Folder
Work Folder 5: Pleading, Transcripts and Appendix
Working File
January 17, 1972 - September 14, 1975
588 pages
-
Case Files, Garner Working Files. Work Folder 5: Pleading, Transcripts and Appendix, 1972. 33fe82b0-49a8-f011-bbd3-7ced8d1ab803. LDF Archives, Thurgood Marshall Institute. https://ldfrecollection.org/archives/archives-search/archives-item/2bd45e14-1f5a-4699-b367-603958757f12/work-folder-5-pleading-transcripts-and-appendix. Accessed September 25, 2026.
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- / J - . z
MEMPHIS POLICE DEPARTMENT, ET
WF. NO . - S ' OF
• "■■ ■■/! ' .̂'WV
■V ■ ̂ ,V. »•
■ . INvL-^ UNITED STATES DISTRICT-^OURT
FOR THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE WESTERN DIVISION
MARTHA WILEY,
PlsLintiff,
vs.
MEMPHIS POLICE DEPARTI4ENT,
et al.
Defendants.
NO. C-73-3
NOTICE OF APPEAL
Notice is hereby given that Martha Wiley, plaintiff
above named, hereby appeals to the United States Court of
Appeals for the Sixth Circuit from the final judgment entered
in- this action on the fifteenth day of July, 1975.
1
This 14th day of August, 1975.
CL-JJ
G. Philip A m o l
CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE
The undersigned hereby certifies that on this fourteenth
day of August, 1975, he served one copy of the foregoing Notice
of Appeal on counsel for defendants, Arthur J. Shea, Assistant
City Attorney, 314 City Hall, 125 North Main Street, Memphis,
Tennessee, 38103, by United States mail, postage prepaid.
% cuiji. r x .j^
000287
l £ l l
V l i . ^ «
^ 2 s^,2 j . ■syU it
IN THE
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
NO. 75-2321
MARTHA WILEY, Mother and Next of Kin
of Fred Lee Berry, a Deceased Minor,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
vs.
MEMPHIS POLICE DEPARTMENT, et a l . ,
Defendants-Appellees.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Western District of Tennessee
Western Division
APPENDIX — VOLUME I
[Pleadings and Transcript]
CLIFFORD D. PIERCE, JR.
ARTHUR J. SHEA
CHARLES V. HOLMES
Room 314, City Hall
125 North Main Street
Memphis, Tennessee 38103
PAUL R. DIMOND
WILLIAM E. CALDWELL
520 Woodward Building
733 Fifteenth Street, N. W.
Washington, D. C. 20005
Attorneys for Defendants-Appellees
JACK GREENBERG
CHARLES STEPHEN RALSTON
DRE^V S. DAYS, III
Suite 2030
10 Columbus Circle
New York, New York 10019
G. PHILIP ARNOLD
525 Commerce Title Building
Memphis, Tennessee 38103
Attorneys for Plaintiff-Appellant
1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Volume I
Docket Entries
Complaint (1/8/73)
Motion to Dism iss (1/30/73)
Order on Motion to D ism iss (4/11/73)
Answer of Individual Defendants (7/11/73)
Order Continuing Trial (1/3/74)
Motion for Summary Judgment ( l/H /7 4 )
Motion for Summary Judgment ( l/H /7 4 )
Motion to Strike Demand for Jury Trial
(2/6/74)
Discovery Order (2/13/74)
Motion to Reconsider Order of April 11, 1973
(4/12/74)
Motion for Partial Summary Judgment
(4/12/74)
Consent Order Dismissing Certain
Defendants (4/25/74)
Order on Pending Motions (10/7/74)
Answer of City and Police Department
(11/14/74)
Consent Order Dismissing Certain
Defendants (1/27/75)
Consent Order Waiving Jury Trial
(1/29/75)
Page
1
5
18
22
23
28
30
32
33
38
41
44
47
48
51
53
54
- 2 -
Volume I
Amended Answer (4/2/75)
Excerpts from Trial Transcript
(April 2, 3, 7, and 8, 1975)
Memorandum Opinion (6/30/75)
Motion to Modify Opinion (7/11/75)
Judgment (7/15/75)
Order Modifying Opinion (7/25/75)
Notice of Appeal (9/14/75)
Page
55
56
236
259
262
263
267
CIVIL DOCKET ^
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
T'HA’.’S ’̂ y.PICD ff' Jl=;r-S WK.LF'^D ~ 6 -6 -7 3
o
] * •» Jury demand date: 7-11-73 , ■ ’
o. c. f m N«. lo* iu». TT 2'~
i TXTLX OF CASE
«
A -r^N ^s •; 1 _ s ' ' '
^ U " J
MARTHA W ILEY. M o th e r a n d N e x t n f t f ln n f 17 For plaintiff:
F r e d L a e B e r r y , a D e c e a s e d M in o r Wm. E . C a l d w e l l
VS . 5 2 i C om m erce T i t l e ^ d g .
M em ph is P o l i c e D e n t . ; C - itv o f M em p h is f T e n n ;
B i l l P r i c e . C d i e f o f P o l i q e o f M e m p h is ;
H e m p h is 3 8 1 0 3
• H e n r y L u x , F o rm e r C h i e r o f P o l i c e ; J_ la c lq _ G JL e sn b e tg ____ i___
w y er.“\ (■" m d l e r . > ^avor o f M e m o .'i i t ; 10 C olu-m cus C r . , N . Y . lO m O J ^
! H e n ry L c a b , F o rm e r M a y o r ; M. J . C a l l i h a n .
Rv - D ' . '^ d f e s o n , B . J . C o x , J . iC. R i c h a r d s ,
O f f i c e r s o f t h e Cl t v n f M emph-ia a n d Tnhn nn^
a n d o t n a r s s i m i l a r l y s i t u a t e d
1
,
J
• For defendant:
F r i e r s o n G r a ''? e s , A r t SF>ea a n d Ve-,n
-435-It.Maia-
f> j n o g"-g
iy sji fJ £i ^
STATISTICAL RECORD
;
cons DATS NAME OR
RECEIPT NO.t .n . ......... -
REC. DISB.
J.S. 5 mailed /? 7 ̂ Clerk
/
‘r ^
J.S. 6 mailed / 7 7.7~ Marshal
j /
Basis of Acti:^: C i v i l R i g h t s Docket fee
" 1 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 a . 00-------------- —
Witness fees
Action arose at: Depositions
000001
o
DAT* _1973
7B0CZKDIKGS
A#^idavtt and order allowing suit on P 0l
D«tv Ord« o.
Not
>17/73
..................... - -------------- ;---- —
TeeiiaH gnmmnns anri firry — — , ,,, ,,,
F i l e d n a r . r e t . on sunrn-.ons.serv J .K .R i . e h a r d s ,
rnions.serv B»J«Cox, 1 /1 6 /7 31 / n / 7 3 F iled n a r .r e t . on stmmona.serv i / n f- 'n
1 /I 7 /73 Fil»H m .rr.ret. on summons, serv A .K .S ta U in a s , 1/^-K—l/17/73_
1 /1 7 /7 3
1 /1 7 /7 3
1 /1 7 /7 3 .
1 /1 7 /7 3 .
l/17/73_
1 /1 7 /7 3 ,
1 /1 7 /7 3
1 /1 7 /7 3
L71.-/7.1 .
K .S ta ll in g s fo r Memphis P o lic e DepC.~. 1 /1 1 /7 3^ ^ r . r e t .^^^riuMnons.serv A .K .Stal l ln g s to r
L , ! d on aummonslserv A .K .S ta ll ln s s fo r John Doe, 1 /11 /7 3
F ile d tn a r .re t . e" gutmiQns.sery
F ile d n a T .r e t . on summons .s e r v Je-a e l Ray, capt
W.W.Wannaniaker, 1 /1 5 /7 3 ____________.. . ----------- for Jar Rule. l/ll/7r
P iled
P ile d m a r .re t , on sumnons■serv
A .K .S ta l l ln g s . fo r Vfyeth Chan d le r . 1 /1 1 /7 3
M .J .C a lllh an . 1 /1 5 /7 3
F ile d n a r .r e t . on summon s.serv . R .D .R oleson. 1 /15 /73
F iled m a r .r e t , on sumnons. serv Bill Price. 1/15/73
F ile d m a r .re t , on. summons. serv Hanrv Lux. 1 /1 5 /7 3
F ile d
T T O
mar r e t . Oned motion
etmminns. se n tto dismiss
Henry T̂ rteH 1 /17 /73—^ ------- —nn hphalf of all defendants.
Mfniornniium In ■nirimrr J?;!!* H
2 - 16-73:^'1
3 - 21-73
in sGpnort ot motion
Order attending Time For Response to Motion ̂ Dx3im.S3 - g<?pr to Caldwell.
and Gravesana graves_______ ____ _________________ _________________— 77-
F i l e d p l a i n t i f f * s memorandum In o p p o a i t i o n — t Q- fll ffPlSS
A .n - 7 3 7 ^ n ed n lr im n -^ f s H r.l- n --e r ir y nf Memnhll^ motlOlL
■MT/7 ̂ g |F 41pd W dpy on Mnr^nTia m PiSTniSa Qf-.dfff o£, .Hftnphis Fffl ic e
. . - ' I 1 ___ _ t' - i.^.-amlss Of rem ain ing o e rs oe u v c ....e .e ... „ |—n - , - - - . . .— -̂----------- 7 —
̂ < / n . / 7 F < / U e d n - d . r e r r , t i n e f o t to f i l e a n r - e r s o r n h l - fo I n t e n ro g a to rAae
^ C- --d . - n l in d i r r g / d s / F i , rnn» rn Gdld-'°''1 and C ranes------------------ ---— -̂---------
Caldwell
C c. T5/»F-»led Order T ran sferrin g uauao ----------------------------- --------------------- ;—
'̂ T gT ?$?/F lled d efen d an t's o b jec t io n s r t to p l a i n t i f f s f i r s t In terro sa to r i^
. *J ̂ 7-------- 7 e. ' ___(eTTavofl - frT^^nbei?ff ai
tn flTliT Wr .̂VSS--- ----- ----------Cadse from Chief Judge Brovm to Judge Wellford_
o » I» ^ 7 J //F tL ed d e fe n d a n t’ s oDiec c io n e »x _______■
o.a.7^QSii.d o rr
rxxttu tuvi.A.v4> 1.W ---- --V-----------------------——feas with supporting points and authotitieaI reeg wxtn -------- -------, . ^ ,eT ’
- 6-27-73 /<J Piled certificate of counsel for plalntlrt
7-]j.-7FyirPiled Answer of defti^ants
8 -3 -7 3 /^
: /c /7 3
driroc?tVon OO motlL to ^OrTICCrdiSCnY^r/ and fOrrmrieQ r.̂ ars3np«°rg, Caldwi^H and Magistraliae.
Fn^d A^eTOyo'praSttlff's^^F^SriAiWogatories DefendantI
. r i l e d mem r a n d u m a f n n l n t s a nd a u t b .
. a - 7 - 7 3 V.y) F i l e d a f f i d a v i t o f g .C . Swann< -■ . j —:—:—? “TTTm ____ _ «.i
i n SUB
3 - 7 - 7 3 FI l ea a r i i o a v t t o t c ..u, lawoutL---------------— ----- ----------------------— ----------------
1 3 - 7 - 7 3 r i l e d d e f e n d a n t s ' a n sw er t o p l a i n t i f f ’ s m o t io n t o compel d ia c Q v e ry --
I rt- ,' - ; .rni‘l 7 a l e d Aff i d a v i t o f B i l l P r i c e .!• ■ t <■ I 1 --1 ' r>iei L>QfoT"onr»̂ (̂ jnng-3/iO/Vj Hk~/oA^^oti dê ferance^o^oneeim ng U iseo v ery . C opies m a iled 0 . Al l i s o n
------------------- ------- rm _______________ V.. e.-Taa ;r !f> in in davs o f th e I n t e r r o g a t o r i e s --------
?^ T i 1 2d O rd er d i ac:Q32arRd i .=i—y i.'i I pn ^ i i 'a e r u i .̂.xa.x x.. —m " -------------- — . ,
i.-m ii-o d fcmpoi f i e a l l v hn t.bp Ma.t.-iirp a nd ey*-?n t— n f an i n t e r n a l---------
^ t e o u r i t v ^ i n v e s t l g a t l o n ^ t h r e s p g c t f o rn t,27roK o.t o r i e s I P
Copies to Caldwell. Allison. Graves and qr^gnpers.. -----------^ — ------Copies “CO La±awe-Lx,_j. rLT-Pâ Agn-hg'
F i l ed Answers t o P I a l n t l f f » s F i r s t I n t e r r o g a ^ n e s t o DefendgirU
Tn' ii._ 7 7 9 7 [711 ed r r l - l n n f*or n r n d n e t . l on n f dnn>im pnt,s ------------------ -— ——
n ~ 'i7 7 F P la in t i f f ' s Second I n t e r r o g a to r i e s 2 req u e s t s fo r Prorh i c t j ^-• -- ------— —;— 1-- :--:-- 1 __ w_ 1 /I » TA ^<1- m/ir̂ r̂ na «r objection!
l - 3 - 7 4 2 ^ < « r F i l e d o r d e r
s oecona i.nLermf-',a.oui j.c j -m ■ » • -*r-̂ — - .,r.-.:aAi.3 r --- ------- —
d e f e n d a n t s have to 1 /1 1 - 7 4 t o J . l J e _ r a o i . i o M _ o x , o b j e c ^ o j l 8 ^ ^
b t* i^ n T rn 'n ia~T r~6 i ~ t r i a r d i t ^ 1 - 2 8 - 7 4 - c o p i e s t o G r e e n o ^ g C a Id we I Ll a nd^ _Gra^^_
o D
/ Tttia ceno r.ssi--
IX C. no Rcr. ClTtl Z>eek«i Coottamtlaa
PBOCSKDINOS 3*3?.!' 77. \TELLroRH, j:^Doz
f i l - l l -T O ifS F lle d M otion f o r auimnary Judgment on beharf~~6r'aefsudanfraT -ireeb ,"
'* I T.ny, C handler, and P r ic e 'p u r su a n t to r u le 5 6 . F ed era l R ales o f
rn v 11 °ror;adnre.
1 - n - 7 Z; pd ;̂1n■̂ .̂ nn fo r simrrarv ^lldgg■ent gn b e h a lf _ Of d e fen d a n ts C a lllh a n
^ olp son and Cox ?'-irsuant to Rule . F ed era l R ules o f C iv i l
ProfiPdure.
[gn pd a f f i d a v i t o f Wveth C h an d ler. Henry Loeb, Henry Lux ajid B i l l
P r ic e tn support o f a c t io n fo r sLunmarv liidgment p u rsu an t to R ule 5£
:nf th e f e d e r a l P u le s o f C iv i l P roced u re.
1 - n - 7 il3 5 p i le d A f f id a v i t o f M .J. C a ll lh a n . R.D. R o le so n , and 3 .G. Cox Tn~
sup p o rt n f mnt-.inn dor summary ludam ent p u rsu an t to Rule 5 o o f the
ppdprflT P u le s o f C iv i l P roced u re.
I - n Pd n eT norend im o f p o in t s and a u t h o r i t i e s in su p p ort off d e fen d a n ts
|m'ntlnns fo r sim nary Jiidg n en t p u rsu an t to R ule 5 6 . F ed era l R u les o f
l0 ^ v ^ ^ P r o o p d n r p .
T-1 :.-7 ^i.^??^llpd answ ers to p l a i n t i f f ' s second I n t e r r o g a t o r ie s .
l / 2 V 7 \ 5 ^ F l l e d m otion t o r s r t . n f tdmp w t̂.>n^n ^ri^^oh tn rpgpnnd to on t^ona r̂rr-
i stanmary .judgment, with supporting memorandummm Motion for Order Compelll;ig Discovery, With Supporting Megoraad’jKi
Motion To Strike Defendants' Demand For Trial 3y J'xry.
2-6-7tt3y Memorandum in Regard To Plaintiff 3 Motion To Strike defendants' Demand FoF~
Trial By Jury.
2 i7 l7 k I f d ? l£ d response to nlf’ 3 motion for order oompelllng discovery
0 - 1 3 - 7 ii< tflied o rd er on m otion s o f p l f . fo r d is c o v e r y and fo r e x t , or tim e
d e f t s . t o produce In fo rm a tio n by 3 - 1 - 74- and p l f ' s to respond
|b v ^ - l 8 - 7 ^ . copy t o C a ld w e ll, G reenberg and Graves
^/15/7^ Suoolemental Motion for Order Comnelling Discovery vith Memorandum in .Sinmnrt
& in Regard to Courtis Order of 'g’ph-niflry 1'̂ . 1Q7U
2/ I 5 / 7 I4. A ff id a v it o f W illiam E. Caldwell
2 . 2 0 - 7 ^ & ^ iled response to olf's motion to strike lefts' demand for trial by jury
2-20-7^4‘'‘>j iled memorandum in suTjport of lefts' resnonse to rlf's motion to strike
defts' demand for trial by
3-i-7^tyiled Mempnis Police Depaitment Homielde Bureau's file.
3/18/7̂ *- Motion for Ebctension of Tine Within Withch To Respond to Motion for
m
Judgment
7-1Q-^ 1 ord er g r a n t in g e x te n s io n o f tim e to respond to d e fe n d a n t's
m otlcn fo r summary ludgm ent. through ^ - 1 2 - 7 ^ . C op ies to G reenberg,
C a ld w e ll and Shea.
P l a i n t i f f ' s motion to recon sid er order o f A pril 11, 1973
4-12-74 V6)P l a i n t i f f ' s motion for p a r t ia l sxunmary judgment
p l a i n t i f f ' s memorandum in e o p o s i t l o n t o m o t io n s f o r summary ju d g m e n t , i n s u p p o r t
o f m o tio n f o r t e c o n s i d e r a t i o n T and in s u p p o r t o f m o t io n f o r p a r t i a l summary ludemen
A cn en d l^ i n s u p p o r t o f m o t io n f o r p a r t i a l summary iudymene4-12-74̂ ;?A f f i d a v i t o f M artha W llpv mmoiilb-7 4 3 *.̂ Filed deposition of 3. 3. Cox.
Filed deposition fo Michael James Callihaa
4-16-74 <*^Filed depositionof R. C. Roleson
l6-?4;f. 1 Filed Deposition of James K. Richards, III______________________________
Consent order dismissing defendants Roleson and Calliham with prejudice. .gppy,.______ handed Judge Wellford and mailed Greenberg, Caldwell and Shea.
5-13-74'^? Supplemental Memorandum in Support of I’totion to strike demand for Jury trial.
5-20-74,5^ Supplemental Memorandum In Opposition of Motion To Strike Demand For Jwrr Trial.
- 7 ^ C U rt-r̂ r̂r̂ nn-t-.r.’ p,<ar'rnr;r̂ 'J'n gr»ni.fgar̂ ̂TiyHoy*
o
T T ~ ls ...„v n n C le rk o f th e U n ited S ta te s m s t r i e t C ourt fo r the_
o f T ennessee , do . ^ -ebv c e r tx l - / th a t th e .bove_ i n d e x ^
t.hA (ioeket e n t r i e s i s a t r ' j e Ind c o r r e c t copy o f a l l r e l e v a n t
a n tr ip a which ap p ea r on th e docke t in o i f i c e .
This CUiSK n o n o Q . r
0
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE-
WESTERN DIVISION
A
' x y■ ITHA WILEY, Mother and Next
"t Kin of Fred Lee Berry, a
Deceased Minor,
Plaintiff,
vs.
r>v MEMPHIS POLICE DEPARTMENT;
CITY OF MEMPHIS, TENNESSEE;
HTT.T. p r i c e, aiief of Police
of Memphis; HENRY LUX, Former
Chief of Police; WTETH CHANDLER, .
Mayor of Memphis; HENRY LOEB,
Former Mayor; M.J. CALLIHAN, R.D.
ROLESON, B. J. COX, J. K. RICHARDS,
W. W. WANNAMAKER and JULE RAY, Po-
lice Officers of the City of Memphis;
JOHN DOE and OTHERS SIMILARLY
■SITUATED,
I Tfa-n.
)
V
y
y
y
1
)
rfc
CIVIL ACTION
NO. (T— y s —^
Defendants.
)
pjic:;:
''MQV’i lYHIVS
..COMPLAINT
!.■ The jurisdiction of this Court is invoked
pursuant to 28 U.S.C. SS1331, 1343(3) and (4), 2201 and
2202. This is an action for damages and for declaratory
relief arising under 42 U.S.C. SS1981, 1983, 1985, 198S
and 1988, and the Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, Eighth, Thir
teenth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United states
Constitution to redress the deprivation, under color of
Tennessee law, of rights, privileges «md immunities se
cured by said statutory and constitutionaLL provisions.
The matter in controversy exceeds, exclusive of interest
and costs, the sum. or value of $10,000.00.
2. Plaiintiff Martha Wiley is an adult black
citisen of the United States and the State of Tennessee,
residing in Memphis, Shelby County, Tennessee. Plaintiff
is mother and next of kin of Fred Lee Berry, deceased mi
nor, who died on January 8, 1972 as a result of defendants*
000005
o n■ /
- prtijniaa, practices, customs and usages complained of
herein. At the time of his death, Fred Lee Berry was a
"black citizen of the United States, resided with plain
tiff, was sixteen years old and was a ninth grade stu
dent at Corry Jr. High School in Memphis; his father,
Clinton Berry, was deceased. ,
3. All of the individual defendants are white
citizens of the United States and the State of Tennessee,
residing in Memphis, Shelby County, Tennessee. The de
fendants are as follows:
(a) The Memphis Police Department (hereafter
■Department") is a department or agency
of the City of Memphis and is charged by
------------— -law-with the law enforcement responsibi-
̂ _____________ Lities of the City of Memphis. The De
partment has a duty to operate in a law
ful manner so as to preserve the peace of
_the_JCity of Memphis and to preserve to
the citizens of Memphis the rights, privi
leges and immunities guar2uiteed and se
cured to them by the Constitution 2md laws
-of the United States.
i
Jb)_The City of Memphis (hereafter, "City") is.. ___
a municipal corporation organized and exis-
-fclng under the laws of the State of Tennes
see. The City, pursuant to law, operates
— -the defendant Memphis Police Department,
which the City has the duty to operate in
conformity with the Constitution and laws
of the United States.
(c) Bill Price is Chief of Police of Memphis.
At the time of Berry's death, defendant
Price, as Chief of Police, was chief exe
cutive officer of the Memphis Police De
partment and had the powers, duties and
responsibilities which presently reside in
Jay W. Hubbard, Director of Police.
- 2 -
o r^.''V
s
I
fendant Price continues to be, along
with Jay W. Hubbard, responsible for the
lawful operation of the Department. Prior
to becoming Chief of Police, defendant
Price was a police officer of the City and
Department, and has been, throughout his
employment with the Department, Involved
and active In the establishment ^md opera
tion of the policies, practices, customs
and usages pertaining to the use of firearms
coD^ladjied of herein. Defendant Price Is
sued individually and In his present and
former official capacities with the Depart
ment and City.
(d) Henry Lux was Chief of Police of the City
prior to defendant Price, emd prior to be
coming Chief of Police defendemt Lux was a
police officer of the City and Department.
'Throughout his employment with the City and
---Department, defendant Lux was Involved and
active in the establishment and operation
of the policies, . practices, custoios and usa
ges pertaining to the use of firearms com-
plained of herein. Defendant Lux is sued
individually and in his former official ca
pacities with the Department and City.
(e) t^eth Chandler is Mayor of the City and, as
such, is the City's chief executive officer.
Defendant Chandler is responsible for all
policies and practices euid actions or omis
sions of the Department and its members and
the duty to preserve to all citizens
the rights, privileges cuid immunities se
cured by the Constitution juid laws of the
United States. Prior to becoming Mayor,
on Jauiuary 1, 1972, defendant Chandler was
- 3 - 000007
I
.J
a menber o£ the Memphis City Council, the
City's legislative body. Both as Council-
mem emd as Mayor, defendant Chandler has
expressly defended, approved and encouraged,
emd has been involved,and active in the es
tablishment emd operation of, the policies,
practices, customs and usages pertaining
to the use of firearms complained of herein.
Defendemt Chemdler is sued individually emd
in bis present and former official capa
cities with the City.
(f) Henry iKjeb was Mayor of the City prior to
January 1, 1972, and prior to being Mayor
he had been a City Commissioner under the
previous form of City government. As
Mayor of the City, defendant Loeb was re
sponsible for «d.l policies amd practices
and aJ.1 actions and omissions of the De
partment and its members and had the duty
to preserve to all citizens the rights,
privileges amd immiinities secured by the
Constitution and laws of the United States.
Defendant Loeb has expressly defended, ap-
.»proved amd encouraged, and ham been involved
amd active in the establishment and opera
tion of, the policies, practices, customs
and usages pertaining to the use of fire
arms complaiined of herein. Defendant Loeb
is sued individually and in his former of
ficial capacities with the City.
(gl M. J. Callihan, R. D, Roleson, B. J. Cox
J. K. Richaurds aure police officers of
the City and members and employees of the
Department. At the time of Berry's death
these defendamts were officers, agents
and employees of the defendamt City, De—
- 4 - 000008
/r,
partment, Chamdler and Price, and were
former officers, agents euid employees of
defendants Loeb and Lux, and were directly
immediately responsible for Berry's
death. These defendants are sued indivi-
duaaiy emd in their official capacities with
the City.
(h) W. W. Wannamaker and Jule Ray 2u:e police
officers of the City emd Department and are
superiors of defendants Callihah, Roleson,
Cox, 2uid Richards. Defendant Wannamaker
is in charge of amd responsible for the
training and instruction of officers and
employees of the Department, including de
fendants CcLllihan, Roleson, Cox and Richcurds,
atn/i has been and is, along with his prede
cessors, in charge of and responsible for
the establishment and operation of the po
licies, practices, customs and usages per-
— “taining to the use of firearms complained of
_ herein. Defendant Ray is a captain in
charge of the South section or precinct, an
administrative division of the Department
which includes the geographic area of the
City in which plaintiff's deceased minor
• son, Fred Lee Berry, was fatally wounded
and to which defendants Ceillihan, Roleson,
Cox emd Richards were assigned; as such
captain in charge of the South section or
precinct, defendant Ray and his predeces
sors have been 2md are in charge of and re
sponsible for the training, instruction and
control of, and for the actions auid omis
sions of, defendants Callihan, Roleson, Cox
yn/i Richards in the performance of their
duties and responsibilities regarding the
- 5 - 000009
14
i
'“I -_y
- .1
use o£ firearms. Defendants Wannam2dcer and
Ray, and their predecessors in the Depcurt-
r
ment, have been involved and active in the
establishment and operation of the policies,
practices, customs and usages pertaining
to the use of firearms complained of herein.
Defendants Wemnamaker and Ray 2u:e sued in
dividually emd in their official capacities,
(i) John Doe and others similarly situated
whose identities are presently unknown to
plaintiff, are the predecessors in posi
tion or office of the above-named indivi
dual defendcints, and other persons ,
(1) who have been engaged aindbeen active in
2md responsible for the estaiblishment
and operation of the policies, prac
tices, customs etnd usages pertaining
to the use of fireaunns complained of
herein, and/or
---- (2)' who have been superiors of defendants
Calliham, Roleson, Cox and Richaurds
and, who have been responsible for the
training, instruction and/or control
of said defendants in the performance
of their duties generally and, in par
ticular, in their use of fireaunns. De-
fendamts Doe and others are sued in
dividually amd in their present and
former official capacities, if any.
I
COONT ONE
For mamy years, and at present, the defendaint
City, acting through the defendant Department and defen
dants Chandler, Loeb, Lux, Price, Wannamaker, Ray, Doe amd
others, ham initiated, sanctioned, approved, required and
- 6 - 000010
A n -
. I
tolerated (to the extent that it has become a policy, prac
tice, cvistom and usage) a pattern of training, weaponry,
instruction and orders with regard to officers and emplo
yees of the Department which requires or mcikes inevitable
the use of fatal force in effecting or attempting to ef
fect the arrest or apprehension of unarmed persons who
pose no threat to the lives or safety of aurresting police
officers or to the lives or safety of members of the com
munity under c ir cumstances which cure such that nonle-
thal force would suffice to effect such arrests and the
use of lethal force is not reaisonably necess2UT̂ . This
policy, practice, custom and usage was instituted and re
mains in effect under color of Tenn. Code Ann. §40—808;
it represents defendants' interpretation and application
of said statute in Memphis. Specifically, Memphis police
men have been and are trained, informed and/or instructed
to utilize deadly firearms to shoot to kill any person,
regardless of age, who does not promptly obey a command
"to halt; Memphis policemen have not been and are not
trzLined, informed or instructed to evaluate or attempt to
Utilize means other than deadly firearms to effect the
arrest or apprehension of persons who do not promptly obey
a to halt; amd, Memphis policemen have not been
aure not traLined, informed or instructed to distin
guish between juveniles and adults in the utilization of
fteadly firearms to effect the arrest or apprehension of
persons who do not promptly obey a command to halt. Ju
veniles (“child," ais defined in Tenn. Code Ann. §37-202
(])) who commit acts which would be crimes if committed
by adults, are treated as delinquents (Tenn. Code Ann.
$37-202(3)) under Tennessee law, not as criminals (see
Tenn. Code Ann. §37-233), and are legally incapable of
committing felonies and receiving punishment therefor, ex
cept in very narrow circumstances and then only after a
hearing in juvenile court in accordance with Tenn. Code.
Ana. $37-234.
- 7 - 000011
V
0
— ̂
5. The policy, practice, custom and usage de
scribed in the preceding paragraph 4, as it applies to
juveniles, has not been and is not uniformly applied and
given effect in all geographic areas of the City of Memphis
emd to all races in the City of Memphis; either by training,
information and instruction or by policy, practice, custom
and usage, the policy, practice, custom and usage described
in puagraph 4 has been emd is applied and given effect
only to black juveniles or to black persons reasoh^ly
suspected of being juveniles and has been and is applied
given effect only in predominantly black fleighborhdbds
or neighborhoods which are identified and perceived as
black neighborhoods it has not been and is not applied
or given effect to white juveniles or to white persons
reasonably suspected of being juveniles and has not been
jind is not applied or given effect in predominantly white
neighborhoods or neighborhoods which are identified cuid
perceived as white neighborhoods. - ~ _
6. On Janu«u:y 8, 1972 plaintiff's Black miner
son, Fred Lee Berry, was shot to death by defendant po*-
lice officers C£d.lihan, Roleson, Cox and Richards aeting
pursuant to the policies, practices, customs and usages
^described in pcuragraphs 4 and 5 above, cuid in aeedtdahee
with the training, instruction and orders of defendants
WannanuUcer, Ray, Price, Lux, Chandler, Loeb, Doe and
others. Decedent was suspected of brefUcing into the ^uth
Bellevue Marine Co. at 2995 Elvis Presley Blvd., located
in the South section or precinct of the Department, along
with two other black juveniles and attempting to pry open
a drink machine therein, at night. Defendant officers
could see that decedent was not armed; defendant officers
could not have and did not resonably believe that decedent
presented or, if atllowed to escape, would present a threat
to the lives and safety of. defendant officers or to the
lives and safety of other members of the commiihity. Be-
- 8 - 0000,12
0 o
fendant officers believed, or under the circumstances
reasonably should have believed, that decedent was a ju
venile. Yet when decedent allegedly did not promptly
obey the command of defendant officers to halt, defen-
dzmt officers, or some of them, fired upon decedent with
shotguns and pistols with the purpose and intent of kil
ling decedent and with the ultimate result of fatally
wounding him. Defend2mt officers did not evaluate or
atten5>t to utilize, nor were they trained, informed, or
instructed to evcQ.uate or attempt to utilize, means other
them deadly fireeunns to effect the arrest of decedent,
although other nonlethal means were availaible; all as a
result of defendants' policies, practices, customs and
usages described in paragraphs 4 and 5 above, and pur
suant to defendants' training, instruction, eind orders.
7. Defendants Departi^nt, City, Chcmdler, Loeb,
Price, Lux, WannameU«er, Ray, Doe 2uid others had and have
3» duty imposed by law to operate the Memphis Police De
partment in a lawful manner- in accordance with the Consti
tution and laws of the United States. Said duty includes,
without limitation, the duty to properly select, test,
screen, train, instruct and control the police officers
and other members, agents and employees of the Memphis
Police Depcurtment so that said officers, members, agents
anri employees could and would carry out the duties of
their office of employment in such a manner as not to vio
late or deprive citizens of the rights, privileges and im
munities secured by the Constitution and laws of the Onited
States. Defendants have not so selected, tested, screened,
trained, instructed 2uid controlled police officers and
other members, agents and employees of the Memphis Police
Department, but, on the contrary, have selected, tested,
screened, trained, instructed and controlled officers,
including defendants Callihan, Roleson, Cox ^md Richards,
in accord2uice with the policies, practices', customs and
usages described in paragraphs 4 and 5 above. Q O O O i
- 9 -
0
8. Defendants' policies, practices, customs
and usages described above have had the natural, probable
and foreseeable result of causing death or serious bo
dily harm to plaintiff's deceased minor son auid others
similarly situated, thereby depriving such persons of
their rights to be free from excessive and unnecessary
fatal force. Defendants have and have had knowledge that
8<d.d policies, practices, customs and usages would re
sult in such deprivation of rights, yet defendants have
pursued, encouraged cind entrenched said policies, prac
tices, customs emd usages in conscious gross and wanton
I
disregard for the results thereof and the rights of de
cedent and numerous others. Defendants' policies, prac
tices, customs and usages described above serve no bona-
fide law enforcement objectives of the State, City or
Department, ^md defend2mts, with equal ease and convenience,
could have initiated, approved, encouraged and pursued
policies, practices, customs-'and usages which would not
have resulted in the death or serious bodily injury of
decedent and others but which would have preserved their
lives and well-being in a manner consonant with sound,
efficient and effective law enforcement.
, (
1
9» As a direct and proximate result of defen
dants' policies, practices, customs and usages described
above, plaintiff and her deceased minor son, Fred Lee
Berry, emd others similarly situated, have been and are
being deprived of rights, privileges and immunities secured,
provided and guaranteed by the Constitution and laws of
the Onited States, including without limitation the Fourth,
Fifth, Sixth, Eighth, Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amend
ments to said constitution. Without limiting the fore
going, plaintiff's dececised minor son and others similarly
situated have been and are being deprived of their rights
not to be deprived of life, liberty and property without
due process of law, their rights to eqvial protection of
the laws, their rights to be free from crUel and unusual
punishments, their rights to speedy and public criminal}0 0 0 -L ^
- 10 -
0 0
trials by impartial juries or to juvenile court proceedings
in accordance with the Tennessee Juvenile Code, and their
rights to be secure and free from unreasoneible searches
and seizures.
10. Bie policies, practices, customs and usages
of defendants in utilizing deadly firearms to apprehend
black juveniles but not using such deadly force in the ap
prehension of white juveniles creates a racial classifi
cation for which there is no compelling or other justi
fication, in violation of the Equal Protection Clause of
»>w Potirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution,
constitutes a badge of slavery in contravention of
the Thirteenth Amendment to said constitution.
11. As a result of the policies, practices,
customs and usages complained of herein, and on their own
initiative, defendants Callihan, Koleson, Cox and Richards
used excessive and unnecess2ury force, violence and terror
in effecting the arrest or apprehension of plaintiff's
deceased minor son, Fred Lee Berry, as described in para
graph 6 above, in violation of the Constitution and laws
of the United States.
12. Plaintiff’s deceased minor son was in good
health at the he was shot and was intelligent and
good potential for taking his place in society and
earning reasonable wages and salaries, flie gunshot wounds
inflicted by the defendants, or some of them, cuid sustained
by decedent were the sole cause of his death 2ind caused
to undergo great pain and suffering before his death,
for which pain and suffering plaintiff claims damages.
Decedent's personal belongings and effects were confisca
ted by defendants at the time of decedent's death and
defendants have refused to return the same to plaintiff
for which plaintiff herein demands their return or their
value. Plaintiff further claims damages for the funeral
- 11 - 000015
’ J
expenses incurred and for the extensive loss of earnings
that decedent would have enjoyed and \;hich would have
been made during the life expectancy of her son> deduc
ting the cost of his maintenance.
13, WHEREFORE, plaintiff prays this Court to
advance this action on the docket, cause this case to be
in every way expedited, and;
(a) Enter a judgment pursuant to 2R U.S.C.
SS2201 and 2202 declaring the policies,
- practices, customs and usages complained
of herein to be contrary to emd in viola
tion of the Constitution and laws of the
United States;
(b) Awsurd plaintiff compensatory and punitive
' damages in the total eunount of One Million
Dollars ($1,000,000.00), for which the de
fendants are jointly and severally liable;
(c) Awemi plaintiff her costs, rezisonable at
torneys ' fees, and such other and further
relief ais to the Court may appear just and
proper.
. COUNT TWO
14. Peuragraphs 4 through 12 above are realleged
and incorporated herein by reference as fully as if copied
herein verbatim. Plaintiff invokes the pendent jurisdic
tion of this Court for relief under this Count Two.
15. The policies, practices, cxistoms amd usages
described in paragraphs 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 above violate
the Constitution and. laws of the State of Tennessee, inclu
ding, but not limited to, Tenn. Code Ann. S40-30B as autho
ritatively construed by the courts of Tennessee.
16. Defendants’ use of excessive and unnecessary
force, violence and terror in effecting the arrest or ap-
- 12 - OOOOU)
A 7" A
prehension of plaintiff's deceased minor son, as des
cribed in paragraphs 6 and 11 above, was in contraven
tion of the Constitution and laws of the State of Ten
nessee, Including Tenn. Code Ann. S40-808.
17. WHEREFORE, plaintiff prays this Court to
2idvance this action on the docket, cause this case to be
in every way expedited, and:
(a) Enter a judgment declaring the policies,
practices, customs and usages complained
of herein to be contrary to and in viola
tion. of the Constitution and laws of the
State of Tennessee, including without li
mitation Tenn, Code Ann. §40-808,
(b>--Award plaintiff compensatory and punitive
- damages in the total amount of One Hillion
Oollcirs ($1,000,000.00), for which the de
fendants are jointly and severally liable,
(c)- Award plaintiff her costs, reasonable at
torneys' fees, auid such other and further
relief as to the Court may appeeu: just emd
proper.
DATED; January 8, 1973
WXLblAM E. CALOWELI.
RATNER, SUGARMON & LUCAS
525 Commerce Title Building
Memphis, Tennessee 33103
JACK GREENBERG
CHARLES STEPHEN RALSTON
DREW S. DAYS, IIX
10 Columbus Circle
New"York, New York 10019
Attorneys for Plaintiff
0000,17
- 13 -
Xti 0 o
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE
WESTERN DIVISION
MARTHA WILEY, mother zmd next of Icin*
of Fred Lee Berry,
Plaintiff,
MEMPHIS POLICE DEPARTMENT, et al.
Defendants
*
0.
CIVIL ACTION NO. C-73-8
MOTION TO DISMISS ON BEHALF OF ALL DEFENDANTS
Come now the defendants through their attorneys and move to
dismiss the con?>laint in its entirety or certain portions of the
complaint pursucuit to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure upon
the following grounds*
1. The complaint fails to state a cause of action upon
which relief can be granted as to any of the defendants.
2. The complaint fails to state a cause of action upon
which relief can be granted because the complaint reflects that
the said Fred Lee Berry is deceased and that the suit is brought
by the deceased’s mother and next-of-hin» alleged claim
nr»H«.T- 42 U. S.C.A. §1981 et seq for violation of the civil rights
of Fred Lee Berry does not survive his death. There can be no
derivative suit for the violation of personal civil rights. The
rights which the plaintiff mother herein seeks to vindicate are
personal to Fred Lee Berry and do not survive his death or reside
by substitution in any other person. No action for property rights,
which would survive the death of the deprived person, is involved
in this cOTtplaint.
000018
3. The complaint fails to state a cause of action upon
which relief can be granted against the City of Memphis and the
Memphis Police Department for the following reasons: (a) the City
of Memphis zmd the Memphis Police Department are not "persons'* under
the Civil Rights Act; (b) the doctrine of respondeat superior,
atrising from a master-servant relationship, is not applicadile to the
City of Menphis and the Memphis Police Department under the Civil
Rights Act or under the laws of the state of Tennessee; amd (c)
the City of Memphis and the Memphis Police Department have govern
mental immunity vmder the law of Tennessee from liadsility for any
alleged acta of its law enforcement personnel, acting individually
or in their official capacity.
4. The defendants move to dismiss any cause of action based
upon the policies, customs and usages of the Police Depaurtment in
the selection, testing, screening, training, instruction and control
of police officers, insofar as said allegations pertain to the former
Mayor and the present Mayor of the City of Memphis for the following
reasons: (a) the doctrine of respondeat superior is not applicable
to said elected officials of the City of Memphis, (b) elected officials
of a municipality or a political subdivision are not liable under
the Civil Rights Act or under the laws of the state of Tennessee
absent allegations of direct and active personal peurticipation in the
alleged violation of civil rights.
5. The complaint fails to state a cause of action upon
which relief can be granted against the former Chief of Police Lux
and the present Chief of Police Price, and against defendants
Wannamaker amd Ray, and their John Doe predecessors, for the following
reasons: (a) the doctrine of respondeat superior is not applicable
000019
o o
under the Civil Rights Act or under the laws of the state of
Tennessee, (b) said supervisory officials are not liable under
the Civil Rights Act or under the laws of the state of Tennessee
absent allegations of direct and active personal participation
in the denial of civil rights.
6. Each of the defendants relies upon any of the reasons
cited therefore for any other defendant as the grounds for the
motion to dismiss that the complainh fails to state a cause of
action upon which relief can be granted.
T. The individual police officers Callihan, Roleson, Cox,
and Richards reserve the right to file additional motions to
dismiss based upon the fact that the allegations in the con^laint
are vague 2uad indefinite and that said police officers were not
personally involved and no cause of action exists against them.
8. The complaint fails to state a cause of action upon
which relief can be granted because it is vague and indefinite
amd civil rights grounded con^laints must be specific in their
allegations.
Attorney for Defendants;
Frierson M. Graves, Jr.
Attorney for Defendants;
A. J. Shea
Attorney for Defendants;
A. Kemp Stallings
000020
0 o
NOTI CE
Please take notice that pursuant to the Local Rules of
this Court the defend«mta request the Court hear oral aurgument
on the Motion to Dismiss emd that the Court set this case for
hearing at such time slb the Court deems proper and notify all
parties.
CERTIFICATE OP SERVICE
I certify a copy of the above motion has been mailed to
attorney for plaintiff this. _1£ _day of January, 1973.
4 . 0 0 0 0 . ^ 1
J
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE
WESTERN DIVISION___________
MARTHA WILEY, Mother and
Next of Kin of Fred Lee Berry,
a Deceased Minor,
Plaintiff
X
X
I
CIVIL NO. C-73-8
MEMPHIS POLICE DEPARTMENT, et al.
Defendants
ORDER ON MOTIONS TO DISMISS
This cause is before the Court on the motions to dismiss
of all the defendants and the plaintiff's response thereto. It Is
ORDERED that the motions to dismiss of the defendants Memphis Police
Department and the City of Memphis be granted. It Is further
ORDEEtED that the motions to dismiss of the remaining defendants be
overruled.
ENTER this 11th day of April, 1973.
Chi ef judge
00002a
curt
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE
WESTERN DIVISION
MARTHA WTLEY, Mother and Next
of Kin of Fred Lee Berry, a
Deceased Minor,
Plainhiff,
V . .
