitb rEta,rd to
thc tailout prortlslons laDse a.sd the cf-
fcctlveaas oi ttc shole lcSlslettoE ts
slElllcartty u:rdctElEc4

Ttrosc ere techalcal drsr:EstaBc!!.
but tbcy reec! nrtsstanc!. aDd there is
lnportaace la tcrros of ttocllacs& t
Bast to lDdlcat tllst ts s BlDority
roeabcr ol tle Judlciar? Coo.orittec,
uctthcr our chalru .E dor tbe chrr?-
Era of llg 51!6snaltt!€ ha"e tB a.EY
Ery bcGE dflr,tory. SoEetlEcs EC hava
tatea Borc tltle tha! I thou8ht was
lecr.sart to dlsposc ol a.s issrc. But I
do trot thlr.k, lhat eBy of us liho are
sEona sugportlE ol thls leaislalloB
havc lclt that tjrey hare not procecded
8i least !o tbe wsy tb.zt thry thought
tbcy Elust. Or that Ee lravc proceeded
s! tJle cost o( r.uderaintng i.B alry s8y
the possibiutles ol lasurlnS thi,t thert
gould be leclslettve actloo-

So I wou.td bc intcrested IJ ihc acti:rs
mrlorlty l&dcr could eltSbt€n us a!
eIL I would bavc askcd hin about thl<
earller. il I xq,{ h.d thc opportuEity to
hsvr done so. U bc ls able to clarUy
the lcalslauvc situatiorr t would ccr-
Eialy apprcejatc lL Ttrea I would like
to Frke briet corasents on this leEig
latioo. bccanrsa I ser both thc Senator
lroa Maryland and the Senalor frour
E:rsas hert t do Bot intend to tei(e
raoiE lhaa probably 12 or 15 Einute.
and thcs ast thai thc rrmainder of
rny reuarks be pu! LE th. RrcoRD. But
I feel stron8ly about this legtslation
aud I do llltrtld to take thet alr3ouDt of
trEc.

lYIr. ST$fENS. WIu tb. Seaator
yield tor thc purpose o! respondlng to
hls questlou?

M!. EE{NDY. Yes.
Mr. SITEIIJ:ENS. I ieould say'to trly

frlend that tbe dlJJlculty is tbat ter
knos Lhz,t cvea wtth tb,! clotule
motloE iD aDy crcnt. qic ciould bc
unable to rote untU thc fltrt of tbe
rceL Aad. Ec a.re forcld !o try ald
BBintein e situatioE where wa do noi
really seel unanLEous con:rro!. al-
tlrough I hlstln lo add that ihe Sen&
tor froE Nonh Caroiine iDdicated hc
urould a8ree Lo any tine(raEre for lhe
volc oE tbe cloture rtrortoq should ec

Juru 9, 1982
de<idc to ffie lL I hopc thcre qrould
not bc one flled.

Wc arc 8oin8 to q'orl on thc c€ntrr.
cncc rlport to acconp!,ny tha agent
ldentltlcr bill on tomonos and thcn
go bect to thls btll. Wc vrU b€ i!
Mondey. EopcIuIy. src cr[U not bc in
oa frrdry ll se canr gEt aD atreemerig
for soruethlnS rubstentlve to td("
plece triorortos ead oa Moadef, So,
wc s{Il b.Ye Scn8toB returE .,nd
there srtu ba vogla on Monday slter.
noot!. Wc cen thea look to. lu alt prob-
rbiUty. the clotun DCtlUoB bein8 flled
Monday njaht'o? sE the latrrt t!c=r
day. U suclr s DctltloE is necasary.
Noe lt n-y not bc aeccsser7. as I un-
dcrstaod. d.pcldlD8 upon soEe of thc
cotlyrtsltlons that are tolB8 on norr.

I sould se,y to Ey fricnd lhat I E8s
most stocerc about raisins lhc quc.-
Uons ou bchd! ct royseU in conncc.
tioa Fltb thc probtcn< thrt trly Stat!
b,s faccd- Thosc ar! thc thlnti! abou!
which I heyc b.rE talkinS both oa and
o{l tha noor to nuay'S€oato6. We
bave tiosr aEcndlsrelts Eoqr bcing
looked 1l by other Membcr: of tbc
Scuatc. I ra hopcful that lee Ei8ht
8Ct sOEe a8:r!eEe!l! O! deaung riith
tbet!r-

But the ra4in reason lor not fllin8
the clotuE ErotioE ts that -*'e c=ln
expcct, once that ls done. lo have ver?.
llttlc opporfi:nlty io dcsl rlth orhcr
Elatte!!. We have tha! opportulrity
botb tollorros aad Mondsy. wc
should dlspor. of vcry raeaningJul
plects of lcgi:latjoa and tben bc defl-
Djtrly coFFittecl to e one-tracts
systeE I hopc. by Tuesday oa this
bill. Tlat rrms,ios lo bc seeE-

!trr. DOLA. WlIl the Senator froo,
Massachusctts yield?

Mr. I.FTNEDY- I rould be glad to
ytcld qrithout losiBS my right to the
goor.

lvc'. DOr it. We are ts:kinS about not
votrqf orl the Eotlon to proceed untu
Wednesday or Thursday, and ihen
ne.xt wcek is 8onc. T?len you have the
cloture BolioD to f8e to proceed'on
tbc bill and th. ncxi lseek is gone. It
happeas that the Eousc is planning a
rreess starting June 2{ untll iuly 12. It
also happeEs that lcr havc a debt ceil-
ira that laust bc passed and. ! assumc.
hopefi:lly a budSei rrsolutlon of some
kind

U la fact lhetr scrr some agreernent
that FtU lct us proceed on thc bill.
that ls one thlDg. but to \rait urtg
next ftcsday to lile cloture on a
rootlon to proceed doca noL seem to bc
raovlng.sery quickly nh'en the Resi-
dcni supports this lecislatlon- Tirere
arr 7? cospollsors of lhe legislation-
There are ooly four iD, tll. commiltec
erho votld agiainst the substitute. I
doubt tb,cE slll bc llre votes agains!
th. bill. It seeos to !a. lha! sc could
move more quickly.

Mr. STE JEIIS. llliU the Senator
yield further?

Mt. G\IfEDY. Yc..
Mr. SEEVEIIS. I understand lull

BlU lhe impacg ol whag tbe Senator



Junc 9, l9E2 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SE}IATE
from llrnsrs tr seylng. Eoscvcr. I But tlrosc rre not thr vle*s thrt have
hryc lcrnrcd la t!" prst A y?rr! that cilrtcd on thc conrtnlgtec.
bclna rn r'tlng m1Jor{ty lead.r or Ed- Ar I mcntloDcd crrller. I lntcnd nog
nority leedcr Frs Just thrt. Thclc 8rG to spcr,.t brteny otr thE rueasurc. Thea
!., E.ay b.sca tlut btyc to bG ho9cluuy Scnator lvhrrrrrs. sho !r tJr,c
toucbcd. lDdudtDg tJrc Ebscacc o( tbc Drilciprf sDonson rnd Scnetor Dor.r
lcadcr. Thr tJsrlos o( llllns th. dotun rlso ltould brvc r ehrnce to spctl oD
Botloa. I tilnfi. sbould be htr dccirion th,.t E.trru!!. But L tgr onc. sould bc
!o Erk . cxfcarcly Eluetrrra to 8trEt tle

So frs r:c hrve uot bccg rblc to u:rratrnour coos.al
coEc to rE 88:t!!E!!! oE thG trnt.& l! Mr. s1trElrEls. wlu thc s.D.tos lct
sould hevc bcrD Eqy tstcadoa to-hesc Er Lrotrr?E9t? I tll8! tbc Scnstor El9
flcd lt toaor?os-trl8bt. As I sri4 thc utder:rtood Er6. I tE la a coD.lcr$ce.
S.n.tor troo Nortb Crrcrtn- h.d tBdI-. oa tba rrugDl.EcDt-r approDrlatloo:t
crla{ ., riUlE8:Bcls to l t{*c cet'talE to blll. rad f ca.ulc ovcr bccausc I tbougbt
yotc oa t!r! rnotloo- But lre rtlll bavc sc hed tt!€lcd the polat Ehcrc lre
the hopc tbr! se qrtU bG ablc to do rrould 3et to routinc bustncss. Wc are
trh8i soErc D€o9lc hlve sald<oEa to pcrirtly EtUlEs t! cotlttDuc tlc
the Ooor qrlt! soEe clarltytls rEetld- S.r3t debattaf to lnldDlSlt lt you
Erents tbat rll prrtlcr lrtU acclpt iD rrentcd to do tL I just santid to get
tbc iltr!! t o( scelng to tt thrt the soEC tlEcttznra bcqu::rc se havc r
lclrslattoB thet, pesscs bes thc tord- scrlcl o{ otbcr Monbcrs on tbe other
Eur,', nrDpora possiblc asd bctng eblc slda i! con(crenca
@ p-* thc biu ta L deg. We beec uot Mr. EENNEDY. I also Ea.ot to tr7 to
gjvcn up bope. U !r. do lot hrve to get somc idce l! thc rey tbc Disiorlty
oake e eloture rnotloa to eilber talic ir 8oiDa to pr!cc.d. bccause I Eould bc
up tbc bill or to p,<r iL Und.! tbosc cxcccdlngly rciuct:aq as ouc Scnator.
drcli:i:st ,Dc!!. I thlE.E, that ls t !ers{,E- Bot to objcct to Erosiat to othcr busl-
able hope to punruc. Bcs. quttc trz.Dlly. U that ls folug to