MEMPHIS POLICE DEPARTMENT;
CITY OF MEMPHIS, TENNESSEE;
BILL PRICE, Chief of Police
of Memphis; HENRY LUX, Former
Chief of Police; WYETH CHANDLER,
Mayor of Memphis; HENRY LOEB,
Former Mayor; M. J. CALLIHAN, R.D.
ROLESON, B.J. COX, J. K. RICHARDS,
W. W. WANNAMAKER and JULE RAY, Police
Officers of the City of Memphis;
and JOHN DOE and OTHERS SIMILARLY
SITUATED,
Defendants.
7^
CIVIL ACTION
NO.C-73-8
ANSWER OF DEFENDANTS
HTT.T. PRICE, HENRY LUX, WYETH CHANDLER,
HENRY LOEB, M. J. CALLIHAN, R. D. ROLESON,
B. J. COX, J. K. RICHARDS, W. W. WANNAMAKER
and JULE RAY
rrsm̂ now the defendants, by and through -their attorneys, and
for defense to the claim filed against them say: ‘ ,
1, The complaint fails to state a claim against defendants
upon which relief can be granted.
2. The defendant,” Henry Lux, is no longer chief of police of
the City of Memphis, and further was not present at the time of the
alleged incident, has no personal knowledge by his own observation
of any of the circumstances leading up to the alleged incident, and
at no time directed or ordered the action in this instance. ----
oooo2;i
. J
D o \ \
3. The defendant. Bill Price, wae not present at the time
of the alleged incident, has no personal knowledge by his own
observation of any of the circumstances leading up to the alleged
incident, and at no time directed or ordered the action in this
instance.
4. The defendant, Henry Loeb, is no longer Mayor of the City
of Memphis, and further was not present at the time of the alleged
incident, has no personal knowledge by his own observation of any
of the circumstances leading up to the alleged incident, and at-
no time directed or ordered the action in this instance.
5. The defendant, Wyeth Chandler, was not present at the time
of the alleged incident, has no personal knowledge by his own
observation of any of the circumstances leading up to the alleged
incident, and at no time directed or ordered the action in this
instance.
6. Defendants admit that Fred Lee Berry died on J2uiuary 8, 1972,
but deny that said death was a result of defendants’ policies,
practices, customs and usages as alleged in plaintiff's complaint.
Defendants have no knowledge as to the truth of plaintiff’s averments
regarding the relationship of the plaintiff to the deceased, their
residence or the educational status of the deceased at the time of death.
7. Defendants admit the averments contained in peuragraph 3 (a)
and 3(b) of plaintiff’s complaint. Defendants admit that Bill Price
is the chief of police of Memphis and that along with Jay W. Hubbard,
is responsible for the lawful operation of the Police Department.
Defendants deny that Bill Price has ever been involved with or active
in the establishment or operation of policies, practices, customs or
usages pertaining to the use of firearms as complained of in plaintiff’s
complaint.
000024
V T T
\ \
■ ;
8. Defendants admit that Henry Lux was chief of police of
i
the City of Memphis prior to defendant Price,' and that prior
thereto was a police officer of the Memphis Police Depar'tment.
Defendants deny that Henry Lux was ever involved or active in .
the establishment and operation of policies, practices, customs
and usages pertaining to .the use of firearms as complained of in
plaintiff’s complaint.
9. Defendants admit that Wyeth Chandler is Mayor of the
City of Memphis and that prior thereto was a member- of the Memphis
City Council. Defendants deny that defendant Chandler is responsible
for all policies and practices and actions or omissions of the
Memphis Police Department and its members. Defendants deny that
defendant Chandler has ever expressly defended, approved and
encouraged, or has been involved or active in the establishment and
operation of policies, practices, customs or usages pertaining to
the use of firearms as complained of in plaintiff’s Complaint.
10. Defendants admit that Henry Loeb was Mayor of the City of
Memphis prior to January 1, 1972, and that prior thereto had been
a City commissioner. Defendants deny that as Mayor of the City of
Memphis, defendant Loeb was responsible for all policies and practices
all actions and omissions of the Memphis Police Department and
its members. Defendants deny that defendant Loeb has ever expressly
defended, approved and encourage^ or has been involved or active in
the establishment and operation of policies, practices, customs and
usages pertaining to the use of firearms as complained of in plaintiff s
complaint.
000025
-1
, I
11. Defendants admit that M. J. Callihan, R, D. Roleson,
B. J^Cox and J. K. Richards are police officers of the City of
Memphis zmd were so employed at the time of death of Fred Lee
Berry. Defendants deny that said police officers were directly
2uid immediately responsible .for the death of Fred Lee Berry.
12. Defendants admit that W. w. Wannamaker and Jule Ray
are police officers of the City of Memphis. Defendants admit
that defendant Wannamaker is responsible for the training and
instruction of officers and employees of the Police Department.
Defendants admit that defendant Ray is in charge of the South
precinct which includes the geographic area of the City of
Memphis in which Fred Lee Berry is alleged to have been fatally
wounded, and to which defendants Callihan, Roleson, Cox and Richards
were assigned. Defendants admit that defendant Ray does exercise
certain responsibility regarding the training, instruction and
control of police officers assigned to the South precinct. Defendants
deny that defendant Wannamaker or defendant Ray have ever been in
charge of, involved with, active in, or responsible for the establish
ment or operation of policies, practices, customs or usages pertaining
to the use of firearms as complained of in plaintiff's complaint.
13. Defendants deny any and all allegations set forth in paragraph
4 of plaintiff's complaint concerning the alleged policies and practices-
of the Memphis Police Department.
14. Defendants deny any and all allegations set forth in paragraph
5 of plaintiff's complaint.
000026
o
. .an.it occurred to rr,d « . Berry
15. Defendente a.f.ndent„ a. the reeult ot e 900 .hot fired y
hicherda; that Fre ^ta„aant. deny toy
- Pollevue Marine Company.burglary of oouth Bel plaintiffs
V set forth in paragraph 6 ot P
„ a all other alle9.tio»= . «
complaint.,
. it that they had and have a duty to carry:>efendants admit^^. ^ ^ ^
out their respective dutre Defendants deny
• ' ,nr? laws of the United states.ehe cooatroctroo
aoy and all other allegatiooa
complaint.
. all allegations set forth in .
17 Defendants deny any an
’ h. 8 9 Id Plai»tl«'» cc.plaiot.paragraphs 8, y.
a Ota have to hoowled9. =f «>• >H«Btiona of para9r.ph
- • , cheeafore. de»od strict proof
12 of plaintiffs complaint a .
thereof.
and all allegations set forth m Count
19. Defendants deny any
T»,o of plaintiffs complaint.
. otters not heretofore admitted are here and now
20. All other matter
8.„l.d a. if specifioelly denied.
. Defendants demand a jury.
William H. -i-raviss
0 0 0 0 2 7
0
IN THK UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE
WESTERN DIVISION____________
MARTHA WILEY,
vs.
Plaintiff,
BILL PRICE, Chief of Police,
et al.
Defendants.
NO. C-73-8
O R D E R
This cause was set for a pre-trial on Friday,
December 28, 1973. The attorneys for the parties appeared and
the plaintiff stated that they had not received information or
responses from interrogatories previously filed and were therefore
not reidy to go to trial on the date set, January 28, 1974.
Defendants at the pre-trial, through their attorneys, stated that
they objected to certain interrogatories and further intended to
file a motion for summary judgment with respect to legal issues
pertaining to some of the defendants.
It appeared to the Court that the defendants,
through their attorneys, had been dilatory in bringing these
matters to issue with respect to the impending trial date and
with respect to the previous notice as to pre-trial.
It was determined that the case should be continued
from the trial date, January 28, 1974, and that the defendants will
be required, if they desire to file any objections or other motions
in this cause, to file the same on or before January 11, 1974, in
0 0 0 0 2 S
— 1 order that the Court may make a disposition of such matters prior
to a resetting of this cause
This ______ day of January, 1974.
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT JUDGE
u
■-X
000029
Ciî rxi’iro r3t~
BY
2 -
o 0
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COUR.T
FOR THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE
• WESTERN DIVISION
MARTHA WILEY, Mother and
Next of Kin of Fred Lee
Berry, a Deceased Minor,
Plaintiff,
MEMPHIS POLICE DEPARTMENT;
CITY OF MEMPHIS, TENNESSEE;
BILL PRICE; HENRY LUX, Former
Chief of Police; WYETH CHANDLER,
Mayor of Memphis; HENRY LOEB, Former
Mayor; M. J. CALLIEAN, R. D. ROLESON,
B. G. COX, J. K. RICHARDS, W. W.
WANNAMAKER, and JULE RAY, Police
Officers of the City of Memphis;
and JOHN DOE and OTHERS SIMILARLY
SITUATED,
Defendants.
CIVIL ACTION
NO. C-73-8
0 )
MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT ON BEHALF OF DEFENDANTS LOEB,
LUX, CHANDLER, AND PRICE PURSUANT TO RULE 56,
FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE
Come the above defendants through their attorneys and
move the Court for a sirmary judgment in their behalf on the
following grounds:
1. These defendants had no personal involvement in any
manner with the arrest and shooting of Fred Lee Berry on
Jeuiuary 8, 1972.
2. One cannot be held liable pursuant to the Civil
Rights Statute under which this lawsuit was filed unless there
was personal involvement in the specific incidents which resulted
in the alleged deprivation of rights.
3. Because of the aforementioned requirement of personal
involvement, the general policies and procedures of a Police
Department, apart from specific orders to shoot, have no relevance
to the issues of this lawsuit.
4. Therefore, the above defendants, as the alleged
“Policy makers" for the Memphis Police Department, are not
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proper defendants in this lawsuit on policy grounds.
5. The doctrine of “respondent superior" does not apply
to municipalities or its administrative officers, elected
officials, or chiefs of municipal agencies such the Fire and
Police Departments. Therefore, the above defendants are not
liable for any alleged misconduct of the police officers who
were personally involved in this case.
'-FRIERSON M. GRAVES, JR.
JOSEPH,3. DAILEY
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IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE raSTERN DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE
WESTERN DIVISION
MARTHA WILEY, Mother and
Next of Kin of Fred Lee
Berry, a Deceased Minor,
Plaintiff,
vs. ^
MEMPHIS POLICE DEPARTMENT;
CITY OF MEMPHIS, TENNESSEE;
BILL PRICE; HENRY LUX, Former
Chief of Police; h’YETH CHANDLER,
Mayor of Memphis; HENRY LOEB, Former
Mayor; M. J. CALLIHAN, R. D. ROLESON,
B. G. COX, J. K. RICHARDS, W. W.
WANKAMAXER, and JULE RAY, Police
Officers of the City of Memphis;
and JOHN DOE and OTHERS SIMILARLY
SITUATED,
Defendants.
CIVIL ACTION
NO. C-73-8
o ^ ‘
\'
MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT ON BEHALF OF DEFENDANTS
CALLIHAN, ROLESON AND COX PURSUANT TO RULE 56,
FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE
Come the above defendants through their attorneys' and
move the Court for a summary judgment in their behalf on the
following grounds:
1. The defendants herein had no personal involvement
of the firing of the weapon that resulted in the death of Fred
Lee Berry on January 8, 1972.
2. One can not be liable pursuant to the Civil Rights
Statute under which this lawsuit was filed unless there was
personal involvement in the specific incident which resulted in
the alleged deprivation of rights.
■>
FRIERSON M. GRAVES, JR.
r
JOSEPH B. DAILEY
.
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IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE
WESTERN DIVISION
MARTHA WILEY, etc.
Plaintiff,
vs.
MEMPHIS POLICE DEPARTMENT,
et'al.,
....... ....Defendants.
CIVIL ACTION
NO. C-73-8
Fe.h.
MOTION TO STRIKE DEFENDANTS* DEMAND FOR TRIAL BY JURY
Plaintiff, by undersigned counsel, respectfully
moves the Court pursuant to Rule 39(a)(2), Federal Rules
of Civil Procedure, to strike defendants' demand for
trial by jviry in this cause, on the grounds that plaintiff
co\ild not get a fair trial, if by jury, and that no right
of trial by jury of the issues in this case exists under
the Constitution or laws of the United States. In support
of this motion, plaintiff alleges, and would show at an
evidentiary hearing, the following:
_ 1. Plciintiff.'s complaint in this cause charges
that defendcints have caused the death of plaintiff's black
minor son primarily in violation of the Thirteenth and
Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution
and 42 U.S.C. SS1981, 1983 and 1985. Plaintiff seeks
appropriate declaratory relief (28 U.S.C. S2201) and damages.
2. The con^laint herein alleges in the aggregate
and alternatively that plaintiff's deceased minor son died
as a direct result of defendants’ racially discriminatory
policies, practices, customs and usages of utilizing lethal
force in effecting or attempting to effect the arrest or
apprehension of unarmed black juveniles who (a) pose no threat
to the lives or safety of members of the community, (b) under
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circumstances which are such that nonlethal force would
suffice to effect such aurrests, the use of deadly force
beingnot/reasonably necessary, (c) without making any effort
to distinguish between juveniles and adults; and that
such force is employed only against black juveniles in
black neighborhoods, but not against white juveniles
in white neighborhoods.
'3-; • Defendants, in their answer to the complaiint,
have, as an obvious afterthought, demainded a jury trial,
presumably of all issues.
4. Plaintiff alleges that a trial by jury of
her causes of action would deprive her of her rights to a
fair trial secured by the Due Process Clause of the Fifth
Amendment to the United States Constitution, for the
following reasons:
(a) Juries selected to try excessive force
oases brought by black citizens aged.nst law
enforcement officers and officials in this
district are racially biased against such black
plaintiffs.
(b) Such racial bias and prejudice on the part
of juries in these cases is in part the direct
result of historical, and the lingering manifesta
tions of, officially imposed and samctioned
slavery, racial discrimination and oppression
ag2d.nst black citizens of this district in all
eispects of their lives, including law enforcement
proceedings and activities, and is in remaining
part the direct result of unrelenting public and
private campaigns by these defendants and their
City and Police Department predecessors, who have
directed, supported and sanctioned excessive,
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unreasoneible amd unnecessary force> including
deadly force, agauLnst black cibizens, amd who
have succeeded in making such actions directed
agadmst black citizens synonomous in the public
eye with "law amd order," so that the population
from which jurors in this district au:e called
has come to accept such force when imposed upon
"black citizens and to view such actions as
vaJ-id, reasonable and necessary law enforcement
techniques. Moreover, these same defendants
and their predecessors have, by the same public
amd private campaign tactics, succeeded in
infecting the minds of jurors and potential
jurors in this district with the firmly and
widely held view that opposition on the part of
black citizens to such excessive, unnecessary
and unreasonable force is frivolous and without
foundation and' represents an arbitrary "anti-police"
or "anti-law-and-order" attitude on the part of
black citizens generally.
(c) The racial hostility of trial jtiries in
this district and the general atmosphere of racial
emimous (described above) in cases such as this
have been further entrenched by the historical
racial discrimination and oppression carried out
by Men^Jhis and its Police Department directly
agedmst black citizens. Such activities date at
least since 1866 when Memphis policemen encouraged,
engaged in and led a raunpage of terror amd murder
against recently-discharged black Onion soldiers
amd other black citizens, as documented by investigative
bearings and records of the Congress of the United
States. Report No. 101, House Select Committee on
the Memphis Riots, 39th Cong., 1st Sess. (July 25, 1866).
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(d) The racial bias of trial juries in csises
such as this in this Court is well documented?
, to plaintiff's knowledge no trial jury in this
Court has ever returned a judgment in favor of
black plaintiffs in cases against Memphis law
enforcement officers and officials alleging
excessive use of force> although a number of
such cases have been tried. On the other hand,
the only cases known to plaJLntiff in which
black plaintiffs in this Court have been
successful in excessive force cases against
Memphis police officers and officials were tried
to the Court without a 3ury.
5. During the course of the past ten years, the
United States Department of Justice has investigated excessive
force violations of black citizens' civil and constitutional
rights by members of the Men^his Police Department, but the
Department of Justice has declined to initiate criminal
proceedings in connection therewith, primarily because of
the racially biased attitudes of jtirors in this district in
cases charging misconduct agciinst black persons on the part
of police officers and officials.
6. Pl^dJltiff's cause of action against defendants
is based primarily upon the Thirteenth and Fourteenth
Amendments and the Civil Rights Acts, particularly 42 O.S.C.
SS1981> 1983 and 1985. These statutes and constitutional
amendments do not grant a right to trial by jury in cases
involving racial discrimination. Plaintiff's cause of action,
which is grounded in racial discrimination, could not have
been maintained at common law and is not in the nature of
a suit maintainable at common law; hence, there is no right
to trial by jury guaranteed by the Seventh Amendment.
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7» This action is in the nature of a wrongful
death action, unknown at common law. Plaintiff is able
to* bring this lawsuit for the wrongful death of her son
pursuant to the Tennessee Wrongful Death Act (Tenn. Code
Ann. S20-607), which becomes avadlable to this federal
action by virtue of 42 O.S.C. S1988. The Wrongful Death
Act is in derogation of the common law and there is,
therefore, no Seventh Amendment right to trial by jury.
Affording defendants a jury tricil will
effectively nullify, for plaintiff, the guarantees and
remedial purposes of the Thirteenth and Fourteenth amend
ments cind 42 U.S.C. §§1981, 1983, 1985.
WHEREFORE, for the foregoing reasons, plaintiff
respectfully prays the Court to strike defendants' dem2uid
for trial by jury.
Respectfully submitted,
WILLIAM E. CALDWELL
JAMES T. ALLISON
ELIJAH NOEL, JR.
RATNER, SOGARMON & LUCAS
525 Commerce Title Building
Memphis, Tennessee 38103
JACK GREENBERG
CHARLES STEPHEN RALSTON
DREW S. DAYS, III
ERIC SCHNAPPER
CHARLES H. WILLIAMS, III
10 Columbus Circle
New York, New York 10019
Attorneys for Plaintiff
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IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE
WESTERN DIVISION___________
MARTHA WILEY,
vs.
Plaintiff,
BILL PRICE, Chief of Police,
et al.
Defendants.
NO. C-73-8
ORDER ON MOTIONS OF PLAINTIFF
FOR DISCOVERY AND FOR EXTENSION OF TIME
I.
MOTION FOR ORDER COMPELLING DISCOVERY;
After opportunity for hearing before the Magistrate
with respect to objections to discovery interrogatories, this Court
entered an Order with respect to answers required of defendants
thereto. On August 27, 1973, an order of clarification was entered
with respect to divulging information from a purported Police
Internal Security investigation following the alleged shooting of
plaintiff's deceased son by a police officer or officers. The order
required defendants to disclose the "nature and extent" of such in
vestigation, if any, but not the content thereof with respect to
reports, recommendations or conclusions of the Police. Defendants
then responded giving the names and addresses of those persons inter
viewed in the course of investigation, and the list of actual written
interviews in their custody, including interviews of several named
defendants. Plaintiffs then filed a motion to produce these inter
views, and "all items accumulated by the Homicide Bureau in its
investigation. . ." "of all interviews conducted by the Police
c o o o a b
n
Range in connection with the death of Fred Lee Berry. . and
"̂ fljitten reports submitted since 1950 to the Chief of Police' (and
others) "arising out of the discharge of a firearm by a police
officer." Plaintiffs, in the face of defendants' objections, seek
an order compelling this discovery.
Defendants' objections are based on excessive broad
ness of the discovery requests and on privilege or confidentiality
of certain aspects of the information sought. Other courts have
dealt with these problems in cases asserting violation of civil
rights against police. "It is the duty of the courts to weigh in
dependently the public policies in favor of confidentiality against
the need of the litigant to obtain relevant information." Gaison v.
Scott, 59 F.R.D. 347, 352 (D. Hawaii, 1973) citing U.S. v. Reynolds,
345 U.S. 1 (1952). In Gaison v. Scott, all the witnesses were police
officers, and the Court limited discovery to factual data from an in
vestigation rather than information "of a policy or self—evaluative
nature." (P. 352). That Court balanced between Frankenhauser v.
Rizzo. 59 F.R.D. 339 (E.D. Pa. 1973) and Wood v. Breiey, 54 F.R.D. 7
(E.D. Wis. 1972) in reaching its decision.
If the defendants believe that portions of the data
and information requested contain evaluative matter or conclusionary
materials rather than factual information, properly subject to dis
closure, then such portions may be submitted to the court for in
camera" inspection prior to delivery to plaintiff. As to request
#5, defendants will submit the written reports since 1963, subject
to the cibove limitations.
II.
Plaintiff has moved for an extension of time in
which to file a response to defendants' motion for summary judgment
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until after defendants have produced or discovered relevant informa
tion in controversy. Defendants will produce or discover the in
formation and materials sought by March 1, 1974. Plaintiffs will
respond to defendants' motion by March 18, 1974.
With respect to plaintiff's contention that statistics
sought would bear on its allegation of a racially discriminatory
policy of police as to shooting at blacks and not at whites, it
would be pertinent to know how many comparable situations or oppor
tunities have come about to the police in attampting to apprehend or
take in custody suspected fleeing felons with respect to race. The
fact that 90% of persons taken into custody for burglary or robbery
by police were male, for example, would not indicate a discriminatory
policy against males if 95% of reported or discovered burglaries or
robberies■involved males rather than females.
The Court reserves judgment on plaintiff's motion
to strike jury demand until defendants have an opportunity to respond.
-nfThis / 3 day of February, 1974.
STATES DISTRICT COURT JTOGEu
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IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE
WESTERN DIVISION
MARTHA WILEY, Mother and Next
of Kin of FRED LEE BERRY, a
Deceased Minor,
Plaintiff,
vs.
MEMPHIS POLICE DEPARTMENT,
et al.,
Defendants.
NO. C-73-8
PLAINTIFF'S MOTION TO RECONSIDER ORDER
OF APRIL 11, 1973
Plaintiff, by undersigned counsel, respectfully
moves the Court to reconsider its order of April 11, 1973,
in this cause insofar as said order dismisses the Memphis
Police Department eind the City of Memphis as parties de
fendant, and, upon such reconsideration, to reinstate the
Memphis Police Department and the City of Memphis as de-
fendaints. In support of this motion, plaintiff would show
the Court, as follows:
1. As more fully set forth in the supporting
memorauidum filed herewith, the defendants' motions for
summary judgment presently pending before the Court are,
in effect, requests to have this Court reconsider its or
der of April 11, 1973 insofar as said order denied the mo
tion of the individual defendants for dismissal.
2. The motion to dismiss the Memphis Police
Department and the City of Memphis filed Jauiuary 30,
1973, was based exclusively upon the following grounds;
The Complaint fails to state a cause of
action upon which relief can be granted
against the City of Memphis and the Mem-
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phis Police Department for the following
reasons: (a) the City of Memphis and the
Memphis Police Department are not "persons"
under the Civil Rights Act; (b) ^ e doc
trine of respondeat superior, arising
from a master-servant relationship, is
not applicable to the City of Memphis and
the Memphis Police Department under the
Civil Rights Act or under the laws of the
state of Tennessee; and (c) the City of
Memphis and the Memphis Police Department
have governmental immunity under the
law of Tennessee from liability for any
alleged acts of its law enforcement per
sonnel, acting individually or in their
official capacity.
3. This Court's order of April 11, 1973 does not
state the grounds upon which dismissal is granted to defend
ants City and Department, but plaintiff assumes.that the
dismissal of these defendants was based primarily, if not
exclusively, upon the Court's belief that defendants Crty
and Department are not "persons" within the meaning of 42
U.S.C. S 1983, and that the Court is therefore without ju
risdiction of these defendants under 28 U.5.C. S 1343(3).
See City of Kenosha v. Bruno, 412 U.S. 507 (1973).
4.. Plaintiff's complaint herein, in addition to
asserting causes under 42 U.S.C. S 1983, with jurisdiction
invoiced under 28 U.S.C. § 1343(3), also states causes of
action under 42 U.S.C. S 1981 (with jurisdiction invoked
under 28 U.S.C. SS 1331(a) and 1343(4)), and the Thirteenth
Amendment auid Fourteenth Amendment (as well as Bill of
Rights provisions made applicaible by the Fourteenth Amend
ment) to the United States Constitution (with jurisdiction
invoked under 28 U.S.C. S 1331(a)). Although these ad
ditional causes of action eu:e claimed against defendants
City and Department, plaintiff's memorandum filed March 20,
1973, in opposition to the motion to dismiss, did not brief
these additional jurisdictional and cause-of-action questions
a fact which supports plaintiff’s belief that the Court's
order of. dismissal as to the City and Department is based
excliisively upon the Court's interpretation and application
of 42‘u.S.C. S 1983 and 28 U.S.C. S 1343(3).
5/ For reasons more fully set forth in the memo
randum filed herewith, plaintiff has stated causes of
action under 42 U.S.C. S 1981 and the Thirteenth and 5’'='̂ “
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: • C .
teenth Amendments. The Court has jurisdiction over these
causes of action as against defendants City and Department
by virtue of 28 U.S.C. § 1343 (4) and 28 U.S.C. § 1331(a) ,
and said defnedants are therefore not excluded from this
Court's jurisdiction in this case.
WHEREFORE, for the foregoing reasons, plaintiff
respectfully moves the Court to reconsider its order of
April 11, 1973, dismissing defendants City and Department
from this cause and, upon such further consideration, to
reinstate said parties as defendants herein.
Respectfully submitted.
WILLxA.'’l E. CALDWiLL
JAMES T. ALLISON
ELIJAH NOEL,JR.
RATNER, SUGARMON & LUCAS
525 Commerce Title Building
Memphis, Tennessee 38103
JACK GREENBERG
CHARLES STEPHEN RALSTON
DREW S. DAYS, III
ERIC SCHNAPPER
CHARLES H. WILLIAMS, III
10 Columbus Circle
New Yor)c, New York 10019
•
Attorneys for Plaintiff
CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE
This is to certify that a copy of the foregoing
Motion has been served upon counsel for defendants,
Frierson M. Graves, Esq., 314 City Hall, Memphis, Tennes
see, 38103, by mailing same to him at his office by United
States Mail, postage prepaid, this 12th day of April, 1974.
WILLIAM E. CALDWELL
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IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE WESTERN DISTRICT OP TENNESSEE
WESTERN DIVISION
MARTHA WILEY, Mother and Next
of Kin of FRED LEE BERRY, a
Deceased Minor,
Plaintiff,
vs.
MEMPHIS POLICE DEPARTMENT,
et al.,
Defendants.
PLAINTIFF'S MOTION FOR PARTIAL SUMMARY JUDGMENT
Plaintiff, by undersigned counsel, respectfully
moves the Court, pursuant to Rule 56, Federal Rules of
Civil Procedure, for partial summary judgment in her fa
vor, to wit: declaring that plaintiff's deceased minor son,
Fred Lee Berry, was killed in violation of the Fourteenth
Amendment to the United States Constitution; and that Fred
Lee Berry was killed pursuant to, and by virtue of the ope
ration of, a deadly force policy which violates the Four
teenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States.
In support of this motion, plaintiff would show, as reflected
from her affidavit filed herewith, the pleadings on file in
hh-jg cause, the depositions of defendants Richards, Cox,
Calliham and Roleson, the answers to interrogatories and
materials produced in response thereto and in response to
plaintiff's requests for production of documents, and the
Appendix to this motion, that there is no genuine issue
as to any of the following material facts:
1. Plaintiff Martha Wiley is the mother and
next of kin of Fred Lee Berry, a deceased minor who died
on January 8, 1972, as a result of gunshot wounds inflicted
by defendants Richards and/or Cox. At the time of his
death Fred Lee Berry was 16 years of age.
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2. At the time of his death, Fred Lee Berry was
in the vicinity of the South Bellevue Marine Co. at 2995
Elvis Presley Boulevard, Memphis, Tennessee. Defendants
Richards and Cox suspected Fred Lee Berry of burglarizing
said company, a business establishment. Defendants Richards
and Cox fired their weapons (a pistol and a shotgun) at
Fred Lee Berry as he ran down a drainage ditch with another
black juvenile. As a result of gunshot wounds received in
connection wtih such shooting, Fred Lee Berry died.
3. Defendants Richards and Cox fired their wea
pons at Fred Lee Berry solely for the purpose of preventing
his escape from their attempts to take him into custody.
Fred Lee Berry was not armed with any weapon. Defendants
Richards and Cox fired t.heir weapons at Fred Lee Berry
pursuant to what they conceived to be the policy of the
Memphis Police Department, namely that deadly force could
be utilized against any fleeing person suspected of having
committed a felony, as defined by Tennessee law, for the
purpose of effecting such person's arrest.
4. At the time of Fred Lee Berry's death on
January 8, 1972, the Memphis Police Department did in fact
have a policy authorizing its officers, and training them
in accordance therewith, to utilize deadly force to effect
the arrest of any person suspected of having committed a
felongy regardless of the age or suspected age of such per
son, regardless of whether or not the suspected felony in
volved the use of deadly force, regardless of whether or
not the fleeing person was armed or presented a threat to
life or safety, and without regard to whether or not such
person, if permitted to escape, would pose a threat to the
person, life or safety of anyone.
5. Plaintiff would further show, as more fully
set forth in the supporting memorandum filed herewith, that
she is entitled to partial summary judgment as a matter
of law.
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WHEREFORE, for the foregoing reasons, plaintiff
respectfully prays that a partial summary judgment, as des
cribed above, be entered in her favor.
Respectfully submitted,
WILLIAM E. CALDVffill
JAMES T. ALLISON
ELIJAH NOEL, JR.
RATNER, SUGARMON & LUCAS
525 Commerce Title Building
Memphis, Tennessee 38103
JACK GREENBERG
CHARLES STEPHEN RALSTON
DREW S. DAYS, III
ERIC SCHNAPPER
CHARLES H. WILLIAMS, III
10 Columbus Circle
New York, New York 10019
Attorneys for Plaintiff
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IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT '
FOR THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE
WESTERN DIVISION
MARTHA WILEY, Mother and
Next of Kin of FRED LEE
BERRY, a Deceased Minor,
Plaintiff,
vs.
MEMPHIS POLICE DEPARTMENT,
et al.,
Defendants.
NO. C-73-8
CONSENT ORDER DISMISSING DEFENDANTS
ROLESON AND CALLIKAM ’
Upon the consent of the parties, fay and through
their attorneys, that defendants Roleson and Calliham should
be dismissed from this cause with prejudice, said defendants
having testified in their depositions taken on February 7,
1974 that they did not fire their weapons or direct deadly
force of any kind at plaintiff's deceased minor son, Fred
Lee Berry, euid with the agreement of defendants that the de
positions of defendants Roleson auid Calliham may be used in
this cause for any purpose for which the deposition of a
paurty is authorized.
IT IS THEREFORE ORDERED that defendants Roleson
and Calliham be and they hereby are dismissed as defendants
in this cause, with prejudice.
DATED: April 'SLV' > 1974
Harry W. Wellford
HAfeii!̂ W. w e l l f O r d
United States District Judge
APPROVED:
/jy/.- P O J J ^ u ^ CERTIFIED TF.UE COF?
o J
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IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT,,,,,̂
for the western district of TENNESSlie .
_______WESTERN d i v i s i o n _____
•,c;i 1 LIJCAS
MARTHA WILEY, Mother and
Next.of Kind of FRED LEE
b e r r y , a Deceased Minor,
Plaintiff,
vs.
MEMPHIS POLICE DEPARTMENT,
et al.
Defendants.
NO. C-73-8
O R D E R
judge Bailey Brown previously ruled in this cause
that the Memphis Police Department and the City of Memphis should
be dismissed and granted defendants* motions to this effect. Upon
reconsideration of the issues involved, the Court rules in light of
subsequent appellate decisions, that defendants* motions should be
sustained and the cause dismissed as to said defendants with regard
to 42 U.S.C. sec. 1983, 1985. and 1986 claims. City of Kenosha,
Bruno. 412 U.S. 507 (1973); Bpselv v. City of Euclid, ---- F-2d .
#73-1608. (6th Cir. 5-3-74). On the other hand, the Court upon re
consideration overrules defendants* motions and vacates its prior
order with respect to plaintiff*s claims under 42 U.S.C. 1981 and
42 U.S.C. 1988. ni'strict of Columbia v. Carter. 409 U.S. 418 (1973)
Defendants Memphis Police Department and City of Memphis should re-
■spond to the complaint as to alleged violations of 42 U.S.C. 1981.
therefore, within the time specified by the Federal Rules of Civil
procedure. All of the other defendants* motions to dismiss have
been overruled. The Court is not required to rule at this time on
the question of immunity from payment of damages under the Eleventh
000048
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Amendment. The Court declines at this time to accept plaintiffs'
invitation to assume independent jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. 1331
in this cause since plaintiffs' civil rights^claim against these
defendants is recognized under the 1866 Act.
There appear here to be contested issues of fact
with respect to all defendants who have moved for summary judgment,
except defendants R. D. Roleson and M. J. Calliham. The motions
for summary judgment on behalf of Roleson and Calliham have been
granted, but motions for summary judgment as to all other defendants
are overruled.
Defendants have also asked for a jury trial and plain-
tiff has moved that this demand be stricken under the authority of
T..w^nn V. tTichtincale, 345 F.Supp. 683 (N.D. Ohio, 1972) . The
Supreme Court, however, in a later decision dealing with another
section of the Civil Rights Act, (also concerned with a controversial
or unpopular right of a plaintiff in some quarters) held that "The
Seventh Amendment does apply to actions enforcing statutory rights,
and requires a jury trial upon demand, if the statute creates legal
rights and remedies, enforce^le in an action for damages in the
ordinary courts of law." Curtis v. Loether, 415 U.S. 189, 194 (1974).
This is such an action seeking damages, because, like the Curtis_
situation, plaintiff's suit "sounds basically in tort - the statute
merely defines a new legal duty, and authorizes the courts to compen
sate a plaintiff for the injury caused by the defendant's wrongful
breach," 415 U.S. 195. Plaintiff's motion to strike the jury demand
must therefore be overruled.
Plaintiff has also filed a motion for partial summary
1/ All other defendants are "persons" under the 1871 Civil Rights
Acts.
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judgment to the effect that plaintiffs son was killed in violation
of the United States Constitution. For the reasons involved in
BP.^oh V. Melancon. 465 F.2d 425 (6th Cir. 1972) and because they may
be factual disputes concerning the liability theory of plaintiffs as
to all defendants concerning an alleged policy of defendants, plain
tiff's motion for partial stimmary judgment is likewise overruled.
This *7 ̂ day of October, 1974.
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MARTHA WILEY, Mother and Next )
of Kin of Fred Lee Berry, a
deceased Minor, )
Plaintiff, )
VS. )
CITY OF MEMPHIS, et al, )
Defendant. }
NO. C-73-8
ANSWER OF CITY OF MEMPHIS AND MEMPHIS POLICE DEPARTMENT
Come now the defendants. City of Memphis and
Memphis Police Department, by and through'their attorneys for
defense to the claim filed against them say:
1. The complaint fails to state a claim against defendants
upon which relief caui be grcuited.
2. The defendants. City of Memphis and Memphis Police Department,
deny any and all allegations referring to the alleged lack of
training of officers in the use of weapons; instructions and
orders regarding the use of force in effecting or attempting to
effect the «u:rest or apprehension of persons armed or unarmed;
and deny having initiated, sanctioned, approved, required or
tolerated the training of officers in the use of weapons or
orders regarding the use of lethal and nonlethal force, in any
manner which would violate any citizen's constitutional rights
or any rights protected under D.S.C. 42 Sec. 1981^to the extent
that it has become the policy, practice, custom or usage of
the city of Memphis or Memphis Police Department.
3. Said defendants instruct officers of the Memphis Police
Department to use deadly force only in instances of self
0 0 0 0 5 1
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defense, for protection of the victim, or for apprehension of
a fleeing felon when no other course of action is rejisonably
open to the officers, for the apprehension of such fleeing
felon.
4. Defend2uits City of Memphis and Memphis Police Depeirtment
deny that by training, information, instruction, policy,
practice, custom, usage or in einy other manner apply their
policies of force, both lethal and nonlethal, towards juvenile
blacks or any other segment of the community, in a discriminating
fashion as in violation-of the constitution of the United States,
or 42 U.S.C. 1981.
5. Defendants state -that all their training, information,
instruction, policy, practice, custom and usage, on policies
of force, le-thal and nonle-thal, are. constant wi-th State Law
(TC40-808) euid with decisions previously rendered by this
court and o-thers.
All o-ther matters are heretofore admitted are
here and now denied as if specifically denied.
V.
Frierson M. Graves, Jr.
Joseph B. Dailey
Charles V. Holmes
CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE
The undersigned attorney for defendants hereby certifies
that on this UA-yU day of November, 1974, a copy of the
above answer was mailed to Elijaih Noel, Jr., Attorney for
Plaintiff.
C .I..JL V-
-2- C 0 0 0 5 : j
o
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE
WESTERN DIVISION
MARTHA WILEY, mother and
next friend of FRED LEE
BERRY, a deceased minor,
Plaintiff,
-vs-
MEMPHIS POLICE DEPARTMENT,
et al.,
i Defendants.
NO. C-73-8
I
CONSENT ORDER DISMISSING DEFENDANTS
WANNAMAKER, RAY and LOEB
Upon consent of the parties, by and through their
attorneys, that defendants Wannamaker, Ray and Loeb should
be dismissed from this cause, on the basis of the depositions
of defendants Ray and Loeb taken on January 16 and 17, 1975,
eind on the basis of statements made by defendant Wannamaker
to counsel for plaintiff (Arnold and Caldwell) on January 16,
1975; and upon the fiirther agreement that the depositions of
defendants Ray and Loeb may be used in this cause for ciny
purpose for which the deposition of a party is authorized,
IT IS THEREFORE ORDERED that defendants Wannamaker,
Ray and Loeb be and they hereby are dismissed as defendants in
Attorney for Defendants
0000!Ki
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
;FOR THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE
WESTERN DIVISION
CIVIL ACTION
NO: C-73-8
J
MARTHA WILEY, Mother and
Next of Kin of Fred Lee Berry,
a Deceased Minor,
Plaintiff
vs.
MRMPHTS POLICE DEPARTMENT;
CITY OF MEMPHIS, TENNESSEE;
BILL PRICE, Chief of Police of Memphis;
HENRY LUX, Former Chief of Police;
WYETH CHANDLER, Mayor of Memphis;
HHNRY LOEB, Former Mayor
B. J. COX,
J. K. RICHAPLS,
W. W, WANI^AJvIAKER,
and JULE RAY, Police Officers,
and JOHN DOE aind others.
CONSENT ORDER FOR NON-JURY TRIAL
Come now the parties, through their respective attorneys,
and announce to the Court that it is their desire that this
cause be tried by the Court without the intervention of a jury,
and it appearing to the Court that this Motion should be
granted.
IT IS, THEREFORE, ORDERED, ADJUDGED AND DECREED by the
Court that the proceedings herein will be held without the
intervention of a jury.
ly<LA. /Ir
' HARRY W./-WELLFORD, £ * /
JUDGE -'^UNITED STATES ij
DISTRICT COURT A
Attorney for Plaintiff
Atto^ey for Defendant C 0 0 0 .'v }
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE
WESTERN DIVISION
MARTHA WILEY, mother and next of )
kin of Fred Lee Berry, et al.
Plaintiffs,
V .
MEMPHIS POLICE DEPARTMENT,
et al.
Defendants.
CIVIL ACTION NO. C-73-8
Af,:i
AMENDED A T . S m R OF DEFENDANTS, P. J. COX AND J. F. RICHARDS
Come now the defendants by and through their attorney
and for additional defense to the claim filed against them say
that they were acting pursuant to Tennessee Code Annotated 40-
808 which reads as follows;
”40-808. Resistance to officer. - If, after
notice of the intention to arrest the defendant,
he either flees or forcibly resist, the officers
may xise all the necessary means to arrest."
Clifford D. Pierce, Jr.
City Attorney
Arthur J. Shea
Assistant City Attorney
Charles V. Holmes
Assistant City Attorney
CERTIFICATE OF SEI^VICE
I, Arthur J. Shea, one of the attorneys for the
record herein have this day, April 2, 1975, hand delivered to
G. Phillip Arnold, Attorney for the Plaintiff, a copy of the
foregoing Amended Answer.
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1 U N I T E D S T A T E S D I S T R I C T C O U R T
W E S T E R N D I S T R I C T O F T E N N E S S E E
W E S T E R N D I V I S I O N
H A R T H A W I L E Y , M o t h e r a n d )
N e x t o f K i n o f F r e d L e e )
D e r r y , a D e c e a s e d M i n o r , )
)
P l a i n t i f f , )
)
)v e r s u s C I V I L A C T I O N N O .
) C - 7 3 - 0 .
I l L M P i i l S P O L I C E D E P A R T M E N T , )
ET A L . , )
)
D e f e n d a n t s . )
T h a f o l l o w i n g p r o c e e d i n g s w e r e h a d i n t h e U n i t e d
S t a t e s D i s t r i c t C o u r t , W e s t e r n D i s t r i c t o f T e n n e s s e e ,
i n M e m p h i s , T e n n e s s e e , b e g i n n i n g o n ' W e d n e s d a y , A p r i l
2 , 1 9 7 5 , a t a p p r o x i i f i a t e l y l i 3 0 p . r n . , b e f o r e t h e
H o n o r a b l e H a r r y W. W e l l f o r d , J u d g e .
A P P E A R A N C E S ;
F o r t h e P l a i n t i f f ;
T h e H o n o r a b l e W i l l i a m E . C a l d w e l l ,
T h e H o n o r a b l e G . P h i l i p A r n o l d .
F o r t h e D e f e n d a n t s :
T h e H o n o r a b l e A r t h u r J . S h e a ,
T h e H o n o r a b l e C h a r l e s V . H o l m e s , 5
T h e H o n o r a b l e W a y n e C h a s t i n .
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1 I - N - D - E - X
W I T N E S S
M a r t h a W i l e y
J a m e s i s . R i c h a r d s
D I R E C T
: K A M I N A T I O N
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55
C R O S S -
E X A M I N A T I O N
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a v a i l a b l e t o c o u n s e l f o r t h e d e f e n d a n t ( p l a i n t i f f )
a s i t p e r t a i n s t o c i r c u i a s t a n c e s o f t h e s t a t e x o e n t
o f a C o u r t n e y H a r r i s .
H o w , t h e C o u r t i s a w a r e t h a t p a r t i c u l a r w i t
n e s s h a s b e e n k n o w n t o a l l o f t h e p a r t i e s o v e r a
c o n s i d e r a b l e p e r i o d o f t i m e , a n d t h i s m e r e l y p e r
t a i n i n g t o p o l i c e i n f o r m a t i o n , p e r t a i n i n g t o t h e
c i r c u m s t a n c e s , r e l a t i n g t o M r . H a r r i s ' p u r p o r t e d
c o o o r v a t r o n s a i i d / o r s t a t e m e n t a b o u t t h e e p i s o d e
t h a t i s i n q u e s t i o n b e f o r e t h e C o u r t .
A l l r i g h t , a r e t h e r e a n y o t h e r p r e l i m i n a r y
m a t t e r s ?
M r . C a l d w e l l , w h a t i s t h e s i t u a t i o n w i t h
r e g a r d t o y o u r c l a i m o f t h e p o l i c e o f f i c e r s , J o h n
D o e a n d o t h e r s s i m i l a r l y s i t u a t e d i n l i g h t o f t h e
e x t e n s i v e d i s c o v e r y t h a t h a s t a k e n p l a c e i n t h i s
c a s e ? j
i
M R . C A L D W E L L : Y o u r H o n o r , w e h a v e n ' t , i n t h e !
j
d i s c o v e r y p r o c e s s , i d e n t i f i e d a n y o t h e r i n d i v i d u a l s
j
w h o w e w o u l d d e s i r e t o m a k e d e f e n d a n t s , a n d w e , w e l
a r e , w e a c q u i e s c e i n a d i s m i s s a l . |
i
x l l i j C O U R T : J e l l , t h e c a s e i s d i s m i s s e d a s t o
a n y o t h e r p a r t i e s t h e n .
A s t h e m a t t e r n o w s t a n d s , a n d t i i e M e m p h i s
P o l i c e D e p a r t m e n t , t h e c i t y o f M e m p h i s , M r . P r i c e ,
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MA R T HA W I L E Y ,
t h e s a i d w i t n e s s , h a v i n g b e e n f i r s t d u l y s w o r n ,
t e s t i f i e d a s f o l l o w s :
D I R E C T E X A M I M A T I O N
B Y M R . A R N O L D ;
Q M r s . W i l e y , w e a r e g o i n g t o h a v e t o a s k y o u t o
s p e a k l o u d l y e n o u g h s o t h a t M r . S h e a c a n h e a r y o u a n d
w e c a n h e a r y o u , a n d H i s H o n o r c a n h e a r y o u .
G i v e u s y o u r n a n e a n d y o u r p r e s e n t a d d r e s s , p l e a s e ?
A M a r t h a M a e W i l e y , 1 1 7 6 M e p t u n e , A p a r t m e n t 3 .
Q A n d t h a t i s a d i f f e r e n t a d d r e s s t h a n w h e r e y o u w e r f e
l i v i n g i n J a n u a r y o f ' 7 2 , i s t h a t c o r r e c t ?
h Y e s , s i r .
W h e r e v / e r e y o u l i v i n g t h e n ? I
t
A T w e n t y - f o u r 0 f o u r W a r r e n . 1
!
M R . S H E A : I f Y o u r H o n o r p l e a s e , m a y I m o v e |
u p t h e r e ? |
i
T H E C O U R T : Y e s , s i r , y o u m a y . |
M R . S H E A : B e c a u s e I ' m - - I ' m s o r r y , I ' d !
Ii
b e t t e r s t a y b a c k h e r e w i t h t h e s e g e n t l e m e n , s o t h e y
c a n h e a r h e r q u e s t i o n s t o o . j
T H E C O U R T : W e l l , M r s . W i l e y , t h i s i s a b i g j
I
r o o m , a n d i t i s n o t i n f r e q u e n t t h a t w i t n e s s e s , i n !
a b i g r o o m , f i n d t h a t i t i s u n u s u a l t o b e c a l l e d i
I
u p o n t o s p e a k o u t , b u t s p e a k o u t l o u d l y a n d s l o w l y
• / .i
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e n o u g h s o t h a t t h e C o u r t p r o b a b l y w o n ' t h a v e
a n y p r o b l e u h e a r i n g y o u b e c a u s e I*:vi r i g h t h e r e , b u t
a n y o f t h e s e o t h e r p e r s o n s t h a t a r e c o n c e r n e d ,
p l e a s e s p e a k l o u d l y e n o u g h s o t h e y c a n h e a r y o u .
T H E < ; i T i I E S H : ( h o d s h e a d i n t h e a f f i r r a a t i v e . )
A ( C o n t i n u i n g ) - - 2 4 0 4 V l a r r e n .
3 Y M R . A R H O L D :
g T h a t i s , h a r r a a i s v / h a r e y o u w e r e ?
A T h a t i s W h e r e I v ; a s l i v i n g w h e n r . y s o n - - ( i n t e r
r u p t e d )
Q I n J a n u a r y o f ' 7 2 ?
A U i n - h u i a .
Q i / h a t , h o w m a n y o t h e r r a e m b e r s o f y o u r f a m i l y a r e
t h e r e , i 4 r s . . I ' i i u y , o t h e r c h i l d r e n ?
A I h a v e t w o m o r e s o n s .
Q j \ n d w h a t a r e t h e s e , t h e i r p r e s e n t a g e s ?
h O n e i s t w e n t y - t h r e e a n d t h e o t h e r i s t w e n t y - o n e .
U A n d W h a t a r e t h e i r n a m e s , p l e a s e , l a a ' a m ?
A J a m e s E d w a r d B e r r y a n d J i m r a y L e e B e r r y .
Q W h i c h , w h i c h , a n d w h i c h o n e i s t w e n t y - t n r e e a n d
w h i c h o n e i s t w e n t y - o n e ?
A J a m e s E d w a r d B e r r y i s t w e n t y - t h r e e , J i m m y B e r r y
i s t w e n t y - o n e .
Q A n d a r e y o u s e p a r a t e d f r o m y o u r h u s b a n d , i s t h a t
i' 1 ■-
c o r r e c t ? -. ’ ;
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A ( H o r e s p o n s e . )
Q M r s . W i l e y ?
A T h a t i s r i g h t .
Q W h a t a r e , w h a t i s J a m e s E d w a r d d o i n g n o w , M r s .
W i l e y ?
A l i e i s g o i n g t o s c h o o l . H e i s g o i n g t o s c n o o l n o w .
Q A n d w h e r e i s t h a t ?
A T h a t i s a d u l t , a d u l t s c h o o l . I t i s o n P o p l a r . I t
i s £ o r a d u l t s .
Q T h a t i s p a r t o f t h e M e m p h i s C i t y S c h o o l s y s t e m ?
A W e l l , I g u e s s i t i s , b u t h e i s g o i n g t h r o u g h o y
A m y , t h e A m y , y o u k n o w . A r m y p a y i n g f o r g o i n g t o
s c h o o l .
W h e n w a s h e d i s c h a r g e d f r o m t h e A r r a y , M r s . W i l e y ?
A S e v e n t y , I t h i n k .
Q A n d w h a t a b o u t y o u r o t h e r s o n , t h e t w e n t y - o n e y e a r
o l d J i m m y , v / h a t i s h e d o i n g n o w ?
A H e i s w o r k i n g a t s t e e l f a c t o r y i n S t , L o u i s .
Q A r e e i t h e r o n e o f t h e m m a r r i e d ?
A b o t h o f t h e m r a a r r i e d .
Q D o y o u h a v e a n y g r a n d c h i l d r e n ?
A I h a v e t h r e e g r a n d c h i l d r e n .
We w a n t t o t a l k , M r s . W i l e y , a b o u t F r e d d i e ,
w a s F r e d d i e ' s b i r t h d a y ?
A J a n u a r y 2 3 , 1 3 5 5 ,
W h a t
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Q An d how old was Freddia at t h e time he was killed?
h Sixteen.
Q S h o r t l y bef o r e his s e v e n t e e n t h b i r t h d a y then, is
that right?
A Yes, sir, that is right.
Q On tne -- Well, p r i o r to the time of, or p r i o r to
his death, h a d he -- (interrupted)
THE C O U R T : Y o u n a y p r o c e e d .
3Y MR. ARUOLD:
Q h a d he had any d i f f i c u l t i e s with the law?
A Well, once he had w h e n he was a small-fry.
Q how old was he then?
A A b o u t ele v e n or twelve. I
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Q A n d w h a t was, w h a t did that involve, Mrs. vYiley? |
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A Well, t.hey said he ha d b r o k e n into school. Well |
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they p i c k e d up hira and a lot of raore little boys aroundj
in the n e i g h b o r h o o d w h e r e I was l i v i n g . j
!
g Did y o u go down to the juve n i l e court in that |
Ir e g a r d ? |
A I did, I
Q Did he have any others, any other prob l e m s wita
the law other than the time w h e n he was e l e v e n or
twelve?
A No, he didn't.
Q W’as there e v e r a time w h e n he was away rrom home?
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M R . J i R N O L D : T h a n k y o u v e r y m u c h . Y o u r H o n o r .
( W h e r e u p o n , a t 2 : 1 5 p . m . , t h e C o u r t w a s
i n t h e a f t e r n o o n r e c e s s a n d p u r s u a n t t o t h a
r e c e s s . C o u r t r e c o n v e n e d a t 2 : 2 3 p . m . , a n d
t h e f o l l o w i n g p r o c e e d i n g s w e r e h a d . )
T H E C O U R T : A l l r i g h t , g e n t l e m e n .
( W h e r e u p o n , ' W i t n e s s W i l e y r e t u r n s t o t h e
w i t n e s s s t a n d a n d r e s u m e s h e r t e s t i m o n y a s
f o l l o w s . )
BY M R . A R N O L D :
Q M r s . ' W i l e y , w h a t w a s t h e d a t e F r e d d i e w a s k i l l e d ?
A J a n u a r y 3 , 1 9 7 2 .
■ Q W h a t t i m e d i d h e l e a v e t h e h o u s e t h a t n i g h t , M r s .
W i l e y ?
A ' W e l l , i t h a d - - a t a b o u t s e v e n , m a y b e a b o u t s e v e n ,
I d o n ' t k n o w e x a c t l y .
U A n d w h e r e w e r e y o u ?
A I w a s i n ray s i s t e r ' s , j u s t a f e w s t r e e t s f r o m w h e r e
i
I l i v e d . I
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0 W h a t t i m e d i d y o u l e a r n o f F r e d d i e ' s b e i n g s h o t ? |
A W e l l , I ' d s a y a b o u t , I ' m n o t s u r a , b u t i t w a s |
i
c l o s e t o n i n e , u n d e r n i n e . !
U L o w d i d y o u l e a r n t h a t ? I
A My y o u n g e s t o n e n e x t t o t h e , F r e d d i e , c o m e a n d |
t o l d m e .
5 5
1 J A M E S K . R I C H A R D S ,
2 t h e s a i d w i t n e s s , h a v i n g b e e n f i r s t d u l y s w o r n .
3 t e s t i f i e d a s f o l l o w s ;
4 D I R E C T E X A 2 - 1 I N A T I O N
5
3 Y M R . A R I i O L D :
6 Q V / o u l d y o u s t a t e y o u r n a m e a n d p r e s e n t a d d r e s s t o
'
7 t h e C o u r t , p l e a s e ?
8 A J a n e s K . R i c h a r d s , t h e T h i r d .
9 Q A l l r i g h t .
10 A T h r e e t w o o n e S u l l i v a n .
11 M R . S H E A ; I f Y o u r H o n o r p l e a s e , a t t h i s t i n e .
12 p e r h a p s w e h a d b a t t e r g o i n t o t h e p a r t y - - t h a t
13 s e c t i o n r e a d s ;
14 ” A p a r t y m a y i n t e r r o g a t e a n y u n w i l l i n g
15 o r h o s t i l e w i t n e s s b y l e a d i n g q u e s t i o n s . "
16 D o e s n ' t i t h a v e t o b e d e t e r m i n e d t h a t t h i s
17 m a n i s a n u n w i l l i n g a n d h o s t i l e w i t n e s s b e f o r e t h a t
18 s e c t i o n c a n b e i n v o k e d ?
19 T HE C O U R T : W e l l , t h e C o u r t i n t e r p r e t s t h e
i
20 r u l e t o m e a n t h a t a p a r t y i n a p r o c e e d i n g i n j
21 F e d e r a l C o u r t m a y p r o c e e d t o q u e s t i o n a n a d v e r s e |
i
22 p a r t y a n d , a n d w e a r e t r e a t i n g M r . R i c h a r d s a s
23 h a v i n g b e e n c a l l e d a s a n a d v e r s e p a r t y i n t h i s p r o ~
24 c e e d i n g , a n d c o u n s e l m a y q u e s t i o n p e r t a i n i n g t o
25 t h e s e m a t t e r s , u n d e r t h e c o n t e x t o f t h e r u l e s ,
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M r . R i c h a r d s b e i n g a n a d v e r s e p a r t y .
W h e t h e r o r n o t h e i s h o s t i l e , i t i s d e e r a e d ,
f o r p u r p o s e s o f t h e r u l e s , a s t h e C o u r t u n d e r s t a n d s
i t , t h e m , t h a t a s a n a d v e r s e p a r t y , t h e y h a v e a
r i g h t t o e x a m i n e h i r a a s a p a r t o f t h e i r p r o o f .
M R . A R N O L D ; y e s , s i r , w e a r e c a l l i n g h i m a s
a n a d v e r s e . We d o n ' t w i s h t o d e a l w i t h h o s t i l e
w i t n e s s , o r n o t .
- A l l r i g h t , y o u m a y p r o c e e d .
3 Y M R . A R N O L D :
Q Y o u a r e e m p l o y e d b y t h e M e m p h i s P o l i c e D e p a r t m e n t ,
i s t h a t r i g h t ?
A Y e s , s i r .
Q A n d i n w h a t c a p a c i t y ?
A P a t r o l m a n , u n i f o r m e d p a t r o l m a n .
0 H o w l o n g h a v e y o u b e e n e m p l o y e d w i t h t h e d e p a r t m e n t !
i n t h a t c a p a c i t y ?
A O v e r s i x a n d o n e - h a l f y e a r s , n o w . |
Q I s y o u r - - p a t r o l m a n , i s t h a t a r a n k i n t h e d e p a r t - |
1
i f t e n t ? ii1
A T h a t i s t h e l o w e s t o n e . I
Q I w a s n ’ t t r y i n g t o e m p h a s i z e t h a t .
A r e y o u , a r e y o u , w h a t d o y o u d o n o w i n y o u r j o b
a s a p a t r o l m a n ?
A S t i l l i n u n i f o r m p a t r o l . < r ?■
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A n d i s t h i s i n a s q u a d c a r ?
A Y e s , s i r .
Q I n w h a t p r e c i n c t a r e y o u w o r k i n g n o w ?
A S o u t h p r e c i n c t .
Q I s t h e S o u t h B e l l e v u e M a r i n e i n t h a t p r e c i n c t ?
A Y e s , s i r .
Q H o w l o n g h a v e y o u b e e n e r a p l o y e d a t t h e s o u t h p r e
c i n c t ? I
A O h , I h a v e b e e n d o w n t h e r e n o w w o r k i n g o u t o f i
S o u t h M e m p h i s f o r a b o u t f o u r a n d o n e - h a l f y e a r s , f i v e
I
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y e a r s . !
i
!
Q S o y o u h a v e h a d c o n t i n u o u s s e r v i c e t h r o u g h t h e |
I
p e r i o d o f t i m e w e a r e d i s c u s s i n g i n t h i s l a w s u i t ; i s t h a t !
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c o r r e c t ? i
i
A T h a t i s c o r r e c t . |
Q H o w l o n g h a d y o u b e e n e m p l o y e d i n t h e s o u t h p r e -
1
c i n c t p r i o r t o J a n u a r y , 1 9 7 2 ? j
(
A O h , t w o a n d o n e - h a l f , m a y b e t h r e e y e a r s .
Q I s y o u r j o b t o d a y b a s i c a l l y w h a t i t w a s i n J a n u a r y |
o f ' 7 2 , y o u a r e d o i n g t h e s a m e t y p e t h i n g ? I
I
A R i g h t . I
I
Q A n d h a v e , d u r i n g t h e p e r i o d o f t i m e y o u h a v e w o r k e d
i n t h e s o u t h p r e c i n c t , h a v e y o u a l w a y s b e e n d o i n g t h i s |
t y p e o f j o b ? I
A ( M o d s h e a d i n t h e a f f i r m a t i v e . ) ‘ A ■■ 1 ,
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Q A s a p a t r o l m a n i n t h e s q u a d c a r ?
A Y e s , s i r .
Q V/e n e e d t h e a n s w e r f o r t h e r e c o r d ?
A Y e s , s i r .
Q I s y o u r h o m e i n t h i s a r e a a s w e l l ?
A Y e s , s i r .
Q H o w f a r i s y o u r h o m e f r o m t h e S o u t h B e l l e v u e M a r i n ^ ?
A T w o a n d o n e - h a l f o r f o u r m i l e s .
y W e r e y o u l i v i n g t h e r e a t t h e t i m e , i n J a n u a r y , o f
’ 7 2 ?
A ( H o d s h e a d i n t h e a f f i r m a t i v e . )
Q ( I n d i c a t i n g )
A Y e s , s i r .
Q T h a n k y o u .
H a d y o u h a d a n y d e a l i n g s w i t h S o u t h B e l l e v u e M a r i n e
i n a n o n - o f f i c i a l c a p a c i t y ? F o r i n s t a n c e , h a v e y o u a v e i
b o u g h t a b o a t o r a n y t h i n g f r o m t h e m ?
A I h a d a m o t o r t u n e d u p o n e t i m e t h e r e f o r m y b o a t .
Q W a s t h a t b e f o r e o r a f t e r J a n u a r y , ' 7 2 ?
A I b e l i e v e i t w a s a f t e r .
Q B e f o r e J a n u a r y , 1 9 7 2 , h a d y o u h a d o c c a s i o n , i n
o f f i c i a l c a p a c i t y , t o g o t o S o u t h B e l l e v u e M a r i n e t o
i n v e s t i g a t e a n y m a t t e r s ?
A Y e s , s i r .
Q A n d w h a t w e r e t h o s e ? ‘
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A B u r g l a r i e s .
Q H o w m a n y t i m e s d i d y o u g o p r i o r t o t h e J a n u a r y S t h
i n c i d e n t ?
A T w i c e ,
Q T w i c e .
W e r e t h e s e a f t e r t h e s c e n e / a f t e r m a t t e r s , o r w e r e
t h e y a t t h e s c e n e a t t h e t i m e o f t h e c r i m e ?
A A f t e r t n e s c e n e .
Q B i d y o u , c o u l d y o u t a l l m e a b o u t e a c h o n e ? T e l l me
t h e t i m e s , t i m e s p a n b e t w e e n o r t h e a n t i c i p a t e d t i m e
s p a n b e t w e e n w h a t y o u t h o u g h t t h e t i m e o f t h e b u r g l a r y
a n d y o u r i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f i t ?
A I t w a s a b o u t a y e a r b e f o r e , I g u e s s .
Q A y e a r b e f o r e ?
A Y e s , s i r .
W e l l , a y e a r o r s i x m o n t h s b e f o r e J a n u a r y o f ' 7 2 .
I
Q T h e y w e r e t h e r e c l o s e i n t i m e , t h i s p r e v i o u s i n v e s t !
g a t i o n ?
A T i m e g a p o f a b o u t , t h e r e w e r e s e v e r a l m o n t h s i n i
g a p s . I1
Q I ' m t a l k i n g a b o u t t h e y w e r e c l o s e i n t i m e , s o i t
i
w o u l d h a v e b e e n m o r e t h a n s i x m o n t h s a n d l e s s t h a n a i
y e a r , a n d d u r i n g t h a t s i x m o n t h s p e r i o d y o u w e r e t h e r e
t w i c e , i s t h a t w h a t y o u a r e s a y i n g ? j
A R i g h t , j u s t m y s e l f , r i g h t .
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Q N o w , t h i s w a s i n a n o f f i c i a l c a p a c i t y , i s t h a t
r i g h t ?
A ( N o d s h e a d i n t h e a f f i r m a t i v e . )
Q N h a t w e r e y o u c a l l e d u p o n t o d o ?
A T u r n i n m y r e p o r t , l a r c e n y , t h e f t r e p o r t .
Q W o u l d y o u t e l l u s , p l e a s e , w h a t f o r m s y o u a r e
r e q u i r e d t o f i l l o u t o r d i d f i l l o u t i n t h a t r e g a r d a n d
e n a c t l y h c v / y o u c o n d u c t e d t h o c s t v : o i n v e e t i j a t i o n s o f
b u r g l a r y ?
A O h , j u s t a n o f f e n s e r e p o r t , g o o d s a n d t i m e , w h a t
w a s t a k e n .
O n t h e p r e v i o u s t i m e s I w a s u p t h e r e , s o m e o n e h a d
c u t t h e f e n c e t o t h e b a c k l e a d i n g o u t t o t h e d r a i n a g e
d i t c h , a n d u n l o a d e d , w e l l , h a d t a k e n f i v e o r t e n m o t o r s
t h e f i r s t t i m e , a n d I h a v e f o r g o t t e n h o w m a n y t h e s e c o n c
1!
t i m e , t a k e n t h e m o f f o f c u s t o m e r b o a t s , t h e y h a d b o a t s i
t h e r e f o r r e p a i r s , w h a t e v e r , a n d h a d s o m e n e w i n s t o c k , i
g D i d a n y o n e e l s e f r o m t h e p o l i c e d e p a r t r a e n t p a r t i c i - ^
p a t e i n t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n ? :
A I b e l i e v e I w a s r i d i n g b y m y s e l f a t t h a t t i m e . I |
w a s t h e o n l y o n e , |I
Q A n d t h e r e w a s n o o t h e r i n v e s t i g a t i o n b y a n y o n e e l s e i
t h e r e . T h i s w a s t h e e n t i r e p o l i c e i n v e s t i g a t i o n ? !
M o , s i r , t h e d e t e c t i v e b u r e a u , I t o o k t h e b a s i c |
r e p o r t . T h e y f o l l o w e d u p f r o m t h e r e . T h e p e r s o n s f r o m |
' T !
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w h o i Q / w h o o w n e d h h e m a ' t e r j . a l / o b t a i n e d s e r i a l n u m b e r s
f r o m t h e m o t o r s , e v e r y t h i n g l i k e t h a t .
I j u s t , j u s t d i d t h e p r e l i m i n a r y i n v e s t i g a t i o n .
Q D o e s t h e p r e l i m i n a r y i n v e s t i g a t i o n n o r m a l l y i n v o l V ( i
s e a r c h i n g f o r f i n g e r p r i n t s , o r i s t h a t d o n e b y , b y s o m e
o n e e l s e ?
A Y o u k n o w , i t , i f i t w a r r a n t s a c r i m e s c e n e c a r w i l l
b e c a l l e d f o r .
Q D i d y o u d o t h a t a t t h a t t i m e ?
A N o , s i r .
Q A s I u n d e r s t a n d f r o m y o u r p r e v i o u s s t a t e m e n t , y o u
d i d c h e c k t h e r o u t e t h a t y o u f e l t t h e g o o d s h a d b e e n '
t a k e n ?
A Y e s , s i r .
Q D i d y o u f u r t h e r c h e c k t h e e n t i r e a r e a , o r w h a t
a r e a d i d y o u c h e c k t o u n d e r s t a n d t h a t a n d m a k e t h a t
c r i m e s c e n e r e p o r t , o r t h o s e t w o c r i m e s c e n e s r e p o r t s ?
A I w a l k e d o u t b a c k w i t h M r . H o f f m a n , t h e n , a n d h e i s
m i s s i n g a g o o d n u m b e r o f , a m o u n t o f m o t o r s o f f o f b o a t s
a n d t h e r e . w a s e n l a r g e h o l e c u t i n t h e c h a i n f e n c e r i g h t
n e x t t o t h e d i t c h , t h i s w a s i t .
Q D i d y o u d o a n y s u r v e y s i n t h e d i t c h t o d e t e r m i n e
h o w t h e y m i g h t h a v e g o n e f r o m t h e r e ?
A N o , s i r .
Q I f s o m e o n e d i d , y o u w a s n ' t i n v o l v e d i n i t , i s t h a t
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r i g h t ?
A R i g h t .
Q D i d y o u k n o w w h e t h e r o r n o t d e t e c t i v e s d i d f o l l o w
u p o n t h e s e t w o i n v e s t i g a t i o n s ?
A I w o u l d i m a g i n e t h e y , t h e y d i d .
Q B u t y o u j u s t d o n o t k n o w ?
A I d o n ' t k n o w .
HP. . A R N O L D ; Y o u r H o n o r , r e g a r d i n g s t a t e m e n t s
o f , i n t h e s u b p o e n a d u c e s t e c u n , t h a t H r . C a l d w e l l
e a r l i e r r e m a r k e d a b o u t , w e h a v e t w o e a r l i e r p h o t o
g r a p h s w h i c h h a v e b e e n s u p p l i e d b y t h e d e f e n d a n t s ,
a n d I w i s h t o a s k t h e w i t n e s s t o i d e n t i f y c e r t a i n
m a t t e r s f r o m t h e s e p h o t o g r a p h s .
A t t h i s t i m e , I w o u l d l i k e t o m a r k t h e s e t w o
p h o t o g r a p h s a s e x h i b i t s , w h i c h t h e n e x t n u m b e r i s
T H L C L E R K ; T h i r t y - f i v e a n d t h i r t y - s i x .
MR . A R N O L D : T h i r t y - f i v e a n d t h i r t y - s i x .
T H E C O U R T ; A n y o b j e c t i o n t o t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n
o f E x h i b i t s 3 5 a n d 3 6 ?
M R . S H E A ; L e t m e s e e t h e m .
( W h e r e u p o n , s a i d i n s t r u m e n t s a r e p a s s e d
t o M r . S h e a a n d t h e n b a c k t o M r . A r n o l d . )
M R . S H E A : ( N o d s h e a d i n t h e n e g a t i v e . )
B Y M R . A R N O L D ;
Q O f f i c e r R i c h a r d s , I w i s h t o s h o w y o u t h e t w o
f 00071
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p h o t o g r a p h s , a e r i a l p h o t o g r a p h s m a r k e d 3 5 a n d 3 6 .
I f y o u w o u l d , I w o u l d a s k y o u t o m a k e a b r i e f
s t a t e m e n t a b o u t t h e t w o o f t h e m , i d e n t i f y i n g t h e e x h i b i t s ,
e x h i b i t n u m b e r s f o r t h e r e c o r d , a s t o h o w t h e y r e f l e c t
t h e s c e n e i n q u e s t i o n ,
M R , S H E A : Y o u r H o n o r , c o u l d w e p u t t h e m u p
s o , o n s o m e t h i n g , s o t h e C o u r t , a n d s o w e c a n a l l
s e e t h e m ?
T H E C O U R T : Y e s , s i r , y o u m a y d o t h a t , i f
c o u n s e l c a n m o v e o v e r t h i s b o a r d s o t h a t b o t h s i d e i
m a y s e e i t .
Y o u m i g h t p u l l i t o v e r a l i t t l e f u r t h e r , M r .
C l e r k , c l o s e r t o , t h a t i s f i n e .
C a n y o u g e n t l e m e n s e e t h a t ?
M R . S H E A : Y e s , s i r .
3 Y M R . A R N O L D :
Q O f f i c e r R i c h a r d s , t h i s i s E x h i b i t 3 5 , a n d t h i s i s
3 6 . I f y o u w o u l d m a k e a s t a t e m e n t a b o u t h o w t h e y r e f l e c t
t h e s c e n e i n t h a t c o n n e c t i o n , f o r t h e r e c o r d ?
A W e l l , t h i s i s S o u t h B e l l e v u e M a r i n e , M a r i n e , a n d
t h e b a s e b u i l d i n g o n t h i s s i d e , r i g h t h e r e ( i n d i c a t i n g )
T h i s i s t h e n o r t h b a s e , e a s t , w e s t , a n d s o u t h , s o u t h .
W h a t e l s e w o u l d y o u l i k e t o k n o w , s i r ?
Q T h a t i s f i n e ,
T H E C O U R T : N o w , t h a t y o u a r e r e f e r r i n g t o .
m m ’f 'j
64
1 E x h i b i t 3 5 ?
2 M R . A R N O L D : Ye a , s i r . Y o u r H o n o r .
3 T H E C O U R T ; A l l r i g h t , s i r .
4 B Y M R . A R N O L D ;
5 Q T h e n , i f y o u w o u l d , s h o w u s , m a k e a s i m i l a r s t a t e -
6 m e n t a b o u t 3 6 .
7 A A l l r i g h t .
8 T h i s i s F e r g u s o n a l o n g h e r e ( i n d i c a t i n g ) , n o r t h o n
9 E l v i s P r e s l e y , B e l l e v u e , r i g h t o n t h e w e s t , d r a i n a g e
10 d i t c h b a c k e a s t , a n d s o u t h b a c k d o w n t h i s w a y .
11 Q A n d w h i c h i s B e l l e v u e M a r i n e i n t h a t p i c t u r e ?
12 A R i g h t h e r e .
13 Q N o w , I b e l i e v e E x h i b i t 3 5 w i l l b e e a s i e r t o e x p l a i n
14 t h e p r i o r i n v e s t i g a t i o n s , i f y o u w o u l d .
15 I ' m , I h a v e n o t d i s t i n g u i s h e d b e t w e e n t h e t w o p r i o f ,
16 t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n t h a t y o u m a d e , d i d b o t h o f t h e m , d i d
17 t h e y i n v o l v e m a t t e r s t h a t w e r e m i s s i n g ?
18 A Y e s , s i r .
19 Q W e r e b o t h o f t h e m i n v o l v i n g a h o l e c u t i n t h e
20 f e n c e a t t h e s a m e p l a c e , o r d i f f e r e n t p l a c e s ?
21 A I d o n ' t r e m e m b e r a s f a r a s t h e p l a c e , 1 r e m e m b e r
22 a p p r o x i m a t e l y w h e r e i t w a s c u t a t . H e s a i d t h e h o l e , ^
j
23 a g a i n , h e h a d t h e f e n c e p a t c h e d o n t h e o n e p r e v i o u s , a n i i
24 h e s a i d t h e y g o t i t a g a i n , s e e .
25 Q S o i t w a s a p p r o x i m a t e l y t h e s a m e p l a c e ?
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A ( N o d s h e a d i n t h e a f f i r m a t i v e . )
Q D i d y o u v i e w t h e h o l e b o t h t i m e s ?
A ( N o d s h e a d i n t h e a f f i r m a t i v e . )
Q W o u l d y o u s h o w u s , i f y o u w i l l , o n E x h i b i t 3 5 ,
w h e r e t h i s h o l e w a s ?
A I * d s a y r i g h t u p i n h e r e ( i n d i c a t i n g ) a b o u t m a y b e
f i f t y o r s e v e n t y - f i v e f e e t s o u t h o f F e r g u s o n , o n a l o n g
t h e d r a i n a g e , a l o n g t h e d r a i n a g e d i t c h , d i r e c t l y i n t h e
r e a r ( i n d i c a t i n g ) .
Q A n d o n e i t h e r t i m e y o u d i d n o t g o i n t o t h e d r a i n a g < s
d i t c h ?
A N o .
Q I n y o u r i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f t h o s e b u r g l a r i e s ?
A N o .
Q D i d y o u g o o n t h e o u t s i d e o f t h e f e n c e a t S o u t h
B e l l e v u e M a r i n e a t e i t h e r t i m e ?
A N o , s i r .
Q F o r i n s t a n c e , w h e n y o u a r r i v e d , w h e r e d i l y o u p a r k
y o u r c a r w h e n y o u w e r e i n v e s t i g a t i n g t h e b u r g l a r i e s ?
A R i g h t i n f r o n t .
R i g h t i n f r o n t o f t h e b u i l d i n g ?
Y e s , s i r .
O n E l v i s P r e s l e y B o u l e v a r d ?
( N o d s h e a d i n t h e a f f i r m a t i v e . )
A l l r i g h t , s i r . t
Q
A
Q
A
Q
O O O O T l
66
1 D i d y o U / a t a n y o t h e r t i m e , p r i o r t o J a n u a r y 8 ,
2 1 9 7 2 , s t o p t o d i s c u s s t h e m a t t e r o f h o w t h e b u r g l a r y
3 i n v e s t i g a t i o n s w e r e c o i n i n g o r w h e t h e r h e w a s h a v i n g a n y
4 m o r e t r o u b l e w i t h t h e m a n a g e r o f S o u t h B e l l e v u e I ' - l a r i n e
5 a n d - - ( i n t e r r u p t e d )
6 A I , I s t o p p e d i n t h e r e s e v e r a l t i m e s , b u t I d o n ' t
7 r e m e m b e r t h e p e r i o d a f t e r I g o t t h e r e p o r t . T h e p r i o r
8 o n e , I t o o k , I s t o p p e d b y . H e s a i d :
9 “' I h a v e b e e n h i t . "
10 T h e y w e r e a l w a y s h i t t i n g t h e m a n u p f o r m o t o r s .
11 Q D i d y o u , a t a n y t i m e , o t h e r t h a n t h o s e t w o o f f i c i a l
12 i n v e s t i g a t i o n s l o o k a t t h e f e n c e w h e r e t h e t h i n g s m i g h t
13 h a v e b e e n t a k e n f r o m ?
14 A I s t o o d b y , w e n t t h e r e , b y t h e r e a c o u p l e o f t i m e s
15 a t n i g h t , c h e c k i n g , c h e c k i n g t h e b u s i n e s s f o r h i m a t
16 n i g h t . A t t h a t t i m e , t i m e , w e d i d r o t a t e s h i f t s .
17 Q A n d w h e n y o u w e n t t o c h e c k , d o y o u r e m e m b e r w h e r e
18 y o u s t o p p e d a n d h o w y o u w e r e c h e c k i n g ? C o u l d y o u t e l l
19 u s o n e o r m o r e t i m e s , h o w t h a t w i g h t h a v e h a p p e n e d ?
20 A W e l l , I r e m e m b e r g o i n g d o w n F e r g u s o n , a n d i n t o t h e ,
21 i n t o t h e d i t c h , a n d b e h i n d t h e s h o p l i n e d i t c h , a l o n g
22 t h e d i t c h t h e r e , l i k e I s a y , t h e r e f i f t y o r s e v e n t y - f i v ( ^
23 f e e t d o w n f u r t h e r o n , o n f r o m t h e f e n c e y o u c o u l d s e e
24 t h e h o l e . ? -ij
25 Q A n d y o u d o t h a t o n m o r e t h a n o n e o c c a s i o n , s t o p a t
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A Y e s , s i r .
Q A n d d i d y o u e v e r , f r o n t , p u l l t o t h e f r o n t o f t h e
b u i l d i n g a n d b l i n k t h e r e , b l i n k y o u r l i g h t s i n f r o n t ?
A N o . h e h a d t h e l i g h t , l i g h t s o f t h e b u i l d i n g , y o u
c o u l d s e e , c h e c k i n g t h e c u s t o m e r ’ s b u i l d i n g , a n d s e e i t
a t n i g h t , y o u c o u l d t e l l p r e t t y w e l l a n y t h i n g .
Q D i d y o u e v e r p u l l t o t h e o p p o s i t e , o p p o s i t e s i d e
o f t h e b u i l d i n g o n t h e s o u t h , o u t t o t h e s o u t h , a n d
c h e c k f r o m t h a t r a n g e , o r b l i n k y o u r l i g h t s , o r a n y t h i n g
A We j u s t t h r o w t h e l i g h t .
Q W o u l d y o u i d e n t i f y t h a t a r e a f o r u s ?
A Y e s , s i r .
Q I s i t a p a r k i n g l o t o f s o m e t y p e , i s i t b e h i n d ,
b e h i n d t h e r e ?
A R i g h t , i n , r i g h t i n h e r e ( i n d i c a t i n g ) .
Y o u p u l l r i g h t t o t h e m i d d l e h e r e ( i n d i c a t i n g ) .
T h i s i s t h e b a c k , t w o s e p a r a t e b u i l d i n g s ( i n d i c a t i n g ) .
T h i s i s t h e p a r k i n g a r e a r i g h t t h r o u g h h e r e , a n d y o u
p u l l i n t h e r e , a n d c h e c k a r o u n d t h r o u g h , t h r o u g h t h e
b a c k .
Q W h a t p a r k i n g l o t , w h a t p l a c e o f b u s i n e s s i s t h a t
p a r k i n g l o t f o r , w h o o w n s i t , d o y o u k n o w ?
A I h a v e f o r g o t t e n t h e n a m e .
Q I f I s a i d L i t t l e A b n e r ' s o r P e y t o n P l a c e , —
t h e F e r g u s o n s t r e e t ?
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A L i t t l e A b n e r ' s i s r i g h t / I b e l i e v e i t i s . M i g h t
h a v e b e e n P e y t o n P l a c e a t t h e t i : n e .
Q I t c h a n g e d t h e n a m e s e v e r a l t i m e s / h a s i t n o t ?
A Y e s , s i r .
Q W e l l , c o u l d w e r e f e r t o t h a t a r e a a s P e y t o n P l a c e
o r L i t t l e A b n e r ' s p a r k i n g l o t ?
A ( N o d s h e a d i n t h e a f f i r m a t i v e . )
Q A n d y o u d i d , o n m o r e t h a n o n e o c c a s i o n , g o i n a n d
l o o k o u t S o u t h B e l l e v u e M a r i n e t o o ?
A ( N o d s h e a d i n t h e a f f i r m a t i v e . )
Q S o t h a t y o u w e r e f a i r l y f a m i l i a r w i t h t h a t a r e a
p r i o r t o t h e i n c i d e n t i n q u e s t i o n i n t h i s l a w s u i t ?
W o u l d t h a t — ( i n t e r r u p t e d )
A Y e s , s i r .
Q ( C o n t i n u i n g ) — b e a f a i r s t a t e r a e n t ?
A ( N o d s h e a d i n t h e a f f i r m a t i v e . )
Q I n d e s c r i b i n g t h e s e c u r i t y s y s t e m a r o u n d t h e S o u t h
B e l l e v u e M a r i n e , w o u l d y o u m a k e a b r i e f s t a t e m e n t c o n
c e r n i n g h o w t h e b o a t s , t h e b o a t l o t , a n d t h e M a r i n e
s t o r a g e , i t s e l f , w e r e p r o t e c t e d ?
A W e l l , c h a i n - l i n k f e n c e w i t h t h e s e c u r i t y d o g .
Q D e s c r i b e t h e f e n c e f i r s t o f a l l , p l e a s e , s i r ?
A O h , l e t ' s s e e , e i g h t f o o t , i f I ' m n o t m i s t a k e n , i t
h a s g o t b a r b e d w i r e a r o u n d t h e t o p . 0 0 0 0 ? #
Q A n d h o w d o e s t h a t p a r t i c u l a r f e n c e y o u h a v e j u s t
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d e s c r i b e d , h o w d o e s i t , w h e r e i s i t a r o u n d t h e l o t ?
A A l l r i g h t .
I t c o m e s b a c k / b a c k n o r t h b o u n d , a l l t h e w a y u p ,
j u s t a f e w f e e t o u t , F e r g u s o n , S o u t h F e r g u s o n , a n d o n
a l l t h e w a y b a c k , a n d t h e n b a c k d o w n a g a i n , a n d a c r o s s
t h e b a c k , o u t , r i g h t b e h i n d , l i k e I s a y , t w o s e p a r a t e
b u i l d i n g s , r i g h t b e h i n d t h i s b u i l d i n g ( i n d i c a t i n g ) .
Q D o y o u k n o w w h a t t y p e o f f e n c e w a s b e h i n d t h e
L i t t l e A b n e r ’ s p a r k i n g l o t o n , i n J a n u a r y o f 1 9 7 2 ?
A J u s t a c h a i n - l i n k f e n c e , f o u r a n d o n e - h a l f , m a y b e
f i v e f e e t .
Q
A
W a s t h e r e a n y b a r b e d v / i r e o n t h e t o p o f i t ?
I d o n ’ t k n o w , s i r . I d o n ' t b e l i e v e s o .
M R . A R N O L D ; T h e r e a r e s o m e o t h e r p h o t o g r a p h s
t h a t w e r e i n t h e , t h a t w e r e r e q u e s t e d b y s u b p o e n a .
Y o u r H o n o r . T h e s e a r e c r i m e s c e n e p h o t o g r a p h s
w h i c h , w h i c h I w i s h t o i n t r o d u c e t h e m i n t o e v i d e n c e ,
a n d t o a s k t h e w i t n e s s q u e s t i o n s f r o m t h e s e .
T H E C O U R T : A l l r i g h t , s i r .
3 Y M R . A R N O L D :
Q W h i l e y o u r c o u n s e l i s l o o k i n g ( p a s s i n g p h o t o s t o
M r . S h e a ) a t t h o s e p h o t o g r a p h s , I w i l l a s k y o u , M r .
R i c h a r d s , t o s p e c i f i c a l l y d i r e c t y o u r a t t e n t i o n t o t h e
n i g h t o f J a n u a r y 8 , 1 9 7 2 , a n d t e l l u s i f y o u w i l l , w h e n
y o u f i r s t l e a r n e d a b o u t , a b o u t a n i n c i d e n t a t S o u t h
0 G 0 0 7 8
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70
B e l l e v u e M a r i n e , a n d w h a t y o u r r e a c t i o n s t o i t w a s ?
A We w e r e n o r t h b o u n d o n E l v i s P r e s l e y , j u s t g o t i n
s e r v i c e , a n d r i g h t a t t h e , I ’ d s a y , t h e e x p r e s s w a y , w e
h e a r d a c a l l g o o u t t h a t a p r o w l e r , p r o w l e r s w e r e o n t h e
i n s i d e o f S o u t h B e l l e v u e M a r i n e , a n d h a g a v e a n o t h e r
c a r t h e c a l l a n d s t i l l a n o t h e r o n e , a n d w e t o l d h i m o u r
l o c a t i o n , t h a t n i g h t w a s r i d i n g a r o u n d i n a s q u a d c a r ,
i n t h e w a r d , a n d a c t u a l l y h a d S o u t h B e l l e v u e i n i t . T h e
d i s p a t c h e r s a i d , s h o w e d u s o n t h e c a l l , t o l d u s t o g e t
o n t h e c a l l .
W h e n w e t h e n p r o c e e d e d o n , a n d w h e n w e a r r i v e d o n
t h e s c e n e , I h a v e f o r g o t t e n t h e c a r n u m b e r . P a t r o l m e n
R o l e s o n a n d : G a l l i h a m w e r e t h e r e , a n d t h e y s a i d t h e y
w e r e s o m e b o d y , s o m e o n e i n s i d e , s o m e t h i n g t o t h a t e f f e c t
We t h e n p u l l e d t h e p a t r o l c a r o n n o r t h a n d w e n t
b a c k e a s t o n F e r g u s o n , a n d r i g h t n e a r t h e r e a r w e s t o p p i i d
a n d a s w e w e r e g e t t i n g o u t o f t h e c a r , w e o b s e r v e d t w o
m a l e ; c l a c k s t o g e t o u t a n d r u n b a c k e a s t , a n d d u r i n g
t h i s t i m e w e b e g a n h o l l e r i n g " H a l t “ , t h e w h o l e t i r a e , a n d
w e w e r e j u s t p a r a l l e l i n g t h e m l i k e t h a t .
T h e y h i t t h e f e n c e , s c o o t e d u p u n d e r n e a t h i t , t h a t
h o l e t h e r e , a n d s t a r t e d b a c k s o u t h b o u n d , a n d w e c o n t i n u < j d
t o h o l l e r , “ H a l t " , a n d w h e n i t b e c a m e a p p a r e n t t h e y w e r e
n o t , t h e y w e r e f i x i n g t o h e a d u p t o t h e C l e m e n t i n a
A p a r t m e n t s h e r e ( i n d i c a t i n g ) , w e o p e n e d f i r e .
L'Ci)07'J
80
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1 Q T h a t i s , i
A Y e s , s i r .
Q A n d i s t h e
A I g u e s s s o
Q A l l r i g h t .
A I t , i t w a s
Q N o w , l o t ' s
A n d i s t h e t h i r d s h i f t n o t d e s i g n a t e d C h a r l i e ?
I g u e s s s o . I t h a s b e e n s o ' l o n g s i n c e w e d i d i t .
N o w , l o t ' s g e t b a c k t o w h e n y o u s a w t h e t w o r u n n i n c
f r o m t h e b u i l d i n g ?
A ( N o d s h e a d i n t h e a f f i r m a t i v e . )
Q Y o u s a w t h e m t h e e n t i r e t i m e t h a t t h e y c a m e f r o m
t h e b u i l d i n g t o t h e f e n c e , a n d w e n t u n d e r t h e f e n c e , a n c
t h e n y o u l a t e r s a w t h e n , t h e n i n t h e d i t c h , i s t h a t
c o r r e c t ?
A Y e s , s i r .
Q W h a t t y p e o f l i g h t i n g i s t h e r e i n t h e i n s i d e o f t h e
y a r d , i t s e l f , a n d w h a t t y p e o f l i g h t i n g w a s o n t h e m a s
t h e y r a n t h r o u g h t h e y a r d ?