Eoeever. I ElSht r.y to lhe Scaator bc tha posltton o( tlrc leaders.hlp, I
troo Mzssachus.tts aDd otlen that sutt to coopcretc qrlt! thc lcedetsbiD.
rc had coadc so6c coeEitEeBts,thst But I t!l.D.t tfr. Sccator tlorB
se rrould rtterapt to get bact, oa ra,u- r?'ner hlJ Eadc a sEFon8 poiDt. U Ec
tlae businces by sbout 53O. I bzve 1rr goils to bc coDirS iBto s clotuE
taken sooc 6f !!s $rnalgf! ttEe. 'Wc aotlou noe (or acxt riaati. tor thc cnd
do havc anolhc! scies ol bilb thst of t$a,3 wcct rod tlrca another oBe'to
hr,ve bcen cteared by thc unenioous- proc+td altrr tbat-I kBos that !.trer!
coD:ieat pFocduE. We are trying to are reys tbe lcaderslrip fira 8ct
clerr other bills lor tlEc alrccEcnts- arou.sd b, aorrhg toEerd sdjourailg
Wc have sorae 90 Senatorr rb,o re- aJld coEriD8 ba.cl tn and celllaf up
turncd in ordcr to work aod we would oihcr Eocssur6. But thcre arr othcr
likc to get to 'Jri! ocher rork jJ we BearnErs whlc! are rsailable to thos€
cluld- I 1E aoi nlshlnt thc S.nator. I of us vho arc supporttDs'tbis ]efjsla-
Ju.st urouder tt ihe SenetoB Eho s.re tlou. Iberc are aot as SenetoE have
lnvolved iD tb? dcbatr cou-ld tell .le lt poialcd ouL th. basic issues thaa \se
se cou.ld Bct an lg"ecEent o$ rshce sc wtll bc dcbsttua tlrst hevc bceu d+
Eight go to the routlnc businesr. brtrd aad dcbatrd and debatcd Tbcy

Mr. IIATL'E Wlil Lhe Senator yield? 1rr i]lpoftaDt.
Mr. KBrNEDY. U I could Just 8d- IVe ought to 4t le!.st hasr a!, oppor-

drrss thr .ctiD8 lesdcr. t have belu iuDlty to eddsBs tbil lssuc.
one of those. alonS rith ihc Senator Mr. hesidcat, I Eelcotlc thc oppor-
lrom Meryland and the Senauor lrore tunity. E lhc laajority leadcr is gotng
Eansa.r who had urSed tbe :radersh.ip to ftle rhc clotu.e pctluoD- I thiJc.k
to caU thls Dlatle! up. I ras hcrc this th.t :s the uray it sbould bc. Ee eas
trrqtring 1t tbc tlBe lhat rrc sent irro thc one qrho s€t this for schedullng
sessiorl ead I und:rstood tJu,i ulreru and I respect thst rlspoasibiuty. 3ut, I
rere special orderr. I ras here at 10:30 \rould also sey tha! Ea.Dy o( us Fho
this DiorninS Eh.n thc aattna rosjority bcucce strou8ly tB this oaegsurc. and
leader sas hartnS his prcsc ccnfer. liho bclleve i! the ttErelin$s of ttr.is
eoce- I under:stood Ee scrc Soing to Eeasu,rt etso hare rights and slso
bring it up srou.Dd l0'alter 12. Then I hrve thc ogportr'-lty ol brtogin8 clo-
heald ther? sare soEc tres s.tr!€!d- tut! Deuttorr! to lhc dcsk All I a-
rEcDts that riere ctrglrlstlng around, trtnS to do is to ssy that f a:a hopc-
lrhich had bcea m:de 1vri1'hl6 r-6 roy tul thz! $€ ela flnd a! order!,y'say io
staIf and made available to mc. shic.tr procecd-
t found unacceptabla Thcn t undcr- I do thin,B that *hen you bave iJr
stood Ee ts.re Bot golo8 og this biu cxctgs o( ?? Meo,bcrr who ar€ cospon-
theB u.Dtil around 3 o'clocli Ehar *'c roring thls m.rriure. thee *c are noc
Fcnt oB thb biu s! 3 o'cloct a.nd I thc on.! Fho ar! dela-r-in8 lhe Scnate.
have oDIy had thc opporil!.ity to Wc raDt to Eove. Wc are prcDared
speet lor about 3 or I ainutes oa this rlSht DoF to Eovc toEard! -cce.lln8 to
afler wdtlnS hcra for 6 hours- thc a.tlna F.rority leader,s proposal

\RIth all lespeet. as I raentloncd ear- to Eaovq toalrds lhls a.glendEclt. I
ller, thc crDlanatioa bcia8 8lrcn .by daresey Bc rould noi taj(! more tha.o
the Seaator from Utalr, rho has 3 halt-hour to trlake additional stare-
stronS r,less end is knosledgeablc Eents a.ud b. prlparld to vot!. I do
about this bill aad lcels strcnuously thiEl, lt is exceedingly lraponant lor
about it a.od tooE e lot ot tirae oB iL thc Meurber: oI the Senege and for

s booa
the Araerlcaa pcopla Fho t thlnk sup
port lhis propolal. as qreu rr tor lhc
Presldcnt o( drc Rnlted St te.' to ltnd
out and knos ghat tha sltu.,Uon E
hrla

lrtr. Si'I$fENS. In reeponsc to thrL
thc S.Frtor hes bcco hcrc Just sugh!-
ly longer thrn L but I h8v" wltDas€d
pcopls sho brve b.d the stac rplc
thrt I hrvc todry. I rs! thc Scnatc for-
Iorbeatznce rDd to U? to leort tbinst
ou!. to rcrcb ra eccomraodrtton I r+
acmbcr rc scll th. d.y! whca MIka
Mansflcld dld th8t tlEc rtd tlEc
aezio. rnd tic dlsah8utshed Scnator'
floa W€st Ylrldnia ln hts rcle illt E3-
Jority lcsdcr dld the saar thlna. I
hrve doD. thzt lr1 th..bs€ncr of our
lBr.iorlty leldcr. Ee has done lL

Wc hrYe ra.hed !!e coDcludoa
tb.t lt sould bc i.u the bc.t lat'crests
of tbc SaDstr a.Bd tbc cotlntr? to at
tqrlpt oncc aaaLu to tr? aDd sc€ U lt is
possiblc to harc e biU Lb,a! we could
briDg up aEd bt'i.rlg up lE a wiry tbat lre
Rould Dot havc to lllc cloture We
wou.ld llI(c to bc able to get to I vote
vety quic&ly aDd .rl<posr of tbis in the
Eeaarr o( heriaS th. maxjiErta sup-
port posslble. Ihar is stlll our goal.

L too, 8a a cospossor o( thc bill I
aa deucbted to bavc bccs ablc to
trrove to brins tbe bil.l up for coasidcr-
atloo- I ruust say to lhc Senator it is
Ey u.ude!5tanrilF8 siDcc thls it Just a
EotloE ure! ec ca.o 80 to otber itc.trls-
Wc hopc sr caD 80 to other iie6t aD,d
get th.nr doua Ihere is a logja.a
corninS qritb EsDect to tiurc aod i,he
les:islatlve schedule- We hauc had E rc-
que6t for r sericr of iteEs tha! lre
cor.rld corar ta a, scaall attount o( dEllc,
sorac ol wb,ic5 do requin voter oB scp-
lrat€ aEeu.lheEt&

It Is true that theE erc a nr,utbcr of
Seltor! qiho rre not here this wcct
rb,o will bc here next qre€k as far as
t.hc cor:sidetatlou of this measure is
concenred- But .it is our rcsponsibillty
to tr! as muc.b. q;ork done lhis ceek as
se possibly car:-

ASBi! I would stat! to the Senator
tbat it s:ui Eoy iltenlion ro rile a clo-
tllre petltlotr lor tomorros so that we
would havc a vote oa T\resday. I was
rcquested not to do that. Thar request
carae from. thc EaJoritt ieader so !har,
hc could have oae more meetrng rith
the peoplc who he feeG arc very closc
to this issuc beforc s! 30 the cloture
pctltloa route. I fecl it is reasonablc to
accord hiol tbat courtlst shen he Is
out of the countr?. I! q'ould be !try
hopc that Membe:: of the senatc $'ill
eccord hilo th.t courtesy. EIe will be
back in tortr sr:d be preseot oa
Monday. The dccision as Lo Ehether to
tllr s clotun p€litioa that day *ill be
bi!.

I do klos ol rnectln8s hc iDtends to
hold crith Meraber of ihe Sena,te and
\rith other Mernbers $ho are interust.
d in this bill. q'ith rhe hope tha! sc
EiShi be able to r:1uk! the acccrnmo-
detlons necessar? to proceed as re.pidly
as Possible !o prss the bil]. I think
there would bc no greater srabol to



S 6556 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE ' Jwtz 9' 1982

th. countr? tt ec could plsr 
, a btu lrhcthct or Dot r cloturs pGtttloE lle=Gt' our dlsttnsutshed mtlorlit

frtthout hrvtnn hrd 6 lBvokc cloturc. .to,ir'i-u.-ruc;-ir rl.i t".;i rfiii-s. lcader' sants'"o trtx 
"o 

trc 8s c'ell ilt

A.rlD. t hoee tbc scnrtor rriu not ba ,TH;-;fii iri"i-7""niJa Jtr& uc cv,cr?one erse rn conncctlo' c'trh rhis

toodtgluri.drboutghcproccdrrrcr,"Hiiloir*J"i.y."rt.r.iJi.iiJlltiu-tosG.ur,aclDllotgorkSome.
oulllnad. \tre hevc- ;;," Gpi't.ot yrtfrii.-i'iiia;"d.io;.i"J.i;.d;; E:r out so t,trere c.tu bG Eo €itltlslv.

b,rdDc., eG cls s* don€ tpruoros. I_Uinf-;';;;ilo-n3brc:eiucrt rrori ddai rs-sc 80 to Erttct:t that coEe

wc hoDG ?e qlD *-5;:rrl; lllporuat ra -"Eot teaaer. t know t.b.cte h8vc bc(ore us'

b,stqG,n tor llonily.- shtlc thorc b".a ttlla 1g tfrc p151 srhea lcedct: Mr' HdcuL I .a plcadlna thaE

E G,D., rr! gotnS o.-onqe thc- Fa1or- a""i ffifry-rroiEasan4pu- - tbts.Ed. .Ecord tlrc ErJorltv lcadcr

tt lcrdrr h.. rcturBcd. I Eou.ld hopc _ 
T?ri-G;; tr o.n ggsracsr. :t ts Dot Gi co,rrtesv ot zalttnt lor his FrtutD

'tdca tUr sq sould Eot.hrec to b. fa t-rolt'G""*tta. w1!b' tly campci@ GO tc !trc e cloturc Borton tn lhll
oa itldr,y. *'Fttv' ll lu'L I tbtrl t'hc B'jortry E'tslll!' Slnca Lc s oug o( 'Jlr cou's'
--rii'Eirses- wur t!' scados rd;;'ii;nn"d to 