A O h , t h e r e w a s f a i r l y g o o d d e c e n t l i g h t i n g , a s t h e y
w e r e g o i n g o u t t o w a r d t h e f e n c e , a n d t h e r e w a s p o o r
l i g h t i n g a s t h e y w e r e g o i n g s o u t h b o u n d .
Q I s t h e r e l i g h t i n g , i s t h e r e a n y t h i n g t h e n i n s i d e
t h e S o u t h B e l l e v u e M a r i n e b o a t l o t t h e r e ?
A Y e s , s i r , t h e r e i s a c o u p l e , I b e l i e v e t h e r e i s a
s t r e e t l i g h t o u t o n t h e o u t e r , o u t n e a r F e r g u s o n , o u t
n e a r t h e r e ( i n d i c a t i n g ) . T h e r e i s l i g h t e d , t h i s i s
OCOOBO
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Q H o w m u c h c o u l d y o u i d e n t i f y c o n c e r n i n g t h e t w o
p e r s o n s ? C o u l d y o u s e e w e l l e n o u g h t o d e t e r m i n e , f o r
i n s t a n c e , c o l o r o f c l o t h e s ?
A D a r k c o l o r , t h a t i s a l l .
Q C o u l d y o u s e e e n o u g h t o d i f f e r e n t i a t e b e t w e e n b l u e
a n d b r o w n , b r o w n s ?
A Y e s , s i r , I c o u l d h a v e , b u t - - ( i n t e r r u p t e d )
Q I m e a n , d i d y o u s e e t h a t , o r w e r e y o u a b l e t o t e l l ?
A Y e s , s i r , I s a w i t .
Q T h a t a p e r s o n h a d o n b r o w n c l o t h i n g , o r b l u e
c l o t h i n g , w h a t e v e r i t w a s ?
A Y e s , s i r , I , I s a w i t , b u t I d o n ’ t r e i a e r a b e r i t .
Q A l l r i g h t , s i r .
T h e n c e r t a i n l y y o u w e r e a b l e t o t e l l w h e t h e r t h e
y o u n g s t e r s w e r e b l a c k o r w h i t e , i s t h a t t r u e ?
A Y e s , s i r .
Q A n d o f c o u r s e , b o t h a r e b l a c k ?
A Y e s , s i r .
Q W e r e y o u a b l e t o t e l l t h e i r h e i g h t h , h o w t a l l t h e y
w e r e ?
A Y e s , s i r .
j
Q Y o u h a v e b e e n i n t h e c o u r t r o o m a n d h e a r d t h e s t a t e - !
m e n t a b o u t f i v e f e e t f o u r i n c h e s . W e r e y o u a b l e , a b l e
t o t e l l t h e p e r s o n w a s a p p r o x i m a t e l y t h a t h e i g h t h ?
l i g h t e d f a i r l y w e l l .
30008
82
1 A O h , l o o k e d t a l l e r t h a n t h a t t o m e .
2 Q W e r e y o u a b l e t o i d e n t i f y w h e t h e r t h e o t h e r p e r s o n
3 w a s t a l l e r o r s h o r t e r t h a n t h e p e r s o n w h o w a s s h o t ?
4 A B o t h o f t h e m a p p e a r e d t o b e t h e s a m e s i z e , s i r .
5 Q D i d t h e y a p p e a r t o b e t h e s a m e b o d y b u i l d a n d
6 w e i g h t ?
7 A ( N o d s h e a d i n t h e a f f i r m a t i v e . )
8 'd We w e r e d i s c u s s i n g t h a t y o u n o d y o u r h e a d , y e s ,
9 s i r ?
10 A Y e s , s i r .
Q B u t i n t h e d i t c h i t s e l f t h a n t h e r e i s n o l i g h t i n g ,
12 i s t h a t c o r r e c t ?
13 A N o .
14 Q T h e o n l y l i g h t c a m e f r o m t h e l i g h t s t h a t w e r e
15 i n s i d e o f t h e b o a t l o t , o r t h e p a r k i n g l o t ?
16 A Y e s , s i r .
17 Q D o e s M r . K r a g a l s o h a v e a l o t - - I ’ m s o r r y , a l i g h t ^
18 i n h i s l o t ? j
19 A I b e l i e v e h e h a s o n e u p i n h i s l o t o n u p f u r t h e r , j
20 J3 u t i t w a s o f n o u s e t h a t n i g h t .
21 Q I s i t o n e o f t h e s t r e e t l i g h t t y p e s ?
22 A T h e l i g h t , a s w e l l a s - - y e s , s i r , h i s y a r d h a s
23 g o t t r e e s , i n t h e y a r d , l i g h t s o n t h e p o r c h , I b e l i e v e .
24 Q N o w , w h e n y o u g o t o u t o f y o u r c a r , d i d y o u h a v e a
25 w e a p o n w i t h y o u ?
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A Y e a , s i r , I t o o k t h e s h o t g u n .
U A n d t e l l u s a b o u t t h e s h o t g u n , w h a t k i n d o f s h o t g u i i
i t i s ?
A T w e l v e - g u a g e R e m i n g t o n m o d e l 8 1 0 , p u m p s h o t g u n ,
u s i n g d o u b l e o u g h t b u c k , w h i c h i s e q u a l d o u b l e o u g h t ,
n i n e b u l l e t s , e q u i v a l e n t t o s i z e t h i r t y - t w o c a l i b e r
s l u g s .
Q A n d t h a t i s s t a n d a r d ?
A T h a t i s s t a n d a r d .
Q G u n i s s u e d ?
A Y e s , s i r .
Q A n d t h a t w a s i s s u e d b y t h e d e p a r t m e n t , o f c o u r s e ?
A Y e s , s i r .
Q Y o u a l s o h a v e y o u r s e r v i c e r e v o l v e r w i t h y o u a s
w e l l ?
A Y e s , s i r .
Q A n d n o w , w h e n y o u , w h e n y o u w e n t t o t h e f e n c e o n
F e r g u s o n , h o w d i d y o u f i r e y o u r g u n i n t o t h e l o t i n
r e l a t i o n s h i p t o , I m e a n , i n t o t h e d i t c h i n r e l a t i o n s h i p
t o t h e f e n c e ?
A S q u a t t e d d o w n . Y o u k n o w , o n e k n e e d o w n , t h e o t h e r
u p r e s t i n g .
Q D i d y o u p l a c e t h e b a r r e l t h r o u g h t h e f e n c e ?
A Y e s , s i r .
Q D i d b o t h y o u a n d O f f i c e r C o x f i r e y o u r w e a p o n ?
8 4
1 A Y e s , s i r .
2 sJ C a n y o u r e m e m b e r w h o f i r e d h i s w e a p o n f i r s t ?
3 A H o , s i r .
4 Q Y o u d o n ' t r e m e m b e r w h e t h e r o r n o t y o u h e a r d a s h o t
5 b e f o r e y o u p u l l e d t h e t r i g g e r o n t h e s h o t g u n ?
6 A I d o n ' t k n o w , s i r .
7 Q D i d y o u d i s c u s s i n a n y w a y w i t h O f f i c e r C o x w h e t h e i •
8 y o u w e r e g o i n g t o f i r e o r n o t ?
9 A ( H o d s h e a d i n t h e n e g a t i v e . )
10 Q S i r ?
11 A N o , s i r .
12 Q h o w m a n y t i n e s d i d y o u f i r e ?
13 A T h r e e t i m e s .
14 Q A t t h a t t i m e , d i d n ' t y o u k n o w h o w m t n y t i m e s O f f i c e r
15 C o x h a d f i r e d ?
16 A I b e l i e v e h e , o n c e o r t w i c e w i t h h i s s e r v i c e r e v o l
17 v e r , f i r e d o n e .
18 Q W h e r e w a s h e s t a n d i n g i n r e l a t i o n s h i p t o y o u , t h a t
19 y o u W e r e , i f y o u w e r e k n e e l e d n e x t t o t h e f e n c e , f e n c e .
20 w i t h t h e b a r r e l t h r o u g h t h e f e n c e ?
21 A K e w a s t o t h e l e f t r e a r o f m e , s t a n d i n g o n a h i l l , |
j
22 t h e r e i s a a l i g h t , s l i g h t , I d o n ' t k n o w t o t h e p e r c e n - i
1
23 t a g e s , b u t t h e r e i s a p r e t t y s t e e p i n c l i n e g o i n g d o w n i
!
24 t o t h e f e n c e . H e w a s s t a n d i n g u p t o t h e l e f t r e a r o f
25 m e , f i r i n g o v e r t h e f e n c e . !
1
o o t i e s - i i
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a W h a t w a s y o u r p u r p o s e i n f i r i n g t h e w e a p o n ?
A T h e r e w a s n o o t h e r w a y I c o u l d s t o p h i m * B e l i e v e
m e , I t r i e d . I s c r e a m e d f r o m t h e f i r s t t i m e h e r a n o u t
o f t h e b a c k o f t h e b u i l d i n g a l l t h e w a y d o w n , a n d I g a v e
u p .
Q A n d y o u r e s o l v e d t h e r e w a s n o o t h e r w a y t o s t o p
h i m e x c e p t w i t h t h e u s e o f y o u r w e a p o n ?
A T h e r e w a s n o o t h e r w a y I c o u l d h a v e g o t h i m .
U W h a t i n t e r v a l h a d l a p s e d b e t w e e n t h e t h r e e s h o t s ,
o r w h a t i n t e r v a l e l a p s e d , e l a p s e d b e t w e e n o n e a n d t w o
a n d t w o a n d t h r e e , t h e s h o t s , h o w m u c h t i m e w a s t h a t ?
A O h , j u s t a b o u t a s q u i c k , q u i c k a s y o u c a n t a k e i t
a n d j a c k o n e i n .
Q Y o u d i d n o t o b s e r v e t h e e f f e c t o f t h e f i r s t s h o t
b e f o r e f i r i n g t h e s e c o n d o n e , i s t h a t c o r r e c t , t h e n , i s
t h a t c o r r e c t ?
A N o , s i r .
Q N o r d i d y o u o b s e r v e t h e e f f e c t o f t h e s e c o n d s h o t |I
b e f o r e y o u f i r e d t h e t h i r d ? j
I
A H o , s i r . I
Q H o w m a n y s h o t s d i d y o u h a v e i n y o u r g u n ? |
A F o u r .
Q Y o u s t a t e d e a r l i e r , I b e l i e v e , t h a t f r o r a t h e t i m e !
o f f i r i n g u n t i l t h e t i m e o f f i n d i n g t h e b o d y , i t w a s t e r j
t
t o f i f t e e n m i n u t e s , i s t h a t c o r r e c t ?
0 0 0 0 0 5
107
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A
Q
A
Y e s , a i r .
A n d h s w a s n o t , h e w a s b e h i n d y o u t o s o s i e e x t e n t ?
T h a t i s c o r r e c t .
t h e C O U R T : J u s t a m i n u t e , g e n t l e m e n , i f y o u
w i l l .
I d o n ' t w a n t t o i n t e r r u p t y o u , b u t I h a v e g o t
a c o m m u n i c a t i o n f r o m m y j u r y .
{ W h e r e u p o n , a s h o r t b e n c h c o n f e r e n c e w a s
h a d b e t w e e n t h e C o u r t a n d t h e a t t o r n e y s i n
a n o t h e r c a s e n o t p e r t a i n i n g t o t h i s p r o
c e e d i n g s . )
t h e C O U R T : A l l r i u h t , s i r , y o u r s a y r e s u m e .
BY M R . A R N O L D :
Q A l l r i g h t .
A W o u l d y o u a s k t h e q u e s t i o n a g a i n ?
Q 1 w i l l a s k i t a g a i n i f I c a n .
O f f i c e r c o x w a s n o t i n y o u r d i r e c t l i n e o f v i s i o n
i s t h a t c o r r e c t ?
A w e l l , w e w e r e a t t h e a i d e o f e a c h o t h e r a n d t h e n
h e s t a r t e d b a c k i n g u p o n t h e h i l l .
Q O h , y o u o b s e r v e d h i m b a c k u p t h e h i l l , w h a t p o s i -
t i o n w e r e y o u i n w h e n y o u o b s e r v e d h i m b a c k u p t h e h i l l ?
A 1 w a s s t a n d i n g t h e r e h o l l e r i n g a n d t h e n w h e n w e
s a w i t w a s n - t g o i n g t o w o r k , I l o o k e d a t h i m a n d h e
l o o k e d a t m e a n d w e i m m e d i a t e l y s t a r t e d , a n d I w e n t d o w n
108
1 o n , t o o k a f i r i n g p o s i t i o n a n d h e w i t h d r a w s h i s s e r v i c e
2 r e v o l v e r .
3 Q D i d h e w i t h d r a w h i s s e r v i c e r e v o l v e r b e f o r e o r
4 a f t e r h e w a l k e d b a c k w a r d s u p t h a t h i l l ?
5 A I ' m , I ' m n o t s u r e .
6 Q B u t y o u s a w h i m w i t h d r a w h i s s e r v i c e r e v o l v e r ?
7 A Y e s , s i r .
8 Q A n d y o u s a v ; h i m w a l k b a c k w a r d s ?
9 A ( N o d s h e a d i n t h e a f f i r m a t i v e . )
10 Q A n d y o u a r e n o t s u r e o f t h e s e q u e n c e o f t h o s e t w o
11 e v e n t s ?
12 A N o , s i r . I ’ m n o t .
13 M R . A R N O L D : T h a t i s a l l . Y o u r H o n o r .
14 T H E C O U R T ; A l l r i g h t .
15 M r . S h e a , y o u m a y e i t h e r e x a m i n e t h e w i t n e s s
16 a t t h i s t i m e o r r e s e r v e a n y e x a m i n a t i o n t h a t y o u
17 w i s h o f t h i s w i t n e s s a s a p a r t o f y o u r o w n p r o o f ?
18 M R . S H E A ; I w o u l d l i k e t o r e c a l l t h e w i t n e s s
19 a s p a r t o f o u r p r o o f .
20 T H E C O U R T : A l l r i g h t , s i r , y o u m a y s t e p d o w n
21 ( W i t n e s s e x c u s e d )
22 M R . A R N O L D : Y o u r H o n o r , a t t h i s t i m e , w e
23 w o u l d l i k e t o o f f e r i n t o e v i d e n c e t h e d e p o s i t i o n s
24 o f O f f i c e r R i c h a r d s , O f f i c e r C o x , O f f i c e r C a l l i h a m
25 a n d O f f i c e r R o l e s o n . ( " O O O b i'
r .
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w a s h e l d b e t w e e n M r . S h e a a n d t h e o p p o s i n g
a t t o r n e y s , s a m e n o t r e p o r t e d o n t h e r e c o r d b y
r e q u e s t o f c o u n s e l . )
M R . S H E A : I ' m s o r r y . Y o u r H o n o r , I t h o u g h t
n a y b e w e c o u l d j u s t t r y t h i s c a s e a n d , o n d e p o s i
t i o n s , b u t a p p a r e n t l y w e c a n ' t .
T H E C O U R T : A l l r i g h t , y o u n a y p r o c e e d , M r .
C a l d w e l l .
M R . C A L D W E L L : Y o u r H o n o r , M r . S h e a j u s t i n
f o r m e d u s t h a t h e w i l l i n s i s t o n a l l o f D i r e c t o r
H u b b a r d ’ s d e p o s i t i o n b e i n g i n t r o d u c e d i n t o e v i d e n c «
a n d i n v i e w o f t h a t . I ’ l l j u s t m o v e t h a t t h e e n t i r e
d e p o s i t i o n b e a d m i t t e d , a n d I w o u l d l i k e t o , t o
b r i e f l y h i g h l i g h t a f e w i t e m s f r o m t h a t d e p o s i t i o n
b e g i n n i n g a t p a g e e i g h t o f t h e d e p o s i t i o n . Y o u r
H o n o r , a n d t h i s w a s t a k e n J a n u a r y 1 6 , 1 9 7 5 , a n d I
n o t i c e t h a t t h e d e p o s i t i o n b e a r s h i s n a m e a s
i n i t i a l " J . " , i n i t i a l " W . " H u b b a r d . I t h i n k i t i s
" J a y W . " " J - a - y v ? . " I b e l i e v e t h a t i s t h e c o r r e c t
s p e l l i n g o f h i s n a m e .
B e g i n n i n g o n p a g e e i g h t a t l i n e f i f t e e n :
( R e a d i n g ) :
" Q u e s t i o n : D i d y o u r e c e i v e s t a t e m e n t s
o f c o n c e r n f r o m i n d i v i d u a l s o u t s i d e t h e d e p a i ’
m e n t , a n d I w o u l d s p e c i f i c a l l y w o n d e r a b o u t
t-
r .
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p e r s o n s w e m i g h t c l a s s i f y a s b l a c k c o m m u n i t y
l e a d e r s ? "
A n d t o p u t t h a t q u e s t i o n i n c o n t e x t , I m i g h t
b r e a k a w a y a n d s a y t h a t t h e q u e s t i o n i s h a v i n g t o
d o w i t h d e v e l o p m e n t o f g u i d e l i n e s t o g o v e r n t h e
u s e o f d e a d l y f o r c e .
" A n s w e r : O b j e c t i o n s f r o m t h e b l a c k c o m
m u n i t y , e v e r y t i m e a b l a c k m a n w a s s h o t , i s
c a t e g o r i c a l , i t i s a u t o m a t i c , i t i s a r e f l e x ,
a n d I h a v e i t e v e r y t i m e w e s h o o t .
" Q u e s t i o n : Y o u h a d i t p r i o r t o t h e
f o r m a t i o n o f t h e n e w p o l i c y ?
" A n s w e r : Y e s . "
A n d I m i g h t i n t e r j e c t t h e r e , a n d s a y t h e n e w
p o l i c y w a s a d o p t e d i n , i n F e b r u a r y , 1 9 7 4 .
P r o c e e d i n g o n p a g e n i n e :
" Q u e s t i o n ; A n d s i n c e , w h i l e t h e n e w
p o l i c y h a s b e e n i n e f f e c t ?
" A n s w e r : I t i s i m m e d i a t e l y a s s u m e d o n
t h e p a r t o f s o m e o f t h e b l a c k l e a d e r s h i p i n
t h e c o m m u n i t y t h a t t h e p o l i c e f i r e b e c a u s e t h e
m a n i s b l a c k , a n d a p p a r e n t l y b e c a u s e t h e y
t h o u g h t i t w a s p e r m i t t e d . T h a t a s s u m p t i o n i s
r a i s e d e v e r y t i m e w e h a v e a s i t u a t i o n w h o r e a
p o l i c e o f f i c e r e l e c t s t o p u l l t h e t r i g g e r .
S O G H K l ?
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A s f a r a s a n y s p e c i f i c c o m p l a i n t a d d r e s s e d t o
t h e d i r e c t i v e t h a t w a s i n e f f e c t b e f o r e t h i s
o n e , I h a v e n o k n o w l e d g e o f a n y s p e c i f i c c o m
p l a i n t e x c e p t t h e g e n e r a l c o m p l a i n t t h a t t h e y
j u s t h a d t h e f e e l i n g t h a t t o o m a n y b l a c k m e n
w e r e b e i n g s h o t . O f c o u r s e , o u r a n s w e r t o
t h a t i s t o o m a n y b l a c k m e n w e r e c o m m i t t i n g
f e l o n i e s .
" Q u e s t i o n ; Y o u s t a t e d t h e r e a c t i o n i s
a u t o m a t i c . I a s s u m e y o u d o n ’ t f i n d t h i s t y p e
o f c r i t i c i s m o r i n p u t c o n s t r u c t i v e ?
" A n s w e r ; I t i s n o t a h o w I f e e l , i t
e x i s t s . We k n o w , a s a m a t t e r o f f a c t . , t h a t
i t w i l l s u r f a c e a s s o o n a s w e h a v e a s h o o t i n g
i n c i d e n t . v?e d o n o t e x p e c t a p p r o v a l f r o m t h e
b l a c k c o m m u n i t y w h e n w e s h o o t a b l a c k m a n ,
e v e n i f i t i s d o n e b y a b l a c k o f f i c e r . We
d o n ' t e x p e c t i t , w e d o n ' t c a r e a b o u t i t . O u r
p r o b l e m i s t o g e t a t t h e f a c t s , v / a s i t o r w a s
i t n o t j u s t i f i e d , a n d w e t r y t o a r r i v e a t
t h a t t h r o u g h a v e r y c l e a r a n d m e t h o d i c a l p r o
c e d u r e , o u r i n v e s t i g a t i o n s , a n d w e a l s o n o w
I
h a v e a f i r e a r m s r e v i e w b o a r d . " j
I f I c o u l d s u m m a r i z e t w o o r t h r e e p a g e s , Y o u r j
h o n o r , e s s e n t i a l l y , p a g e , p a g e s e i g h t e e n t o t w e n t y
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d e a l s w i t h t h e a t t i t u d e o f t h e p o l i c e d e p a r t m e n t
i n t h e b l a c k c o m m u n i t y a s c o m p a r e d t o t h e w h i t e
c o m m u n i t y , a n d t h e f a c t t h a t t h e , t h e f a c t I ' m
m a k i n g i s n o t a s g o o d i n t h e b l a c k c o m m u n i t y , a n d
I w o n ' t s a y a n y m o r e t h a n t h a t , t h a t i s e s s e n t i a l l y
t h e t h r u s t o f t h o s e t h r e e p a g e s t o w h i c h w e d o c a l . L
t h e C o u r t ' s a t t e n t i o n .
O n p a g e t w e n t y - s e v e n o f , o n p a g e t w e n t y - s i x ,
Y o u r H o n o r , i n t h e c o n t e x t o f a q u e s t i o n a b o u t t h e
p o l i c y g u i d e l i n e s g o v e r n i n g d e a d l y f o r c e a g a i n , an<^
l i n e t w e n t y . I ' l l r e a d :
" Q u e s t i o n : T h e n t h e b a s i c p o l i c y r e s t r i c
t i o n c o n f i n e s h i m ?
" A n s w e r : Y o u r e s t r i c t t h e p o l i c y t o
w h e n h e c a n u n h o l s t e r t h a t t h i n g a n d y o u m u s t
b e f a i r l y s p e c i f i c . H e h a s e n o u g h s e r i o u s
j u d g m e n t s t o m a k e a n d i t i s g o o d f o r h i m t o
h a v e s o m e c l e a r g u i d a n c e , a n d w e t r y t o i m p r o v e
t h i s g u i d a n c e i n t h i s , "
A n d t h a t i s t h e r e f e r e n c e t o t h e n e w p o l i c y .
A t p a g e s t w e n t y - n i n e , p a g e t w e n t y - n i n e , l i n e
e i g h t e e n :
" Q u e s t i o n : I b e l i e v e I h a v e h e a r d y o u
i
s t a t e t h a t y o u t h i n k t h a t i t i s a d e t a r a n t t o |
c r i m e , i s t h a t a f a i r s t a t e m e n t o f y o u r b e l i e f
o o o o a i I
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i n t h a t r e g a r d ?
" A n s w e r : We d o n ' t a p p l y d e a d l y f o r c e a s
a d e t a r e n t . My o w n p e r s o n a l b e l i e f i s t h a t
c a p i t a l p u n i s h m e n t i s a d e t e r a n t . My o w n p e r - j -
s o n a l b e l i e f i s t h a t t h e t h r e a t o f d e a d l y
f o r c e h a s t o c o n s t i t u t e s o m e k i n d o f d e t e r e n t
B y i n v e r s e l o g i c / i f t h e a b s e n c e o f t h e t h r e a i :
o f d e a d l y f o r e s , g i v e n t h e s a m e c o m m u n i t y o f
c r i m e - p r o n e i n d i v i d u a l s , w o u l d j u s t t a k a o n e
m o r e r e s t r a i n m e n t o f f o f t h e i r a c t i v i t y , s o
i n t h a t s e n s e I w o u l d s a y t h a t t h e t h r e a t o f
d e a d l y f o r c e , t h e k n o w l e d g e i n t h e c i t y t h a t
u n d e r c e r t a i n s p e c i f i c c i r c u m s t a n c e s o f f i c e r s
w i l l d r a w t h e i r w e a p o n a n d f i r e i t , I f e e l h a s
t o b e r e g a r d e d a s s o m e k i n d o f d e t e r e n t t o
s e r i o u s c r i m e . "
T H E C O U R T ; M r . C a l d w e l l , y o u m a y c o n t i n u e o n
t h a t m a t t e r , i t i s a b o u t f i v e m i n u t e s b e y o n d t h e
t i m e t h a t I i n d i c a t e d b e f o r e t h a t w e w e r e g o i n g t o
g o , a n d t h e r e i s n o n e e d o r p r e s s t o g e t t h a t i n
t o d a y , r a t h e r t h a n t o m o r r o w , s o I ' l l i n t e r r u p t y o u
a t t h i s t i m e , a n d I ' m j u s t . I ' l l e x c u s e y o u g e n t l e
m e n u n t i l n i n e f i f t e e n t o m o r r o w m o r n i n g .
M R . C A L D W E L L : T h a n k y o u . Y o u r H o n o r .
( W h e r e u p o n , a t 4 : 5 5 p . m . , t h e p r o c e e d i n g s
f ' O r t O S a
( ■
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1 U N I T E D S T A T E S D I S T R I C T C O U R T
W E S T E R N D I S T R I C T O F T E N N E S S E E
W E S T E R N D I V I S I O N
M A R T H A W I L E Y / M o t h e r a n d
N e x t o f K i n o f F R E D L E E
B E R R Y , a D e c e a s e d M i n o r ,
P l a i n t i f f /
v e r s u s
M E M P H I S P O L I C E D E P A R T M E N T ,
E T A L . ,
D e f e n d a n t s .
C I V I L A C T I O N NO
C - 7 3 - 8 .
T R A N S C R I P T O F T H E E V I D E N C E
A P R I L 3 , 1 9 7 5
M E M P H I S , T E N N E S S E E
V O L U M E I I
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W I T N E S S
J . W . H u b b a r d
H e n r y E . L u x
J o h n A . C o l e t t a
C h a r l e s T . K e n n y
H e n r y E . L u x
I - N - D - E - X
D I R E C T
E X A M I N A T I O N
C R O S S -
E X A M I N A T I O N
1 3 5, 1 8 0 1 4 0
1 8 4 —
2 4 5 —
2 6 6 2 8 7
3 2 1, 3 4 8 3 4 4
0 f /
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( W h e r e u p o n , p u r s u a n t t o t h e o v e r n i g h t
r e c e s s . C o u r t c o n v e n e d a t 9 : 1 7 a . m . , a n d t h e
f o l l o w i n g p r o c e e d i n g s w e r e h a d . )
T H E C O U R T : G e n t l e m e n , a r e w e r e a d y t o p r o c e e ^ ?
M R . C A L D W E L L : We a r e r e a d y . Y o u r H o n o r .
T H E C O U R T : A l l r i g h t , y o u m a y p r o c e e d w i t h
y o u r f u r t h e r p r o o f .
M R . C A L D W E L L : W h e n w e a d j o u r n e d f o r t h e d a y
y e s t e r d a y , Y o u r H o n o r , I w a s c a l l i n g t h e C o u r t ' s
a t t e n t i o n t o c e r t a i n p o r t i o n s o f D i r e c t o r H u b b a r d ' s
d e p o s i t i o n , a n d t h e r e a r e t w o o t h e r i t e m s t h a t I
w o u l d l i k e t o d i r e c t t h e C o u r t ' s a t t e n t i o n t o i n
t h a t r e g a r d .
A t p a g e s t w e n t y - e i g h t a n d t w e n t y - n i n e o f t h e
d e p o s i t i o n . Y o u r H o n o r , t h e f o l l o w i n g q u e s t i o n a n d
a n s w e r a p p e a r , a n d t h e a n s w e r i s c o n t i n u e d o n p a g e
t w e n t y - n i n e .
( R e a d i n g ) :
" D o y o u t h i n k t h e n t h a t t h e m o r e r e s t r i c
t i v e p o l i c i e s t h a t a r e i n e f f e c t i n o t h e r
c i t i e s c a u s e t h o s e c i t i e s t o d o a l e s s c a p a b l y
j o b t h a n y o u r p o l i c e d e p a r t m e n t d o e s h e r e i n
t h a t r e s p e c t ?
" A n s w e r ; T h e r e i s n o w a y f o r y o u t o
q u a n t i f y w h o i s d o i n g t h e b e s t a n d w h o i s
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d o i n g t h e w o r s t , b e c a u s e i f t h e r e i s a n y t h i n g
t h a t i s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f p o l i c e s t a t i s t i c s
a n d c r i m i n a l s t a t i s t i c s i s t h a t t h e g u y t h a t
i s d o i n g w e l l t o d a y m a y b e r i g h t o n h i s e a r
t o m o r r o w , s o t o t r y a n d c o r r e l a t e t h o s e w o u l d
b e , i n ray o p i n i o n , a n e x e r c i s e i n f u t i l i t y . "
A n d a t p a g e s t h i r t y - o n e t o t h i r t y - t w o ;
" Q u e s t i o n : W h y d i d y o u a d o p t a p o l i c y
s e l f - d e f e n s e o r d e f e n s e o f o t h e r s o f d e a d l y
f o r c e o n " - -
" W h y d i d y o u n o t a d o p t a p o l i c y o f s e l f -
d e f e n s e o r d e f e n s e o f o t h e r s o f d e a d l y f o r c e
o n t h e p a r t o f a n o f f i c e r ?
" A n s w e r : B e c a u s e y o u w o u l d t h e r e b y o f f e r
t h e f u l l o p t i o n o f e s c a p e , t o o , a n d I f e e l
t h a t w o u l d g i v e u n w a r r a n t e d a d v a n t a g e t o s e r i o u s
- - t o t h e c o m m i s s i o n o f s e r i o u s c r i m e s .
" Q u e s t i o n : S e r i o u s b e i n g t h e o n e s t h a t
y o u h a v e e l a b o r a t e d ?
" A n s w e r ; S e r i o u s - -
" Q u e s t i o n : ( C o n t i n u i n g ) - - i n t h e d e a d l y
f o r c e p o l i c y ?
" A n s w e r : T h a t ’ s r i g h t , t h e o n e s p r i m a r i l y
w h e r e y o u h a v e a v i c t i m .
" Q u e s t i o n : D i d t h e d e a d l y f o r c e p o l i c y
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i n c l u d e b u r g l a r y , c o u l d i n c l u d e b u r g l a r y , I
b e l i e v e i t d o e s i n c l u d e b u r g l a r y o f a b u s i n e s ^
T h a t d o e s n ' t s e e m t o f a l l i n t h a t c a t e g o r y t o
m e ?
" A n s w e r ; I t c e r t a i n l y d o e s .
" Q u e s t i o n : W o u l d y o u e l a b o r a t e o n t h a t ?
" A n s w e r ; S u r e , b e g l a d t o . Y o u a r r i v e
a t a b u r g l a r y s c e n e , y o u k n o w t h a t a b u r g l a r y
h a s o c c u r r e d o r i t h a s b e e n r e p o r t e d , o r i t
i s s u s p e c t e d , w h a t e v e r , a n d t h e p o l i c e a r r i v e
a t t h e S c e n e , y o u s e e s o m e o n e f l e e i n g t h e
s c e n e , y o u a s k t h e m t o s t o p a n d t h e y d o n ' t
c o m p l y .
" N o w , r i g h t h e r e , i f f o r t h a t i n s t a n c e
w e c o u l d f r e e z e e v e r y o n e , h a v e t h a t , j u s t
s t a y r i g h t w h e r e w e a r e , w e a r e n o t g o i n g t o
t o u c h y o u , w e a r e n o t g o i n g t o d o a n y t h i n g ,
j u s t f r e e z e w h i l e w e g o i n a n d i n s p e c t t h e
p r e m i s e s , a n d o n c e w e a r e s u r e t h e r e i s n o
v i c t i m , t h a t y o u r o n l y c r i m e h a s b e e n a g a i n s t
p r o p e r t y , t h e n w e w i l l s a y , o k a y , c o n t i n u e
r u n n i n g a n d w e w i l l t r y t o g e t y o u s o m e o t h e r
w a y , b u t y o u c a n ' t g e t t h a t f r e e z e t o t a k e
p l a c e , y o u h a v e n o i d e a w h a t i s i n t h a t s c e n e
N o w , i f w e h a d a s i t u a t i o n w h e r e y o u
o o o ; i 9 , '
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1 a p p r e h e n d e d t h e m i n s i d e t h e p r e m i s e s , y o u h a d
t h e m b a s i c a l l y i n c u s t o d y , a n d y o u s a t i s f i e d
y o u r s e l f t h a t i t w a s o n l y a g a i n s t p r o p e r t y
a n d n o t a g a i n s t a n y p e r s o n , a n d t h e n i n t h e
p r o c e s s o f t h e i r t r y i n g t o , t h e y c a u g h t a n
u n g u a r d e d m o m e n t a n d t o o k o f f , I w o u l d s a y
t h a t t h e u s e o f d e a d l y f o r c e m i g h t b e q u e s
t i o n a b l e t h e r e f o r a b u r g l a r , b u t y o u h a v e
f i r s t a s c e r t a i n e d t o y o u r o w n s a t i s f a c t i o n
t h a t t h i s i s a l l t h a t i t w a s , n o t h i n g m o r e . "
I t h i n k t h a t i s a l l . Y o u r H o n o r , t h a t w e
w o u l d l i k e t o e m p h a s i z e a t t h i s t i m e i n t h a t d e p o
s i t i o n ;
T H E C O U R T ; A l l r i g h t , s i r .
M R . C A L D W E L L : We w o u l d l i k e t o c a l l a s o u r
n e x t w i t n e s s . Y o u r H o n o r - - ( i n t e r r u p t e d )
M R . S H E A ; E x c u s e m e . D i r e c t o r H u b b a r d i s
h e r e . M a y I s p e a k t o h i m f o r j u s t a s e c o n d . Y o u r
H o n o r ?
T H E C O U R T : Y e s , s i r .
M R . S H E A : S u b j e c t t o t h e a p p r o v a l o f t h e
C o u r t , M r . C a l d w e l l s a i d w e c o u l d p u t D i r e c t o r
H u b b a r d o n o u t o f o r d e r s i n c e h e h a s o t h e r c o m m i t
m e n t s o n f o r t h e d a y .
I m i g h t s p e a k t o h i m a t t h i s t i m e f o r o n e
000093
1 4 4
1 A I , y o u d o n ' t k n o w w h a t k i n d o f t h r e a t , a b u r g l a r y
2 i n v o l v i n g h u m a n l i f e , y o u d o n ' t k n o w t h e r e s u l t s .
3 O f c o u r s e , i f y o u s e e s o m e o n e i n t h e p r o c e s s o f
4 e n t e r i n g , I ' d s a y t h a t i t w o u l d b e o p e n t o a g r e a t d e a l
5 ' o f q u e s t i o n w h e t h e r o r n o t d e a d l y f o r c e t o p r e v e n t
6 t h e m f r o m e n t e r i n g w o u l d b e j u s t i f i e d , w o u l d j u s t h a v e
7 t o d e p e n d u p o n t h e s i t u a t i o n , a n d , o f c o u r s e , t h e
8 b u r g l a r y , b u r g l a r d e p a r t i n g , o u r v i e w i s t h a t y o u h a v e
9 n o i d e a w h a t e x i s t s w i t h i n t h a t b u r g l a r y s c e n e , w h e t h e r
10 t h e r e a r e v i c t i m s , h u m a n v i c t i m s , o r w h e t h e r j u s t a
11 s i m p l e t h e f t o f p r o p e r t y , o r p r o p e r t y t a k e n .
12 Q O k a y ,
13 W h a t i s t h e M e m p h i s p o l i c e o f f i c e r a u t h o r i z e d t o
14 d o i n t h a t s i t u a t i o n w h e r e h e d o e s n ' t k n o w w h a t h a p p e n e c .
15 o n t h e i n s i d e o f a b u i l d i n g ?
16 A h e i s , a n d y o u a r e t a l k i n g a b o u t a b u r g l a r l e a v i n g
17 a s c e n e ?
18 Q Y e s .
19 A A b u r g l a r l e a v i n g t h e s c e n e , u n l e s s t h e i n d i v i d u a l ,
20 I m e a n , f i r s t o f a l l , t h e r e h a s t o b e c l e a r p r o b a b l e
21 c a u s a t o s u s p e c t t h a t t h a t i n d i v i d u a l h a s b e e n i n t h a t .
22 i n t h o s e p r e m i s e s , w i t h o u t p e r m i s s i o n ; t h a t i s n u m b e r
23 o n e .
24 A n d t h e r e a r e v a r i o u s c i r c u m s t a n c e s t e l l y o u w h e t h J r
25 o r n o t t h a t i s l i k e l y , b u t a s s u m i n g t h a t y o u h a v e
O O U U 9 9
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p r o b a b l e c a u s e t o s u s p e c t t h a t a b u r g l a r y h a s b e e n c o m
m i t t e d b y t h i s i n d i v i d u a l w h o m y o u h a v e i n v i s u a l s i g h t ,
a n d t h e y d o n ' t - - a n d t h e y r e f u s e t o s t o p o n y o u r o r d e r ,
o u r o f f i c e r s a r e a u t h o r i z e d t o s h o o t , a n d t h e r e a s o n i s
b e c a u s e w e h a v e n o i d e a o f w h a t w e ' l l f i n d w h e n w e e n t e i
t h a t h o u s e , a n d t h e p r e s u m p t i o n i s s u f f i c i e n t l y h i g h
t h a t t h e r e m a y b e a p e r s o n a l v i c t i m t h a t w e s i m p l y h a v e
p e r h a p s t h e e n t r y , t h e i l l e g a l e n t r y , m e a n s b y f o r c e ,
f o r a c r i m i n a l a s s a u l t , w h i c h i s a f a i r l y f r e q u e n t
o c c u r e n c e , s o w e d o n ' t k n o w w h a t k i n d o f b u r g l a r y o r
i l l e g a l e n t r y w a s m a d e , a n d , a n d f o r w h a t , w h a t p u r i ^ o s e ,
t h e o f f i c e r h a s n o w a y , i f , y o u k n o w , i f w e - c o u l d j u s t
s a y f r e e z e , w e ' l l g o i n s p e c t t h e p r e m i s e s , a n d t a l k
a b o u t t h e p r o p e r t y , a n d t h e p e r s o n , a n d t h e n p e r h a p s
t h a t w o u l d b e a n i d e a l b u r g l a r y .
W h o e v e r i s f l e e i n g , y o u k n o w , w i l l n o t c o n f o r m t o
t h a t , t h a t k i n d o f a c o n c e p t , s o t h e r e , o u r o f f i c e r s
h a v e n o c h o i c e b u t t o s h o o t .
Q L e t m e u n d e r s t a n d , t h e y ' r e a u t h o r i z e d t o s h o o t o n
t h e a s s u m p t i o n o f w h a t m i g h t h a v e g o n e o n , a n d w h a t i s
p u r e c o n j e c t u r e a t t h a t p o i n t , o n y o u r , j u s t p u r e s p e c u
l a t i o n , o r n o k n o w l e d g e o f , t h e y h a v e n o k n o w l e d g e o f
w h a t i s , h a s g o n e o n i n s i d e o f t h e b u i l d i n g , t h e y a r e
a u t h o r i z e d t o t a k e a h u m a n l i f e o n t h a t b a s i s ?
A W e l l , I t h i n k l a w e n f o r c e m e n t i s c o n f r o n t e d w i t h
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e n o u g h i l l e g a l e n t r i e s o n o t h e r p e o p l e ' s p r e m i s e s , a n d
e n o u g h a s s a u l t s o n o t h e r p e o p l e ' s p e r s o n s , t h a t i n o r d e ; :
t o d e f e n d a c o m m u n i t y , t h e r e i s e v e r y r e a s o n i n t h e
w o r l d t o s u p p o s e t h a t s o m e t h i n g t h a t , t h a t s o m e t h i n g
i m p r o p e r h a s h a p p e n e d i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h b r e a k i n g a n d
e n t e r i n g i n t o s o m e o n e ' s h o m e . S o I d o n ' t t h i n k t h a t i s
s u c h a n u n a c c e p t a b l e f o r m o f c o n j e c t u r e .
Q A l l r i g h t , s i r .
I t m a y n o t b e .
A S i n c e I p r o v i d e t h e g u i d a n c e o f t h e d e p a r t m e n t , I ' l j i
n o t b e i n g r e g i m e n t , b u t I t h i n k i t i s a r e a s o n a b l e p r e
s u m p t i o n .
Q A l l r i g h t , s i r .
w o u l d , c o u l d j u s t a s l i k e l y n o t o c c u r i n
h a l f t h e c a s e s , i t c o u l d j u s t a s l i k e l y b e i n h a l f t h e
c a s e s , i f w h a t y o u a r e t e l l i n g u s , y o u h a v e n ' t c o n d u c t e d
a n y s t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s i s t o f i n d o u t h o w m a n y b u r g l a r i e s
a r e , a r e , a c t u a l l y i n v o l v e m o r e s e r i o u s c r i m e s a g a i n s t
p e r s o n s ?
A W e l l , f i r s t o f a l l , y o u c a n n o t d i s t i n g u i s h , a s I
h a v e a l r e a d y m e n t i o n e d , w h e t h e r t h e i n t e n t w a s t o c o m m i t
a n a s s a u l t u p o n p r o p e r t y o r p e r s o n . T h e r e i s n o t h i n g ,
r e a l l y , t h a t d i s t i n g u i s h e s t h a t f o r y o u , a n d i n s o m e
c a s e s i t i s t h e m i x t u r e o f t h e t w o .
Q W e l l , b u t t h e c r i m e , i t s e l f , e x c u s e m e , t h e c r i m e ,
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i t s e l f t h a t y o u a r e t a l k i n g a b o u t , t h a t y o u h a v e p r o b a b l e
c a u s e t o b e l i e v e t h a t w a s c o n i i n i t t e d i s a n c r i m e a g a i n s t
p r o p e r t y ?
A Y o u d o n ' t k n o w t h a t .
Q N o .
A T h a t i s y o u r p r o b l e m .
Q N o , I ' m t a l k i n g a b o u t w h a t y o u h a v e o f p r o b a b l e
c a u s e t o b e l i e v e ?
A U m - h u m .
Q Y o u c o u l d n ' t g e t a s e a r c h w a r r a n t , f o r e x a m p l e , o n
t h e b a s i s o f i n f o r m a t i o n a s • s p e c u l a t i v e , a s c o n j e c t u a l
a s y o u a r e t a l k i n g a b o u t , y o u m i g h t c o u l d g e t a s e a r c h
w a r r a n t b a s e d o n t h e p r o b a b l e c a u s e t h a t , t h a t c a u s e d
t h a t , t h a t h e d i d c o m m i t a b u r g l a r y , b u t y o u c o u l d n ' t
g e t a s e a r c h w a r r a n t b a s e d o n t h a t k i n d o f i n f o r m a t i o n ?
A W e l l , p o l i c e o f f i c e r s - - p a r d o n m e - - p o l i c e o f f i
c e r s r e s p o n d i n g t o c a l l s f o r s e r v i c e , o r s o m e t h i n g t h a t
t h e y h a v e o b s e r v e d , a n d h a s , h a v e r e a s o n t o b e l i e v e t h a l j :
a c r i m e i s i n p r o c e s s , o b v i o u s l y o p e r a t e o n t h e p r o c e s s
o n , o p e r a t e o n t h e p r o b a b l e c a u s e , t h a t d i s t i n c t i o n , an<^
t h a t i s t h e o n l y t h i n g t h e y h a v e a t t h e t i m e t o o p e r a t e
o n .
Q S o , a l l r i g h t , s i r .
T h a t i s w h a t I ' m d r i v i n g a t .