''hat f"55I;:: H'ffit"i'ffiff'g HTX
vtctd? t'hrs lt ebrc I rn asling 

"iI Hffi+:ffii{fi*
rnllrbla Ee brs sli'+ La itnlrl, o'e vo-lecd Yttt! rhi' bilL

ffi h*"-ffit6 *ffi: x-ff 5"t3'."t$:"i'#.'tt:Lffi rU:Y;T,i Hi.ril'E lx
k1.':s.*"EiLri#; j:"EETH'J51"'J:'ixi't"ffi fi 'ffi S-"{ff*:.,;l#"Ts=#Iiffiffi1F# .H$-t'tr*t *''r rsx"t rT!r+:#?#*q 1"5:'*,1*; i,, !hi" roav nas stlons

[rs#f i::,f -,,t,t:dfJ"#6"i"41q*r'.x,Fsu"T*#if:#H:1ll"l'sr:d:r'";:thcg heuc to 8o '.o Eidr"ct. q;c 8rt ,--
putrlas our:rrvc. ar soEe substa'.ar ",#11fffi;1ffiffir.f.tffi f5"tl"*:"lr.ii"TJi'S-t[Tt
dlsadraDtaac-

ra rbc spirit rn whrch thc a.clrns E& .a;,,'6G-te*--tue T*,#*""i i,1f#.?#1*A$i""& H f"Tit$

t"+iJ:".J:tl##i$:8ffi nr*:#,3-"*'"'*'$if".i{.}T,.;T *: {,t"*#'"J,1'J:-'*"4"1 }l:r
::S*?'*,#S:lU;;gHFm; :fS'ili&,!tEH".'""&TA:I; Araska;a-Gcrudc reo rnerrber! or

r'ehogettqaunotFivitoleprrrsucad";;;d;E&;+ul'oi".'finori..+ecoE.dttlconl.heJudtclarylroo
Elth avoie. tt 

";6;enai 
t="trriJ?iil#* :tl*tf slates. :tlabasra and Arizoar'

tff. STE\rE!{s- WEI tbc S.n .,or .i:oJ'i trri conccats rt"li"-J^ii-frii ryP,-ol those senator: voted in tavor

v{e!d? - Y'Iidil[tt Liu -- or thls proeosiuou'
- M!.EESlNEDy.wouldlttrcthclra- -i-a--ilaaee shcre it shor:ld bs -t havc a cclnnu'oicatlon irota tlre
'ucdlatc [rtcntlon thai thcv woutd-flle aidfu tttai fot toqt'oiioi-t'-o-W io Gcuetaor of the slale o( Alaska that

botb on thc lBotion to proc.td e-rr oB piiititt;tloio*sqtii'- - -' -- 
ttsiiaitv hc r: Ei supgors oI the lecis-

thc bill. citth tEo ctir:ri petrtronsr 'iil' i#iJenL- av Stata :5 e :'Ticai lasion'

Mr. MAIEI.qS- i tiiu&, rhaL- would oGp-fi'-f-i'"s rn.tnc llst tlme' {e There ars speclllc provisioos on spc'

vlolat tbe spiflt that thc Scnalor gifi'[i:-if ras lg tue sccond tloc',wc ciat--neeas reiat,ine lo Indlars tht I
(rora Alaska ts trTing !o cn8ender. lE fi il; [ il f" ihe third tttae' Nof Xaot coaclro :lr'? Senator (rora

thc Ea*er o( e ioopromlsc. I eould ii"l[itri".ofto.a El the third drre tl .rrasra (]1r. S'rtlzrrsl, because o{ his

thinB t, we could merely. sct tlrc i"-ii iiit.ri sorne artion- lon8-tltac interest in Indian arrail3' I
nhccls ,o Eouon so Er could procccd. 

-ii;-&;&-"-'t. iait ue senator ka;n o{ that lnterest per:onallv'

tbensc coura cooiiaJr=;[;;;;;-;"r rroi-lratsacbus€tts.Bentlons are r€& b'stiitrS rorEed clos€lv o"ith htn on

It was ncc6sar?. Maybc !y ti.t tlr:oc .iii.uie, tn--v oplnioa- we have todl- sp€cial Indian aJlain EatteE-crc are

the etrcenent" uriiirr" dinatJr rron iila- i'r"rtTp"dne"s to dlscuss theE olvio,rslv prcpared to accommodate

Arlsr. rras rererrfi'o";ll;;;hiarcd 6Iiio'rorr:{figqqs out so ecct?- tnose leiittioaic u:terests- I would fihe

a'd sc 
',tU 

not Deed to votr oE tbc ;;'U;"-tEds that.tLere !r no at' to sec it*e cou'ld perhaps get at least

EotloD to proccedl-i-ooirotlrr"--- 
_. 

t"-pc to *rtt€ sny hiddea mea-oin8 ln thc yeas and na,: ou a nrotjon lo prr
l,lr. sEErB{s.' jrr.-riEiaent, rE Gi-il rrrcv taka th..Dolc coraproEilsG ceed. .rvtr. PresideBL

the seoator vrera rir-a riii.iiii- - r.irn "iJ i*ur r.ctldn 1 .Pd^ 1P!lI r asts ror the v€as and navs-

Mr. KENNEDy. r yield. tleL ln sGtlon ! as oae-o(thc tcsts to - 1tG PRESTDIi{G oFFICEIR. Is
llr. Sf$fENS. e-riiA-"ff I ca! statc Ec.i undc! tbe bail.out-c[Tf.*-- 1p 

-ttrire e suJllcient second? There is c

BF;5;1lL:',i".-"5.*f ,""*,"TiTgli:L'iii!5.''if .ffi;".*rii"i'"tsccond'
Mtsethus€tts aod thc scn3tor rloEB S'riv i'*'iiii t*-y"YqI#i#;H;'": ' Thc vcas and navs lrerc ordered

ot3^b. B thar had I rhe aurhorty to do ;;:ti-lrji-;a techlliJ ;;;&;;t" - Ml. EE$IEY' Mr' PresidenL that

It I eould loltos tbc counic rhai hc iHrii-it i" -..rryiag-o";-iiJ-th; ts et lcast part ol the dllemrns thaL

h2soutllncd.Ihav.b.e!rcgucsted.as;&;;*;report."r,ttantytt,coa.soieo(rrsfindourselveshat'the
t seid, ou bchalt o( the roaiorltv ffiU'fi; i'ni;'n"9-tlioui' savs tnc presen! timc' Ttre questiorl is $he''her

lccdct to eccora rri:a the courtcsv o( l'iii'i"'"ni.-Cgiirl' taai-tar<es J utuc se-ought to bc tryin8 to persuade our

bcing herr ro EBaIc the dlcisiotr as to ;tfi1-thdi-th; se;tor-t-; Tes: coueaSUcs noB oD i'his issue' ar lesst



Juru 9, 1982
to thc cxteat th.t rG rsc rblc to pcr-
surdc theE on tlrrs mcasuF!.

Mr. RIEGT !: wlU thc Scnrtor frorn
M.ss.churltts yield briefly to Er!?

l{r. EEIINEDY. I rhdl bc glad to
ylcld to the Scnator frora Mtchlgrn-

M!. RIEGLE I tb.nl the S.nator
for flcldlng.

Il I oey. t{r. PrcdderrL I rhould ltl,a
for r sceond U, hre? the rtlctrdon ot
thc rcaing meiorlty lctdcr.

!,(l STE\,aENS. Yc* Mr. Prcsldcnl
Mr. EIEGLE I Just rrDt to ErI,e 3

brrtd strt Eent to hln dlrcctly. It I
urryr rDd. l! tura to thc lerdcGhlp oB
tJrr,t slde oi tbc dslc.

t thtn.k, tlis llr elcolutcly cridcrt lct-
lshtlon thrt Ba b.vc bcfoE ui I Jr.rst
rrr'Di to tD.oouao! nos. s(, tt B s
naltrt o{ lnorsa rccord. thrt U Bc
ttnd wc ur faccd ritb r.Ilduc dcls:E
rnd 

'trllrrS 
ead ggdcr oi that sori by

xhocrca urisbt obj.c! to ttsis lcgisle-
tloc-I do trot rurcl to the lesds:hip.
t reicr to otlct3 sho Ery objcct t€
It-lt rtlt bc the ineutlo! of tlis Ses-
ilor to lud sryr to blocl ectloa oa
virturlly r,uy otbcr lt.- tlul rasy
coreo bclore tle Scnstr. It is uot aa
ldlc saratns t en givlns. bcceusc t
acen lt ta tJrc mort, intcnse cry.

:l,tr. SifEl/ElIS. Mr. FcsidcaL tbe
Senrtor ncadr to gtve us go sarnia&
Tbc aejority lcedcr is e cosponsor o(
t5e bill. f a.o e cqrpon:lor o( the bill. I
havc votrd lor thc blll froa thc flrst
dey I got bcrc. I thin!. sad hos maDyg[nc! hlsc re votcd oa it slncr I have
beca hcr!? ltere Lr Do Bcclssity to
threst a t:l r,Dy lrsy to lopcde thc
flos ol rctloo i.B th! Selate io or{cr to
tet coNider?tioa'of tlre bill

We do bsve e c:rrrrnstaa6 rhrl t125i
devciogcd heri, as I hasc said. that irc
hav! nade onc rtqugL I canaot ra.
toember asi<hs. siucc I havc bceu as.
slst3D! leader. lor consideratlon for
ihe u.ajority lcadef, oE a Dcr:orr-l
bas{s. but wc have doDc thaL I sboutd
',hinlc that rould bc 8 maltrr ol cour-
ras)'. ecltainly il tb,! tabl€s Eere
turn.d. I lrros and the Einorit,
leadcr krowE. I cculd assure Senator:
orr that slde that of tbc A.oplc otr our
side, ihatls e courtery.

Thar: ls no intrndon to delay thls
btll as fiu as the leadenb.ip ts coa-
cenrcd- 11 15 our iltentrou to Eaove to
cor:sidlrauou of tlre Votin8 RiChts Act
axten:sioB and it ls our irientlon to
srek a vot€ toraorTos or scck clotuE
ncxt rcrk T?re Eajorlty leader hag
once morE trted througlr personat dl-
glomacy t flnd e.u opportunlty to
shortcn the tt.ae franc to consider the
btll-oot lcnSzhen iL but shorten iL by
vlrtue of his pcr=onal lnvolvcment
shca he t!tun:! ou Monday. t rn
bopclul thd, hc qrill zucceed-

ID .sy eveaL l(r. hestdent" I can
stala es reprcsceted by thc Scnalor
froa lhnsas, I aE p.rfrclly willlng to
gct eround to yottn& I lascnd to oftlr
a couplc 6f rmslld;t2gts to take carr
o( ny statemenl shiclt I el!' sure thc
Scna,tor frot! l{ess:chusrrts knoqrr
th. Senztor lrota Maryland Eno*:r,
end t$e Scnetor lrom Eaasas knows.

CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE S bAAJ

It docs scrE to me that tt Is ttsrc to our gorl. I harc st8tsd lL I hsre stated
sLrt thlnldnS .* littl€ bl! sbout Ehz,t l! ou bchall of thc mejority leadcr. It
!'g do i.B lbc biU. For irstsDc!, aSaIE tres bccn thr 8osl of our party sinc€ i!
ffis lnrrrss of tjrc bi]tnsual pordon" Ras for,,lred by e fcllos named Llocoln
tbc buslnE o( hotr a SEtr 8rlr oul rod I qo, ddlghted to bc able to r.pr}

I reolad tlrc Semtor of thc sltu8- rclt thc psrty thr! sUU bolds fasE to
tloa sbett E.y St:!. b3d rcp.dcd s th8t ptrllosophy.
consiltutloual proylsloa tlr:t raqulred Mr. KE!rNEDY- I Jnst rst thc ectjna
that e pcrson bc tblc to rqd 1!d qrrlt! n-Jorltf lm'r4. rrlll rc hasc .,u oppor.FnSrr<h i!, onicr t, eot . but !€cluse hJrllt, t rddrcs thls lesrslstloi to-se had rcpcdcd lt 3 yc.Js bclorc tbc roorrog. to debatc lt aad djscr:sr lt?
Senat€ a.ttd. lte Ftre barJ uader ttsll Mr. 51trElIENS. .yer. Tlc dlstt'-bIIL - guirH rraafl!12 te'eaci ls oos herc,I do uot thljo.L tJre ScEator l!+y pt iaa ,c Elsht ba atfc to sctite tt noE,.llceer tDrt starE! oush-t t9 !: tt-tltS rt rs oy Elantloo r€tlorrog raortrin&lllr thrl tt tr up so tllof ,g(.I-Ibj Erterlie lpccid ordcrr hrce beeq ftu-
ffi'Sf H"ffi 'f-iJsiJ'#EIf:*t"o"l!"i",*:.nE;*l-*,n.*
bcst of Ert sbiltv th"t^I!g-s-q1!_.! p.rru.s"A- and inracdtetety iottowtaileast addreesc:! sotrl! of those -qrybfeos it.lt io r.fi:ra to the consideratiou oith& did tD. lacl lnadvertently .clvrr iiiis- t-Af 8!d the debatc !ha! c€ncl*sst8tls end coulti€3 

""31_^t}5-1i*-r u lr r" arc ablc ro r?ach sc,rne arre?-t'hirr lt Bas tne'dv!E.n!.Jlo-t F-!Id:* ..ot on sorlic substaarivc le3:islirionIn rny casa Ey sEte_has_bc€E put tut-*ru 8r! us bact her-e on Mond8y.bacl und* lt ln threc Ela9"-llf! r" "u d,G haee iuii-riisiauoo coD-Eeslr:r cfcry biu thlt coE!3 our gl^Bg' siacico ana agposca oa end thcniff l#1iT^BilB"f#"1"H:*l5;f ##.;,'*'"""Xrtl,*.t:bc epprc'ved- ur.dc Monday attaraoou as iL wnethcrEuet? siaelc resolutl?n :$_:I_L.^? o-frit e ctorure Botlon is necessatT.

ffi1]Sfffif"1fiiffiri{*,-} -'ui.-Hin6?. iii ii*iru u" ..
cxplaia th.t.to thosc

ffiffiffiff',ffi"gffi.g'1-#
:59;i;.t1r*fi1.fffi.1ilf'"Lt ''u". mnr"oy. r sourd ur,c to. r r
m*ff*fg-,S-:ii *ffi -*t'H&'ff"lE tFl-"o. *o
frora at*l' a"d "nybodilid-"dn :loetor f!oE' Massachusctts has tb,e
to otfel r.ad thc Scnete c:ra a,ct upoE- c?9I'
Whrt I ara saytng ts-asa i;aiit tr ^14r.. 

STSfEfrS. tbat !s tht uBdcr-
clcarty rroacntloalU rre lGa " 

p"t $11{ng. tlre Scaator frora Massacbu-
ten -ot undue delay on- tris EtU sctts has tlrC floor and q;c a5! s11anl-
shetb,cr tt is frorr tbc senator (roa EotJ:! coEEicllt t!,at hc retaiu lt uDtu
n'ort5 6sprr.r or erry-ottrliSi"itoi EC 80 thrcu8h these routiae 1113lte13
*''t Is desicacd tn thc riep of this oa! -"y.
Senator to t}sran, actloa and d,isposl- The PRESIDENG OFFICEE- W1lb.
tlou o( thjs btl!' it will bc Ely iltenlioB out obJeclloo. it is so ordered-
to tlr ttrm ttDd sal-l royseU to prreeu! !d!. ROBERT C. B'fRD. As I under'
a.tlotr o,' othcr lssu6 and othlr m.ac- stend lL the disttn8ilshed acting me-
!€t!- . Jority leader intends to oJte! a cloLure

NIr. STEIJIEIIS. I say to the Senstor raollotr toEorrow on the laotlon to
I aa perfectly agrceablc to that. Oncr procce4 en t *'ron8?
\rc get to thc c€nsidelatioa of this hill. Mr. S1EIIEiiS. No, that is not Ey
tr the senator flnds any dclay that llc lDtention nore, That sBs trry intentioG
could hare gree.nted tluouSh leadcr- I harc beeE Equested nog to filc thag
shlp actlo!. I sill Eclcomc his intet-. uatll the Earority leader returns oa
v.Dtion aad support iL wc ar€ not Monday. Ee sishes the privilete of
seekiDs to delat this bill. We ere seek- araking thaL decisioo himseU.
lng to 8ct, th. lar8cst naJority possiblc ]trr. ROBERT C. AYRD. A],l ri8hl
i.tr support of e bill whibb, as I said lv1r. STEIfENS. But lt is our i.Dteo-
bc{ore. I think ls one ol the sin8le tloa. if tJre Senator has no objectioE
srhievemelts o( our constltutloua,l to coIrte i.u toruotros morailg a! about
SouerD.Erntr tb,e ttaal addressing of l0 o'clotk, ud So.thtough thc leader-
tlose peoplc $ho havc no! tet bccE ship tlne 8rrd tb,re. special order: aad
accordcd the cqual opportunity that ls tben thc e8ent identlties bill. st8rling
3uaraoteed by our ConstituLion to bc'probabiy ag 11 o'clock \r1th thc hopc
iavolved i! the rotlng proce3t. tlat rrc citU votr by no later thaa

Tbere is noc eJry intcntioE on thr 1t:30 on thc conjerencr report Wepert of thosc who ere s_ertsing to ha,vc noC rcclircd alr agTe!:Dent ou
aareod the bill to lD aay rey tlr*a.rt that but it would be soEes-hrre
the attainsent, oJ lhst gosl. Th4g is aror:.nd tist tlE.- Foilo*ins that



S6SS8coNGRsssIoNALREcoRD-SENATEJunc9,1982
rctlorutgrlllrcncregetnt.hlsraotloaulng.ttEouldbGay..dvtcctJrateq.!vlr.sIEl,lENS.Yc*Ialaconlldcnt
Li#*:. *"H,F#ii:-H ffi""[fi*"t$-g:i{F.i..:fi1 E rpr:"' c B'RD' Ya'

BayE oa rL r thrDr lr -i, an iirn.E *,H il; ;;;;;a;i trri irsug- So r heve Do ob,cctroa rc rhe 
'='

Ara I corrert t" oo oot-o'fi i; ;; g"'shJ sci;toi lrora :{or'5 cerorlr' qucsL

ine houoa o n'oo.a'tiI;;;;"' io lffiffiS"*iig',m *y;"m: f,fTt*i,r'?1ffi
B$ffi;;;}of; ffiil-tll 

i.t'tiauv-snu cverv- ;;. hi"t"a-uEi-i'.'" r*-1oqs dmc

yeEffi*'*"*o.bq93ffi ,ffi ffd.lpaft F-qp$r"a:zuir*p,g'
.Jis roEo'o!. :t Ee si--ro-is..=.at Mr-;i'rrici6 Es tu".aooi-Gt! *e firlt-ia tbn side or the aisle 6 t'rviDs

oE ehrs .'? qra ao on iio-nail sc -gl "EffitE-i{ils 
ar*;,r'oa lcre- CGcn;-'.e. orderlv cccsidet'aclos

Eot bG tD s.ldo6 o" rtrtiiiid ti 1llt -i;-ffis. Eocvcr brs 
"!c 

i:oot' cl 
"tsis 

Ectrsurra

bc ,trdy to gst u..r'E 6" votrnr u*it:Er yrera to EG ror osc :1:!i" 
ls eo tocrcdibty iaportaai piccc

rtSbts blu rsrt1 !11 rtrc'r(tctaoog o9 .66e!6- - orr"grsr"ud"--i-cer-a'inrv bavc tE stdrd

niid{t utrr ee *Jirlii'tu"-Ed' *iliisnrmY' 
r vterd'- 

s€E tor. , ffiig" 5"Lmtf**""}ii*
1aF"643-'qg',pr#;:Tffi,,..'1,fi ji,,ti;s.ixffix==ffi.S,ffi -xdtBL I thln.3 lt ls reailii--n,'"orm'--"ro#r#H'Hhl1tlttr,*nlt:f*-.;E:r*r',f,:T.:1.'xsffi 9trffii
MondeY. ! tblnl' bca;*h'*,' - r-l#"48 

if*Fr*$"ffiflqr,H,: *ffi'q.+**pt*:l+#
rolvc soaG o( thc
crist oo t'hc ot'bcr sidt
t indtcat d ct'r[cr tot
i#"i"r. r",'.ev to ptr*,H.lffi S1$7"gmt'x,l"a::i i *.F#lTnE 't;"'="f;"1fr"9ffibut I ibtlr.L it 15 not
irlrol'luc ** *lfi;tffiTfi Hl*p#ll?#'lr#i,'t f iHi"-{l?ir",fx ;: f,{"T,ouc.g thag' sc rait ul

Itader rcsurar on MoEd:rv ip ErrIoquE 9:1v--'t** 'rns us d:tlv-!"lP,tr."t'5 #;-il:: 'iiiu ,n.ictoiure raoglou' rc drstlnnrlslcd *i?o"rfrln1t3"if,* r", yiel-'Jr-8: ffH"{l"n bili or suu consrol Ee:w5ui.:.elffi:ftffittm"'r"-"**mffi 
'I-H,E::h*

ioGuot-secrtoprecopst:"41i: :=LlfJ;r,rr'.t:w; poiion r:rar rs tuc sorri!.F *ll"i--r-*"ority le.dcr lroa olj
ii.GE-l uopc. mir trrer, S"'T: ffil?J.f",?;oH3"."rJi".ttt? ;"tX inl'Ut"":ll?A*:',f,i H:::Eotlon rould bc
M;;d"v u it is e,oISl'."Hfl'"H i.j#t:lrl"S::'":;i:" " 

crotun h rhe ch-hbet'
raotlon to Procecd i:

- votcd o!- I qrttl ot coutlc' *ar" th"l-': -lii. srslrENs- l{s. evii6"1il" !,rrr tot?t: Hn}Y"tJ":!tl* *'ffffi:
fs certainty rbc prct osatlvc ol ^aDv thl-deaecor netaZs-.;,;;,raia"d "o.ro:Hi rj;: -M,ffi;EfiiE sys,D.rr"rl_-_ H{tlFg""l?'i,ii}xio*i""r?":
rld a ctoiurc Elotx
p*ed oa ur siac'ir-ifr-"Ll'-o1 ***mfff;;;m'f€"1 g:Ptgt#:""f'J*"'fii4:':15
*'":*'*'.5""';.:*H3l,i'"o[i,{{l ,*;fffiR}i"T'ft'&:.51 :fit 'a."*.;il.H"'i?i 

callsory'

ro bc oftcrcduv mc-oGcisae oi rrc 'r+iff;';inscut 
inat'.-g taloftre ii'd'iu-"ul cter'rlv sone on record as

aislc and r rt appeaiTiilih;;tu"' P:t""-o ruE artct the raelorltT cpposiasil

tioo and.i*."rrJ"l tiir.i't]-iG- r."i"11o"f"tt-orrt1 e nr'aber o( scna' --f nopt-' also' tiat rre s1!^l not hera lo

Hr.,,#. ffi"eT"n;,?",',:ti'f",# ii1,;i"XHt:ril""#'.';f #ti,:i H"l'i.'i"lH;.S,1"'1".1:'d?.:+:1.!
.Erss tbe maieritY leaders crlshe' to o"Jit *orot c. BYRD. !Ir. Re3l; i1?dltfu:".ti.,"r:ttt'T}-sJ,oti""
*"1 a:rtU* f#f .* *".'rH 11H ;;;g-thi ast t 

"o 
ooi'"t' t-n' i"'a-iliiiii oiiiG'-iCi""d us and set

rd by aoy senalor ;:-il ;;de-b" rh" a*iiirrGir'"a's.i"ir- t "" 
phraseci.iirs 6i-'J ou.r l,i,porta''t and pressing

t1'ntGri or this g..i'"iJi fJstart luca a|T$;iir':Ut'",#".1"::* f:i'f"::lt:"'?:".,fo'' 
the budset'

t:"**i#i,,,j[.1.'risnotstanedbv Hsr;'oioaovtrre'oaioiio].*= 
*;llL;;;*d 

ro craruv the air

!ylr. srExrE-\s r understa-od th.al -!tr : sdlrENs. Slat ls corrEcl Trac t!;i io o"t here is atterBpting to ot2.

Mr. preeidcnt :rrierrt-i'ii-io tnc ars- -.iirE-r.q"..i that he.bc perEitted fril;" G detav. I so about this lB

H#H;*fg'*r:fF'L#int h?Hi"iii:-;'ff:':? #rE""'sqit illrJ'*""Hllxs"j'f-il;:"3:"'i
Carollnr I think ri'iii'raui-nd""iut" ottre!: on Mondav'

'rd 
* would bc ray ursrns to rhc-.88- .-i;.";ir;di-'c. BED.-Y'* That *f nm #I},,|t""*.At ::iii3

ffiie#ffiffiffffih
thc scn.lor ftoE

ffi"'"Hr,5o1l?";;'Ii"i' 
- r tr'inr'e;;i;' ilE m io"t er

- that ls tjlc wav to il?"iit-ir-tr'i trt' joritv leader' I knos lhr

;;1o; we e€re.,H:"#"*.TH; l-nlo"XlJ**L:"-o'"'T;;";;dl r,r'. KETTIrEDY' Ivfr' Presidenl
mous cotlsctrt th3t
on fircsdzy. I!, any ecenl U' *" Ll" ,Jil;id;;tri"ir'_" "si-f;ua;'to 

today we begin debate on the e3ten.

thc cloiun o,orioi oa Mondav cve' "iii";1fi1]o;"re-otioo'" 
iioa-or 

-o"i-ot the most successful



June 9, 1982
plccar ol lcgtsletton ercr epprpvcd by
anY Congress thc VottBS R'lShtl e'et.

Thc blU trhlch S.nator Malhlss 8Dd
I tntroduccd last Dcc.mb.r. 8lrd Bhlcb,
tJrc Judlclrry ComElttrc bes rcponcd
rtth ur esrcndnent ollcred bY tht
Scn tor troa Eansas (Mr. Dotrr, l!
nor sDonsorrd bY Tl Seaatorr. A ver?
liEtlrs btU psss€d l8 tbe Eousc o(
Ecprc*strtlrct by tha Errsl!' ol 389
ta 2L

Thc rceorrl eansred bY tbc Eousa
rod Scnrtr 69nnlt34g3 Ealca I corrl-
ebllbs czrc for stlqnt lcsjrslstloE- We
anpot EEc"t our rcsiponslblUty wttJr r
ertrttddoriu btll tbrt would lall to
prot ct tba raoet fuade.aentrl rlght ol
ell ln r dcaocta.t. tlc rlcbi to vot .

Tbe rrtloErlde cousensus to 9rF
scrvc r rtEoD8 Vottug Bt8hts Act ls
ovGrBhcLEIDS. Tha dccaasd to save
thc Vottug Rlsbtr Ast corD6 Dot oEly
trpa ailllons of blacl rad brosru
Arscrtcenr lrbo ria.Dt tJrcir bastc rigbt
protcstcd- Ibc cell for Justice coucr
elso lroa allUons o( thlt! A.orerlca.os
wbo dcrrty uDdetstsrd thae tba tct
has belpcd us 8ll to coEb1! the stritr
oI DrEJudIce oE our bjstorT and our se
st tr.

The rl't lor pa.c!8sc of 8 stroEa bltr
corB€.t tlt ttr vlmrally cvcry reU$ous
dcnominetloB-IlrotCste.st' C.thollc.
arrd Jertsh conlnSations acrosr the
countnr. rU dccply conceracd ebout
thc NatloB's 6oral coF'ltl:lcut to our
lcuoE cltlz!81

Ttrc cell coacs from tarmcrs, ualoa
neobcr!. ead c€motzta exrflrtlv€!. dl
conccraed about prcs€Fin8 r Staoag
and lndlrisiblc A.urcrica.

The call comes froa EeYors. dtY
councllort aad Gorcnor:, reprcscstr
lns Jurisdlctloos elrcady covcrcd by
the act sho knoe that hard-soE
progresn la their co-Fu:ritlc! could bc
eadensrrtd il tbc act B Dot cxtgdcd
i.utact

Tlre call coacs lroa tbe A.ocrican
B.r Assochtloo" and local bar orra.ol-
zsttons. rsho understaDd th. need for
tnrly eftecttre laqis to tulltll the proe-
lscs ol our ConstltutloE- \

But aost o( all. thc cell corael fiota
ollUoru uf lldlrlclrret A.oericans, crho
kDo\e Ebat is right aad lair. sho will
Judge this Conlresr by our aclloE oB
lbe mcssura

Thlrr b.rr b"tE t!:r!8ts thct the
greatclt cirril righa Lar of modcm,
ttmcs rtll oac"e aSais bc subject to I
llubuster. a^nd 3 lastdltch Ourly ot
aECnd.EcBt& But o( tbosa tmPcdl-
Eents I s8y tbst. oocr rcBi& se shall
ortrcoEa

W'c raay be brieflY delaYed bY dla
hard ctforts lo crlDplc the a.L But wc
shall qo! bc dctcred bf tht*ats of fill-
bustlr. We sball uot bc derailcd bY
ra.naed-orer a.E.ndroeats alrtrdy tt-
Jectld by the Eous. o( Repr.scDts-
uv6 or tbc s.Dat€ Judlclary conn't.
tac.

!!e causc ol cquel opportrudty and
Justice lor all Ascrlcg.r:s shall prev-il
I aor confident tha! tbe Seoate *1ll
protcc! a.ad prescn'c a stroBs Votlag
RtShts AcL

CONGRESSiONAL RECORD - SENATE S ffi59
A strong vottrc Rtchts Act ls so sru. \trhat ls nort, thr Amcricua pcoplc

cte.l bcceulc tht rlSht lt protects t5 30 undeFta.nd thst thcse are oot nlnor
funa"-gnt8l The right to rotc and to tcchnlcalitles. They knoe crhat this
hevc th.gt votc countd fUlly End leirtY tlght is all eboul Alid thcy asc detrr'
ls escnUal to reprcscatatlve dctltocla- Eined that thE artst laE' shdl not bC
cy. All gthcr ri8!t! ta I dcraoct'rr? crlp9led.
fl-os lroq tlret ngbL As the Suprema As trc rcY{es tht reco(L tt B llapor'
Corrrt obscrved lD Eeynolds agailst tsDt tbat rc ketp tlls €ntrel issucs la
StEs. it ls tbc rtght th3t ls prttct.fl' focur Todry I waDt to euPhasizc flvq
tlve ot e,lt othfi rlsbt& Wlthout fu[ urein poiDta
ca.Joyllclrt of ths rtlrt to vote- l. cdu' Hst tbe rpedel salacu8rds o{ pft-
2gi -an6g bc arre bc or shc wlll heve cleennce tor proposcd chanSg ln elcc-
r letr opportuntty to grocc.t bis or hcr tbn lesr rcaala e crtrclrl selcsuard
otbcr riabts or to rst tbG Govcnrnelrt tor the prottctlog ot ElDortty riSht&
tollsttn to hls or bcr conccras- That E Ihe sccond pot.t ,s r cottllat? of^
sby tlre A:aerlcaa pcoplc heec^ el' thc ftrsl Tbc renbed bailout proi'tsion
Drcssd Juch a strn8 conorrB ebouE should g.1" lDto sacouEi tbc accud
the tete ol thc VotlDa REhts Act. - . . rccord ot covetld jurisdtcttons bu! tt