VJe d o o p e r a t e o n t h a t , w e a r e o p e r a t i n g o n i t , i f
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M R . C A L D W E L L : Y e s , s i r .
Q D i r e c t o r H u b b a r d , d u r i n g t h e c o u r s e o f y o u r d e p o
s i t i o n y o u t a l k e d a b o u t t h e n e e d f o r s p e c i f i c g u i d e
l i n e s ?
A ( N o d s h e a d i n t h e a f f i r m a t i v e . )
Q Am I c o r r e c t t h a t y o u a g r e e d t h a t s p e c i f i c d e t a i l e c .
g u i d e l i n e s a r e i m p e r a t i v e i n a w i d e v a r i e t y o f l a w
e n f o r c e m e n t a c t i v i t i e s , b u t a l s o w i t h r e g a r d t o u s e o f
d e a d l y f o r c e ?
A Y e s , s i r .
T h e s i t u a t i o n s t h a t c o n f r o n t a p o l i c e o f f i c e r ,
w h e r e h e h a s o n l y m o m e n t s t o d e c i d e w h a t a c t i o n t o t a k e
a r e s o c o m p l e x t h a t t h e r e i s a c o n t i n u i n g e f f o r t i n a l l
d e p a r t m e n t s , t h a t I ' m a w a r e o f , t o s i m p l i f y , n o t n e c e s
s a r i l y r e d u c e t h e o p t i o n s t o u s e d e a d l y f o r c e , b u t t o
s i m p l i f y t h e g u i d e l i n e s s o t h a t t h e y a r e m o r e e a s i l y
r e a d a n d m o r e e a s i l y r e c a l l e d , a n d w e h a v e a c o n t i n u i n g
e f f o r t t o d o t h a t . We a r e l o o k i n g a t o u r p o l i c y n o w ,
n o t f r o m t h e s t a n d p o i n t o f m a k i n g i t m o r e r e s t r i c t i v e
o n t h e o f f i c e r i n t h e u s e o f d e a d l y f o r c e , b u t t r y i n g
t o m a k e i t m o r e e a s y f o r h i m t o m a k e u p h i s m i n d .
Q B e t w e e n , b e t w e e n t h e J a n u a r y , 1 9 7 2 p o l i c y a n d t h e j
p r e s e n t p o l i c y , y o u e l i m i n a t e d g r a n d l a r c e n y , a n d w h a t , |
h o w w a s t h a t , h o w d i d y o u p i c k o u t g r a n d l a r c e n y a s |
o p p o s e d t o , s a y , a r m e d a n d s i m p l e r o b b e r y , a n d
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w h a t - h a v e - y o u ?
A T h e p o l i c y r e v i s i o n w a s l a r g e l y c o n s t r u c t e d b y t h e
t h e n p o l i c e l e g a l a d v i s o r , M r . K r e l s t e i n , a n d f i r s t o f
a l l , I h a d a g r a n d t o t a l o f , w h e n , w h e n w e b e g a n t h i s
r e v i e w , I h a d l i t e r a l l y n o e x p e r i e n c e i n l a w e n f o r c e m e n ' |
a n d t h e t h i n g s t h a t w e r e , t h e g u i d e l i n e s t h a t p o l i c e
o f f i c e r s n e e d e d , t h e l a w s t h a t t h e y h a d t o o b s e r v e i n
t h e v / a y o f l i m i t a t i o n s , a n d t h i n g s , a n d I w a s i n t h e
p r o c e s s o f t r y i n g t o e d u c a t e m y s e l f . M r . K r e l s t e i n w a s
v e r y h e l p f u l a n d w e h a d m a n y , m a n y d i s c u s s i o n s a b o u t
s u c h t h i n g s a s t h i s , a n d w e b o t h a g r e e d , a n d I b e l i e v e
t h a t t h e c h i e f o f p o l i c e a g r e e d t h a t i t m i g h t b e t i m e
t o t r y t o c l e a n t h e o r d e r u p a l i t t l e b i t m o r e . T h e
q u e s t i o n o f r e m o v i n g g r a n d l a r c e n y i s o n e o f t h o s e
f e l o n i e s t h a t m i g h t b e e l i m i n a t e d a s t h e t y p e o f t h i n g
w h e r e y o u w o u l d u s e d e a d l y f o r c e , j u s t s e e m s t o m a k e a
g r e a t d e a l o f s e n s e . We w e r e s t r i c t l y d e a l i n g w i t h
p r o p e r t y , a n d w e , w e d o v a l u e t h e h u m a n l i f e , a n d w e d o
p r e f e r n o t t o t a k e i t , i f o n l y p r o p e r t y i s i n v o l v e d ,
b u t a t t h e s a m e t i m e , w e d i d n o t , w e d o n ' t w a n t t o
r e m o v e , m a k e i t s o , r e d u c e t h e t h r e a t s o m u c h t h a t i t
l i t e r a l l y i n v i t e s m o r e f e l o n i e s t h a n w e h a v e a l r e a d y .
We h a v e m o r e t h a n w e c a n h a n d l e . S o t h o s e k i n d s o f
g u i d e l i n e s a r e w h a t w e f o l l o w , a n d w e p a i d a g r e a t d e a l
o f a t t e n t i o n t o l a n g u a g e . , a n d s t r u c t u r e o f t h e o r d e r ,
OOGlt'-!
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t h a t s o r t o f t h i n g .
G r a n d l a r c e n y w a s r e m o v e d - - O n e t h i n g I n e g l e c t e d
t o m e n t i o n e a r l i e r , w e f o r m a l i z e d a p r o c e s s t h a t w a s
a l r e a d y i n e x i s t e n c e , w a s w h e r e t h e o f f i c e r s , o f c o u r s e ,
h a d t o r e p o r t t o o u r f i r e a r m s t r a i n i n g c e n t e r a n d e x p l a i j n
i n d e t a i l t h e p r o f e s s i o n a l t e c h n i c a l p a r t o f h i s p e r
f o r m a n c e , q u i t e a s i d e f r o m a n y q u e s t i o n o f l i a l i l i t y ,
c r i m i n a l l i a b i l i t y , a n y t h i n g t h a t , o r l i k e t h a t , j u s t
w h a t h a p p e n e d , w h a t w a s t h e s i t u a t i o n , h o w w a s i t
h a n d l e d . We w e n t f u r t h e r a n d f o r m a l i z e d t h a t i n t o a
f i r e a r m s r e v i e w b o a r d , w h i c h i s u s e d s o m e t h i n g l i k e t h a l ^
i s u s e d i n m a n y d e p a r t m e n t s w h e r e w e h a v e a b o a r d o f
s o m e p u r e j u d g m e n t a n d t e c h n i c i a n s , a n d t h e y g o b a c k
t h r o u g h t h e s i t u a t i o n a n d c r i t i q u e i t , o p e r a t i o n a l l y ,
a n d w e i n c o r p o r a t e d t h a t i n t o t h e p r o v i s i o n s a s a n o t h e r
e f f o r t t o a n a l y z e o u r o w n p e r f o r m a n c e i n s i t u a t i o n s
w h e r e t h e p o l i c e o f f i c e r f e l t t h a t h e h a d .
Q N o w , j u s t s o I m a k e s u r e t h a t I u n d e r s t a n d t h e
e x t e n t o f y o u r d i r e c t t e s t i m o n y , u n d e r M r . S h e a ' s e x a m i
n a t i o n , y o u h a v e n o t d e v e l o p e d , s i n c e y o u h a v e b e e n ,
w e l l , f i r s t o f a l l , y o u r l a w e n f o r c e m e n t e x p e r i e n c e h a s
p r i m a r i l y b e e n i n , a c q u i r e d i n d e t e r m i n i n g o f t h e l a w
e n f o r c e m e n t p r o b l e m s s i n c e b e c o m i n g d i r e c t o r o f M e m p h i s
P o l i c e D e p a r t m e n t ?
A W e l l , I h a v e s e e n l a w e n f o r c e m e n t i n o t h e r c o u n t r i e s
I » 5
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1 t h a t a r e f a r m o r e r e g i m e n t e d t h a n o u r s i n f o r e i g n c o m b a t
2 s i t u a t i o n s a n d f o r e i g n p e a c e t i m e s i t u a t i o n s .
3 Q A s f a r a s y o u r e x p e r i e n c e w i t h d o m e s t i c l a w e n f o r c e -
4 m e n t , t h a t h a s b e e n s i n c e y o u b e c a m e d i r e c t o r ?
5 A Y e s . T h a t h a s b e e n m y s o u r c e o f i n f o r m a t i o n .
6 Q Y o u h a v e n o t d e v e l o p e d a n y i n f o r m a t i o n , t h i s w a s
7 t r u e a t y o u r d e p o s i t i o n , a n d t h a t w a s n o t t h a t l o n g a g o
8 I a s s u m e t h a t i t i s s t i l l t r u e , t h a t d e m o n s t r a t e s a
9 c o r r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n t h e u s e o f d e a d l y f o r c e a n d a r e d u c
10 t i o n , o r d e t e r e n t w i t h r e g a r d t o t h e c r i m e r a t e ?
11 A I e x p r e s s e d m y v i e w o n t h a t .
12 Q Y o u d i d e x p r e s s y o u r o p i n i o n t h a t y o u t h o u g h t i t
13 w a s a d e t e r e n t , b u t y o u d i d n o t , y o u w e r e , a t t h e , o f
14 t h e o p i n i o n , a t y o u r d e p o s i t i o n , t h a t i t w a s n o t p o s s i
15 b l e o r a t l e a s t t h e r e w a s n o t d a t a p r e s e n t l y a v a i l a b l e
16 w h i c h c o u l d j u s t i f y t h a t s p e c i f i c a l l y ?
17 A T h e r e a r e n o d a t a a v a i l a b l e t o s u p p o r t t h a t v i e w .
18 Q I s t h a t c o r r e c t ?
19 A Y e s , s i r .
20 Q A n d i n M e m p h i s ?
21 A N o w , t h e r e a r e , i n t h e l i t e r a t u r e , y o u ' l l f i n d
22 d a t a t h a t s u p p o r t s t h e n o t i o n s t h a t t h e t h r e a t o f a
23 v e r y h i g h p e n a l t y f o r c e r t a i n t y p e s o f c r i m e i s a d e t e r -
24 r e n t , t h a t h a s t o d o w i t h t h e q u e s t i o n o f t h e d e a t h
25 p e n a l t i e s , w a t c h i n g c e r t a i n r a t e s , c e r t a i n s p e c i f i c
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t y p e s o f c r i m e b e f o r e a n d a f t e r t h e d e a t h p e n a l t y w a s
s e t a s i d e b y t h e S u p r e m e C o u r t a c t i o n , b u t t h e , y o u k n o v r
( i n t e r r u p t e d )
Q Y o u t h i n k t h a t i m p o r t a n t ?
A T h e r e a r e d a t a f r o m p e o p l e w h o , t o t a k e t h e o p p o
s i t e v i e w , t h a t , t h a t w o u l d s u g g e s t t h a t m a y b e t h e r e
w a s n ' t s u c h a d i r e c t c o r r e l a t i o n . I h o l d t o t h e v i e w
t h e r e i s , t h a t i s a d i r e c t r e l a t i o n . l s a i d i n t h a t ,
i n m y d e p o s i t i o n .
Q A s t o t h e d e a t h p e n a l t y ?
A Y e s , s i r . I t h i n k i t i s a p o s i t i v e d e t e r r e n t , a n d
I t h i n k t h e d e a d l y f o r c e h a s t o b e c o n s i d e r e d t o b e a
d e t e r r e n t , b e c a u s e o p p o r t u n i t y i s - - m o s t c r i m e s , a s w e
s e e t h e m t o d a y , a r e c r i m e s o f o p p o r t u n i t y . I n o t h e r
w o r d s , i f y o u t h i n k y o u c a n g e t a w a y w i t h i t , y o u d o n ' t ,
y o u g i v e i t a s h o t , a n d t h a t i s j u s t a t r e m e n d o u s a m o u n t ,
a m o u n t o f t h a t . W h a t w e w a n t t o d o i s t r y t o m a k e i t
c l e a r t h a t y o u c a n ' t g e t a w a y w i t h i t , a n d , t h e r e f o r e ,
r e m o v e t h e t e m p t a t i o n t h a t i s i n e v e r y d i g e s t e d f o r x a ,
t h e e s s e n c e o f o u r t h e o r y a b o u t d e t e r r e n t t h a t , a s w e
a r e r e f l e c t i n g i t n o w , i n t h e u s e o f e l e c t r i c e q u i p m e n t ,
a n d v a r i o u s c r i m e s , w e w a n t t h e r i s k t o b e v e r y h i g h ,
a n d w e w o u l d l i k e t o s e e t o u g h e r c o u r t s e n t e n c e s , a
h i g h e r b o n d i n g .
Q A n d s o y o u f i n d s u p p o r t f o r y o u r o p i n i o n i n t h a t
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p a r t o f t h e r e s e a r c h a n d o p i n i o n l i t e r a t u r e t h a t i n d i
c a t e s t h e d e a t h p e n a l t y , f o r e x a m p l e , d o e s h a v e a g r e a t
d e a l o f e f f e c t ?
A I f i n d a g r e a t d e a l o f s u p p o r t f o r i t i n t h i s c o m
m u n i t y , w h o m w e s e r v e .
Q I ' m s o r r y , I ' m n o t t a l k i n g a b o u t p u b l i c s u p p o r t ,
I ' m t r y i n g t o p i n i t d o w n , t a l k a b o u t i m p i r i c a l s u p p o r t ,
o r i m p i r i c a l e v i d e n c e .
A I k n o w I ' m n o t t h a t a p r o f o u n d a s t u d e n t , I h a v e
n o t g o n e t h r o u g h n e a r t h e l i t e r a t u r e , f o r e x a m p l e , M r .
L u x o r p e o p l e w h o a r e i n t h e p r o f e s s i o n a l d e v e l o p m e n t ,
l a w e n f o r c e m e n t d e v e l o p m e n t f i e l d . My r e a d i n g t i m e i s
l i m i t e d , b u t I h a v e r e s e a r c h e d a n d l i s t e n e d t o m y o w n
s a t i s f a c t i o n t h a t i n t h e s e t i m e s , a n d i n t h i s p l a c e ,
w i t h t h e t h r e a t a s i t i s , a n d t h e p r o p e n s i t y f o r c r i m e
t h a t v e r y t o u g h , t o u g h m e a s u r e s a r e i n d i c a t e d , a n d I
r e s e r v e a g r e a t , g r e a t d e a l o f f e e l i n g o f s u p p o r t f o r
t h a t v i e w f r o m t h e c o m m u n i t y , w h o m I ' m s w o r n t o s e r v e .
S o I b e l i e v e t h e r e i s a c o r r e l a t i o n t h e r e .
T H E C O U R T ; G e n t l e m e n , w e a r e g o i n g r i g h t b a c k
t o e x a c t l y w h a t t h e C o u r t r u l e d o n a b o u t t w e n t y
m i n u t e s a g o .
M R . C A L D W E L L ; Y o u r H o n o r - - ( i n t e r r u p t e d )
T H E C O U R T ; W e ' l l h a v e t h i s a r g u e d r i g h t n o w ,
f u l l y , a n d w h e t h e r i t p e r t a i n s t o I n s p e c t o r H u b b a r d
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y o u a r e s h o o t i n g a t t h e m t o a t o p .
T H E C O U R T ; A l l r i g h t .
A r e t h e r e a n y f u r t h e r s t a t e m e n t s t h a t e i t h e r
c o u n s e l w i s h t o m a k e o r a n y f u r t h e r q u e s t i o n t h a t
e i t h e r c o u n s e l w i s h t o p r o p o u n d t o t h e w i t n e s s f o r
p u r p o s e s o f t h e r e c o r d i n l i g h t o f t h e C o u r t ' s
i n d i c a t e d r u l i n g w i t h r e g a r d t o f u r t h e r t e s t i m o n y
o f t h i s w i t n e s s ?
H R . C A L D W E L L ; Y o u r H o n o r , w e w o u l d h a v e n o
f u r t h e r q u e s t i o n s o f t h e w i t n e s s .
I w o u l d l i k e t o r e s p o n d t o o n e s t a t e m e n t t h a t
M r . S h e a m a d e , a n d t h a t i s , h i s v i e w o f t h i s l a w
s u i t .
I t h a s b e e n c l e a r f r o m t h e d a t e t h e c o m p l a i n t
w a s f i l e d a b o u t t h e t h e o r y o f t h i s l a w s u i t , a n d w e
d o n ' t t h i n k t h e d i s c o v e r y p r o c e s s w h i c h h a s b e e n
e n g a g e d i n h a s s u r p r i s e d M r . S h e a , a n d i t h a s a l l
b e e n , w e t h i n k , t a i l o r e d t o t r y t o s u p p o r t o u r
t h e o r i e s w i t h f a c t s w h i c h w e r e a v a i l a b l e f r o m t h e
d e f e n d a n t s , f r o m e l s e w h e r e , a n d I d o n ' t t h i n k w e
h a v e e n g a g e d i n a n y s o r t o f h a r a s s m e n t , w h i c h I
t h i n k M r . S h e a ' s a r g u m e n t i m p l i e s .
T H E C O U R T ; I n s p e c t o r H u b b a r d , w h y c a n n o t a n d
s h o u l d n o t a n o f f i c e r s h o o t i n g a t a f l e e i n g f e l o n ,
s h o o t t o d i s a b l e , r a t h e r t h a n t o k i l l ?
- ^ .1 ^
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T H E W I T N E S S : W e l l , i t i s i m p r a c t i c a l , m a i n l y
H e , t h e p r e s u m p t i o n i s t h a t y o u w i l l h a v e a m o v i n g
t a r g e t , a n d / o r o u r o f f i c e r s s i m p l y h a v e t o b e
t r a i n e d s o t h a t i f t h e u s e o f a f i r e a r m i s j u s t i
f i e d a t a l l , t h e n t h e f u l l c o n s e q u e n c e s h a v e t o b e
a c c e p t e d .
T H E C O U R T : A n d t h a t i s t h e s a m e w h e t h e r i t i ^
i n p r e v e n t i n g t h e t h r e a t o f i n j u r y t o t h e o f f i c e r
o r t o s o m e o n e e l s e , o r t o f i r e a t t h e f l e e i n g
f e l o n , t h e p o l i c y , a s f a r a s y o u a r e c o n c e r n e d , i s
t h e s a m e : " s h o o t t o k i l l " ?
T H E W I T N E S S ; Y e s , s i r .
T H E C O U R T : A n d t h e r e a s o n b e i n g , o t h e r w i s e
i t w o u l d b e i m p r a c t i c a l ?
T H E W I T N E S S : Y e s , s i r , a n d I w o u l d n o t s a y
t h a t i t i s n e c e s s a r i l y s h o o t t o k i l l , b u t i t i s
s h o o t t o s t o p , a n d , a n d t h e l i k e l i h o o d o f k i l l i n g
s o m e o n e i n t h a t p r o c e s s i s v e r y h i g h . Y o u s i m p l y
h a v e t o , s o r t o f i n a n i n d i r e c t w a y , i t t a k e s a
s h o t t o k i l l p e o p l e , j u s t a s h o t t o w o u n d p o l i c y i :
i m p r a c t i c a l .
T H E C O U R T : I s t h e r e a n y d i s t i n c t i o n i n t h e
p o l i c y , a s y o u u n d e r s t a n d i t , b e t w e e n t h e b u r g l a r y
i n t h e e n t r y o f a h o m e a n d b u r g l a r i z i n g , a n d e n t r y
o f a c o m m e r c i a l b u s i n e s s ?
i ' 0 « J i t ?
172
I :
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T H E W I T N E S S : Y e s , s i r . I s e e a d i s t i n c t i o n ,
I d o ,
T H E C O U R T : I s t h e r e a n y d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n i n
t h e p o l i c y ?
T H E W I T N E S S : N o , e x c e p t t h a t w e a r e l o o k i n g
f o r a l t e r n a t i v e s .
I f I m a y g i v e a r e c e n t e x a m p l e t h a t m i g h t b e ,
m i g h t e m p h a s i z e t h e p o i n t :
We u s e , f o r t h e , f o r s m a l l b u s i n e s s e s , w e a r e
b e i n g p a r t i c u l a r l y f a c e d w i t h f o o d a n d c o n v e n i e n c e
s t o r e s , a n d t h a t s o r t o f t h i n g . ?7e a r e b e i n g
r e a l l y h i t h a r d f o r h o l d u p s . T h e y a r e t a r g e t s o f
o p p o r t u n i t y f o r p e o p l e w h o j u s t r u n a l l o v e r t h e
c i t y a l l n i g h t . I f t h e y s e e o n e t h a t l o o k s l i k e
a , l i k e a s e t u p , t h e y w i l l g o i n a n d c a s e i t a n d
p u l l i t o f f , i f t h e y t h i n k t h e y c a n . I f t h e y
c a n ' t , t h e y g o o n , f i n d a n o t h e r o r f o r g e t i t t h a t
n i g h t .
We h a v e h a d a s m u c h a s a h u n d r e d o n l a r c e n y ,
i n s o m e c a s e s w e h a v e h a d a h u n d r e d o n F r i d a y
n i g h t s , f o r e x a m p l e , s t i l l w a t c h e s , a n d f i r s t o f
a l l , i t i s t i r e s o m e a n d m o s t u n h a p p y s i t u a t i o n .
I t p r e s e n t s w a s t e o f t i m e . I t i s b u r d e n s o m e ,
l o o k i n g a t t h e w a l l s o f t h e i n s i d e o f a s t o r e o r
p l a c e , m o s t u n p l e a s a n t t o s i t i n t h e b a c k o f t h e
i i
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s t o r e w a i t i n g w i t h a s h o t g u n a n d w a i t i n g f o r t h a t
s t o r e t o b e h i t , a n d v / e h a v e l o o k e d f o r a l t e r n a
t i v e s t o t a k e c a r e o f t h a t , a n d w e f o u n d , f i r s t o f
a l l , t h e o u t c o m e i s f r e q u e n t l y w h e r e t h e h o l d u p
o c c u r s , w h e r e y o u d o h a v e a h i t , t h e h o l d u p o c c u r s
t h e o f f i c e r s t e p s o u t w i t h h i s s h o t g u n t o t h r e a t e n
t h e s u b j e c t a n d h o p e f u l l y t o f o r c e h i m t o s t o p .
T h e u s u a l r e s u l t i s t h a t t h e s u b j e c t t a k e s o f f a n d
t h e o f f i c e r p u r s u e s , a n d f r e q u e n t l y h a s t o f i r e .
T h i s w a s - - T h e y h a v e h a d t o f i r e t h o s e - - o r t h e y
h a v e f i r e d i n t h o s e c i r c u m s t a n c e s , a n d d e s p i t e t h e
t r a g e d i e s t h a t h a v e o c c u r r e d o u t o f t h a t k i n d o f a
p o s t u r e t o d e f e n d t h e s e s t o r e s , y o u s i m p l y c a n n o t ,
u n d e r o u r g u i d e l i n e s , y o u h a v e t o c o n c l u d e t h e
o f f i c e r w a s j u s t i f i e d .
M R . C A L D W E L L ; I f Y o u r H o n o r p l e a s e , I m a y
a p o l o g i z e f o r i n t e r r u p t i n g h e r e , b u t I d o n ’ t t h i n k
t h e w i t n e s s h a s r e s p o n d e d t o Y o u r H o n o r ' s q u e s t i o n
a s I u n d e r s t o o d t h e C o u r t ' s q u e s t i o n .
T H E C O U R T ; W e l l , y o u m a y b e c o r r e c t , a n d I ' m
I ' l l p a s s o n t o t h e n e x t q u e s t i o n . A t t h i s t i m e ,
I d o n ' t w a n t t o c u t o f f t h e w i t n e s s , i f h e i s i n
t h e m i d d l e o f w h a t h e w a n t s t o e x p r e s s , a n d i n
r e s p o n s e t o w h a t h a s b e e n a s k e d .
THE W I T N E S S ; W e l l , I ' m h o p i n g t o t r y t o m a k e
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i t c l e a r t h a t w e a r e l o o k i n g f o r a l t e r n a t i v e s t o
s h o o t i n g . We n o w u s e s o m e e l e c t r o n i c s e q u i p m e n t ,
w h i c h a l l o w s t h e o f f i c e r s t o c a t c h t h e s u b j e c t s a s
t h e y a r e c o m i n g o u t . We h a v e n o t h a d t o s h o o t o n e
u s e f i r e a r m s a t a l l . We h a v e h a d o v e r t w e n t y a p p r ^
h e n s i o n s , a n d t w e n t y h i t s , a b o u t t h i r t y - f o u r o r
t h i r t y - f i v e f e l o n s a p p r e h e n d e d , w i t h o u t f i r i n g a
s h o t .
I n t w o o f t h e s e s i t u a t i o n s , t w o w o m e n w h o
w e r e a t t e n d a n t s a t t h e s t o r e w e r e a l s o s p a r e d f r o m
c r i m i n a l a s s a u l t , w h i c h w a s i n p r o g r e s s w h e n o u r
o f f i c e r s a r r i v e d , i s a , y o u k n o w , j u s t a b e t t e r
o u t c o m e a n y w a y y o u l o o k a t i t , a n d w e a r e l o o k i n g
t o t h e s e k i n d o f w a y s t o p r e v e n t t h e u s e o f d e a d l y
f o r c e , b u t w e , a t t h e s a m e t i m e , w e d o d i s t i n g u i s h
b e t w e e n c o m m e r c i a l e s t a b l i s h m e n t s , e x c e p t t h a t w e
h a v e t h e e x p e r i e n c e o f t h e w o m e n w h o a t t e n d s o m e
o f t h e s e s t o r e s a t n i g h t b e i n g a s s a u l t e d , s o - -
THE C O U R T ; W e l l , l e t m e a s k t h i s . I s t h e r e
a n y r e q u i r e m e n t o f b e l i e f t h a t t h e f l e e i n g f e l o n
b e a r m e d ?
T H E W I T N E S S ; Y e s , s i r , t h e r e s h o u l d b e a
p r e s u m p t i o n t h a t t h e f e l o n i s a r m e d , u n l e s s - - I ’ m
n o , I ' m s o r r y , I d o n ' t f e e l t h a t i s , I d o n ' t f e e l
t h a t i s a n a b s o l u t e r e q u i r e m e n t . I t d e p e n d s u p o n
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w h a t y o u h a v e p r o b a b l e c a u s e t o b e l i e v e h a s h a p p e n < i d .
T H E C O U R T ; W h a t k i n d o f w a r n i n g , i f a n y i s
r e q u i r e d , u n d e r t h e p o l i c y b e f o r e t h e s h o o t i n g o r
f i r i n g ?
T H E W I T N E S S ; T h e o f f i c e r m u s t i d e n t i f y h i m
s e l f , m u s t g i v e m o r e t h a n o n e w a r n i n g a n d m a k e
e v e r y e f f o r t t o g e t t h e a t t e n t i o n o f t h e s u b j e c t
a n d g e t t h e m t o s t o p .
T H E C O U R T ; A l l r i g h t , s i r .
A n y t h i n g f u r t h e r , a n y f u r t h e r q u e s t i o n s ,
g e n t l e m e n , i n l i g h t o f w h a t t h e C o u r t h a s c o n u n e n t e < ^
b e f o r e ?
M R . C A L D W E L L ; C a n I a s k o n e o r t w o q u e s t i o n s
Y o u r H o n o r ?
T H E C O U R T : Y e s , s i r .
BY M R . C A L D W E L L :
Q W i t h r e g a r d t o t h e l a s t a n s w e r t h a t y o u g a v e t h e
J u d g e , i t i s c l e a r i n t h e p o l i c y , b o t h i n t h i s p o l i c y
a n d t h e l a s t p o l i c y , t h a t t h e u s e o f d e a d l y f o r c e t h a t
w e a r e t a l k i n g a b o u t i n t h e c o n t e x t o f t h i s q u e s t i o n ,
c a s e , i s , i s t o e f f e c t a n a r r e s t , h a s n o t h i n g t o d o , t o
d o w i t h w h e t h e r o r n o t t h e f l e e i n g s u s p e c t i s a r m e d , i f
h e i s a r m e d , a n d p r e s e n t s a t h r e a t t o t h e o f f i c e r ' s l i f
o r a n o t h e r c i t i z e n ' s l i f e , t h a t p r e s e n t s a d i f f e r e n t
p o l i c y ; r i g h t ?
176
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A T h a t i s c o r r e c t .
Q T h e u s e o f d e a d l y w e a p o n a g a i n s t a n u n a r m e d f e l o n ,
w h i c h t h o s e a r e h i g h , t h e d e a d l y f o r c e i s t o b e u s e d
a g a i n s t h i m , a m I c o r r e c t ?
A T h e q u e s t i o n o f b e i n g a r m e d i s o n l y r e s o l v e d o n c e
y o u h a v e t h e s u b j e c t i n c u s t o d y , b u t t h e p r e s u m p t i o n
a r i s e s f r o m v a r i o u s c o n d i t i o n s t h a t t h e o f f i c e r h a s t o
t a k e i n t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n .
Q B u t y o u r a n s w e r t o m y q u e s t i o n w a s , " y e s " , t h a t I
a m c o r r e c t , t h a t i s c o r r e c t , t h a t y o u , t h a t t h e o f f i c e r
d o e s n o t h a v e t o p r e s u m e t h a t t h e f l e e i n g s u s p e c t i s
a r m e d , h e i s a u t h o r i z e d t o u s e d e a d l y f o r c e t o e f f e c t
t h e a r r e s t s o l e l y b e c a u s e a p e r s o n m i g h t g e t a w a y , n o t ,
h e i s n o t r e q u i r e d t o m a k e a n y d e t e r m i n a t i o n a s t o
w h e t h e r o r n o t t h e s u s p e c t i s a r m e d ?
A I f y o u h a d h a d a v i c i o u s a t t a c k u p o n t h e - - ( i n t e r
r u p t e d )
Q W e l l , e x c u s e m e . N o w , w i l l y o u a n s w e r m y q u e s t i o n
I a m w i l l i n g t o l e t y o u g o t h r o u g h w i t h t h e h y p o t h e t i c a i
a n s w e r , b u t , b u t w i l l y o u a n s w e r m y q u e s t i o n a n d t h e n
e x p l a i n i t a n y w a y y o u l i k e , I w o u l d a p p r e c i a t e i t . We
a r e t a l k i n g a b o u t t h e p o l i c y a u t h o r i z e s .
A T h e p r e s u m p t i o n i s t h a t t h e i n d i v i d u a l i s a r m e d ,
i s n o t a n a b s o l u t e r e q u i r e m e n t , n o , b u t i t , y o u k n o w ,
I m e a n i t i s t h e j u d g m e n t t h a t p r e c e d e s t h e o f f i c e r ' s
i m u . j
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a c t i o n , i s o f i m p o r t a n c e w i t h r e s p e c t t o w h e t h e r o r n o t
h e i s d e a l i n g w i t h a n a r m e d o r u n a r m e d s u s p e c t .
Q S u r e l y , b u t , b u t d o y o u t h i n k h e s h o u l d , t h e r e
s h o u l d b e e v i d e n c e t o i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e s u s p e c t i s a r m e c
A N o , n o t n e c e s s a r i l y ; n o , s i r , I d o n ' t .
Q B e f o r e h e u s e s h i s d e a d l y f o r c e ?
A N o , n o t n e c e s s a r i l y . A s I b e g a n t o m e n t i o n a m o m e r . t
a g o , t e r r i b l e c r i m e s a r e b e i n g c o m m i t t e d w i t h o u t b e i n g
a r m e d , a n d i f o n e i s a t h r e a t t o t h e c o m m u n i t y , t o p e o
p l e , a n d t h e o n l y w a y t o b r i n g t h e m i n , b r i n g t h e m d o w n
a n d s t o p t h e m i s b y t h e u s e o f d e a d l y f o r c e , w h e t h e r ,
w h e t h e r a r m e d o r n o t a r m e d , I w o u l d s a y s h o o t . C e r t a i n
t y p e s o f s u b j e c t s , I d o n ' t f e e l t h a t i t i s a n a b s o l u t e l y
r e q u i r e m e n t , a n d i t i s a c o n s i d e r a t i o n , a n d v e r y i m p o r
t a n t o n e , d e p e n d i n g u p o n w h a t k i n d o f c r i m e y o u a r e
d e a l i n g w i t h .
Q W e l l , i n t h e f l e e i n g f e l o n , l e t ' s s a y t h e f l e e i n g
f e l o n , b u r g l a r y s i t u a t i o n , y o u d o n ' t b e l i e v e t h e r e i s
s u c h p r e c e p t o r e v i d e n c e t o g i v e r i s e t o s u c h p r e s u m p
t i o n ?
A I c a n o n l y s a y f r o m m y l i m i t e d e x p e r i e n c e t h a t I
p r e s u m e t h a t a n y o n e w h o e n t e r s s o m e o n e e l s e ' s h o m e
i l l e g a l l y , g o i n g i n t h e r e w i t h s o m e k i n d o f p r o t e c t i o n
f o r h i m s e l f , s o m e k i n d o f w e a p o n , a n d a l s o i n t h e b u s i
n e s s e s , b u s i n e s s e s t a b l i s h m e n t s , a n d I t h i n k w e f i n d
O O i l l t : : ;
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t h a t m o s t o f o u r b u r g l a r s h a v e , a r e a r m e d w i t h s o m e t h i n c
Q W h a t p e r c e n t a g e o f t h e m ?
A We w o u l d h a v e t o r e s e a r c h , w h i c h w e . I ' l l l e a v e i t
t o , t o t h e c i t y c o u n c i l .
Q Y o u h a v e n ' t d o n e t h a t , h a v e y o u ?
A N o , w e k n o w t h a t , k n o w w e , I w o u l d , w o u l d n ' t t r y
t o g i v e a h o r s e b a c k g u e s s o n t h a t , b u t w e c o u l d c e r t a i n l y
r e s e a r c h a n d p r o v i d e i t f o r t h e r e c o r d i f c o u n s e l f e e l s
i t i s r e l e v a n t .
M R . C A L D W E L L : T w o o t h e r p a r t i c u l a r a r e a s , anc^
I ' l l l e t D i r e c t o r H u b b a r d g o .
Q T h e r e a r e o t h e r l a w e n f o r c e m e n t a g e n c i e s , o t h e r
u r b a n p o l i c e d e p a r t m e n t s w h o d o d i r e c t t h e i r o f f i c e r s
t o s h o o t t o w o u n d , i s t h a t n o t c o r r e c t ?
A I ' m n o t a w a r e o f a n y " s h o o t t o w o u n d " p o l i c y i n a n y
m a j o r c i t y o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s .
Q T h a t d o e s n ' t m e a n t h e r e i s n ' t a n y ?
A T h a t d o e s n ' t , b u t I ' m n o t a w a r e o f i t , o f a n y , a n d
I h a v e d i s c u s s e d i t w i t h a n u m b e r o f a d m i n i s t r a t o r s
a r o u n d t h e c o u n t r y .
Q A l l r i g h t , s i r .
I n , i f i n t h e c o u r s e o f c o l l e c t i n g i n f o r m a t i o n f r o i | i
o t h e r d e p a r t m e n t s a b o u t t h e i r p a r t i c u l a r f i r e a r m s p o l i c y
i f t h e M e m p h i s P o l i c e D e p a r t m e n t h a d g a t h e r e d p o l i c y
f r o m o t h e r d e p a r t m e n t s w h i c h d i d d i r e c t o f f i c e r s t o
H r
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s h o o t t o w o u n d i n t h e f l e e i n g f e l o n , f l e e i n g f e l o n y
c a s e s , c a t e g o r i e s , y o u a r e n o t a w a r e o f t h o s e , i s t h a t
c o r r e c t ?
A I a m n o t p e r s o n a l l y a w a r e o f a n y . A l l o f m y d i s
c u s s i o n s o n t h e s u b j e c t w i t h o t h e r a d m i n i s t r a t o r s i s
t h a t i t i s j u s t i m p r a c t i c a l , i f t h e r e w e r e s u c h a p o l i c y
i n o t h e r c i t i e s , I p e r s o n a l l y w o u l d n o t a d o p t i t .
Q U n d e r t h e p r e s e n t p o l i c y , a n d I h a v e o n e q u e s t i o n ,
u n d e r t h e p r e s e n t p o l i c y , a n d p r e v i o u s p o l i c y ’ , y o u d o
n o t d i r e c t o f f i c e r s t o m a k e a n y d i s t i n c t i o n b e t w e e n
a d u l t f l e e i n g s u s p e c t a n d j u v e n i l e f l e e i n g s u s p e c t .
T h e r e a r e , t o y o u r k n o w l e d g e , a r e t h e r e n o t , p o l i c i e s o f
o t h e r p o l i c e d e p a r t m e n t s w h i c h d o d i r e c t o f f i c e r s t o
t r e a t p e r s o n s w h o t h e y h a v e r e a s o n t o b e l i e v e m a y b e
j u v e n i l e s d i f f e r e n t w i t h r e s p e c t t o u s e o f f i r e a r m s t h a n
t h e y d o a d u l t s ; a m I c o r r e c t ?
A Y e s , s i r , t h a t i s r i g h t . I a m a w a r e o f s o m e d i s
t i n c t i o n .
Q B u t y o u r d e p a r t m e n t d o e s n o t m a k e t h a t d i s t i n c t i o n ?
A N o t , n o t a t t h e p r e s e n t t i m e .
Q A n d i t h a s n o t m a d e i t , t o y o u r k n o w l e d g e ?
A T h e d i s t i n c t i o n i s p r e t t y m u c h a m a t t e r o f w h a t
t h e o f f i c e r s e e s i n w a y o f s i z e o f t h e s u b j e c t .
M R . C A L D W E L L : Y o u r H o n o r , I w o u l d l i k e t o
h a v e E x h i b i t s 1 6 a n d 1 7 a d m i t t e d i n t o e v i d e n c e , t h | e
1 i .'i>« wT JV It
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H E N R Y E . L U X ,
t h e s a i d w i t n e s s , h a v i n g b e e n f i r s t d u l y s w o r n ,
t e s t i f i e d a s f o l l o w s ;
M R . C A L D W E L L ; I ' m s o r r y . Y o u r H o n o r , I ' v e
l o s t s o m e t h i n g ( i n d i c a t i n g i n p a p e r s o n t a b l e ) .
W e l l , a n y w a y . I ' l l f i n d i t .
D I R E C T E X A M I N A T I O N
BY M R . C A L D W E L L ;
Q W o u l d y o u s t a t e y o u r n a m e a n d y o u r p r e s e n t o c c u p a
t i o n , p l e a s e , s i r ?
A H e n r y E . L u x , a n i n s t r u c t o r i n t h e I n s t i t u t e o f
C r i m i n a l J u s t i c e a t M e m p h i s S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y .
Q A n d i n t h a t c a p a c i t y , y o u t e a c h l a w e n f o r c e m e n t ?
A Y e s , s i r .
Q C o u r s e s , i s t h a t c o r r e c t ?
A R i g h t .
Q H o w l o n g h a v e y o u b e e n i n t h a t p o s i t i o n w i t h
M e m p h i s S t a t e ?
A S l i g h t l y o v e r t h r e e y e a r s , s i n c e m y r e t i r e m e n t
f r o m t h e p o l i c e d e p a r t m e n t .
Q A l l r i g h t , s i r .
P r i o r t o g o i n g o u t t o t h e S t a t e , y o u w e r e c h i e f
o f t h e M e m p h i s P o l i c e D e p a r t m e n t ; i s t h a t c o r r e c t ?
A T h a t i s c o r r e c t , y e s , s i r .
Q A n d a s I r e c a l l , y o u ' r e r e t i r e d , e f f e c t i v e
’ >3
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J a n u a r y 1 , 1 9 7 2 ?
A R i g h t .
Q A n d b e c a u s e o f a c c u m u l a t i v e l e a v e , y o u l e f t o f f i c e
o n N o v e m b e r 1 , 1 9 7 1 , i s t h a t c o r r e c t ?
A T h a t i s c o r r e c t .
Q H o w l o n g h a d y o u b e e n w i t h t h e , w i t h t h e p o l i c e
d e p a r t m e n t i n , a t t h e t i m e o f y o u r r e t i r e m e n t ?
A T w e n t y - s i x y e a r s .
Q W o u l d y o u r u n t h r o u g h , j u s t b r i e f l y t h e v a r i o u s
k i n d s o f p o l i c e p o s i t i o n s y o u h e l d w i t h t h e p o l i c e
d e p a r t m e n t ?
A W e l l , I h e l d e v e r y r a n k t h a t t h e y h a v e f r o m p a t r o l
m a n t h r o u g h c h i e f .
I s p e n t a p p r o x i m a t e l y t e n y e a r s o f ray t e n u r e i n
t h e i n v e s t i g a t i v e b r a n c h o f t h e d e p a r t m e n t , a n d —
( i n t e r r u p t e d )
Q D u r i n g w h a t p e r i o d o f t i m e w a s t h a t ?
A T h a t w a s f r o m 1 9 5 2 u n t i l , u n t i l a b o u t ’ 6 1 , 1 9 6 1 .
P r i o r t o t h a t , w a s , I w a s i n t h e f i e l d , i n t h e
p a t r o l a n d a l s o a s a p a t r o l l i e u t e n a n t .
A f t e r m y i n v e s t i g a t i v e e x p e r i e n c e , I w a s p r o m o t e d
t o a s s i s t a n t c h i e f , a n d j u s t p r i m a r i l y a d m i n i s t r a t i v e
w o r k .
Q T h a t w a s a b o u t 1 9 6 1 , i s t h a t r i g h t ?
A Y e s , s i r .
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o f t h e p o l i c e d e p a r t m e n t w i t h t h e b l a c k c o m m u n i t y ?
A T h a t i s a f a i r s t a t e m e n t .
Q A n d , a n d t h e , t h i s p a r t i c u l a r , t h e " C h a l l e n g e o f
C r i m e i n a F r e e S o c i e t y " r e p o r t , r e f l e c t s o n p a g e
n i n e t y - n i n e a n o p i n i o n r e s e a r c h p o l l c o n d u c t e d f o r t h e
C o m m i s s i o n , w h i c h r e f l e c t s t h a t t h e r e i s a s i g n i f i c a n t
d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e a t t i t u d e o f t h e b l a c k c o m m u n i t y
a n d y o u n g b l a c k s i n p a r t i c u l a r , t o w a r d t h e p o l i c e a c r o s ^
t h e c o u n t r y , a n d t h e a t t i t u d e t h a t w h i t e s h a v e , t h e
i n t e r p r e t a t i o n w h i c h w h i t e s h a v e o f p o l i c e a g e n c i e s ;
d o e s t h a t s q u a r e w i t h y o u r k n o w l e d g e o f t h e s i t u a t i o n
i n M e m p h i s ?
A I ' m t r y i n g t o t h i n k o f a s t u d y t h a t w a s b r o u g h t u p
d u r i n g o u r d e p o s i t i o n s , a n d w h a t i t s h o w s . I g a v e y o u
a c o p y o f i t .
Q R i g h t , w h i c h o n e a r e y o u r e f e r r i n g t o , s i r ?
A I f t h e s t u d y s h o w e d t h a t t h e n , I w o u l d h a v e b e e n
f a m i l i a r w i t h i t , b e c a u s e I r e a d t h e s t u d y t h a t w a s
d o n e l o c a l l y i n t h e c i t y o f M e m p h i s , o f t h e j o i n t s t u d y
b y t h e M e m p h i s S t a t e a n d L e M o y n e - O w e n C o l l e g e , a n d I ,
o f c o u r s e , r e a d t h a t s t u d y .
Q A l l r i g h t , s i r .
A A n d i f i t r e f l e c t s t h a t , t h e n I ' m a w a r e o f i t , b u t
i t h a s b e e n a l o n g w h i l e .
Q C h i e f , t h e - - ( i n t e r r u p t e d ) - -.4 a
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M R . S H E A : ( S t a n d i n g )
B Y M R . C A L D W E L L :
Q ( C o n t i n u i n g ) — t o s h o w y o u a d o c u m e n t - - ( i n t e r
r u p t e d )
M R . S H E A : E x c u s e m e .
T h e s a m e o b j e c t i o n a s t o t h e m a t e r i a l i t y o f
t h i s p a r t i c u l a r d o c u m e n t t h a t i s b e i n g o f f e r e d .
T H E C O U R T : A l l r i g h t , s i r .
W e l l , a g a i n , t h e C o u r t w i l l o v e r r u l e t h e
o b j e c t i o n t o t h e q u e s t i o n i n g o f t h i s w i t n e s s p e r
t a i n i n g t o t h e s e m a t t e r s , w i t h o u t i n d i c a t i n g a n y
m a t e r i a l i t y o r r e l e v a n c y w i t h r e g a r d t o t h e d o c u
m e n t a s i t r e l a t e s t o t h e i s s u e s i n t h i s c a u s e .
B Y M R . C A L D W E L L :
Q T h e r e i s a d o c u m e n t r a a r l c e d E x h i b i t 2 2 , C h i e f , a n d
i t i s e n t i t l e d :
" S u r v e y o f A t t i t u d e s T o w a r d s P o l i c e i n
R e s i d e n t s o f M e m p h i s , T e n n e s s e e . ”
I t s a y s i t i s c o n d u c t e d b y L e M o y n e - O w e n C o l l e g e ,
D e p a r t m e n t o f P s y c h o l o g y a n d S o c i o l o g y , a n d M e m p h i s
S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y , D e p a r t m e n t o f P s y c h o l o g y , a n d d a t e d
N o v e m b e r , N o v e m b e r - - I ' m s o r r y , M a r c h , 1 9 7 0 , r e c e i v e d
b y M e m p h i s p o l i c e , 1 9 7 0 . T h a t w a s a p a r t o f y o u r o f f i c ^ ,
a n d y o u , a n d y o u d i d r e c e i v e a p a r t o f t h a t , p a r t o f
t h a t a s a p a r t o f y o u r d a i l y — ( i n t e r r u p t e d )
194
1 A W e l l , a c t u a l l y , I , D i r e c t o r H o l l o m a n r e c e i v e d a n d
2 p a s s e d a c o p y a l o n g v / i t h m e .
3 Q We d i s c u s s t h i s , a n d y o u m e n t i o n e d t h i s a t y o u r
4 d e p o s i t i o n , a n d y o u f u r n i s h e d u s a c o p y ?
5 A R i g h t .
6 Q F i n e .
7 O n e o f t h o s e w h o c o n t r i b u t e d i n t h e r e s e a r c h , a n d
8 t h i s s t u d y , i s R o b e r t M. V i d u l i c h , — ( p a u s e )
9 A V i d u l i c h .
10 Q A n d h e i s o n e o f t h e p e o p l e i n t h e u n i v e r s i t y o u t
11 t h e r e , a t M e m p h i s S t a t e ?
12 A Y e s , s i r .
13 M R . S H E A ; O u t w h e r e ?
14 M R . C A L D W E L L : O u t a t M e m p h i s S t a t e .
15 A H e i s t h e d i r e c t o r o f p s y c h o l o g y a t M e m p h i s S t a t e .
16 Q I g u e s s w h a t I ' m a s k i n g i s b o t h , t h e s e , b o t h t h e
17 s t u d y a n d t h e p r e s i d e n t i a l c o m m i s s i o n s t u d y , d o e s d e t e r
18 m i n e t h a t t h e b l a c k c o m m u n i t y i s l e s s r e c e p t i v e a n d i s
19 m o r e h o s t i l e , a n d i s m o r e u n f a v o r a b l e i n t h e i r a t t i t u d e
20 t o w a r d t h e p o l i c e t h a n i s t h e v ; h i t e c o m m u n i t y , a n d d o e s
21 t h a t s q u a r e w i t h y o u r e x p e r i e n c e i n M e m p h i s ? I n o t h e r
22 w o r d s , d o e s t h i s s t u d y b y D r . V i d u l i c h r e f l e c t y o u r
23 e x p e r i e n c e ?
24 A W e l l , w e r e c e i v e d m o r e c o m p l a i n t s f r o m t h e b l a c k
28 c o m m u n i t y i n r e g a r d t o t h e m a n n e r i n w h i c h p o l i c e
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s e r v i c e s w e r e p r o v i d e d . D o e s t h a t a n s w e r y o u r q u e s t i o n ^
Q S i r ?
A D o e s t h a t a n s w e r t h e q u e s t i o n ?
Q Y e s , s i r .
J u s t t o u s e o n e , t h e r e w e r e a n u m b e r o f q u e s t i o n s ,
b u t o n e q u e s t i o n w a s ;
" I n g e n e r a l , w h a t d o y o u t h i n k o f t h e
M e m p h i s P o l i c e ? "
A n d t h e r e w e r e :
" F a v o r a b l e - p o s i t i v e , a m b i v a l e n t - m i x e d ,
a n d u n f a v o r a b l e - n e g a t i v e "
r e s p o n s e s i n t h i s p a r t i c u l a r s a i d ;
" N i n e t y - o n e p e r c e n t o f t h o s e i n t e r v i e w e d
g a v e a n o p i n i o n i n o n e o f t h e f i r s t t h r e e
c a t e g o r i e s . " - -
w h i c h i s f a v o r a b l e - p o s i t i v e .
" A f a v o r a b l e o p i n i o n o f p o l i c e w a s
e x p r e s s e d b y f i f t y - t w o p e r c e n t o f t h e s e ,
t w e n t y - f i v e p e r c e n t w e r e a m b i v a l e n t a n d
t w e n t y - t h r e e p e r c e n t w e r e u n f a v o r a b l e .
" H o w e v e r , t h e s e t o t a l s m a s k a s t r i k i n g
d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n b l a c k s a n d w h i t e s .
" B u t f a v o r a b l e o p i n i o n s w e r e v o i c e d b y
s e v e n t y - s e v e n p e r c e n t o f w h i t e s , b u t b y o n l y
t h i r t y - e i g h t p e r c e n t o f b l a c k s .
2
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" I f a m b i v a l e n t a n d n e g a t i v e o p i n i o n s a r e
c o m b i n e d i n t o a c a t e g o r y o f l e s s t h a n c o m p l e t e
a p p r o v a l , s i x t y - t w o p e r c e n t o f b l a c k s e x p r e s s e d
t h i s o p i n i o n , b u t o n l y t w e n t y - t h r e e p e r c e n t oJ
w h i t e s . "
A n d t h a t i s j u s t o n e o f t h e q u e s t i o n s w h i c h t h e y
a s k e d i n t h i s p a r t i c u l a r s u r v e y , b u t t h a t d o e s , d o e s
t h a t Square w i t h your e x p e r i e n c e ?
A My g e n e r a l i m p r e s s i o n o f t h e s i t u a t i o n , I c a n o n l y
l e t t h a t r e s e a r c h , l e t i t r e s t o n i t s o w n b o t t o m , I c a n
v o u c h f o r i t .
Q W e l l , I u n d e r s t a n d t h a t .
A I h a v e n o k n o w l e d g e o f p e r c e n t a g e s , a n d I d o n ' t
k n o w .
Q B u t y o u a r e t h e — ( i n t e r r u p t e d )
A T h e o n l y s t a t e m e n t , t h e f a i r s t a t e m e n t t h a t I
c o u l d m a k e , i s t h a t w e r e c e i v e d m o r e c o m p l a i n t s f r o m
t h e b l a c k c o m m u n i t y i n r e g a r d t o p o l i c e s e r v i c e t h a n w e
d i d f r o m t h e w h i t e s , b u t t o g e t i n t o e x a c t p e r c e n t a g e s ,
I d o n t h a v e t h a t f i g u r e .
Q A l l r i g h t , s i r .
O k a y .
B u t t h o s e a r e t h e p r i m a r y a n s w e r s , t h a t i s t h e
p r i m a r y a n s w e r g i v e n b e t w e e n t h e b l a c k s a n d w h i t e s , p r i
m a r y d i f f e r e n c e ?
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A Y e s , s i r .
Q D i f f e r e n t a t t i t u d e a n d c o m p l a i n t s , a n d w h a t - h a v e -
y o u ?
A Y e s , s i r .
Q N o w , i n t h i s p a r t i c u l a r s u r v e y b y D r . V i d u l i c h , I
b e l i e v e , w a s c o n d u c t e d i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h t h e N d o u b l e
A C P a d - h o c c o m m i t t e e m e e t i n g , m e e t i n g s , w h i c h w e r e h e l d
i n 1 9 7 0 . D o y o u r e c a l l t h o s e h e a r i n g s ?
A Y e s , s i r , I r e c a l l t h e m .
Q T h o s e , t h o s e , c o u l d y o u t e l l m e w h a t y o u r e c a l l
a b o u t t h o s e h e a r i n g s , w h a t w a s t h e i r p u r p o s e , a n d w h a t
w e r e t h e y ?
A We d i d n ' t p a r t i c i p a t e i n t h e h e a r i n g , h e a r i n g s .
Q Y o u w e r e i n v i t e d t h o u g h , i s t h a t c o r r e c t ?
A I t h i n k D i r e c t o r H o l l o m a n w a s . I d o n ' t b e l i e v e I
w a s e v e r i n v i t e d . I b e l i e v e h e w a s i n v i t e d .
A l l I k n o w a b o u t t h e m i s w h a t t h e n e w s l a e d i a c a r r i e d ,
a n d I c a n r e m e m b e r v e r y l i t t l e a b o u t t h a t .
Q B u t t h e y w e r e , t h e y d i d c o n d u c t h e a r i n g s o v e r i n
t h e c o u n t y c o u r t r o o m ?
A R i g h t ; t h a t i s c o r r e c t .
Q A n d o n s e v e r a l d a y s ?
A R i g h t .
Q A n d - - ( i n t e r r u p t e d )
A W e l l , i t s e e m s t o m e i t w a s o v e r a p e r i o d o f w e e k s ,
0 ^ ) 0
1 9 8
1 o n e d a y a w e e k .
2 Q O n e d a y a w e e k f o r t h r e e o r f o u r w e e k s ?
3 A S o m e t h i n g o f t h a t n a t u r e # r i g h t .
4 Q A n d t h e s e h e a r i n g s d i d g e t , t h e y d i d g e t w i t n e s s e s ,
5 p u t w i t n e s s e s o n , a n d d i d g e t p u b l i c i t y i n t h e M e m p h i s
6 n e w s p a p e r s ?
7 A R i g h t , t h e y d i d .
8 Q A n d t h e r u l e s o f t h e h e a r i n g , o r t h e g e n e r a l
9 p a t t e r n o f t h e h e a r i n g w a s , h a d t o d o w i t h p e o p l e w h o
10 c a m e a n d t e s t i f i e d a b o u t i n c i d e n t s i n v o l v i n g t h e M e m p h i s
11 P o l i c e D e p a r t m e n t ?
12 M R . S H E A ; I f Y o u r H o n o r p l e a s e , I r e a l i z e h e
13 h a s t h e r i g h t t o l e a d t h e w i t n e s s , b u t I t h i n k h e
14 i s t e s t i f y i n g f o r t h e w i t n e s s .
15 T H E C O U R T ; M r . S h e a , a s I s t a t e d e a r l i e r i n
16 t h i s h e a r i n g , t h a t t h e C o u r t i s n o t t a k i n g a s p r o o i
17 o r e v i d e n c e t h e s t a t e m e n t s o f c o u n s e l , w h i c h i n
18 c l u d e s t h e f o r m o f q u e s t i o n s a s k e d .
19 I ' m t a k i n g m y p r o o f a n d e v i d e n c e f r o m t h e w i t
20 n e s s e s a n d f r o m m a t e r i a l a n d r e l e v a n t m a t t e r s s u b
21 m i t t e d i n t h e f o r m o f e x h i b i t s .
22 S o y o u m a y p r o c e e d .
23 BY MR . C A L D W E L L ; f ) I " '
24 Q A g e n e r a l p a t t e r n o f t h o s e h e a r i n g s h a d t o d o w i t h
25 i n d i v i d u a l s w h o w e n t b e f o r e t h e c o m m i t t e e h e a r i n g , a n d
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i n t h e c o u n t y c o u r t b u i l d i n g , a n d t e s t i f i e d a b o u t i n c i
d e n t s t h a t t h e y h a d , t h a t t h e y t h o u g h t h a d o c c u r r e d a n d
m a d e c l a i m s o f p o l i c e b r u t a l i t y a g a i n s t t h e M e m p h i s
P o l i c e D e p a r t m e n t ?
A T h a t i s c o r r e c t , a s w e l l a s s o m e p e o p l e t h a t t h e y
d e s i g n a t e d a s e x p e r t s a l s o t e s t i f i e d .
Q S o m e e x p e r t s ?
A F r o m o u t o f t h e c i t y .
Q T h a t a l s o i n v o l v e d i n t h a t h e a r i n g , w a s h a d , h a d t-:))
d o w i t h b o n d - s e t t i n g p r a c t i c e s , I t h i n k , I d o n ' t k n o w
i f y o u r e c a l l t h a t o r n o t ?
A I b e l i e v e , I b e l i e v e s o . I b e l i e v e t h a t i s c o r r e c t .
Q T h e P r e s i d e n t i a l C o m m i s s i o n r e p o r t h a s a l o n g c h a p
t e r o n , o n p o l i c e r e l a t i o n s w i t h j u v e n i l e s , a n d i f I
c o u l d r e a d j u s t o n e s u m m a r y p a r a g r a p h a n d l e t m e s e e
w h a t y o u t h i n k o f t h i s .
O n p a g e 1 0 4 , t h e p a r a g r a p h b e g i n n i n g :
" C h a p t e r t h r e e h a s d i s c u s s e d a t s o m e
l e n g t h t h e i n t i m a t e s t r e e t r e l a t i o n s h i p s
b e t w e e n p o l i c e m e n a n d j u v e n i l e s . B e c a u s e j u v e
n i l e s f r e q u e n t t h e s t r e e t s s o m u c h , b e c a u s e
t h e y a r e u s u a l l y i n g r o u p s , b e c a u s e t h e y a r e
s e n s i t i v e t o r e a l o r i m a g i n e d s l i g h t s , a n d
b e c a u s e t h e l i n e b e t w e e n n a t u r a l a n d r e l a t i v e l y
h a r m l e s s c o n d u c t a n d t h r e a t e n i n g o r i n j u r i o u s
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b e h a v i o r i s o f t e n h a r d t o d r a w , t h e p o l i c e
m u s t e x e r c i s e g r e a t d i s c r e t i o n i n d e a l i n g w i t h
t h e m . C l e a r p o l i c e p o l i c i e s a b o u t w a y s o f
h a n d l i n g v a r i o u s j u v e n i l e s i t u a t i o n s w o u l d b e
o f g r e a t h e l p t o p o l i c e m e n o n t h e s t r e e t .
T h e r e i s a t r e n d t o w a r d a r t i c u l a t i n g p o l i c y
a b o u t t h i s p a r t o f p o l i c e w o r k . ”
N o w , i s t h e e s s e n c e o f t h a t s u m m a r y , i s t h a t t h e
a r e a o f p o l i c e r e l a t i o n s w i t h j u v e n i l e s i s m o r e s e n s i t i \
a n d s o m e w h a t d i f f e r e n t t h a n d e a l i n g w i t h a d u l t s . D o e s
t h a t a c c o r d w i t h y o u r p r o f e s s i o n a l j u d g m e n t a n d e x p e r i
e n c e ?
A I s u p p o s e t h a t t h e j u v e n i l e s a r e i n a m o r e f o r m a t i ^ ’e
s t a g e a n d t h e i r r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h t h e m m i g h t h a v e m o r e
i m p r e s s i o n t h a n t h e y w o u l d a d u l t s , o n t h e p a r t o f t h e
p o l i c e o f f i c e r .
Q W h e n y o u - - w e l l , j u v e n i l e s , y o u t a k e t h e m t o j u v e - -
n i l e c o u r t w h e n y o u a r r e s t t h e m ?
A R i g h t .
Q U n l e s s t h e y w e r e v e r y s e r i o u s c r i m e s o r s o m e t h i n g .
N o w , l e t m e a s k y o u a n o t h e r q u e s t i o n a b o u t t h e s e
t w o r e p o r t s .
T h e T a s k F o r c e R e p o r t a n d t h e C r i m e i n a F r e e
S o c i e t y R e p o r t , b o t h o f t h e s e r e p o r t s m a k e r e c o m m e n d a
t i o n s o n f i r e a r m s u s e b y p o l i c e . |
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W e r e yo u aware of those at the time that you were
Chief of p o l i c e ?
A T h e s e w e r e 1 9 6 7 p u b l i c a t i o n s , I ' m s u r e I h a d a c o p y
o f t h e m , b e c a u s e I h a v e a c o p y n o w . I c a n ' t r e c a l l t h e
e x a c t d a t e I g o t t h e m , b u t I ' m s u r e t h a t , t h a t I g o t a
c o p y a t s o m e p o i n t .
Q T h e C r i m e i n a F r e e S o c i e t y R e p o r t , a t p a g e 1 1 9 ,
h a s t h i s s t a t e m e n t i n t h e r e a n d t h i s r e c o m m e n d a t i o n :
' ' I n m o s t c i t i e s p o l i c e o f f i c e r s r e c e i v e
t o o l i t t l e g u i d a n c e a s t o w h e n f i r e a r m s m a y
b e d r a w n a n d u s e d . R e c r u i t a n d i n s e r v i c e
t r a i n i n g s h o u l d k e e p o f f i c e r s c o n t i n u a l y a l e r t
t o t h e l e g a l a n d m o r a l a s p e c t s o f t h e u s e o f
f i r e a r m s .
" T h e C o m m i s s i o n r e c o m m e n d s :
" A c o m p r e h e n s i v e r e g u l a t i o n s h o u l d b e
f o r m u l a t e d b y e v e r y c h i e f a d m i n i s t r a t o r t o
r e f l e c t t h e b a s i c p o l i c y t h a t f i r e a r m s m a y b e
u s e d o n l y w h e n t h e o f f i c e r b e l i e v e s h i s l i f e
o r t h e l i f e o f a n o t h e r i s i n i m m i n e n t d a n g e r ,
o r w h e n o t h e r r e a s o n a b l e m e a n s o f a p p r e h e n s i o n
h a v e f a i l e d t o p r e v e n t t h e e s c a p e o f a f e l o n y
• s u s p e c t w h o m t h e o f f i c e r b e l i e v e s p r e s e n t s a
s e r i o u s d a n g e r t o o t h e r s . "
N o w , d i d y o u e i t h e r , i n n i n e t e e n — w h i l e y o u w e r e
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c h i e f o f p o l i c e , o r n o w , u n t i l t h r o u g h n o w , h a v e a n y
p r o b l e m s w i t h t h a t r e c o m m e n d a t i o n , p r o b l e m s f r o m a p r o
f e s s i o n a l s t a n d p o i n t ?
A W e l l , o b v i o u s l y , I d i d . My p o l i c y w a s f o r m u l a t e d
o n t h e b a s i s o f t h e s t a t u t e , a n d t h e C o u r t ’ s d e c i s i o n s
t h a t d e a l w i t h t h i s p a r t i c u l a r a s p e c t . T h i s i s a n
a d v i s o r y c o m m i s s i o n . V e r y l i t t l e o f t h i s , a s a p r a c t i c a l
m a t t e r , h a s b e e n a d o p t e d o r i m p l e m e n t e d i n a n y p o l i c e
a g e n c y , t o m.y k n o w l e d g e , a r o u n d t h e c o u n t r y . I t h a s a
w h o l e l i s t o f t h e s e , b u t I c e r t a i n l y w o u l d n o t t h i n k i t
w o u l d b e m y p r e r o g a t i v e t o a d o p t a p o l i c y c o n t r a r y t o
t h e s t a t e s t a t u t e a n d t h e d e c i s i o n o f t h e c o u r t s .
Q A l l r i g h t , s i r .
D o y o u h a v e a n y , w o u l d y o u h a v e a n y c o n c e r n i f s u c h
a p o l i c y w e r e i m p l e m e n t e d i n M e m p h i s f r o m a p r o f e s s i o n a l
s t a n d p o i n t , r e g a r d l e s s o f t h e r e a s o n w h y y o u d i d n ' t
a d o p t s u c h a p o l i c y , w h a t i s w r o n g w i t h i t ?
A A p o l i c y l i k e t h a t , I v / o u l d b e o p p o s e d t o t h e a d o p j -
t i o n o f t h e p o l i c y o f t h i s n a t u r e , p r i m a r i l y , i t i s
e x t r e m e l y a m b i g u o u s .
H o w d o y o u e x p e c t a p o l i c e o f f i c e r t o d e t e r m i n e
t h e f l e e i n g f e l o n , t h e e x t e n t o f h i s t h r e a t i s b e y o n d
a n y b o d y ' s w i l d e s t i m a g i n a t i o n . I t h i n k t h a t i s h i g h l y
a m b i g u o u s a n d I w o u l d s t i l l f a v o r f o l l o w i n g t h e s t a t e
s t a t u t e a n d t h e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f t h e C o u r t ' s t h a t . l a v e
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i n r e g a r d t o t h i s ,
Q B u t y o u r e c o g n i z e t h a t t h e s t a t e s t a t u t e i s n o t
b e i n g f u l l y i m p l e m e n t e d i n M e m p h i s , o r i n o t h e r c i t i e s
i n T e n n e s s e e ?
M R . S H E A : I f Y o u r H o n o r p l e a s e , I ’ m s o r r y t o
i n t e r r u p t , b u t t h i s i s t h e s a m e t h i n g t h a t , Y o u r
H o n o r , h e u s e d o n D i r e c t o r H u b b a r d ' s w i t h , o f C h i e f
L u x ' s p o l i c y t o d a y , a n d t h i s i s , a l l o f t h i s s t u f f
t h a t h a s n o t h i n g t o d o w i t h t h a t w e n t o n o n
J a n u a r y t h e 8 t h , 1 9 7 2
T H E C O U R T ; W e l l , t h e C o u r t i s g o i n g t o o v e r
r u l e y o u r o b j e c t i o n i n t h e q u e s t i o n i n g o f t h i s w i t
n e s s w h o h a d s o m e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y , b a s e d u p o n h i s
o w n t e s t i m o n y i m m e d i a t e l y b e f o r e , a t l e a s t , t h e
t i m e t h a t , t h a t t h i s p a r t i c u l a r m a t t e r t h a t w e a r e
c o n c e r n e d w i t h o c c u r r e d .
D i r e c t o r H u b b a r d d i d n o t e v e n c o m e u p o n t h e
s c e n e , a c c o r d i n g t o h i s t e s t i m o n y , f o r s o m e t i m e
a f t e r t h e o c c u r r e n c e . S o f o r t h a t r e a s o n , I w i l l
o v e r r u l e y o u r o b j e c t i o n a s t o t h e q u e s t i o n i n g o f
t h i s w i t n e s s , w h o w a s i n a p o l i c y p o s i t i o n w i t h
t h e d e f e n d a n t w i t h r e g a r d t o p o l i c i e s t h a t w e r e
p u r p o r t e d l y i n e x i s t e n c e i m m e d i a t e l y b e f o r e t h e
c o n t r o v e r s y a r o s e h e r e .
I ' l l o v e r r u l e y o u r o b j e c t i o n .
, 9 b i
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M R . S H E A : B u t n o t h i s a t t i t u d e t o d a y a b o u t
w h a t h e w o u l d d o a s f a r - - ( i n t e r r u p t e d )
T H E C O U R T : T h a t i s , I w o u l d , m y r u l i n g w o u l d
b e t h e s a m e a s I m a d e i n t h e c a s e o f H u b b a r d a b o u t
w h a t h i s p r e s e n t a t t i t u d e m a y b e , b u t c o u n s e l m a y ,
o f c o u r s e , q u e s t i o n h i m w i t h r e g a r d t o w h a t t h e
p o l i c y a n d a t t i t u d e w a s a t t h e r e l e v a n t t i m e .
Y o u m a y p r o c e e d .
M R . C A L D W E L L : T h a n k y o u .
Q A s I r e c a l l y o u r o b j e c t i o n t o p o l i c y i s d i r e c t e d
t o w a r d v a g u e n e s s ?
A W e l l , I s a y i t w a s a m b i g u o u s .
Q A l l r i g h t , s i r .
A A n d t h a t o n e p a r t , p a r t , a n d o f c o u r s e , I e n l a r g e d
o n t h a t b y s a y i n g t h a t I d i d n ' t f e e l t h a t I h a d t h e
r i g h t t o a d o p t a p o l i c y c o n t r a r y t o a n a m e n d e d s t a t e
l a w , a n d c o u r t d e c i s i o n s i n t h i s a r e a .
Q T h e T a s k F o r c e R e p o r t r e c o m m e n d s , a t p a g e 1 8 9 :
" D e a d l y f o r c e s h o u l d b e r e s t r i c t e d t o t h 4
a p p r e h e n s i o n o f p e r p e t r a t o r s w h o , i n t h e c o u r s i e
o f t h e i r c r i m e t h r e a t e n e d t h e u s e o f d e a d l y
f o r c e , o r i f t h e o f f i c e r b e l i e v e s t h e r e i s a
s u b s t a n t i a l r i s k t h a t t h e p e r s o n w h o s e a r r e s t
i s s o u g h t w i l l c a u s e d e a t h o r s e r i o u s b o d i l y
h a r m i f h i s a p p r e h e n s i o n i s d e l a y e d . T h e u s e
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o f f i r e a r m s s h o u l d b e f l a t l y p r o h i b i t e d i n t h e
a p p r e h e n s i o n o f m i s d e m e a n a n t s , s i n c e t h e v a l u e
o f h u m a n l i f e f a r o u t w e i g h s t h e g r a v i t y o f a
m i s d e m e a n o r . "
I s t h a t r i g h t ?
A I , o f c o u r s e , w e l l , t h e r e i s n o q u e s t i o n i n t h e
w o r l d , t o t h e m , M r . C a l d w e l l , a n d t h e C o u r t h a s h e l d
t h i s i n T e n n e s s e e , i n v i e w o f t h e s t a t u t e t h a t w e h a v e ,
b u t o n c e a g a i n , t o m e , i t i s a m b i g u o u s t o p l a c e t h e
r e s p o n s i b i l i t y o n a n o f f i c e r o f m a k i n g a l l o f t h e s e
d e t e r m i n a t i o n s i n a m a t t e r o f t e n o r f i f t e e n s e c o n d s ,
p r o c e s s t h a t h e h a s t o m a k e a d e t e r m i n a t i o n p r i o r t o t h e
t i m e , t o t h a t , i n h i s o p i n i o n h e h a s e x h a u s t e d a l l o t h e i
m e a n s o f a p p r e h e n s i o n , o f a p p r e h e n d i n g t h e s u b j e c t , a n d
h e r e s u l t s t o w h a t m i g h t b e o r p o t e n t i a l l y b e f a t a l
f o r c e .
Q B u t , d o n ’ t y o u t h i n k t h e o f f i c e r i s e n t i t l e d t o
d e t a i l g u i d e l i n e s ?
A W e l l , t o m e t h e s t a t u t e a n d t h e c o u r t d e c i s i o n s a r 4
t h e d e t a i l e d g u i d e l i n e s , a s t h e y a r e i n , i n a l l p o l i c e
p r a c t i c e s . I d o n o t , I c a n ' t i m a g i n e t h a t y o u ' d a d o p t
a p o l i c y c o n t r a r y t o s t a t e l a w s , a n d c o u r t s d e c i s i o n s .
Q W e l l , I m e a n t h e r e i s t h e g e n e r a l p r e s u m p t i o n t h a t
e v e r y p e r s o n k n o w s t h e l a w , b u t y o u d o n ' t h a v e m a n y
p o l i c e o f f i c e r s i n M e m p h i s w h o a r e l a w y e r s , b u t I m e a n
.. 'i ̂ I
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y o u m a y h a v e s o m e / b u t a v e r y s m a l l p e r c e n t a g e a n d t h e y
a r e n o t , t h e y a r e n o t t r a i n e d t o k e e p u p w i t h c o u r t d e c
s i o n s , a n d i n t e r p r e t c o u r t d e c i s i o n s , o r a n t i c i p a t e
c o u r t d e c i s i o n s ?
A W e l l , w e i s s u e a t r a i n i n g b u l l e t i n w h i c h y o u a r e
i n p o s s e s s i o n o f , t h a t s a y s i d e n t i c a l l y w h a t w e , I ' m
s a y i n g . T h i s w a s t h e i n s t r u c t i o n s t h a t w e g a v e t o t h e
o f f i c e r a n d c e r t a i n l y t h e y r e c e i v e t r a i n i n g a n d r e q u i s i t e
t r a i n i n g , a n d i n s e r v i c e t r a i n i n g i n r e g a r d t o t h e u s e
o f t h e i r w e a p o n s , a s w e l l a s m e c h a n i c a l l y h o w t o o p e r a t ^
Q I ' m g o i n g t o g e t , t o g e t t h e p o l i c y i n a m i n u t e .
A I d i d n ' t t h i n k i t r e q u i r e d a l a w y e r t o u n d e r s t a n d
t h e l a w , n e c e s s a r i l y .
Q A l l r i g h t , s i r .
S o t h a t I c a n u n d e r s t a n d y o u r o b j e c t i o n t o t h i s
p o l i c y , w h i c h , o r t o e i t h e r o f t h e s e p o l i c i e s , w h i c h
e s s e n t i a l l y p r o h i b i t s t h e u s e o f d e a d l y f o r c e e x c e p t i n
s e l f - d e f e n s e , d e f e n s e o f o t h e r s , o r w h e r e t h e r e i s a
r e a s o n a b l e l i k e l i h o o d t h a t s o m e o n e e l s e ' s l i f e i s i n
d a n g e r , w h a t i s y o u r o b j e c t i o n f r o m a l a w e n f o r c e m e n t
s t a n d p o i n t t o t h i s p o l i c y n o w ?
N o w , I ' m n o t t r y i n g t o , I m e a n , I u n d e r s t a n d y o u r
r e a s o n a b o u t t h e s t a t e s t a t u t e , a n d e v e r y t h i n g , b u t j u s
p u t t i n g t h a t a s i d e f o r t h e m o m e n t , i f y o u w i l l , a n d t e l j L
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A I t h i n k t h e p r o p e r p l a c e f o r t h i s p o l i c y t o b e
h a n d l e d w o u l d b e i n t h e s t a t e l e g i s l a t u r e . I t w o u l d b e
a p a r t i c u l a r b i l l f o r t h e n t o p a s s a s t a t e s t a t u t e , a n d
t o r e d r e s s t h e l a w s , t h e u s e o f i t , a n d I d o n ' t t h i n k a s
a s a b r a n c h , b r a n c h o f t h e g o v e r n m e n t , I w o u l d h a v e t h e
p r e r o g a t i v e o f g e t t i n g i n t o i t , i n t o t h e o t h e r j u r i s d i c
t i o n , j u d i c i a l , a n d a l l , a l l o f t h i s o n t h e p a r t i c u l a r
m a t t e r .
Q C h i e f , I u n d e r s t a n d y o u r p o s i t i o n .
A R i g h t .
Q J u s t a s s u m e , a s s u m e w i t h m e f o r a m o m e n t , t h a t y o u
d i d h a v e a p r e r o g a t i v e , y o u d i d h a v e a p r e r o g a t i v e ,
w o u l d y o u h a v e a s p e c i a l o b j e c t i o n f r o m s u c h a p o l i c y ,
f r o m t h e , f r o m t h e s t a n d p o i n t t h a t i t i s a p o l i c y t h a t
w o u l d b e a c k n o w l e d g e d t h a t b a d , a n d i f y o u d i d - -
( i n t e r r u p t e d )
A L e t ' s s e e i f I a m u n d e r s t a n d i n g .
D i d y o u , a r e y o u a s k i n g m e t o , f o r ray p r o f e s s i o n a l ,
p r o f e s s i o n a l l y , o r m o r a l o b j e c t i o n t o a p o l i c y o f t h e
p o l i c e o f f i c e r s b e i n g a l l o w e d , a l l o w e d t o u s e p o t e n t i a l ] [ y
l e t h a l f o r c e i n p r e v e n t i n g t h e e s c a p e o f a f e l o n ,
f l e e i n g f e l o n ? I s t h a t w h a t y o u a r e a s k i n g ?
Q I ' m t r y i n g t o a s k y o u , l e t m e r e p e a t i t , l e t ' s t r y
t o r e p h r a s e t h e s e r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s , r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s f r o m
p r e v e n t i n g d a n g e r a n d h a r m ?
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A O k a y .
Q E s s e n t i a l l y a n o f f i c e r w o u l d n o t u s e l e t h a l f o r c e
e x c e p t i n d e f e n s e o f h i m s e l f o r d e f e n s e o f h o s t i l i t y ,
s o m e o n e e l s e , w h e t h e r i t i s a n l i k e l i h o o d , o r r e a s o n a b l y
l i k e l i h o o d t h a t t h e f l e e i n g f e l o n w i l l p u t s o m e o n e e l s e
l i f e i n d a n g e r . I n o t h e r w o r d s , i t w o u l d n o t p e r m i t a
s i m p l e f l e e i n g b u r g l a r , w h o i s k n o w n t o b e u n a r m e d , a n d
a l l o f t h i l o r t ?
A W e l l , t o g i v e t h e e x a c t - - ( i n t e r r u p t e d )
Q D o y o u h a v e a n u n l a w e n f o r c e m e n t o b j e c t i o n t o t h i s
d i f f e r e n c e i n t h a t p o l i c y , t o g i v e a d i r e c t - - ( i n t e r
r u p t e d )
A I w o u l d b e o p p o s e d t o a d o p t i n g t h a t p o l i c y .
Q A l l r i g h t , s i r .
W o u l d y o u , c o u l d y o u e l a b o r a t e o n t h a t ?
A W e l l , a s I s t a t e d b e f o r e , i t i s , i t i s s o a m b i g u o u ^
i t i s a s k i n g a g r e a t d e a l o f a p o l i c e o f f i c e r t o m a k e
t h i s k i n d o f d e c i s i o n i n t h e f e w s e c o n d s t h a t h e h a s t o
m a k e t h e m , a n d l o g i c a l l y , a n d r e a s o n a b l y , I t h i n k i f
c r i m i n a l s w e r e g i v e n n o t i c e t h a t t h e y w o u l d n o t , n o t b e
s t o p p e d w i t h a l l t h e f o r c e s n e c e s s a r y t o s t o p t h e m , t h a t
y o u w o u l d p r o b a b l y h a v e a g r e a t m a n y p e o p l e r u n n i n g , a n d
I t h i n k i t w o u l d h a v e s o m e b e a r i n g o n y o u r a b i l i t y t o
p r o t e c t s o c i e t y , e v e n t h o u g h t h e r e i s n o i m p e r i c a l
r e s e a r c h a v a i l a b l e t o s h o w e i t h e r o n e w a y o r t h ^ . o t h ^ t f
' v U l d r
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b u t i n m y o p i n i o n , l o g i c a l l y , a n d r e a s o n a b l y , I t h i n k
i t w o u l d h a v e a b e a r i n g o n i t , y e s , s i r .
Q B u t y o u s a y " i i n p e r i c a l l y " y o u c o u l d n ' t d e m o n s t r a t e
t h a t ?
A T h e r e i s n o r e s e a r c h , t o m y k n o w l e d g e , t h a t h a s
b e e n d i r e c t e d s p e c i f i c a l l y t o w a r d t h i s .
I t i s t h e s a m e a r g u m e n t t h a t y o u h a v e i n c a p i t a l
p u n i s h m e n t . I a m n o t a w a r e o f a n y r e s e a r c h a n d i n
t a l k i n g t o r e s e a r c h e r s , t h e y h a v e a d i f f i c u l t t i m e t r y i r
t o p u t s o m e t h i n g t o g e t h e r t o s h o w i t . I t i s t o o n e b u l o v
o n t h e p a r t o f t h e e x p e r t s t h a t y o u h a v e , t h a t I h a v e
t a l k e d t o .
Q S o y o u e s s e n t i a l l y a g r e e w i t h D i r e c t o r H u b b a r d - -
I k n o w y o u d i d n ' t h e a r h i s t e s t i m o n y - - t h a t t h e p o l i c y
d o e s h a v e a d e t e r r e n t e f f e c t o n c r i m e ?
A I t h i n k l o g i c a l l y a n d r e a s o n a b l y , b u t o n e o p i n i o n ,
t h e r e i s n o t i m p e r i c a l , o r r e s e a r c h t h a t I ' m a w a r e o f
t h a t a b s o l u t e l y s h o w s .
Q Y o u d o n ' t k n o w w i t h a b s o l u t e c e r t a i n t y , f o r e x a m p l ^
w h e t h e r a n y p e r s o n w h o i s a b o u t t o c o m m i t a c r i m e s t o p p e d
a n d t h i n k s i f , w e l l , i f I d o c o m m i t t h i s c r i m e a n d d o n ' t
g e t a w a y , a n d t h e p o l i c e a r r i v e s b e f o r e I g e t a w a y , t h e y
a r e a u t h o r i z e d t o s h o o t m e . T h e r e f o r e , I w o n ' t c o m m i t
t h a t , t h i s c r i m e , I m e a n t h e r e i s n o - -
A T h e r e i s n o r e s e a r c h t h a t I ' m a w a r e o f t h a t h a s
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" T h e v a s t m a j o r i t y o f p e r s o n s w i l l s u b m i t
t o a n a r r e s t , h o w e v e r , s o m e w i l l n o t . A g a i n s t
t h o s e t h a t r e s i s t , t h e l a w g i v e s a n o f f i c e r t h | e
p o w e r , a n d h e i s e q u i p p e d w i t h t h e d e v i c e s t o
e f f e c t t h e a r r e s t a n d r e s t r a i n t h e m .
" T h e l a w , h o w e v e r , d o e s n o t e x p e c t n o r
w i l l i t t o l e r a t e t h e a b u s e o f i t s p o w e r s o r
t h e u s e o f d e v i c e s b e y o n d t h a t w h i c h i s r e a
s o n a b l e t o e f f e c t a n a r r e s t .
" T h e l a w g i v e s a n o f f i c e r t h e r i g h t t o
u s e f o r c e o r d e v i c e s d a n g e r o u s t o h u m a n l i f e ,
o n l y i n s e l f - d e f e n s e o r t h e a r r e s t o f a f e l o n .
N e v e r i n m i s d e m e a n o r s , a n d t h e t a k i n g o f l i f e
i s j u s t i f i e d o n l y i n c a s e s o f e x t r e m e n e c e s s i t | y . "
Q A l l r i g h t , s i r .
T h a n k y o u . C h i e f .
N o w , t h e n e x t r e f e r e n c e v / h i c h , w h i c h i s m a d e t o , tc^
t h e u s e o f d e a d l y f o r c e , w h i c h w e h a v e c o m e a c r o s s o r
w h i c h h a s b e e n p r o d u c e d , i s a d o c u m e n t w h i c h I h a v e
m a r k e d a s E x h i b i t 1 3 , a n d i t i s a d e p a r t m e n t a l c o m m u n i
c a t i o n t o a l l c o m m a n d i n g o f f i c e r s , t o , f r o m y o u , a n d
t h e s u b j e c t i s ; " W a r n i n g s h o t s . "
A R i g h t .
Q A n d t h e p u r p o s e o f t h e m e m o r a n d u m w a s t o e l i m i n a t e
t h e u s e o f w a r n i n g s h o t s ?
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A T h a t i s r i g h t . I t h a s n o t h i n g t o d o w i t h t h e u s e
o f l e t h a l f o r c e , b u t i n t h a t d o c u m e n t , i t d o e s - -
( i n t e r r u p t e d )
Q W o u l d y o u r e a d t h e s e c o n d p a r a g r a p h ?
A ( R e a d i n g ) :
" S e c t i o n f o u r d a s h o n e o n e t h r e e o f t h e
M a n u a l o f R u l e s a n d R e g u l a t i o n s s t a t e s ;
" * N o m e m b e r o f t h e d e p a r t m e n t s h a l l i n t e r ,
t i o n a l l y f i r e a n y w e a p o n e x c e p t a s a u t h o r i z e d
b y l a w . ' G e n e r a l l y i n f i r i n g o f a w e a p o n
c o n s t i t u t e s t h e u s e o f d e a d l y f o r c e . D e a d l y
f o r c e s h o u l d b e u s e d o n l y w h e n n e c e s s a r y t o
e f f e c t t h e a r r e s t o f a f e l o n , p r e v e n t t h e
c o m m i s s i o n o f a f e l o n y o r w h e n n e c e s s a r y i n
s e l f - d e f e n s e . "
Q A n d , a n d t h e r e s t i s d e a l i n g w i t h w a r n i n g s h o t s ?
A R i g h t .
Q P r i o r t o t h a t t i m e , h a d w a r n i n g s h o t s b e e n p e r
m i s s i b l e ?
A T h e r e w a s n o p a r t i c u l a r p o l i c y o n i t .
Q I t w a s l e f t u p t o a n y i n d i v i d u a l o f f i c e r ' s d e c i s i o
i t i s h i s d e c i s i o n ?
A R i g h t .
Q B u t a t t h i s t i m e , a t l e a s t , h e , a s r e s u l t o f t h a t
m e m o r a n d u m , t h e y w e r e n o t p e r m i t t e d ? t J v i ’ ^
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A T h e y w e r e n o t p e r m i t t e d , c o r r e c t .
Q I s t h a t b e c a u s e t h e y b e l i e v e i t w a s m o r e d a n g e r o u s
t o s o c i e t y ?
A V J e l l , m e m b e r s o f t h e s c i e n t i f i c o r w e a p o n r e s e a r c h
d e p a r t m e n t , t h e r e s e a r c h d e p a r t m e n t t h a t I h a d , a t t h a t
p o i n t , a t t h a t t i m e , I w e n t b a c k a n d t a l k e d t o t h e
r e s e a r c h d e p a r t m e n t , a n d t a l k e d t o a g r e a t m a n y o f f i c e r s
a l s o d i d s o m e r e s e a r c h a r o u n d t h e c o u n t r y , t o t r y t o
m a k e a d e t e r m i n a t i o n w h e r e , w h e t h e r o r n o t a w a r n i n g
s h o t h a d a n y e f f e c t o n t h e i n d i v i d u a l , a n d t h e y c a m e t o
t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n t h a t i t d i d n o t . S o i f i t h a d n o
e f f e c t o n t h e i n d i v i d u a l , t h e o n l y e f f e c t t h a t i t c a n
h a v e w o u l d b e a b u l l e t h i t t i n g s o m e o n e o r d a m a g i n g s o m e
p r o p e r t y , s o t h e r e w a s r e a l l y n o j u s t i f i c a t i o n o f f i r i n ' ^
a w a r n i n g s h o t . T h a t w a s t h e c o n c l u s i o n .
Q L e t m e r e l a t e t h a t , i f I m a y , t o t h e p r o p o s i t i o n
o f t h e e x i s t e n c e o f t h e d e a d l y f o r c e p o l i c y h a s a d e t e r
r e n t e f f e c t o n c r i m e . I f f i r i n g a w a r n i n g s h o t d o e s n o
b r i n g h o m e t o , t o a f l e e i n g f e l o n t h e i m m i n e n t p e r i l o f
b e i n g s h o t , a n d d e t e r h i m f r o m c o n t i n u i n g h i s e s c a p e ,
d o e s t h a t n o t s e e m , i n y o u r j u d g m e n t , t o u n d e r m i n e t h e
a s s u m p t i o n t h a t t h e d e a d l y f o r c e p o l i c y d o e s d e t e r c r i m
i n t h o s e w h o j u s t h a v e k n o w l e d g e o f t h e p o l i c y ?