lberc are I uuEb€t oI bstU6 Bhl9 ausr reanlu c llri ald ca.retul t€st
tJrJs socicty acat tbrouah ,B tJre 1960'l tor tcrzaiaettDg covcls8E. U tbe bd-
1Dd qrhich ec tJrougbt tr hed put lout il sceken-cd. tb,cre ls s scrlous
bchind us. Nos tbcrc are thosc who d."'tarr tbai ertensloa ol sGctlolr 5
tould ogcn old qtoLlld& OE--a nuEbcr would provc a bollorc vlctory. A fli:nsy
o(,!onta thcy.sl u! to reliSht thclc 5"gooi Fould beeolac . sleve. t,lrt
old batUc! ooce etaig It ls e sad sPc€' staply. lt sould bc r beckdoor rapeal
EBic 

uatroner goEtrEtlEe3t Tl,ijh lbg 
otffil""ti.Eprs 

to makc prectear-
A.loertca,a Oeoolc Faqc.F- .1955 ses rucc-aattonotiai arc unlusUiea. r.ra-
ther se Eould flDally tulllll_ thr_prlll *ir.-. aaa proo"otv uaconiututloaal
DroElsc ol the 15tb- aECEd=iu!; I'-oI Fo-qrtA.'Fc Eaust rejcs!. ss dld rbe
1,00 yca. tb. st.gplc ?pT5^9r -P: .lirfciaF cooaiEce. itrc'scare racrlc3
a:recnducat res:^r,iscd as 91?P,oa9. inat-'n"re bcen r:asuccessttrLly 

^t-ID Eaay pl.ce.L bllcks 8ad othcr E'l' ie-prca eSails! tlre coEBlttec,i pro-
uorlues could Dot rotG.

**"*m tni, g .!Es,i$i H#e-"j;''*a "r**ffi{e' d:
brosa Arnerlcao,s. It ll.as 9*itg _A iiUit.*isfr"A onc, tamiUar ro rhc
AE.rtcans to escapc tb! err:o: 1! 9Il .o-"rii it iras a reltable and rea<quftng

rnt"Hi :1*:1Hr:t:,#i{fl,H ffi#Hri:_n*";s$q=otbcr lew, tlrc act sYE

ffi :",f i .:*::T*."#:Lffi"11: t'*tf f:-i'Sf ;*;" tbe bo,o.

"ii'{!?r:H':ffi "fu":*1fl 
Effi;i$Htd-"Fffi}}1i'"',ryHsere lauached to wcs

afhts AcL Eatb tlE
pcltcd thosc assaults ri'ul-Ei"Tr'.i tllf of Aoerica.os o( Frr'Danic. Asian,

Gainiarcrecora,-*"jr*."t$Iilffi.,",'#il:r*J?ltT::iTi.?f-
protcctloa *zs stlll r

Xi$m$r*"'F"F#S*r#triii*;H;,,?"',sv"r
tecu thc viettrn of si.urilar dlscrirainl. E corr!!ftrEe $trD fot sIc::o!l t
tton in tbc rlsht to tot€. rlcl'Ar^lrcl

Toctay.ooc!EDorc'--thcquEtloBIathecou:,iasdebate.r5eg.illhear
before us ls rheUber e sirong. eitecttvc oDcc IDore the argurents aSsiJrst t-he

61Gi Rtfutii; *tU coattnue to pro- aq!-+rt Er have heard in lhe past. we
tcct inrlins of our ciflzens. Or 

-crt[ *ill !c told that prec.leatznce is a dlas-
ifti act Ul cippled. ,rnaer ttre gulsc o( tlc dlpartule lrom the. princ:ples of
;stf8ralinj.Bd'-ft. a:ra oaking It rnore our Federel ststeE And so il is' But
"rcesoniOtc'i We havi hcard those tlc Supreuc Court bas- repeatedly
oltat! to revlsc tla aat bcjora Atl too Egrecd thst CoaS?rss !5,as faced B.lth 8
oi;s tnei-are-code s,or4: for sophistl- drestlc sttu3tlon. aDd that the lar, con'
catca *l6rts to gut the Eost succ!s!- talns reasonable resredles that ar.!
ful-c-tt{-e8hts tiw of or:r tl,Ee. Thc tast. eltlcient and effeclive.
cholcc is cteas.'Wc roust Bot let tbst- Trlt{ce bctore' Congress has conttD'
haooco- ued the preclearaace requtrement for
- li-ttri de:rs ahead. se s'lll bear a lot Stsie! or coLultles originally corcred ln
of tccbdcal dlscr.rssloa ebout bailout 1965. CouSrcss dld so tn l9?0 and 19?5.
8Ed tDtrnt tEt, about billnn:al ctcc. tro! otr thc basi3 ol soEe per-:!sr:en3
uons, aDd scctloB 5 preclearance. But prrnr<bEtcDt lor eveots loDS past, bug
roel<a ao colstale aboirt lt- Tla lssue to rzthcr ou tbe basis o( a carcful rer'iew
E,hich thosc tarms relcr aI! not met! Ot thc coDtlEporaneous record of dis'
1sa16ic'rr1161 Ibey go to bhc corc of crilainstloo aDd noncompliancc sith
our coErnitEeDt to protcct thc r18ht lhe LBe ta ttrose jurisdictions.
of eyerTl Arncrica.o to participatc iE At tbe bcdn[ing ol this Congress
ibc aollhcd proc6s. tbere afals Fere sra.uy sho ques.



' s 6560 CONGRESSIONAI RECORD - SENATE luru 9, 1982

beflou! rlr!.d, consdtutrt r vctT subct:!'
Uet Ub:nfErtton o( thG 1r!mJG! a3':'iL'blc !o
cover:d Jurisdlcltoat to erlC thclr 9l,r(lctr'
rDcr obult1lloE

For exenpla tpstlv{dr.l cluatlcs lo cor'
crcd St3!t tor iht ttttt !tB. r'Ul bc lble to
brll ous scparztdy Gv.! tlou8i Urc St{. ..r
r wholG ls nog yc3 .tldbla to do so. Tlrc bg
rdlt !o, ltcoEtsa rEd ttt..t{ ttrcE tood
conducg rrthcr !.bra nqtrirtls thct! ta
aEit r.a GxpiBttoE drta rthlci b flrtd F!'
Cardld ol !h.lt r.arl ncord-

At tlG srrB tlar. tha rwl!.d brllout docl
Eoq srd slould aoq Dlov{da lE r.lxt clcrpa
brtch ,oE ludldlcdolr rhlcb ll.ea eoEtlD:
ucd !o vioLrr tla tl't [n rcccnt ycrn rrrd
dan, ElaortEl.a rEg ta th3 pouucrl groc'
ell

MoJr o( ous coUar$r.a lE thr S.ort hw.
bcaldad !.ha bt!.d coEllaEltu:! oa arLndint
rccdog 5, rt rtcogalUoo oI dre sac urry to
rir3urlr coEt6u.d grotrcdoa o( ldnorit,
votiDS lithLr Yet U ta turE th" brllout into
r si.vq lt toulC ErL th. crta!.don of sF
doa 5 ra crlreisG L:B fuCUtY rld a cnrd
LorI oa rolllloar o( b!.cl ,.ad blosa.{r!Cd'
-ar w'6 bcllcee lhaE ttrr crtlt'lsloa o, pr?
clclr,Dcr could pt'ova r hoUos Yrclot7 U r!
axcrsrrcly arst Drilout profltioa is €nrde,.
ttrlt rrou.ld coD,slgut 3 be.ldoor re9crl ot
sGcitoB 5. sinE rBaay coratauniuca $hcE
greclcr,nnct b Stll D..d.d rould bc rllc to
,Fpc cocantE

Tlis p.,rt o( tbe uaajority riects Lt!

the coEroittcc rcport theE Socs on lo
dlscr:ss eaclr, Progosel to Eaal'en ihc
bailout ia tbe btll aad rebuts iL I paf'
tieulaily corrulcDd tlls gart ot- tlrc
rcporB tO Ey Coueanres' atteEtlon-

?82 
'gUU!:r 

lErr Dl ltctEloll t ot tEl Ac3

Thc cotrLstlttlc btu pr$€t1tes thc 
'..rults tts! (or scetlon 2 of the act. It r$

stors tl:e origi!8l uDd.nfanding o(
Con$ess in f965 that Proot o, intent
to disclirulnalc ls not alr esslntial el+
E.nt uJldcr sactloB 2.

Thc agreudraent is necessarY bG
c'zrrur! of tle SuErerue Cotrrg Plurallty
d€cisioa lo the Mobilc cas!- :rl1e laD'
guaSe of sect:oa 2 i-u the curretlt, ac!
docs requite Proof of i.utcnt.

Wc will be dGcussinS sectiotr 2 in
detail during the debate. We 51ust rF
-dember the! \r€ are talkjrg about :eal
peo9lc ia reel cotrrJrruEiLles. sho a.re
beina shut out of a lair cbaEce to ?ar'
ticrpate in th. goiltical proces.s-

The basic issue is oae of sirnple fair'
ness. IEe Congress stands at a closs'
roads. We can takc the path prorided
itr the coE:Elittec biU and adopt the re'
sults iests for challenSes to rotlng dis'
crimlngtion- that would per:nit mlrlor'
Ity votrE to challenSc practices that
deny them ao equal opportunity to-
participa!c.
' Alternetirlly. Be cen 1a5g ltrq patb
su8Sestld by soEG and requirc proof
o( intea!. That rtad tekes us dosir the
path of nanc cz.lllng{f identuyins
pubtic oflicials or $hole cornr:luniLies
as racjst. It ls teElbly dilisive.

ia most, caser the iDtent test will be
inedsqq33q- It qriU ofte! be too dUfl-
cult to prove discriminalioR because
dltendants q,'iu be able to o(fer manu'
factured evidenc! ol an altern?.ti1'e
uonracial explanatlon for the chal'
leqte procedure.

tloacd tlra coattnued aecd lor tbc
strbfeot sa,leSusris o( sccttoa t. Nos
tbosi votccr rrs vct? tes- lbc heer'
lnJ acooostr3ted conttaulrrg, elfort
to- acav urlaoriucr (ilr' rnd cquet
icccsr ta thc pollttcal groclllt \[nt89.r
rrtcr wttacrc lratlcd Eh8! stthout t'ha
coatlaucd gtot€cdoB of clctlos t E
tlelr usr.-tls rdrrnca ol r dacrde
coufa Ur slPGd out lr1 tbc lbort H-e tt
roUa trfr to lErDosc Dlt dlssrrEi.ar'
tar? rtcbcE€t