A N o t a t a l l . T h e t h i n g t h a t I d o n ’ t l i k e a b o u t t h e
p o l i c y t h a t y o u a r e t a l k i n g a b o u t , t h e r e a s o n b e h i n d i t
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i s t h a t y o u w o u l d b e m a k i n g a n a n n o u n c e m e n t t o a l l o f
t h e c r i m i n a l s t h a t t h e p o l i c e w o u l d n o l o n g e r u s e t h i s
k i n d o f f o r c e , a n d i t w o u l d b e a n o p e n i n v i t a t i o n t o
r u n , a n d i t w o u l d s e e m t o m e t h a t y o u w o u l d h a v e , n e e d
a g r e a t m a n y t r a c k s t a r s a s p o l i c e o f f i c e r s t o a p p r e h e n d
p e o p l e , b e c a u s e i f y o u a n n o u n c e t o m e , a s a c r i m i n a l ,
t h a t y o u a r e n o t g o i n g t o u s e , t o u s e t h e n e c e s s a r y
f o r c e t o m a k e m e s t o p , t h e n I ' m g o i n g t o r u n , t a k i n g a
c h a n c e o n n o t g e t t i n g c a u g h t , o n g e t t i n g a w a y . A n d w h y
s h o u l d n ' t I . T h a t i s t h e t h i n g t h a t d i s t u r b s m e , a n d
l o g i c a l l y , I t h i n k w o u l d h a v e s o m e e f f e c t o n i t .
Q A l l r i g h t , s i r .
N o w , y o u u n d e r s t a n d t h e p o l i c y w h i c h I t a l k e d a b o u t
t h e r e , d i d n ' t t e l l t h e c r i m i n a l c o m m u n i t y t h a t t h e y
c o u l d r u n i n a l l c i r c u m s t a n c e s , a n d i n a l l c r i m e s , i t
w a s o n l y t h o s e w h o d o n ' t , d o n ' t , d o n ' t g e t i n v o l v e d i n
a p a r a m o u n t / i f / i n d e e d / i t i s a p a r a m o u n t c r i m e / t h a t
d e a d l y f o r c e w o u l d n o t b e p e r m i s s i b l e a g a i n s t p r o p e r t y
c r i m e s , o r s o m e f l e e i n g p e r s o n s i n t h a t c a t e g o r y , w o u l d
n o t h a v e a n y t h i n g t o d o w i t h a r m e d i n d i v i d u a l s w h o p o s e
a r e a l t h r e a t t o b o d i l y i n j u r e o r t o b o d i l y s a f e t y , I
s h o u l d s a y ?
A I t h i n k i t w o u l d h a v e , i n m y o p i n i o n , I t h i n k i t
w o u l d h - a v e a n e f f e c t o n p r o p e r t y c r i m e s .
Q A l l r i g h t , a l l r i g h t , s i r . ̂ ^
' u : i - i .
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E v e n t h o u g h a w a r n i n g s h o t h a s n o e f f e c t o n a
f l e e i n g f e l o n ?
A T h a t w a s t h e c o n c l u s i o n w e r e a c h e d .
W e l l , I ' l l n o t s a y j u s t f l e e i n g f e l o n s , w a r n i n g
s h o t s h a v e b e e n f i r e d i n c a s e s o f i n i s d e m e a n o r s a l s o .
N o w , l e t ' s l o o k i n t o a w a r n i n g s h o t . M o s t o f t h e r a
w e r e m e r e l y f i r e d , s h o o t i n g i n t o t h e g r o u n d , w h e r e y o u
s t o o d .
Q A l l r i g h t , s i r .
A B u t t h e i d e a w a s , I t h i n k t h e i d e a w a s t h a t h o p e
f u l l y t h e y w o u l d s t o p , b u t t h e r e s u l t w e f o u n d w a s n o t
s u c h , a n d s o t h e r e w a s n o r e a s o n t o c o n t i n u e .
Q v / a s t h a t b a s e d o n r e s e a r c h i n M e m p h i s o r a r o u n d
t h e c o u n t r y a s a w h o l e ?
A I n M e m p h i s a n d a r o u n d t h e c o u n t r y t o o .
Q A l l r i g h t , s i r .
A n d m o s t , h a v e m o s t u r b a n p o l i c e d e p a r t m e n t s a d o p t ^
t h i s p o l i c y , t o y o u r k n o w l e d g e , o r h a v e y o u k e p t u p w i t .
i t ?
A W e l l , I t h i n k t h e r e a r e s o m e , s o m e b o o k s t e l l y o u
t h e r e a r e f o r t y t h o u s a n d p o l i c y a g e n c i e s i n t h e c o u n t r y
a n d w h e n y o u s a y m o s t p o l i c e a g e n c i e s , i t s u m s i t u p t o
s a y a g r e a t m a n y o f t l i e m c e r t a i n l y h a v e a d o p t e d t h e
p o l i c y o f n o w a r n i n g f l e e i n g s h o t .
Q C h i e f , t h a t m e m o r a n d u m I j u s t g a v e y o u w a s d a t e d
■ ... • . i
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t h a t r e s p e c t i s n o t m i s p l a c e d . T h e f u t u r e o f
t h i s c o m m u n i t y d e p e n d s u p o n i t .
"We k n o w t h a t w e c a n c o u n t o n e v e r y m e m b e
o f t h e M e m p h i s P o l i c e D e p a r t m e n t t o d i s c h a r g e
h i s d u t i e s f a i r l y b u t f i r m l y w i t h o u t r e g a r d t o
r a c e , c r e e d , o r e c o n o m i c s t a t u s , a n d w i t h o u t
f e a r o r f a v o r . C r i m e a n d l a w l e s s n e s s i n
M e m p h i s w i l l b e r e d u c e d a s w e a l l c o n t i n u e t o
d i l i g e n t l y d i s c h a r g e o u r d u t i e s d e s p i t e t h e
e f f o r t s o f s o m e t o h a r r a s s u s a n d r e d u c e o u r
e f f e c t i v e n e s s . "
Q A l l r i g h t , s i r .
N o w , w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n o f t h e , o f t h e o t h e r p o l i c y
s t a t e m e n t w h i c h y o u t h i n k w a s i s s u e d , a n d w h i c h w e h a v e
b e e n u n a b l e t o l o c a t e , t h a t i s t h e p o l i c y t h a t w a s i n
e f f e c t t h r o u g h o u t y o u r t e n u r e t h r o u g h t h a t d a y f o r w a r d ,
u n t i l y o u r e t i r e d , i s t h a t c o r r e c t ?
A T h a t i s c o r r e c t .
Q I n t h e d e p o s i t i o n w e t a l k e d a b o u t t h e w i d e s p r e a d
b e l i e f , a n d t o s o m e e x t e n t s t a t e m e n t s b y p a r t i c u l a r
o f f i c e r s t h a t t h e y a r e t r a i n e d t o s h o o t t o k i l l w h e n
t h e y a r e a u t h o r i z e d t o s h o o t , o r w h e n t h e y d e e m i t
n e c e s s a r y u n d e r t h e p o l i c y t o s h o o t , t h e y s h o o t t o k i l l ,
a n d y o u d i s a g r e e d v e r y s t r o n g l y w i t h t h a t k i n d o f a t t i
t u d e i n t h e d e p o s i t i o n . I w o n d e r i f y o u c o u l d b e , I
t I i .1
i - I '-i
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w o n d e r i f y o u c o u l d e l a b o r a t e o n t i i a t ?
A W e l l , I t h i n k t h i s p o l i c y h a s r e f l e c t e d , r e f l e c t s
t h a t t o s o i i i e e x t e n t i t h a s a l v / a y s b e e n i n y u n d e r s t a n d i n g
i n t h i s a r e a t h a t a n o f f i c e r h a s t h e r i g h t t o u s e o n l y
t h a t f o r c e v ; h i c h i s n e c e s s a r y t o e f f e c t a n a r r e s t ; t h a t
h e m u s t e x h a u s t a l l o t h e r r e a s o n a b l e m e a n s o f e f f e c t i n g
t h e a r r e s t o r p r e v e n t i n g t h e e s c a p e p r i o r t o t h e u s e o f
p o t e n t i a l l y f a t a l f o r c e , a n d t h a t g e n e r a l l y i s , h a s b e e n
m y u n d e r s L a n d i n g a n d m y b e l i e f , a n d t h e i n t e n t o f m y
p o l i c y . n e v e r h a s , a m I a v ; a r e o f , a p o l i c e o f f i c e r
b e i n g i n s t r u c t e d t o k i l l s o m e o n e . T h i s , t o m e , w h e n y o u
p r o p o u n d t h i s q u e s t i o n t o m e i n t h i s m a n n e r , t h e i n f e r e n c e
i s t h a t t h e o f f i c e r i s g o i n g t o e x e c u t e s o m e b o d y . I
d o n ' t t h i n k t h e l a v ; g i v e s h i m t h i s r i g h t a t a l l . A g r e a
m a n y p e o p l e t h a t l e t h a l f o r c e i s u s e d o n i s n o t l e t h a l ,
t h e y d o n ' t d i e . S c I c a n n o t a c c e p t t h a t s t a t e m e n t i n
t h a t t e r m i n o l o g y o r f r a m e o f w e a p o n , o r - - ( i n t e r r u p t e d )
Q I t h i n k y o u w e r e i n t h e c o u r t r o o m y e s t e r d a y a f t e r
n o o n w h e n P a t r o l m a n R i c h a r d s t e s t i f i e d s u b s t a n t i a l l y t o
t h e e f f e c t t h a t h e t h o u g l T t i t v ; a s h i s u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h a t
w h e n h a f i r e d h e s h o t t o k i l l , a n d t h a t k i l l i n g t h e s u s
p e c t t h a t h e w a s s h o o t i n g a t w a s t h e o b j e c t , o b j e c t i v e .
A I d i d n ' t , I d o n ' t t h i n k I h e a r d t h a t t e s t i m o n y . I
t h i n k I h e a r d i t f r o m a d e p o s i t i o n , h e m i g h t h a v e t e s t i
f i e d . I w a s n ' t i n h e r e d u r i n g h i s e n t i r e t e s t i m o n y .
ij
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Q All right, sir.
J u s t a n i n u t e .
Do you think you read that in the deposition, is
that right?
A Or w o rds to that effect.
Q Hr. A r n o l d says that rciay have b e e n ^/here that cane
f r o n .
A I don ' t agree with that statement. I'm not aware
of any i n s t r u c t i o n s that any o f f i c e r has b e e n given to
e x e cute anybody.
Q So that, and that atti t u d e like that, w o u l d not be
c o n s i s t e n t v;ith v/hat you t h o ught you v;ere training
police officers to do?
A 'Jell, I think it is obvious, w h e n you read this
policy, that it is not.
Q Is such an attitude, does such an atti t u d e u n d e r
mine y o u r p o l i c y of police officers w i d e l y h o l d up> that
attitude?
A '.'Jell, if it is, if it exists, presuraably it would.
I c a n n o t v o uch for its existence. I d o n't b e l i e v e this
was, there was any w i d e s p r e a d a t t i t u d e of that sort
thing. It is a s e m a n t i c a l p r o b l e m that we are p r o b a b l y
w o r k i n g v/ith here.
Q VJell, it is, I u n d e r s t o o d it to be an a t t i t u d i n a l
problem. You disa g r e e w i t h anybody that had that^.
233
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a t t i t u d e , t h i n k i n g i t w a s a p a r t o f t h e t r a i n i n g ?
A V e r y d e f i n i t e l y d o d i s a g r e e w i t h a n y w h o , a n y o n e
w h o h a s t h a t a t t i t u d e , c e r t a i n l y .
Q A g a i n , d u r i n g t h e d e p o s i t i o n w e d i s c u s s e d a n o t h e r
s u b j e c t , s o r t o f i n t a n g i b l e p h e n o m e n a , t h e r e w a s a p e e r
g r o u p , a n d y o u i n d i c a t e d t h a t , t h a t i s a n , o r y o u r
o p i n i o n , e x p e r i e n c e , i n d i c a t e d t h e r e w a s a c e r t a i n g r o u p
o f o f f i c e r s o f t h e p e e r g r o u p , a m o n g t h e f o r c e , w h i c h
p r o f e s s i o n a l l y o s t r a c i z e d a p o l i c e o f f i c e r i f , i f h e
d i d n ' t u s e t h e d e a d l y w e a p o n f o r c e , i n d e e d , d e a d l y f o r c e
i n w h i c h m a y h a v e o t h e r w i s e - - Y o u r e m e m b e r t h a t ?
A { N o d s h e a d i n t h e a f f i r m a t i v e . )
Q A n d y o u d i s c u s s e d s o m a o f t h e s t e p s y o u t o o k i n
h o p e s o f c h a n g i n g t h a t a t t i t u d e o r i n o v e r c o m i n g t h i s .
A I t , t h e a t t i t u d e e x i s t e d a t , w h e n , i t d i d w h e n I
w a s t h e r e i n t h i s a r e a , t o , t o t h e e f f e c t t h a t p o l i c e
o f f i c e r s w o u l d o s t r a c i z e a n o t h e r p o l i c e o f f i c e r i f u n d e i
t h e p r e s c r i b e d s i t u a t i o n o f p r e v e n t i n g t h e e s c a p e o f a
f l e e i n g f e l o n h e d i d n ' t r e s o r t t o t h e u s e o f s u f f i c i e n t
f o r c e t o s t o p h i m , y e s , s i r .
Q A n d d i d y o u t a k e s t e p s w h i l e y o u w e r e c h i e f t o
o v e r c o m e t h i s ? D i d y o u c o n s i d e r t h a t p o l i c y t h e r e , f o r
e x a m p l e , t o b e o n e o f t h o s e s a m e s t e p s ?
A I l e t i t b e k n o w n b y w o r d o f m o u t h t h a t n o o n e
w o u l d e v e r b a c r i t i c i z e d b y m a k i n g t h e d e c i s i o n n o t t o
234
1 f i r e . T h i s w a s h i s d e c i s i o n t h a t h e w a s f a c e d w i t h . H e
2 w a s t h e o n l y m a n , i n m y o p i n i o n , t h a t c o u l d m a k e t h a t
3 o p i n i o n , b e c a u s e h e i s t h e r e o n t h a t s p o t a t t h a t t i m e ,
4 a n d t h i s i n s t a n t , a n d i f h e r e s o l v e d i n f a v o r o f n o t
5 f i r i n g , h e w o u l d n o t b e c r i t i c i z e d .
6 N o w , j u s t h o w w i d e s p r e a d i t w o u l d g o - - ( i n t e r r u p t e d )
7 Q W e l l , d i d n ' t n e c e s s a r i l y , I m e a n , t h a t y o u e l i m i -
8 a t e d t h e p e e r g r o u p p r e s s u r e ?
9 A O f c o u r s e , I d o n ' t k n o w , b u t I , I d o n ' t k n o w h o w
10 w i d e s p r e a d i t w a s , b u t I l e t i t b e k n o w n a t t h e t o p
11 t h a t w a s m y p o l i c y , b u t I t h i n k r e a l l y , l e t m e p u t t h a t
12 i n p e r s p e c t i v e , b y s i m p l y s a y i n g t h i s , i n m y m i n d , m y
13 o p i n i o n , a n o f f i c e r i s f a c e d a l m o s t d a i l y w i t h t h e s a m e
14 s i t u a t i o n . H e e i t h e r o b s e r v e s , o r h a s k n o w l e d g e o f , i s
15 e i t h e r b r o u g h t t o h i s a t t e n t i o n , t h a t h e h a s t o a n a l y z e
16 a n d r e p r e s e n t t h i s i n t e r m s o f t h e l a w , a n d i n m a k i n g a
17 d e c i s i o n , a n d h e h a s t o d o t h e s a m e t h i n g i n r e g a r d t o
18 u s e o f f o r c e t o p r e v e n t t h e e s c a p e o f a f l e e i n g f e l o n .
19 H e f i r s t h a s t o d e t e r m i n e i f h e c a n b e a p p r e h e n d e d
20 a n o t h e r w a y , b u t a f t e r h e m a k e s t h a t d e t e r m i n a t i o n , h e
21 h a s t o m a k e t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n w h e t h e r o r n o t h e i s g o i n c
22 t o u s e f a t a l f o r c e , a n d i t i s m y f e e l i n g t h a t a n o f f i c e
23 h e i s t h e o n l y o n e t h e r e , a n d r e g a r d l e s s o f w h a t k i n d
24 o f g u i d e l i n e s y o u g e t , o r h o w m a n y r u l e s a n d r e g u l a t i o n s
^ y o u w r i t e , u n l e s s y o u s a y y o u c a n ' t s h o o t e x c e p t i n
I , * < f *. y ■ 4
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s e l f - d e f e n s e , t h e n y o u k n o w , p e r i o d , t h e n t h a t i s v e r y
c l e a r , b u t a s l o n g a s y o u l e a v e i t o n h i s s h o u l d e r s , h e
i s t h e m a n t h a t h a s t o m a k e t h a t d e t e r m i n a t i o n . H e h a s
t o t r a n s l a t e t h a t h u m a n b e h a v i o r i n t e r m s o f l a w a n d
d e c i d e t h e f e l o n y c o m m i t t e d , a n d h o w m u c h f o r c e h e c a n
u s e t o l a w f u l l y p r e v e n t t h e e s c a p e o f t h a t f e l o n , a n d
t h i s , o f c o u r s e , i s f o r h i m t o d e c i d e , a n d I d o n ' t t h i n k
a g r e a t m a n y M e m p h i a n s c o n s i d e r t h e s t a n d a r d s , t h e d e t e r
m i n a t i o n s t h a t t h e p e o p l e - o f f i c e r s h a v e t o m a k e .
Q C h i e f , l e t m e r e t u r n a m o m e n t , i f I c a n , t o t h e
r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n t h e p o l i c e o f f i c e r a n d t h e b l a c k
c o m m u n i t y , a n d w e d i s c u s s e d e v i d e n c e o f d i s p a r i t y a n d
a t t i t u d e w i t h i n t h e b l a c k - w h i t e c o m m u n i t y , a n d v i s - a - v i s ; ,
t h e M e m p h i s P o l i c e D e p a r t m e n t , t h a t i s , t h e b l a c k s ,
b l a c k c o m m u n i t y , h a s l e v e l e d c h a r g e s o f m i s c o n d u c t a n d
^ i ^ a t - h a v e - y o u a t t h e d e p a r t m e n t o v e r t h e y e a r s , v ^ h e t h e r
o r n o t i t i s j u s t i f i e d , t h e r e h a s b e e n a h i s t o r y o f
r a c i a l d i s c r i m i n a t i o n i n t h e c i t y , a n d w e h a v e a h i s t o r y
o f w h i c h r e f l e c t s , f o r e x a m p l e , t h a t a t o n e t i m e b l a c k
p e r s o n s w e r e a r r e s t e d f o r t r y i n g t o u s e t h e p u b l i c
l i b r a r y ; a m I c o r r e c t a b o u t t h a t ?
A T h a t i s c o r r e c t .
Q A n d g o l f c o u r s e a n d a r t g a l l e r y ?
A T h a t i s c o r r e c t .
Q A n d p a r k s , a n d t h e t r a n s i t a u t h o r i t y , t h o s e t h i n g s j
f n c H ^
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t h o s e k i n d o f t h i n g s ?
A T h i s w a s e n f o r c i n g l a w s t h a t w e r e o n t h e b o o k s a t
t h a t t i n e .
Q I u n d e r s t a n d , b u t t h o s e l a w s a r e o n , i f y o u w i l l ,
o n t n e b o o k s , d i s c r i r a i n a t o r y a g a i n s t b l a c k p e o p l e , n o t
l e g a l l y , b u t m a y b e t h e y d i d m a k e d i s t i n c t i o n s ?
A I ' m s o r r y , w e l l , t h a t i s y o u r i n t e r p r e t a t i o n t h a t
i t w a s d i s c r i m i n a t i v e . I t h i n k , o b v i o u s l y i t w a s , b u t
i t w a s a c i t y o r d i n a n c e t h a t w a s b e i n g e n f o r c e d a t t h i s
t i m e , p a r t i c u l a r t i m e .
Q A l l r i g h t , s i r .
We h a v e h a d o t h e r , I m e a n , g r o w i n g o u t o f t h e s e
i n c i d e n t s , w h i c h I g u e s s y o u w o u l d r e l a t e t o w h a t i s
c o m m o n l y k n o w n a s " C i v i l R i g h t s M o v e m e n t " i n t h e l a t e
f i f t i e s a n d e a r l y s i x t i e s , t h a t i s t h e a t t i t u d e t h a t h a s
g r o w n o u t o f t h e , t h e a t t i t u d e t h a t w e d i s c u s s e d e a r l i e r
h a s g r o w n o u t o f , o u t o f t h i s p e r i o d o f t i m e , t h a t i s ,
t h e b l a c k c o m m u n i t i e s ' r e s e n t m e n t t o t h e p o l i c e d e p a r t
m e n t , a n d d o e s l o o k o n t h e n w i t h g r e a t f e a r o f , f e a r o r
m i s t r u s t , o r n o t , n o t a s a c c e p t a b l e a s i t i s i n t h e
w h i t e c o m m u n i t y , a n d s o m e o f t h e t h i n g s w e h a v e h a d , w e
h a d E l t o n H a y e s k i l l e d i n 1 9 7 1 , a n d y o u w e r e s t i l l c h i e f
t h e n .
M R . S H E A : Y o u r H o n o r , I d o n ' t t h i n k , a g a i n ,
w h a t i s t h e r e l e v a n c y o f t h e E l t o n H a y e s c a s e i n
. O 'iy I t - r i
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t h i s m a t t e r ?
T HE C O U R T ; W e l l , w e h a v e h a d a v e r y l o n g
q u e s t i o n t h a t h a s b e e n a s k e d , a n d I w o u l d f e e l t h a t
t h e , a n y q u e s t i o n p e r t a i n i n g t o a s p e c i f i c i n c i d e n t
o r e p i s o d e o u g h t t o b e s e p a r a t e d a n d a p a r t f r o m a n y
g e n e r a l a t t i t u d e t h a t m a y b e a s k e d a b o u t .
I ' m n o t s u s t a i n i n g y o u r o b j e c t i o n t o t h e
a s k i n g o f a n y q u e s t i o n , i t j u s t s e e m s t o t h e C o u r t
t h a t , a t t h e t i m e y o u r o b j e c t i o n w a s m a d e t h a t w e
h a d a v e r y l o n g q u e s t i o n p e r t a i n i n g t o , g e n e r a l l y ,
t o a t t i t u d e a n d w h a t c o u n s e l w a s s a y i n g , w h y , w h y
t h e a t t i t u d e m i g h t b e t h e r e , a n d s o f o r t h a n d s o
o n , a n d I w i l l j u s t s u g g e s t t h a t t h e q u e s t i o n b e
r e p h r a s e d .
M R . C A L D V ? E L L : A l l r i g h t , s i r .
I v / i l l r e p h r a s e t h e q u e s t i o n .
T H E C O U R T : A l l r i g h t , s i r .
BY M R . C A L D W E L L :
Q C h i e f , I w a s d r i v i n g a t , a t e v e n t s w h i c h h a d
o c c u r r e d , w h i c h h a d e i t h e r c a u s e d t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p
b e t w e e n t h e p o l i c e a n d t h e b l a c k c o m m u n i t y t o b e w h a t
i t i s , o r w h i c h , w h i c h e v i d e n c e t h a t i t i s , w h a t i t i s ,
a n d w e h a v e t a l k e d a b o u t t h e e a r l y d a y s o f t h e C i v i l
R i g h t s M o v e m e n t , w h e r e b l a c k s w e r e a r r e s t e d f o r t h e
l i b r a r y , a n d w h a t - h a v e - y o u , a n d I w a s , a n d a n o t h e r e v e n t
̂ r* u
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w h i c h h a s a t l e a s t e v i d e n c e d a g r e a t d e a l o f d i s t r u s t
a m o n g t h e b l a c k c o m m u n i t y / a n d t h e p o l i c e d e p a r t m e n t /
w a s t h e E l t o n H a y e s k i l l i n g i n e a r l y 1 9 7 1 / l a t e 1 9 7 1 ; a m
I c o r r e c t t h a t t h e b l a c k c o m m u n i t y d i d e n g a g e i n a s e r i e
o f p r o t e s t a c t i v i t i e s f o l l o w i n g t h a t p a r t i c u l a r d e a t h o f
a s e v e n t e e n y e a r o l d b l a c k y o u t h ?
A V l e l l / o f c o u r s e / y o u a r e a s k i n g m e t o m a k e a j u d g
m e n t a s t o h o w s o m e t h i n g / s o m e c i r c u m s t a n c e s a f f e c t e d
t h e a t t i t u d e o f p e o p l e ?
Q I ' m s o r r y . L e t m e m a k e i t d i f f e r e n t . L e t m e s t r i k
w h a t I h a v e s a i d .
I n O c t o b e r / O c t o b e r 1 5 / 1 9 7 1 / a y o u n g m a n n a m e d
E l t o n H a y e s / w h o w a s s e v e n t e e n y e a r s o l d / w a s k i l l e d i n
c i r c u m s t a n c e s i n w h i c h / w h i c h t h e p o l i c e d e p a r t m e n t w a s
a c c u s e d o f b e i n g r e s p o n s i b l e f o r i t / o r m e m b e r s o f t h e
p o l i c e d e p a r t m e n t / a n d t h e s h e r i f f ' s d e p a r t m e n t / i s t h a t
c o r r e c t ?
A T h a t i s c o r r e c t .
Q A n d / a n d f o l l o w i n g t h a t i n c i d e n t t h e r e w a s a g r e a t
d e a l o f p r o t e s t a c t i v i t i e s i n t h e b l a c k c o m m u n i t y
d i r e c t e d a g a i n s t t h e M e m p h i s P o l i c e D e p a r t m e n t ?
M R . S H E A : I f Y o u r H o n o r p l e a s e / I a m g o i n g t o
o b j e c t .
W h a t m a t e r i a l i t y o r r e l e v a n c y c a n t h i s b e o f
a n y i n c i d e n t t h a t t o o k p l a c e i n 1 9 7 1 / w h e n ^ . ^ E l t o n
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H a y e s d i e d # a n d t h e o c c u r r e n c e t h a t t o o k p l a c e o n
J a n u a r y t h e 8 t h , 1 9 7 2 ? T h e r e a r e t w o c o m p l e t e l y
u n r e l a t e d i n c i d e n t s , a n d h a s a b s o l u t e l y n o b e a r i n g
o n t h i s c a s e , a n d n o r e l e v a n c e w h a t s o e v e r .
T H E C O U R T ; T h e C o u r t w i l l m a k e t h e s a m e r u l i r
o n , w e d i d o n t h e p r e v i o u s c o m m i s s i o n ( o b j e c t i o n ) ,
a n d o t h e r m a t t e r s , t h a t w e r e e a r l i e r o b j e c t e d t o .
We * 1 1 o v e r r u l e t h e o b j e c t i o n f o r p u r p o s e s o f t h e
q u e s t i o n b e i n g a s k e d , a n d t h e r e s p o n s e , i f a n y ,
g i v e n .
B y o v e r r u l i n g y o u r o b j e c t i o n , w e d o n ' t i n d i c a t i e
t h a t t h e C o u r t a t t r i b u t e s a n y p a r t i c u l a r m a t e r i a l i t y ,
o r t h a t w e d o n o t a t t r i b u t e a n y m a t e r i a l i t y o r
r e l e v a n c y t o w h a t m a y h a v e o c c u r r e d i n a n o t h e r
i n s t a n c e , a n d i n a n o t h e r e p i s o d e o f , i n O c t o b e r o f
' 7 1 .
Y o u m a y p r o c e e d .
BY M R . C A L D W E L L :
Q D o y o u r e c a l l t h e q u e s t i o n ?
A T h e q u e s t i o n - - ( p a u s e )
Q I n r e g a r d t o t h e r e w a s a g r e a t d e a l o f p r o t e s t ?
A Y e s , s i r , t h e r e w a s a n i n s t a n c e , I m e a n , y e s , s i r ,
t h e r e w e r e n u m e r o u s i n c i d e n t s o f b l a c k s t h r o w i n g f i r e
b o m b s , f i r e b o m b i n g s e v e r a l b u s i n e s s e s , J o o t e d , w e l l ,
n u m e r o u s b u s i n e s s e s , p l a c e s h e r e .
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Q T h e r e w e r e m o r e , a l s o m o r e c i v i l r i g h t a c t i v i t i e s ,
t h i n g s l i k e t h a t , t h e b l a c k m e m b e r s c o m i n g i n , c i t i z e n s ,
t o c o m e t o t h e l e a d e r s , c o m i n g t o t h e p o l i c e d e p a r t m e n t ,
a n d c i t y c o u n c i l , a n d p r o t e s t i n g ; r i g h t , w e r e t h e r e n o t ?
A R i g h t .
Q T h i s w a s r o u g h l y a y e a r o r y e a r a n d a h a l f a f t e r
t h e N A A C P a d - h o c c o m m i t t e e m e e t i n g s w h i c h w e d i s c u s s e d
e a r l i e r , i n w h i c h a l l e g a t i o n s w e r e m a d e ?
A T h a t i s a b o u t r i g h t .
Q N o w , w h a t I w o u l d l i k e t o , w h a t I w o u l d l i k e t o
a s k y o u , b a s e d o n t h i s c l e a r e v i d e n c e o f m i s t r u s t i n
t h e b l a c k c o m m u n i t y , o n t h e p a r t o f t h e p o l i c e d e p a r t m e n t ,
o r v i s - a - v i s p o l i c e d e p a r t m e n t , a n d s p e a k i n g o f y o u n g ,
y o u n g b l a c k s i n p a r t i c u l a r , i s t h e r e n o t , u s i n g t h e s a m e
k i n d o f a s s u m p t i o n w e h a v e b e e n t r y i n g t o m a k e , w o u l d i t
n o t b e v a l i d t o a s s u m e t h a t a b l a c k y o u t h w o u l d b e c o n
s i d e r a b l y l e s s l i k e l y t h a n a w h i t e y o u t h t o o b e y a p o l i c
o f f i c e r ' s c o m m a n d t o h a l t ?
A I d o n ' t s e e h o w I c a n a n s w e r t h a t q u e s t i o n . I r e a l l
d o n ' t , I d o n ' t h a v e a n y d a t a t h a t I ' m a w a r e o f t h a t
w o u l d t e n d t o i n d i c a t e e i t h e r o n e w a y o r t h e o t h e r . I ' m
j u s t n o t - - ( i n t e r r u p t e d )
Q C h i e f , I u n d e r s t a n d t h a t .
A I c a n ' t a c t u a l l y , f a c t u a l l y a n s w e r t h a t .
Q Y o u d o n ' t h a v e a n y d a t a w h i c h i n d i c a t e s t h a t ,
' n n r Y: ^• ; u
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J O H N A . C O L E T T A ,
t h e s a i d w i t n e s s , h a v i n g b e e n f i r s t d u l y s w o r n ,
t e s t i f i e d a s f o l l o w s :
D I R E C T E X A I 4 I N A T I O N
BY M R . A R N O L D :
Q S t a t e y o u r n a m e a n d o c c u p a t i o n , p l e a s e , s i r ?
A J o h n C o l e t t a , p o l i c e c a p t a i n .
Q A n d w h a t i s y o u r j o b w i t h t h e M e r a p h i s P o l i c e
D e p a r t m e n t ?
A P r i m a r i l y I ' m a s s i g n e d t h e r a n g e o f f i c e r , i n c h a r g e
o f o r d n a n c e s e c t i o n .
Q W h e n a s h o o t i n g o c c u r s , d o y o u h a v e s o m e r e s p o n s i
b i l i t y a t t h i s p o i n t t o m a k e s o m e t y p e o f i n v e s t i g a t i o n ?
A Y e s , s i r , w e , w e r e q u i r e a r e p o r t t o b e s u b m i t t e d
a n d i t i s ray r e s p o n s i b i l i t y t o s e e t h a t , t h a t t h e f a c t s
o f t h e c a s e a r e g a t h e r e d s o a s t o p r e s e n t t o t h e s u p e r
v i s o r o f t h e f i r e a r m s r e v i e w b o a r d .
Q W h e n d i d y o u s t a r t d o i n g t h a t ?
A T h e f i r e a r m s r e v i e w b o a r d w a s i n a u g u r a t e d i n M a r c h
o f l a s t y e a r , I b e l i e v e .
Q A n d y o u s t a r t e d t h e n i n M a r c h c o l l e c t i n g t h i s d a t a
o r c o l l e c t i n g t h i s d a t a o n e a c h s h o o t i n g i n c i d e n t , i s
t h a t c o r r e c t ?
A F o r t h e f i r e a r m s r e v i e w b o a r d , p r i o r t o t h a t t i m e ,
Q H a d y o u ? '
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A P r i o r t o t h a t t i m e .
Q A l l r i g h t , s i r .
A P r i o r t o t h a t t i m e I c o l l e c t e d s i m i l a r d a t a f o r
s i m i l a r p u r p o s e , t o e v a l u a t e w h a t p e r f o r m a n c e i n t h e
f i e l d w a s , a n d h o w i t a p p l i e d t o t h e t r a i n i n g , a n d w h a t
m e t h o d s a n d t e c h n i q u e s c o u l d b e e m p l o y e d i n t r a i n i n g t o
b e t t e r p r e p a r e a n o f f i c e r f o r h i s f u n c t i o n i n t h e f i e l d .
Q A n d h o w l o n g h a v e y o u b e e n c o l l e c t i n g d a t a , h o w
l o n g h a v e y o u b e e n c o l l e c t i n g d a t a f o r t h a t i n f o r m a t i o n ?
A S o m e t i m e , s e v e r a l y e a r s p r i o r t o t h a t , h o w e v e r , i t
w a s n ' t a l w a y s c o m p l e t e , b e c a u s e o f o u r p r i m a r y f u n c t i o n
o f t r a i n i n g , w e m a y n o t c o u l d g e t t h e n e c e s s a r y d a t a
t o g e t h e r o n e v e r y c a s e .
Q I n t h a t c o n n e c t i o n , h a v e y o u h a d t h e j o b i n c o n n e c
t i o n w i t h t h i s l a w s u i t o f p r e p a r i n g d a t a t h a t h a s b e e n
r e q u e s t e d b y u s c o n c e r n i n g s h o o t i n g i n c i d e n c e s , c o n n e c t s
w i t h p o l i c e o f f i c e r s ?
A Y e s , s i r , I h a v e .
Q I w a n t t o s h o w y o u s o m e e x h i b i t s .
( ( W h e r e u p o n , s a i d i n s t r u m e n t s a r e b e i n g
p a s s e d t o t h e w i t n e s s . )
M R . S H E A : I f Y o u r H o n o r p l e a s e , I a m g o i n g t c
o b j e c t t o t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n o f t h i s w o r k c o m p i l e d b y
j
t h e c a p t a i n . C a p t a i n C o l e t t a , i n t h a t i t h a s r e f e r - j
e n c e t o s h o o t i n g s , s h o o t i n g i n c i d e n t s t h a t t o o k
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" O f f i c e r R i c h a r d s c o m p l i e d w i t h d e p a r t
m e n t a l p r o c e d u r e i n f i l l i n g o u t a f i r e a r m s u s e
r e p o r t , a n d i n w r i t i n g a l e t t e r c o n c e r n i n g t h e
i n c i d e n t s s u r r o u n d i n g t h a t c a s e . "
I s t a t e d t h a t :
" T h e s u b j e c t w a s n o t i n t e r v i e w e d , a s t h e
l e t t e r w a s s e l f - e x p l a n a t o r y a n d t h e i n f o r r a a t i c j n
e x t r a c t e d f r o m t h e f i r e a r m s u s e r e p o r t i n d i
c a t e d t h a t t h i s i n c i d e n t w a s u n a v o i d a b l e . "
I f I m a y i d e n t i f y i t f o r t h e r e c o r d , t h i s i s m a r k e d
a t t h i s t i m e , E x h i b i t 5 ( b ) .
T HE C O U R T : F i v e ( b ) a s i n B a k e r ?
T H E W I T N E S S : B , a s i n B a k e r , y e s , s i r .
BY M R . A R N O L D ;
Q C a p t a i n , f u r t h e r t h a t s a y s :
" W i t h r e s p e c t t o i n t e r r o g a t o r y n u m b e r
f i v e o f p l a i n t i f f ' s s e c o n d i n t e r r o g a t o r i e s a n d
r e q u e s t s f o r p r o d u c t i o n . C a p t a i n C o l e t t a s t a t e s
t h a t s a i d i n t e r r o g a t o r y h a s b e e n c o m p l i e d w i t h
t o t h e e x t e n t p o s s i b l e , i n t h a t a l l c a s e s w h i c j h
r e s u l t e d i n d e a t h o f s u s p e c t s a t t h e h a n d s o f
p o l i c e o f f i c e r s a r e h e r e i n r e c o r d e d a s e x t r a c t e d
f r o m h o m i c i d e f i l e s .
" I n a d d i t i o n , a s u m m a r y o f a l l l e t t e r s
a n d f i r e a r m s u s e r e p o r t s h a v e b e e n s u b m i t t e d
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t o t h e f i r i n g r a n g e s i n c e J u l y , 1 9 7 1 , w h e n
t h i s p o l i c y w a s i n i t i a t e d , i s e n c l o s e d .
" F i n a l l y , h e s t a t e s t h a t f o r f u r t h e r
i n f o r m a t i o n o f i n c i d e n t s , i t h a s b e e n d e t e r
m i n e d t h a t n o f e a s i b l e m e a n s c a n b e i n s t i t u t e d
o t h e r t h a n e x h a u s t i v e h o u r s o f f i l e s e a r c h i n g
t o i n c l u d e m a t e r i a l p r i o r t o t h a t d a t e . "
I s t h a t c o r r e c t ?
A T h a t i s c o r r e c t .
Q A n d y o u h a v e f i l e d s u c h a n a f f i d a v i t ?
A I t i s c o r r e c t .
M R . A R N O L D ; N o w , I w o u l d l i k e t o a d d r e s s m y
s e l f a g a i n t o t h e C o u r t ' s p r i o r r u l i n g .
T H E C O U R T ; A l l r i g h t , s i r .
M R . A R N O L D ; S p e c i f i c a l l y , i n l i g h t o f t h e
a f f i d a v i t b y C a p t a i n C o l e t t a , t h e p u r p o s e o f o u r
i n q u i r y h e r e w a s t o s u p p o r t t h e a l l e g a t i o n s w h i c h
w e b e l i e v e t h a t w e c a n p r o v e a b o u t a r a c i a l l y d i s
c r i m i n a t o r y a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f t h e d e a d l y f o r c e
p o l i c y .
T h e r e a s o n t h a t w e w o u l d u r g e t h e C o u r t t h a t
i n c i d e n t s a f t e r t h e d a t e o f J a n u a r y t h e 8 t h , 1 9 7 2 ,
a r e r e l e v a n t , a r e f o r t h e g a t h e r i n g o f a , o f d a t a
w i t h s u f f i c i e n t n u m b e r o f i n c i d e n t s t o h a v e s o m e
s t a t i s t i c a l i m p o r t a n c e . r i k' i"
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A g a i n , b a s e d o n t h a t , w e w o u l d u r g e a n d m o v e
t h a t t h e s e e x h i b i t s b e a d m i t t e d i n t o e v i d e n c e .
T H E C O U R T : W e l l , M r . S h e a , d o y o u w i s h t o b e
h e a r d ?
M R . S H E A : Y o u r H o n o r , i f i t p l e a s e Y o u r H o n o r
I m e a n , w e o b j e c t f o r t h e s a m e r e a s o n s I s t a t e d
e a r l i e r . T h e r e c a n b e n o r e l e v a n c y t o a n y t h i n g
t h a t h a p p e n e d , h a p p e n e d a f t e r J a n u a r y t h e 3 t h , 1 9 7 2
T HE C O U R T : W e l l , t h e C o u r t w i l l a d m i t i n t o
e v i d e n c e a l l o f t h e d a t a a n d i n f o r m a t i o n t h a t h a s
b e e n s u b m i t t e d t h r o u g h 1 9 7 2 , n o t i n g t h e o b j e c t i o n
t o a n y t h i n g a f t e r J a n u a r y t h e 8 t h , 1 9 7 2 , m a d e b y
t h e a t t o r n e y f o r t h e d e f e n d a n t s .
T h e d a t a a s t o a n y p e r i o d a f t e r 1 9 7 2 , w i l l b e
i d e n t i f i e d , a n d i t w i l l b e a p a r t o f t h e r e c o r d f o r
i d e n t i f i c a t i o n p u r p o s e s .
T h e C o u r t , a t t h i s t i m e , s u b j e c t t o a n y f u r t h e
c o n s i d e r a t i o n o r r e c o n s i d e r a t i o n , w o u l d r u l e t h a t
a n y t h i n g a f t e r 1 9 7 2 w o u l d n o t s e e m p e r t i n e n t o r
m a t e r i a l , o r r e l e v a n t t o t h e i n q u i r y p e r t a i n i n g t o
w h a t t o o k p l a c e i n J a n u a r y , o f 1 9 7 2 , a n d w h a t t h e
t h e n p o l i c y p r a c t i c e s a n d p r o c e d u r e s w e r e , a n d f o r
s t a t i s t i c a l p u r p o s e s , o r o t h e r v / i s e , w h a t m a y h a v e
o c c u r r e d t h e r e a f t e r d o e s n o t s e e m , t o t h e C o u r t t o
h a v e a n y s u f f i c i e n t r e l e v a n c e t o b e a d m i s s i b l e f o r
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p u r p o s e s o f t h e C o u r t ' s c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f t h e i s s u e s
h e r e ; b u t c e r t a i n l y , t h e p l a i n t i f f s h o u l d h a v e t h e
o p p o r t u n i t y t o h a v e t h o s e m a t t e r s i n t h e r e c o r d a n d
h a v e a n o p p o r t u n i t y t o p r e s e n t t h e p l a i n t i f f ' s
v i e w p o i n t p e r t a i n i n g t o , t o t h e s e m a t t e r s , b u t t h e
C o u r t i s u n p e r s u a d e d a t t h i s t i m e t h a t w e s h o u l d
c o n s i d e r a n y t h i n g a f t e r 1 9 7 2 , a n d d o u b t f u l t h a t w e
s h o u l d c o n s i d e r a n y t h i n g a f t e r J a n u a r y , o f 1 9 7 2 .
( W h e r e u p o n , t h e s a i d h e r e t o f o r e m e n t i o n e d
e x h i b i t s , h a v i n g b e e n p r e v i o u s l y m a r k e d f o r
i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o n l y , p u r s u a n t t o t h e C o u r t ' s
r u l i n g , 1 8 ( a ) , 1 9 ( a ) , t o s u c h p o r t i o n s t h a t
c o m e u n d e r s a i d r u l i n g , a r e a d m i t t e d i n t o
e v i d e n c e , a n d t h e r e m a i n d e r o f s a i d e x h i b i t s
a r e i n i d e n t i f i c a t i o n s t a t u s o n l y . )
M R . A R N O L D : T h a t i s a l l I h a v e o f C a p t a i n
C o l e t t a .
T H E C O U R T : A n y e x a m i n a t i o n o f t h i s w i t n e s s ?