Wc rlll bcrr onca EoE t!8i PrtoS'
rcsr brr bcts anda ADd tt h'q But
tJrcrG tt tos r brord coascusul botb
l! tlll dty rad rss lbc ll84 tlri
srtloa ! preclcseocs Eecds to bc cx'
taDdtcl Tlc rtcotd brs egsin bc€E
Erde tbrt tbcrs are sdil t€o aony
DroblctDl o( uoacoapllancc ylt! t+a
i"r, too !0r3, contlgucd cltorts to
tb;ert, lull votlar rlshllL 8Dd tlo
loag .{'Fg!st ahcrd to dllai!.att

- tJrosc ra(e$retds oocl.
rrttosrEr,ltct.lll rct

Nor Is tba Issue laY lon8er ebctbcr
tbc salc$rardl of scctloB 5 sbould be
dlssipated by lsposlnrr gEclealasct
uaudsstdc- L.lt y"ats obrcctloE to
tbs redlstrlsrrls Plas to Ncs YorL
qty els c vlvtd reElndcr t!3t Pt?
cteiraacc ls Eot cotrItDed to . d!a!e
reAon To the coutaat?, De.rts ol 22
States BoE coutc rruder s.ctJon 5.
;hlcb aDpucs to tbc four coracn ct
araerica:- Froa corratlcs !a Eacall aod
Alastz to p8lts ot Net' Easland 19d
Florld3. M6re peoplc alc Prote€ted by
srstloE 5 ta tJrc threc c€vered cou.stics
ia Neg ?orl, CltY thaB iE most ol lhc
Soutban Strt!..

Moreover, uadcr scetion 2. Phlch ap-
pllet Utera[y Ur everT Jr:rlsdictloa ln
the cor:ntr7. a jud8e !B8y toposr Ptt'
clearaace on 1 Starc or eoutrry aot cov'
ered by secdou t U it ls found rrilty ot
discrlri.inattoa- Tbis h:s already becs
donc i.tl at lctst onc eL!€.

MlDority votln tbeE selvel opPosc
natlond& prcclearaace oE Pt?ctlcal
lrouad:l Netloasidc prtclearance
soutd. ls thc aPt Phrasc of Repre'
scntativc E:taa "srnnCtbeu th€ act to
deatb-" It sould {lood an already over''
burdcned sta( at the De9artEent ot
Justlcc sitJr hr:adreds of lhousaEd.s o,
unncce:sart subtoisslons- fre systes
would breal dowa-

In thc con.ltt€!'g vies. tlere also
sas a serious questlotr about the cotr'
stltutlonellty o( suclr a progosal !nas-
nouch as tbc SupreEc Court ortsLuaUy
uphctd lt against 8tt:,cB bccalrse of tbc
cxtcaslve rccord of vottas Ciscri:ainar
don lg thr covered Judsdlctlons- Il ls
vct? rrFlrkely tJlat EatioBside Pre'
clcerasce would bc sustelned ll1 tbt
8bscacs ol suclr fllditl8s on a lully urr
tlonal bads.

Thus, r &outrl assault on sedtroa 5
ts so looger vcrT *edlblc. Instead' t'hc
focr:s Ues sblltcd to rcvlsirg 

"hc 
bail'

ou! provLsions ol tbe Eci by eh'ic5 Ju'
rlsdlct out lrray raoovG tJreorselves
lroa scctlon 5 covcra8a

iE rlEortl cotcroEsl
Thcre rlreedy ls r bailout prov'i-rioa

ts tha curreat LaE. It 15 llEled to tbe

tls! dtssdmfnator? ust o( Utct€cY
t€t& Therctore. Il1 Eost Jud-rdlcttoEl
tt hg aot bcen rvdlgble durLug the
Dcriod of thetr greclcarzncc coTcra8s- 

Orrr orlclnd lcctslaslon dld uoc iB'
cludc ra, uee brllout becausc Sengtor
MArErt'sEd I dld not bcltcve thet a'a
j{6tt![qnrl onc Erlt dcr,sly JustutcA

EoeGvr& a ler coaproraisc b{lout
DroylsioB ers forScd duriuS the Eousc
;l Erpre!€aBtlvcl dcllbcrstloos ehJc!'
rrr acdgrcd to d"a Jurlsdlctions rs
bEcnrtv" to tEglovG tbeil records slBd
to aenonstrgta !r:ll acceptaace of rol'
uoElht DartlclDstloE Tlrc ProvtsloE
piss& ovcrtbeia-l=sly by thc Eousr
ir frt trrd lttsoD^.blc. At '.be sasrc
urne. lt, ir s stUt ttst, 8s it sbotrld bci tt
ts uot dedBed to rqaove tJrc protcc'
tioa o( prceleerascc sltbout vct? eleer
proof tLat tt ls Ro loa8er ueedcd. ls
Lrarr to bell out. Jurisdlstlons EusE
bavc full coopUed rtt!' tbc provisloal
d th. VotEa Ri8hts -{,ct for t!,e Da.:t
l0 yerrs hsYe elllaigascd dlscrrEi&ato'
;;roc.dt$cs aad have deEons-.rat d
rU,et tbcy s,cuept partleiDatloo ot- Ei'
Dorltlca't.brousb clEslnlctlve etrofis
such as rcasoasbly ecc€ssible rcgj$tir'
UoE eltorts to coBbat votcr Lstlsida'
tloa. aad slEllr.r retotag

Tbc bdlout !"qulrc .thc fi:rlsdlc'
dons.to deEoEst::ale thet tJrey beve
takca tosltlvc 3teps to e:rpaDd p?41c{:
pstloa- of rsi.gorttlel ,D thc poullcal
proccsc. T!,is rrqr:lreE€Dt lr aot' 8s
iorue sor:ld lcr tt' iur u.sgarraBtd
*Taft of alftnrarlvc actloa onto ite
?odng RlSlrls AcL It ts. ia !act. a ;e'
qulrcaant !u!y consisttnt lrith t'he
uadcrlying spirit ol the all Attonrcy
Geoeril q/Eu1lll tteac.b Soitb uadc
tbls poiDc wb,eo be testuted bcfore ihc
subcilorotttec oE t,.b, CoDstltution oE
Jan'uary 23:

SccoBd. rt !, iE9€Bdvr rb33 !t aot loE
stshr o, rIG r.,(t shsE elrllr lhc votlqS
Ristrg.f<* rr5 a!,rc!td t! Parg ar r grophr'
iacttc sefefuerd rcalllt r:sirl dlscti,li.EL
tlou la ctr'-e!: Jurjsdlctlor:r h.sins r bist t,:7

ot d!.riEir:.!1oE i.B votr!8' lt t,3d aiothcr
rod reon ct:tial pur?osa rs rcll ehlch Ezs
torr.rd.lookla8 ..!d colstrucltvc tt1 naturt'

Thzg Fur?ose *a:r to elcouriet! surg 1dt
lo€eltd; 6 sring ble.!6 r.Bd othcr m'cial
Eiiorlltls iDlo the lldrsrrlasl ot SEericea
oollticzl lur. In rrl'lsltlllr th. stegurr" 'Jrc
i.epnasE should b. Plzccd oa thlt positivc
obl"cdv! o, thc tlAblatloa. rethe! lh8!
dE'ltunr o! tb. chz9Er that led lo th. p,s-
s38c o, th! lr:t 1? Yrat! a8o.

flre coraralttce re?ort' dt P48p 4j'
sumEarlzrs lhc carc{ul constructioa
ol ttse bailout groylsions ol S 1992
Bccaus: of lhc clear lndlcatlons thai
cftorts wll,l be made to wealieu the
bailout ln the days ahea4 lt is \rottb.
;spcar,lag tha! sullEary

tl ls calsula!.d lo p.rElt zn cflestlvc asd
ottlrty trzr:sition to thc lltor Ehro such er'
clotiolzl ttB2dlea as Prcctrsrzrtc€ at! Do
longar :ecessat. Thit b3ilout aas cantully
ceftea o pt!!qw? thl crsratld prottctloEl
ol s.clioE 5. T::r ItoeistoEs Eort a! 1I i-BtF
6zt!d coo9la3.n(4ry EEOIG: raEovt!8 a5y
cicacnc crouid s.nously undrtana! '.:rr
coti't suucGulz

t?lr com.Eitt?" hrs considcrcd and rcllct'
ed suSSi.silions tha! tha bai:oug provision bG

ecrtcroca by turr.!!a rcYisloDa tte orr



Jutu 9, 19t2
But aoct lErportrnt, tbe lntent trst

slr thc EToat guestlon- U e Binonty
. clltzcu lr dcnicd 6qu'l 69p6sturr1y gi

plrttdprL la thc pollttcrt grocgs.
t!€o thrt tncqully should h conecte
cd. rcSrrtlclr of sh.! Ery os lqry Dot
hrcc baqr !g roaeoae,s E{nr. IOO ycat!
|8a

OpDoEGatt of tbc reanltr trst ..rert
tbrl lt poqld lDtroducr a rlGr ead rp"
grcctdeutett sttad8re rh.t lL dcDrrtt
lroa tha oris:jr.l iDr.EG o( Coniress
rad tbrt, tt ls uaconsrlrurloDrl SpCtf,-
crlly. thcy aue8l thtt tlc prppscd r.E.lrltr tast rould coEstltuta I qEotr re-qutrenet ol prcgonlourl rcgtrlcatr.
doa" In lrEt ts the bearisg (rnsg-
Crtrfit lt rtoccts the ortsrJul r:adcr-
st 'ncllDs of Concress !a 1966; rrstorE!tbc lc{tl strDd$d that 89pucd for
aoat ol ths p..r! ls yesrE lr coru6hr-' tsoart sDd Eould aot Equlre quotrs

MOrCovc!. th. coEEttt€€ nrXUtUta
dds cxDltdt !,lrEurancst to th" Jt:rattc
IEGU tbrt scctlou 2 docs trot caer,ta
say lr8ht to progortlonal rcprr:tcB!..
UoE-

IEJlntElI. EFttor AslrJtllcr
tbc flth firnda.aeutal lssue ls e--

tausiou of ttrc btun8ual clecttou estst-
rDce prov'lsiolt of pre3cat Les. Tbescprovlsloru do noi cxpiF uatll lglt!'
But sc siloutd urte clcrr out corrn{t
ErEt to grovldc e sufflcteat oppottuEl-
ty tor t.b,c* provlsioos to achicvc tbeir
prJr?orc- lt lr pertlcqlarty lEpor.taut
tha! pc do so llr vlclr of t.bc le,ct tletbllb bayG bccn tatroducrd to rrDGII
tlcsc provtstons duriag. tle crlucnd er-
tcnslon of th€ a.t-

SIEtles elforrs Eerc overhetaln8ly
rcjected to the Eouse. Opponeats ralsi
tcro ar?ltaeEts against thesc prod.
dons Thctr allcged costs lrDd thair al-
leged tapect on thc d.ucrirn EBeltlEa
pot U"dtt oE- Eac! sas rcjestcd by Uri
coEJritt a

Artr! th. lalttal startup end terTtt-
lng eltorts. thc adolnisttzuve burdca
aBd cost ls Dot exc.lsive. IB Los A.uc-
lcs.CouDty. the costs droppcd by over
80 pcr.cent betwecn 19?6 iid t9ri0 aEel! the lattcr electlon {5.OOO votrt! rFquestcd Spanbh latguage uratertajs.
Con8ressaa Prqt McC.Losrry of Call-loratr Bho questroned tbesc prod-
slons, acEnowledged this shen he tr.-
tltled Ln the Eor:sc.

It crn oo longer bc sryu.d that th! colt irrrcllslvc for !.h! bilLns:ral b.,Uof
\ Nce forl St.at Attorncy Gcaeral

Robcrt Abrarll sgeed E1r.b, ghsg vcr-
dlct-

The tbcoretlcar uar.uoeut bes bcc!thet sucb blllngud assistaDe raj8ht
aralcc laaguage EdBority A.rrericans
Eon! slpanrtc and lnsulatc theE troErtlc orhstrearo o( Aroerlcas soctcty.fhet erz::racat stends lodc oir tis
besd Eistory t€actrc. us that thc b6tsay to avoid lnsularity ls lo brinr
pcople lnro t.hc pollucal proclss: DoE t{,
urake thea !c.l shut out.

!9e should aot tur! our backs aotr
oE thc tlousands of oldcr Americaos
Ebo, throug! oo !aul! o( thcir oer.sinply have no! hed tbc oppoftt:oJti
to learrr Fngtr<h Bell eaoug! !o votr

CONGRTSSIONAL RECORD - SENATE s 6561
EttDout pdnlut, eaberrassmeat end
dangctrus confusloa-

Tlrc ucrr u!.$tnrity o( rrltncsrcr to
suDport o( thc btun8lrrl clccilon prcvl-
sloq rcveded tlre rtdcsprcld support
tbay ?doy l! thc @urresr IIr tic rd-
ulajstrluoD" 8Dd ln tJle pubuc.

We wlll dlssuss rU ol ibcc€ lssrrcs Ia
Eor! d.r.rr durrrs tbc dchte ta tbc
ncxt tcg dar& But tJrcre ls oDG ovGa.rldlns prlldplc to Ehlcb Ba Bust
r€tEalB tnra Wc urust kecp fslt! qrtth
rll tlrc mllllq6s ol A.acrlcans cho sull
depcad ou tlrr Vot ag Rlghtr Act to
EFot ct thclr pouUcel freedoo- We
c-anal Palvcr &oE tbst soleEtt r!-
spoollbtUtt

Ibe PRESIDING OEETCER- .Wbo
ylclds trlre?

Mr. lr.lnIEDY. the Sclator lrorD!?.ntr (Mr. Dorr) aDd ths S.!.atortroa ltraryleod (Mt u^rElrl) eerr
here. U I could Just laqulre about
shat tlrc Scaetor froEl t?-nq. brs l!,E!rd-b" hrs bcca hcre lor I couple
ol bour-tbca I FtU nodly tlc Oiorararg..! ss to sbrt Ec l]lt€ld to do.

Mr. DOLE eddrcsscd the Ctralr.Tb! PRESIDING OtEICf- Ita
Scr:.tor frorq Esrsst

l4r. DOr.n Mr. Prcsldeat. thc Scar.
tor frooa Eanses triu bG spea&lns oa
thls lcdslrttoa r,t lcn8:tb posslbly t+
Eorrolr. But I do bcUevc tbc accour-
rqodedoa Doe e,8rel{ to tbat, lf. la
tact e cloture aouou Is Ecclssar? thEt
tJre vott rrould coEc oa tuisdry.
lECrBi that tbr lrottoE to prlccad ls
Eoglls in thc rtght dlrEdoD-
_ I Eould say. 8s ur:detrcored by both
ScnatoE troE Nort!, Carollar it ls
oot anybody's lateutlou otl thls sjde to
obstnrct tbc ruovcucn& o{ thc bill. ItbiDt soEc nry bc opposed to it soocE.y bc tor lL soEi,G E8y cr.Dt tornc.Ed lt but I do Dot bcllevc tbeE b
aay lEtcrt to try to obstnrs! tbe prcB-
ress ot tbc btll- I bopc thst 15 propclly
Doted.

It has been cxpresscd by both Sena-tors frora North Caroltaa &Dd. p.r.
lrapq othcrs bctore thc Senator fioo,
&nsas aE{ved- ?his is Lo,porta-o,c le8-
FIatioL tlcre are dllterences of opin-
ion- I conJlra Ehas thc dlstrnarrslidjunior S€nator lroo *oab 

".rotr.-sdd th2,t lt eas hls pur?osc. aad herlld ta 6r,nnltt€q propcrly debatC eaarr
of hls aBcndtrtclt& and sc votrd ou
tbc anenrlFcnts. Onc Fas adopte( asI rccafl. Thc othcn slre uot adopted,
but th.!r ccrtalaly Is not onc scGttUe
of evldencr of aDy erfort by tbc distln-grishcd Junlor Senator ftorn liorth
Carollna to dday coruidcradon of thc!{lt fi sgmnittee. So thts Seaator, tor
o^ne ls aoc sut!8lnttng Ec just ou8ht to
tllros, up olJt hand: and slnply vote.
Ttrcre are a.Eenr{-cnts to be o(fered.Thf! Scnalor bclievcs Fr! hsvestren8thend tha Eousc biU crlth
clraaSes Ezde la s€clloo 2 rnd in src-tlou 5. Other Scnator: rlll dlsagrec.
Ead cenai.uly there should bc amptetlac for dlscussioa for debate, for ib,e
oflerinS o( a.u.en'ln ent&

I th:rl.E nos thet thcre has bceu aa
aSrecaeot by tlc senlor Sctretor frorn

Notth Carollnr not to obrcct to a votaon Tucsdr,y aad. perhegs. *hea thrdirtlnsulshcd melorlly tc.,C!a coEca
brclc thcre arn !s soBG chaage! Eradetha! sould sstlsty sycrTona

So far as tJrls Sctlator kaoes t Lnos
uo onr eho ls op9ecd to thc coDcrDtof lrhat Ea B:rat to do la tha broad
scasc. I thlr.k whes, Fc get trrto spccll-icr hos lt afccts ccrtel.u St8e.+ihAss hrce r dlllcrent rtce. rad lt lsprobrbly golaS !o bc not€d tlrti soEGot tborc Strt ! uot eftrtcd E,8tbc d;uot ltrvc r:s Euch cotrcc&B !! soEretirt rre r,llcdcd.
- & I 4l bc spceE=r rbout spcel!:cs
to ra dtort to EaI,r ttrc lefdslgive his.
t-ory. rc t thhL the Sco^atOr 11oE (ri-hrrrr{ gp wcll errucr, so tha! tE, l?.ctpcoplc .rtll lool 8t Dot only th. bitJ'
not ooly th€ votr oo tlre bll!, Dot onlythc hlstor? of thc biU t!, tbc con:ntt-
lgq !u! tbcy 'lv{l 8lso caretuuy strjdytbc lcgislatlve hjstory on rhr -Se-oi
floot-

So I sey tc rll tbosc rbo rre t-n-
volved I.bope ree c-n proccd cujctly.Th! ls lsporraat lcsjstarlcrL it aoii
heve brord bipertlsaa $Dport. tt has
bccn endor:cd by tle pnsiacat of the
Unttcd St t€.

- The Semtor froe tan:ts nouqC. I
Lbinl, f wcet s8io, ia thc Wesnirsfu;
lost a !.i!!r to the edttor by Aradiord
Rcynold,a of the DcpaEEent o{ Jus-
tlce. lrho Bas actl"e |! thrs leAislattoD.sho lndlcated tbat th. btu had bc!3stlenSthend by eh3n8e3 tn section 2.
and that the Jrrstlcc Depaiturent ha.d
bees a,ctlve 1.8 t!,c corisigcrattca oi
those chaitgra

So thls Senalor belleves se casr dts-cu:Il tbe bll]. debate lL olrer a.srend-
?e?ts, arld othlrrise procerrl ul i- c.-qerry Eay.

J -suegest, ti:e absence of I quorura
shlle we arc checkitra to sec q;[,ether
or not the dlstinSuished Senator lrom
Msrylaad (lrlr. M^r-srg) ira..ts ta
spesk todey.
,tlrc PRE*sIDf.\iG OEIICER. The

Certs crill qali thc rotl
Tbe .{rsBAnt Sectatar? proceedexl

t call :he roll.
Itrt STt\,1ErS. Mr. prrsidenr. I ,.ktlnan&Dous cotrsent that the order for

ttrc quorua cal.l be rescindeA
Thc PRESIDIIIG OFF.ICE. With-

out obj€ctlon, it is so ordcred-

r;rE CALE\DA-R,
Ittr. STAfEIIS. Mr. president. I ask

unaainous corEient, that the follou;ing
llems !c considered en bloe CatendE
l!o. 595. Calendar No. 61{. CatenJarNo. 615, Cdendar No. 61?. CalenJarNo. 518. Calendar hio. 619, CalenJarNo. 620, ealendat No. 621. Cafenaar
llo. 622, Cdendar No. 623. Cafenaar
{o.62{, Catendar No. 634. ana Calio-
dar No. 660.

-The PRESIDI}TG OFI'ICEE- Is
there objec!totr?

-Mr. ROBER,T C. BED. ReserrlnStlc riShr to object. Mr. pre.iclrnt.
Mr. hesjdest, there is ao oblectiou-

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Affidavit of Alex K. Brock

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