M R . S H E A : E x c u s e m e , i f Y o u r H o n o r p l e a s e ,
i t i s m y u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h a t C a p t a i n C o l e t t a i s b e i n g
o f f e r e d a t t h i s t i m e t o l a y a p r e d i c a t e f o r s o m e
o t h e r w i t n e s s t h a t t h e y i n t e n d t o i n t r o d u c e , a n d
i t i s m y u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h a t i s a n a c c o m m o d a t i o n ,
s u b j e c t t o t h e a p p r o v a l o f t h e C o u r t , t h a t w i l l b e
d o n e , a n d t h e n w e ' l l p u t C h i e f L u x b a c k . o n . t h e ,
/ 2 6 6
•
1 C H A R L E S T . K E N N Y ,
'
2 t h e s a i d w i t n e s s , h a v i n g b e e n f i r s t d u l y s w o r n ,
3 t e s t i f i e d a s f o l l o w s :
4 D I R E C T E X A M I N A T I O N
BY M R . C A L D W E L L :
5
6 Q W o u l d y o u s t a t e y o u r n a m e , p l e a s e ?
7 A C h a r l e s T . K e n n y .
8 Q A n d w h a t i s y o u r p r e s e n t o c c u p a t i o n ?
9 A I a m p s y c h o l o g i s t .
10 Q A n d a r e y o u i n p r i v a t e p r a c t i c e ?
11 A Y e s , s i r , t h a t i s r i g h t .
12 I ' m p r e s i d e n t o f C r i t e r i o n D e v e l o p m e n t A s s o c i a t e s ,
13 I n c . , a c o n s u l t i n g f i r m i n M e m p h i s , T e n n e s s e e , i n W h i t e
14 T o w e r s .
15 Q A n d w h a t i s t h e n a m e a g a i n ?
16 A C r i t e r i o n D e v e l o p m e n t A s s o c i a t e s .
1
17 Q A r e y o u a n a t i v e o f M e m p h i s , T e n n e s s e e ?
18 A N o , I ' m n o t .
19 Q H o w l o n g h a v e y o u b e e n i n M e m p h i s ?
20 A S e v e n y e a r s . 1
21 Q C o u l d y o u , c o u l d y o u b r i e f l y r u n t h r o u g h y o u r e d u -
22 c a t i o n a l b a c k g r o u n d , p l e a s e ?
23 A Y e s , s i r .
24 I r e c e i v e d m y b a c h e l o r d e g r e e f r o m , a n d c u m l a u d e .
25 f r o m t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f N o t r e D a m e , i n 1 9 7 3 , a n d t h e n
0 0 1 " '
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w e n t t o g r a d u a t e s c h o o l i n C l a r k U n i v e r s i t y a t
W o r c h e s t e r , M a s s c h u s e t t s , r e c e i v e d m y m a s t e r ' s d e g r e e i n
p s y c h o l o g y i n 1 9 6 6 , a n d m y P h D i n p s y c h o l o g y i n 1 9 6 9 .
Q W h a t p a r t i c u l a r a r e a o f t h e f i e l d o f p s y c h o l o g y
h a v e y o u c o n c e n t r a t e d , o r a r e a h a v e y o u c o n c e n t r a t e d ,
b o t h y o u r a c a d e m i c s t u d i e s , a n d y o u r p r o f e s s i o n a l w o r k
i n ?
A S o c i a l m a t u r i t y p s y c h o l o g y a n d s t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s e s ! .
i
Q A n d i n , w i t h r e g a r d t o t h e s o c i a l p s y c h o l o g y a r e a ,
h a v e y o u e n g a g e d i n r e s e a r c h , a n d a r e y o u w e l l - s t u d i e d
i n t h e a r e a o f a t t i t u d i n a l p r o b l e m s a n d a n x i e t y , a n d
t h a t s o r t o f t h i n g ?
A Y e s , s i r .
I h a v e c o n d u c t e d a n u m b e r o f i n v e s t i g a t i o n s a n d
s t u d i e s i n t h e a r e a o f t h e a t t i t u d e s a n d a t t i t u d e c h a n g e i s ,
a n d , f o r t h e p a s t t h r e e o r f o u r y e a r s n o w , I , a l o n g w i t h
m y c o l l e a g u e a t M e m p h i s S t a t e , D r . M a c k L u p f e r , h a v e
s t u d i e s , i n v e s t i g a t e d a r e a s o f t h e p o l i t i c a l s o c i a l i z a
t i o n .
We h a v e a n o n g o i n g r e s e a r c h p r o j e c t i n t h i s a r e a ,
a n d w h a t i t i n v o l v e d , i n v o l v e s i n t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f
t h e p e r c e p t i o n a n d k n o w l e d g e t h a t c h i l d r e n h a v e o f t h e i r
g o v e r n m e n t p o l i t i c a l i n s t i t u t i o n s , a n d p o l i t i c s , a n d
t h i s k i n d o f t h i n g .
I
Q H a v e y o u e n g a g e d i n r e s e a r c h w o r k a n d s t u d i e s
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i n v o l v i n g r a c i a l d i v i s i o n o r r a c i a l e f f e c t s o f v a r i o u s
a t t i t u d i n a l s i t u a t i o n s ?
A Y e s , s i r , I h a v e .
O n e o f t h e m a j o r v a r i a b l e s t h a t w e a r e i n t e r e s t e d
i n i n t h i s p r o j e c t i s t h e r a c e v a r i a b l e .
We h a v e b o k e d a t d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n w h i t e a n d
b l a c k c h i l d r e n , a s w e l l a s a g e d i f f e r e n c e a n d s e x d i f
f e r e n c e , a n d s o c i a l e c o n o m i c d i f f e r e n c e s .
I m i g h t a d d a t t h e p r e s e n t t i m e w e f o c u s p r i m a r i l y
o n c o m p a r i s o n s b e t w e e n o u r s a m p l e s t h a t w e l o o k e d a t
p r i o r t o t h e W a t e r g a t e i n c i d e n t , a n d t h a t s u b j e c t t h a t
w e i n t e r v i e w e d a f t e r t h e W a t e r g a t e i n c i d e n t .
We h a v e n o t y e t a n a l y z e d t h e r a c e d i f f e r e n c e s .
M R . C A L D W E L L : I f Y o u r H o n o r p l e a s e , i f I m a y
m a r k t h i s d o c u m e n t a s t h e n e x t e x h i b i t .
T H E C O U R T : I t m a y b e m a r k e d f o r i d e n t i f i c a t i c ^ n
T H E C L E R K : N u m b e r 4 1 f o r i d e n t i f i c a t i o n .
( V / h e r e u p o n , t h e s a i d i n s t r u m e n t w a s
a c c o r d i n g l y m a r k e d E x h i b i t N u m b e r 4 1 f o r
i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o n l y . )
B Y M R . C A L D W E L L :
Q M r . S h e a h a s a s k e d m e t o a s k y o u a q u e s t i o n a b o u t
w h e t h e r o r n o t y o u r f i e l d i s i n b e h a v i o r a l a t t i t u d e s o f
c h i l d r e n o r i s i t i n , e n c o m p a s s i n g a b r o a d r a n g e o f a g e
; -
a g e s ?
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A I t v / o u l d e n c o m p a s s a b r o a d r a n g e o f a g e s t h a t t h e
p a r t i c u l a r r e s e a r c h p r o j e c t v / e a r e c u r r e n t l y i n v o l v e d i r
i n v o l v e s c h i l d r e n f r o m t h e t h i r d g r a d e t o t h e e l e v e n t h
g r a d e , b u t I h a v e a l s o c o n d u c t e d a t t i t u d i n a l r e s e a r c h
w i t h a d u l t s , a s w e l l .
Q L e t m e s h o w y o u a d o c u m e n t I h a v e h a d m a r k e d a s
E x h i b i t 4 1 , w h i c h p u r p o r t s t o b e a , y o u r v i t a , y o u r v i t c .
D o e s t h a t c o n t a i n m o r e o f a c o m p l e t e l i s t o f y o u r
e d u c a t i o n a n d p r o f e s s i o n a l e x p e r i e n c e s ?
A Y e s , s i r , t h i s i s .
M R . C A L D W E L L : Y o u r H o n o r , r a t h e r t h a n g o
t h r o u g h t h i s b y i t e m b y i t e m , I w o u l d j u s t t e n d e r
i t i n t o e v i d e n c e , i f I m a y .
T H E C O U R T : I s t h e r e a n y o b j e c t i o n t o t h e
i n t r o d u c t i o n o f t h e i t e m ?
M R . S H E A : H o , Y o u r H o n o r .
T H E C O U R T ; L e t E x h i b i t 4 1 b e i n t r o d u c e d .
( W h e r e u p o n , t h e s a i d e x h i b i t p r e v i o u s l y
m a r k e d N u m b e r 4 1 f o r i d e n t i f i c a t i o n , w a s
r e c e i v e d i n e v i d e n c e . )
B Y M R . C A L D W E L L ;
Q I n y o u r , i n y o u r f i e l d , h a s t h e r e b e e n r e s e a r c h
d o n e w h i c h w o u l d r e f l e c t t h e a t t i t u d e o f r a c i a l s e g m e n t s
o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n t o w a r d t h e g o v e r n m e n t i n g e n e r a l a n d
^ p, ' •
t o w a r d p o l i c e a g e n c i e s i n p a r t i c u l a r ? *' ^
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A Y e s , s i r , t h e r e h a s . T h e r e ' s a n u m b e r o f s u b
s t u d i e s t h a t w e n t a t t h e s e q u e s t i o n s .
Q V'/e h a v e d i s c u s s e d e a r l i e r t o d a y i n t h i s c a s e
P r e s i d e n t i a l C o m m i s s i o n r e p o r t s w h i c h c o n t a i n a p o l i c y ,
r e f l e c t s t h a t b l a c k p e r s o n s t e n d t o h a v e m o r e n e g a t i v e
a t t i t u d e t o w a r d p o l i c e a g e n c i e s t h a n d o w h i t e m e m b e r s
o f t h e w h i t e c o m m u n i t y .
V7e h a v e a l s o d i s c u s s e d t h e s t u d y p r e p a r e d i n M e m p h i
w h i c h r e f l e c t e d a s i m i l a r p h e n o m e n a , t h a t i s , b l a c k s
t e n d , m o r e t h a n w h i t e s d o , t o t h i n k t h a t t h e p o l i c e a r e
b r u t a l o r u n f a i r , o r t o g e n e r a l l y p e r c e i v e t h e p o l i c e a s
h o s t i l e , m o r e s o t h a n d o t h e w h i t e s .
I s t h a t s u p p o r t e d b y t h e r e s e a r c h t h a t h a s b e e n d o n
i n t h e f i e l d ?
A Y e s , s i r , i t d o e s .
Q I s t h e r e a n a g e , d o e s a g e h a v e a n y b e a r i n g a t a l l ?
A Y e s , s i r , g e n e r a l l y .
W h a t t h e , t h e e v i d e n c e p o i n t s t o w a r d i s t h a t b l a c k
a n d w h i t e c h i l d r e n s t a r t o u t i n t h e e a r l y g r a d e s , t h i r d
g r a d e , a n d f i f t h g r a d e , t e n d i n g t o i d e a l i z e t h e i r g o v e r n
m e n t i n a p o l i t i c a l i n s t i t u t i o n i n t h e i r c o u n t r y , a n d
s o m e t i m e s a r o u n d e a r l y a n d m i d - a d o l e s c e n c e , t h e y t e n d
t o b e a d e c r e a s e i n t h i s i d e a l i z a t i o n f o r b o t h b l a c k a n d
w h i t e c h i l d r e n .
C o n c u r r e n t l y w i t h t h i s , t h e r e i s a g e n e r a l , g e n e r a l
f 7 » . .
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2 7 1
g e n e r a l i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f t h e f i n d i n g s i n t h e f i e l d t h a t
b o t h b l a c k a n d w h i t e c h i l d r e n b e c o m e a t t a c h e d i n g e n e r a l
t o t h e i r c o u n t r y , t h e i r g o v e r n m e n t , a n d p o l i t i c a l i n s t i
t u t i o n s , a n d t h e r e a r e n o s u b s t a n t i a l d i f f e r e n c e s p r e
s e n t e d i n t h e b l a c k a n d w h i t e c h i l d r e n i n t h i s a t t a c h
m e n t p r o c e s s .
H o w e v e r , a s b l a c k a n d v / h i t e c h i l d r e n b e c o m e o l d e r
a n d r e a c h a d o l e s c e n c e , t h e i r i d e o l o g i e s c h a n g e , a n d , a n d
t u r n t o w a r d , t o w a r d t h e p o l i t i c a l g o v e r n m e n t , a n d t h e y
s e e n t o i n c r e a s e i n t h e i r a r e a s , r a t h e r t h a n , r a t h e r ,
y o u g e t t h a t r a c i a l d i f f e r e n c e a n d p r o b a b l y i n a r e a s
w h e r e t h e r a c i a l d i f f e r e n c e s a r e l a r g e r , i t i s i n t h e
a r e a o f a t t i t u d e a n d p e r c e p t i o n o f f e e l i n g a b o u t p o l i c e .
B l a c k c h i l d r e n , w e a r e t a l k i n g a b o u t a d o l e s c e n c e ,
b l a c k a d o l e s c e n t s n o w , b l a c k a d o l e s c e n t s t e n d t o m i s
t r u s t t h e p o l i c e . T h e y t e n d t o b e a f r a i d o f t h e m m o r e
s o t h a n w h i t e c h i l d r e n , w h i t e a d o l e s c e n t s , a n d t h e s e
d i f f e r e n c e s a r e n o t j u s t s t a t i s t i c a l s i g n i f i c a n c e , t h e y
a r e q u i t e o b v i o u s i n l a r g e d i f f e r e n c e s .
O n e s t u d y , f o r e x a m p l e - - ( i n t e r r u p t e d )
M R . S H E A ; I f Y o u r H o n o r p l e a s e , I a m g o i n g
t o o b j e c t t o t h i s e n t i r e i n q u i r y .
N o w , I d o n ' t k n o w w h e r e t h e r e i s a n y m a t e r i a l !
a s t o w h a t h a p p e n e d t o F r e d L e e B e r r y o n t h e n i g h t
o f J a n u a r y t h e 8 t h , 1 9 7 2 , t h a t w h a t e v e r h e h a s - ^ t o ,
, i> s / J r . .’•j
t y
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s a y r a i g h t v e r y v , e l l b e i n t e r e s t i n g t o l i s t e n t o ,
b u t h a s n o t h i n g a t a l l t o d o w i t h t h i s l a w s u i t .
H e d o e s n ' t k n o w w h e t h e r F r e d L e e B e r r y h a d
a n y h a n g u p , h e d o e s n ' t k n o w F r e d L e e B e r r y . T h e r e
i s n o s h o w i n g t h a t a n y t h i n g t h a t h e s a y s h a d , h a s
a n y t h i n g t o d o w i t h w h a t h a p p e n e d t h a t n i g h t .
T H E C O U R T ; N o t i n g t h e o b j e c t i o n w h i c h t h e
C o u r t w i l l t r e a t a s a c o n t i n u i n g o b j e c t i o n t o t h e
l i n e o f i n q u i r y p e r t a i n i n g t o a n y g e n e r a l i z a t i o n j
i
o r , m a d e b y t h e w i t n e s s w i t h r e g a r d t o w h a t g e n e r a l
a t t i t u d e s m a y b e i n c o n t r a d i s t i n c t i o n s t o w h a t t h a t : [
o f M r . B e r r y , a s a p a r t i c u l a r i n d i v i d u a l , n o t i n g
t h a t o b j e c t i o n , a n d w i t h o u t , a t t h i s t i m e , m a k i n g
a n y r u l i n g t h e r e o n , w e ' l l o v e r r u l e t h e o b j e c t i o n
t o t h i s l i n e o f i n q u i r y m a d e b y c o u n s e l t o t h e w i t
n e s s . I
i
M R . C A L D W E L L : Y o u r H o n o r , I s h o u l d h a v e a t j
II
a n e a r l i e r p o i n t t e n d e r e d D r . K e n n y a s a n e x p e r t ,
a n d I d o a t t h i s t i m e t e n d e r h i m a s a n e x p e r t w i t - !
j
n e s s , s o c i a l - p s y c h o l o g y a n d s t a t i s t i c s . j
i
THE C O U R T : M a y I s e e t h e v i t a , p l e a s e . |
I
( W h e r e u p o n , E x h i b i t 4 1 i s p a s s e d t o t h e !
i
C o u r t . ) i
T H E C O U R T ; A l l r i g h t , s i r , n o t i n g t h e o b j e c - |
t i o n t o , t o t h e t e s t i m o n y o f t h e w i t n e s s , t h e C o u r t
J . 4 ; ' > J . ^
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w i l l p e r m i t t h e t e s t i m o n y a n d w i l l p e r m i t , a g a i n ,
w i t h o u t r u l i n g o n t h e o b j e c t i o n s t h a t h a v e b e e n
m a d e , p e r m i t t h e i n q u i r y i n t h e a r e a s t h a t h a v e
b e e n i n d i c a t e d .
BY M R . C A L D W E L L :
Q V7e w e r e s p e a k i n g o f t h e r a c i a l d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e
p e r c e p t i o n o f s e g m e n t s o f t h e c o m m u n i t y t o w a r d g o v e r n
m e n t i n s t i t u t i o n s . T h e r e i s , i s t h e r e a d i f f e r e n c e |I
1
b e t w e e n , f o r e x a m p l e , o r d o e s t n e r e s e a r c h i n d i c a t e
t h e r e i s a d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e w a y t h e , t h e w a y b l a c k
p e r s o n s m i g h t v i e w g o v e r n m e n t i n g e n e r a l a n d t h e p o l i c e
a g e n c i e s i n , p a r t i c u l a r ?
A Y e s , s i r .
I w a s t r y i n g , t r y i n g t o g e t t o , t o g e t a t t h a t a n d
i n t a l k i n g a b o u t a t t a c h m e n t , t h e a t t a c h m e n t t o t h e p o l i j
t i c a l s y s t e m a n d t o t h e g o v e r n m e n t a l i n s t i t u t i o n s , s e e m s
j
t o b e a p p r o x i m a t e l y t h e s a m e f o r b l a c k s a n d v / h i t e s . |
!1
N o w , t h e r e m a y b e s o m e d i f f e r e n c e s i n s o m e s t u d i e s j
a n d s o o n , b u t , b y a n d l a r g e , t h e d i f f e r e n c e s a r e s m a l l I
w h e n i t c o m e s t o s p e c i f i c i s s u e s , s p e c i f i c i n s t i t u t i o n s ,
I
o r p a r t i s a n c a n d i d a t e s , s u c h a s a p r e s i d e n t i a l c a n d i d a t e ,
t h e n y o u f i n d i n i n s t a n c e s o f l a r g e r a c i a l d i f f e r e n c e s , !
i
a n d p r o b a b l y c e r t a i n l y t h e l a r g e s t d i f f e r e n c e t h a t i s i
c o n s i s t e n t l y f o u n d i s t h a t o f b l a c k s b e i n g l e s s t r u s t f u j . ,
I
l e s s t r u s t f u l o f t h e p o l i c e t h a n w h i t e s , a n d I ' m p s p e a k i i i g
i
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2 8 4
BY M R . C A L D V 7 E L L ;
Q T u r n t o y o u r a n a l y s i s , v ; h i c h i s m a r k e d E x h i b i t ^
( 4 2 ) , I t h i n k i t i s s e l f - e x p l a n a t o r y . A t t h e t o p o f
t h e t h i r d p a g e , a m I c o r r e c t t h a t t h e s t a t e m e n t w h i c h
t a l k s a b o u t t h e s e s t a t i s t i c a l s i g n i f i c a n c e w i t h t h e w o r c ^
" c h a n g e " ? S h o u l d t h a t b e " c h a n c e " ?
A Y e s , s i r , o n c h a n g e , c h a n c e , c - h - a - n - c - e .
" D i f f e r e n c e i s d u e t o ' c h a n g e ' " , s h o u l d b<
t h a t i s r i g h t .
Q W o u l d y o u m a k e t h a t c o r r e c t i o n o n t h e e x h i b i t ?
A ( W i t n e s s i s i n d i c a t i n g . )
Q W o u l d y o u b r i e f l y d e s c r i b e w h a t t h e e x h i b i t - - h o w
t h e e x h i b i t i s p r e p a r e d , a n d w h a t i t r e v e a l s ?
A A l l r i g h t .
T a k i n g t h e s t a t i s t i c s t h a t w e r e p r o v i d e d , a n d t h e
s u m m a r i e s g i v e n t o m e , I p r e p a r e d a t a b l e , t a b l e o n e ,
w h i c h c o m p a r e s t h e n u m b e r o f b l a c k s v e r s u s t h e t o t a l
n u m b e r o f w h i t e s a n d b l a c k s w h o w e r e a r r e s t e d a n d w h o
w e r e s h o t a t , i n t w o d i f f e r e n t c a t e g o r i e s o f c r i m e s ;
p r o p e r t y c r i m e s a n d v i o l e n t c r i m e s , a n d u s i n g t h e d e f i
n i t i o n p r o v i d e d o n t h e s u m m a r y s h e e t s f r o m t h e p o l i c e
d e p a r t m e n t , y o u c a n s e e t h a t o u t o f a t o t a l n u m b e r o f
n i n e t y - f i v e p o l i c e s h o o t i n g s , e i g h t y - f o u r v / e r e b l a c k s
a n d i n t h e p r o p e r t y c r i m e c a t e g o r y , c o r a p a r e d w i t h a
t o t a l n u m b e r o f e i g h t e e n h u n d r e d ( t h o u s a n d ) e i g h t h u n d r e d
2 8 5
1 a n d e l e v e n b l a c k a r r e s t s v e r s u s t h e t o t a l n u m b e r o f
2 b l a c k a n d w h i t e a r r e s t s o f t w e n t y - s i x t h o u s a n d . - - I
3 s a i d e i g h t e e n h u n d r e d , e i g h t e e n t h o u s a n d e i g h t h u n d r e d
4 e l e v e n v e r s u s t h e t o t a l n u m b e r o f t h e b l a c k a n d w h i t e
5 a r r e s t s o f t w e n t y - s i x t h o u s a n d s i x h u n d r e d s e v e n t y - f o u r
6 ( t w e n t y - s i x t h o u s a n d s i x h u n d r e d f o r t y - f o u r ) .
7 S i m i l a r b r e a k d o w n o f p r o p e r t y f o r t h e v i o l e n t
8 c r i m e s .
9 Q A n d w h a t d o e s t h e s t a t i s t i c a l c o m p a r i s o n o f t h e
10 b l a c k p e r c e n t a g e i n t h e p r o p e r t y c r i m e c a t e g o r y r e f l e c t '
11 A A l l r i g h t , s i r .
12 I f y o u t u r n t o t a b l e t w o , t a b l e t w o i s b a s e d o n
13 t a b l e o n e .
14 H e r e , I s i m p l y s h o w t h e p e r c e n t a g e o f b l a c k s w h o
15 a r e a r r e s t e d , a n d t h e p e r c e n t a g e o f b l a c k s , b l a c k s w h o
16 a r e s h o t a t , a n d t h e t w o p a r t i c u l a r c a t e g o r i e s o f c r i m e
17 p r o p e r t y a n d v i o l e n t c r i m e s .
18 I t s t a t e s t h a t s e v e n z e r o p o i n t s i x p e r c e n t o f t h e
19 p e o p l e w h o s e r a c e w a s k n o v ; n t o t h e d e p a r t m e n t , w h o a r e .
20 w e r e a r r e s t e d f o r p r o p e r t y c r i m e s w e r e b l a c k , a n d
21 e i g h t y - e i g h t p o i n t f o u r p e r c e n t o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l s w h o
22 w e r e s h o t a t , w h o s e r a c e , o f t h e t o t a l , w h o s e r a c e w a s
23 k n o w n t o t h e d e p a r t m e n t , w e r e b l a c k .
24 Q I s t h a t a s t a t i s t i c a l s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e ?
25 A Y e s , s i r . •> i
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2 8 6
T h e c o m p a r i n g o f s e v e n t y p o i n t s i x t y p e r c e n t a n d
e i g h t y - e i g h t p o i n t f o u r p e r c e n t i s h i g h l y s i g n i f i c a n t .
I t i s s i g n i f i c a n t o f w h a t a s t a t i s t i c i a n w o u l d c a l l t h e
p o i n t z e r o z e r o o n e l e v e l .
Q W h a t d o e s t h a t m e a n ?
A T h a t m e a n s t h e r e i s o n l y o n e c h a n c e i n t e n t h o u s a n d
t h i s r e s u l t c o u l d o c c u r s i m p l y b y c h a n c e . T h i s l e v e l
o f s i g n i f i c a n c e i s v e r y u n u s u a l i n a n a l y z i n g s o c i a l
s c i e n c e a n d d a t a , a n d i n t h a t , I g u e s s I c o u l d s a y , I
c o u l d s a y t h a t a r e s u l t , t h a t t h i s i s a r e s u l t t h a t i s
h i g h l y s i g n i f i c a n t c h a n c e , i s a b o u t a s c e r t a i n a s e n t e n q e
a s I c a n m a k e r e g a r d i n g t h e r e s u l t s .
Q T h a t r a c e i s t h e o b v i o u s f a c t o r ?
A Y e s , s i r , a n d m y c o n c l u s i o n i s t h a t t h e r e i s e v i
d e n c e h e r e t h a t t h e r e i s d i s p a r i t y e f f e c t o f t h e b l a c k
s h o o t i n g s o f t h e p o l i c e , a g a i n , w i t h o u t r e f e r r i n g t o an i ^’
m o t i v a t i o n s , s i m p l y a n a l y s e s o f t h e s t a t i s t i c a l d a t a .
M R . C A L D W E L L : Y o u r H o n o r , s u b j e c t t o t h e , t o
f u r t h e r d e m o n s t r a t i o n t h a t t h e , e l i m i n a t i n g t h e
p o s t - 1 9 7 2 f i g u r e s w i l l n o t c h a n g e t h e f i g u r e s u p o n
w h i c h D r . K e n n y b a s e d h i s a n a l y s e s , w e w o u l d o f f e r
E x h i b i t 4 2 i n t o e v i d e n c e .
T H E C O U R T ; A l l r i g h t , l e t i t b e , a t t h i s t i r a ^ ,
s u b j e c t t o t h e r i g h t o f c r o s s - e x a m i n a t i o n , m a r k e d
f o r i d e n t i f i c a t i o n , t e n d e r e d a s , s u b m i t t e d i n t o
2 8 7
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1 e v i d e n c e .
( W h e r e u p o n , t h e s a i d e x h i b i t p r e v i o u s l y
m a r k e d N u m b e r 4 2 f o r i d e n t i f i c a t i o n , w a s
r e c e i v e d i n e v i d e n c e , s u b j e c t t o c r o s s -
e x a m i n a t i o n . )
T H E C O U R T : Y o u m a y p r o c e e d t o c r o s s - e x a m i n e
t h e w i t n e s s .
C R O S S - E X A M I N A T I O N
BY M R . S H E A : _________
Q M r . K e n n y , y o u s a y y o u a r e n o t f r o m M e m p h i s . W h e r e
a r e y o u f r o m o r i g i n a l l y ?
A I w a s b o r n i n B r o o k l y n , N e w Y o r k .
Q A n d d i d y o u l i v e m o s t o f y o u r c h i l d h o o d t h e r e ?
A N o , I l i v e d t h e r e f o r a p p r o x i m a t e l y f o u r a n d o n e -
h a l f y e a r s . V7e m o v e d t o N e w a r k s u b u r b s , w e l l , a c t u a l l y
t o , f u r t h e r o u t t o t h e s u b u r b s , a n d I l i v e d i n t h e
s o u t h e r n t i e r o f N e w Y o r k s t a t e f o r a w h i l e , a n d w h i l e
I w a s i n s c h o o l I m o v e d , l i v e d i n N e v / a r k a r e a , c i t y ,
r a t h e r t h a n u r b a n .
Q N o w , i n c o m p i l i n g t h e i n f o r m a t i o n t h a t y o u h a d ,
v ; h e n d i d M r . C a l d w e l l f i r s t a p p r o a c h y o u t o w o r k u p t h e
d a t a ?
A L e t ' s s e e .
I b e l i e v e i t w a s , i t w a s , i t w a s a c t u a l l y M r .
A r n o l d w h o f i r s t t a l k e d t o m e a b o u t t h e c a s e o n - l a s t i
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Q L a t e , l a s t S a t u r d a y ?
A R i g h t .
Q A l l r i g h t , s i r .
N o w , w h a t f a c t u a l i n f o r m a t i o n d i d y o u g a t h e r t o
g i v e US t h e s e c o n c l u s i o n s t h a t y o u h a d ? W h a t i n t e r v i e w s
d i d y o u c o n d u c t , a n d h o w d i d y o u a r r i v e a t y o u r c o n c l u
s i o n s ?
A L e t m e a s k , i f I m a y , c o u l d y o u b r e a k t h a t d o w n
f o r m e ? A r e y o u r e f e r r i n g t o t h i s r e p o r t , t h i s s t a t i s
t i c a l a n a l y s i s , a r e y o u a s k i n g m e a b o u t t h e e a r l i e r
t e s t i m o n y ?
Q T h e e a r l i e r t e s t i m o n y .
A A r e y o u a s k i n g i f I c o n d u c t e d a n y i n t e r v i e v / s s i n c e
S a t u r d a y m o r n i n g ?
Q Y e s , s i r ; t h a t i s r i g h t .
A C e r t a i n l y n o t .
Q A l l r i g h t , s i r .
N o w , y o u c o m e u p w i t h s o m e v e r y c o n c r e t e c o n c l u s i o n s
o n t h e s e c o n d p a g e o f t h e s t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s e s f o r
W i l e y v e r s u s M e m p h i s P o l i c e D e p a r t m e n t . I d o n ' t k n o w
w h a t t h e e x h i b i t n u m b e r i s , t h e i m p l i c a t i o n o f t h i s
f i n d i s t h a t r a c e h a s d e f i n i t e l y b e e n a f a c t o r i n t h e
p o l i c e s h o o t i n g s i n t h e M e m p h i s P o l i c e D e p a r t m e n t a n d
r a c e d i s p a r i t y h a s o p e r a t e d i n a w a y w h i c h , t h a t h a s
S a t u r d a y m o r n i n g .
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p r e v i o u s l y , M r . C a l d w e l l , w e l l , w h a t c o u n s e l s t a t e ^
t h e C o u r t d o e s n o t t a k e a s p r o o f n o r e v i d e n c e , n o r
d o I t a k e w h a t t h e y s t a t e i n t h e f o r m o f q u e s t i o n s
a s b e i n g p r o o f o r e v i d e n c e o n e i t h e r s i d e .
M R . S H E A ; Y e s , s i r .
A ( C o n t i n u i n g ) - - M a y I , c o u l d y o u r e s t a t e t h e q u e s
t i o n a g a i n f o r m e ?
3 Y M R . S H E A :
Q W e l l , I , w e l l , I d o n ’ t r e a l l y t h i n k i t i s i m p o r t a n i ^ .
D r . K e n n y , t h a n k y o u v e r y m u c h .
T H E C O U R T : A n y t h i n g f u r t h e r ?
M R . C A L D ’W E L L : N o f u r t h e r q u e s t i o n s . Y o u r
H o n o r .
T H E C O U R T : D r . K e n n y , i n t h e f i g u r e s y o u h a v $
a n a l y z e d , d o y o u k n o w f r o m t h e f i g u r e s o n t h e
a r r e s t s h o w m a n y o f w h i t e s o r h o w m a n y o f b l a c k s
w e r e f l e e i n g f r o m t h e p o l i c e , o r r e s i s t i n g a r r e s t ?
THE W I T N E S S ; L e t m e c h e c k t h e d e f i n i t i o n o f
t h e c a t e g o r y h e r e .
H R . C A L D W E L L : Y o u r H o n o r , i f I u n d e r s t a n d
t h e q u e s t i o n , i t i s o n . t h e a r r e s t d a t a , i t i s , i t
s a y s t h e r e , i t s a y s t h a t , d o e s i t i n d i c a t e ?
T H E C O U R T ; Y e s , s i r .
M R . C A L D W E L L : I d o n ' t t h i n k , t h e d o c t o r
k n o w s t h a t , b u t t h e a n s w e r i s " N o " . We d o h a v e
" H O 1,
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T H E W I T N E S S ; I t i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e y a r e u n
a r m e d , y e s .
M R . A R N O L D ; T h e t e r m ; " u n a r m e d " w a s t h e i r
t e r m , i s w h a t I w a s c h e c k i n g .
T H E C O U R T : W e l l , I S a y , I s s y t h e i n f o r m a t i o i j i
t h e n a s h a s b e e n s t a t e d , w e d o n ' t k n o w h o w m a n y o f
t h o s e a r r e s t s w e r e i n v o l v e d i n p e r s o n v^ho w e r e
f l e e i n g a n d / o r r e s i s t i n g a r r e s t s , w h e t h e r w h i t e o r
b l a c k ?
THE V I I T N E S S : U m - h u m .
I d o n o t , t h a t i s c o r r e c t .
T H E C O U R T ; A l l r i g h t , s i r .
A n y t h i n g f u r t h e r ?
M R . C A L D W E L L ; N o t h i n g f u r t h e r . Y o u r H o n o r .
M R . S H E A ; N o t h i n g f u r t h e r .
T H E C O U R T ; Y o u m a y s t e p d o v ; n .
T H E W I T N E S S : T h a n k y o u . |
j
( W i t n e s s e x c u s e d ) |
!
T H E C O U R T : A l l r i g h t , M r . L u x , w o u l d y o u c o m ^
iI
a r o u n d .
t h e a r r e s t s t a t i s t i c s p r o v i d e d b y t h e d e p a r t n e n t .
U N I T E D S T A T E S D I S T R I C T C O U R T
W E S T E R N D I S T R I C T O F T E N N E S S E E
W E S T E R N D I V I S I O N
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M A R T H A W I L E Y , M o t h e r a n d )
N e x t o f K i n o f F R E D L E E )
B E R R Y , a D e c e a s e d M i n o r , )
)
P l a i n t i f f , )
)
v e r s u s )
)
)
C I V I L A C T I O N N O .
C - 7 3 - 8 .
M E M P H I S P O L I C E D E P A R T M E N T ,
E T A L . , )
)
D e f e n d a n t s . )
T R A N S C R I P T O F T H E E V I D E N C E
M O N D A Y , A P R I L 7 , 1 9 7 5
M E M P H I S , T E N N E S S E E .
VO LUM E I I I
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W I T N E S S D I R E C T
E X A M I N A T I O N
I - N - D - E - X
C R O S S -
E X A M I N A T I O N
H < k x / / 7 - e
- o h a c l A . S m i t h 3 7 4 ( a ) 4 1 0 , 3 9 7 , 4 1 5
4 1 4
T . K e n n y 4 2 1 4 2 4
C o l e t t a 4 4 3 , 4 7 5 4 6 4
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3 7 4 ( a )
t h e s a i d w i t n e s s , h a v i n g b e e n f i r s t d u l y s w o r n ,
t e s t i f i e d a s f o l l o w s ;
D I R E C T E X A M I N A T I O N
BY M R . C A L D W E L L :
M R S . M A X I N E A . S M I T H ,
Q I ’ l l t r y t o m a k e y o u u n d e r s t a n d m e . I ’ m h a v i n g
s p e a k i n g p r o b l e m s , M r s . S m i t h .
W o u l d y o u s t a t e y o u r n a m e , y o u r f u l l n a m e , p l e a s e ,
a n d y o u r a d d r e s s , p l e a s e ?
A M r s . M a x i n e A . S m i t h , 1 2 0 8 E a s t P a r k w a y S o u t h .
Q A n d a m o n g o t h e r t h i n g s , y o u a r e e x e c u t i v e s e c r e t a r y
o f t h e M e m p h i s b r a n c h , N A A C P , i s t h a t c o r r e c t ?
A T h a t i s c o r r e c t .
Q A n d y o u a r e a l s o a n e l e c t e d m e m b e r o f t h e B o a r d
o f E d u c a t i o n o f M e m p h i s ?
A C i t y S c h o o l s , t h a t i s c o r r e c t . T h a t i s a l s o c o r
r e c t .
Q A n d h o w l o n g h a v e y o u h e l d t h a t p o s i t i o n ?
A S i n c e J a n u a r y 1 , 1 9 7 2 .
Q A l l r i g h t .
A n d h o w l o n g h a v e y o u b e e n e x e c u t i v e s e c r e t a r y o f
M e m p h i s b r a n c h N A A C P ?
A I t h i n k i t w a s i n A p r i l o f ' 6 2 .
Q A r e y o u a n a t i v e M e m p h i a n ?
Y e s , s i r , I a m .
r
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Q P r i o r t o A p r i l o f 1 9 6 2 , M r s . S m i t h , h a d y o u b e c o m e
i n v o l v e d i n , i n w h a t w a s t h e n k n o w n a s t h e C i v i l R i g h t s
M o v e m e n t , i f , a n d i f s o , w o u l d y o u t e l l u s h o w y o u b e
c a m e i n v o l v e d ?
A Y e s , s i r . I h a v e b e e n i n v o l v e d t o s o m e e x t e n t a l l
o f m y l i f e , b u t a s a n a d u l t , m y f i r s t i n v o l v e m e n t c a m e
w i t h a f u t i l e e f f o r t t o e n t e r M e m p h i s S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y
i n t h e s u m m e r o f 1 9 5 7 . I d i d t h i s i n d e p e n d e n t l y , i n d e
p e n d e n t o f a n o r g a n i z a t i o n . I w o u l d s a y , a l o n g w i t h a
f r i e n d , a n d w e w e r e r e j e c t e d . S o m e h o w , t h e n e w s m e d i a
g o t w i n d o f t h i s a n d t h e r e w a s s o m e p u b l i c a t t e n t i o n
p u t t o , p u t t o t h i s , a n d i t w a s a t t h i s p o i n t , i n 1 9 5 7 ,
t h a t t h e N d o u b l e A C P f i r s t i n v i t e d u s t o b e c o m e m e m b e r ^
o f i t s b o a r d o f d i r e c t o r s .
Q W h y w a s y o u r a p p l i c a t i o n a t M e m p h i s S t a t e r e j e c t e d ?
A B e c a u s e I w a s b l a c k .
Q S u b s e q u e n t l y , d i d M e m p h i s S t a t e a d m i t b l a c k s t u
d e n t s ?
A S u b s e q u e n t l y , y e s .
Q C a n , c a n y o u p r o c e e d t h e r e , f r o m t h e r e t o t h e n e x t
m a j o r f a c e t o f t h e C i v i l R i g h t s M o v e m e n t i n M e m p h i s , a n ^
w e a r e p a r t i c u l a r l y i n t e r e s t e d i n t h e , i n t h i s c a s e w i t
r e l a t i o n t o , o f t h e p o l i c e d e p a r t m e n t , a n d t h e b l a c k
c o m m u n i t y ? :
H R . S H E A : I f Y o u r H o n o r p l e a s e , I f a i l t o s e f e
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a n y r e l e v a n c y o f M r s . S m i t h ' s i n v o l v e m e n t a s a b l a c k /
a s h e r a c t i v i t i e s / h a s t o d o w i t h t h e i n c i d e n t t h a - j :
t o o k p l a c e o n J a n u a r y t h e 8 t h / 1 9 7 2 .
T H E C O U R T ; W e l l / I w i l l o v e r r u l e y o u r o b j e c
t i o n .
T h e w i t n e s s m a y t e s t i f y w i t h r e g a r d t o t h e
b a c k g r o u n d / a n d i n t h e a r e a t h a t m a y p e r t a i n t o
t h e i s s u e s t h a t a r e i n v o l v e d i n t h i s m a t t e r .
Y o u m a y p r o c e e d .
A I b e c a m e a m e m b e r o f t h e b b o a r d o f d i r e c t o r s o f
M e m p h i s b r a n c h N d o u b l e A C P / i n 1 9 5 7 .
My f i r s t p o s i t i o n w a s a s m e m b e r s h i p c h a i r m a n .
T o m o v e o n t o d i r e c t a c t i o n w i t h t h e c o m m u n i t y
p r o b l e m s , I , I w a s c o o r d i n a t o r o f w h a t w e c a l l t h e
" F r e e d o m M o v e m e n t " o f 1 9 6 0 - 6 1 / t h a t w a s i n , e i g h t e e n
m o n t h s p e r i o d o f d i r e c t a c t i o n p r o g r a m s i n w h i c h m o r e
t h a n f o u r h u n d r e d p e o p l e p a r t i c i p a t e d i n t h i s p r o g r a m
w e r e a r r e s t e d f o r a t t e m p t i n g t o u s e p u b l i c l i b r a r i e s ,
a r t m u s e u m s , g e t s e r v i c e s a t l u n c h c o u n t e r s , b e s e r v e d
a t r a i l , b u s a n d a i r t e r m i n a l s , r i d e s t r e e t c a r s o r b u s e ^
o r t r o l l e y s , w h a t e v e r w e h a d . I n f a c t , d u r i n g t h i s
p e r i o d , a r o u n d t h i s p e r i o d , N d o u b l e A C P f i l e d s u i t
a g a i n s t e v e r y t a x - s u p p o r t e d i n s t i t u t i o n i n M e m p h i s , a l l
o f w h i c h , a t t h a t t i m e , b a r r e d b l a c k s f r o m p a r t i c i p a t i o n ,
a n d I s e r v e d a s c o o r d i n a t o r o f t h i s m o v e m e n t . ,
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Q H o w m a n y p e o p l e d o y o u e s t i m a t e w e r e a r r e s t e d d u r i n g
t h i s p e r i o d ?
A I n e x c e s s o f f o u r h u n d r e d p e o p l e .
Q A n d t h e s e w e r e p e o p l e a r r e s t e d b y t h e p o l i c e
d e p a r t m e n t i n M e m p h i s ?
A T h a t i s c o r r e c t .
G F o l l o w i n g t h e n , 1 9 6 1 , o r 1 9 6 2 , w h a t w a s t h e n e x t
m a j o r c i v i l r i g h t s e v e n t s i n M e m p h i s ? W a s t h a t t h e
s a n i t a t i o n s t r i k e i n ’ 6 8 ? ^
A W e l l , t h e r e w e r e a n u m b e r o f d i r e c t a c t i o n p r o g r a m ^
e v e n b e f o r e ' 6 8 . T h e r e w e r e a n u m b e r o f a r r e s t s i n ' 6 3 ,
i n ' 6 4 , b e c a u s e m a n y o f t h e t h i n g s t h a t w e h a d b e e n
p r o m i s e d i n ' 6 1 , a t t h e c u l m i n a t i o n o f t h a t m o v e m e n t
w e r e n o t f o r t h c o m i n g a n d , a n d s o w e c o n t i n u e d t o p e a c e
f u l l y p i c k e t d e p a r t m e n t s t o r e s , f i n a n c i a l i n s t i t u t i o n s ,
w h i c h l e a d t o e v e n f u r t h e r a r r e s t s , a n d I g u e s s w e v / o u l d
s a y t h a t t h e n e x t m a j o r c i v i l r i g h t s t h r u s t w a s i n v o l v e ^
w i t h t h e s a n i t a t i o n s t r i k e o f 1 9 6 8 . N d o u b l e A G P l e d
t h e f i r s t p r o t e s t . We h a d a n a l l - n i g h t v i g i l a r o u n d
C i t y H a l l i n p r o t e s t o f t h e t r e a t m e n t t h e s a n i t a t i o n
w o r k e r s w e r e r e c e i v i n g f r o m c i t y o f f i c i a l s .
Q W e r e t h e r e e v e n t s w h i c h o c c u r r e d d u r i n g t h e c o u r s e
o f t h e s a n i t a t i o n w h i c h , w h i c h y o u o b s e r v e d a n d w h i c h
i n v o l v e d t h e M e m p h i s P o l i c e D e p a r t m e n t , o r c e r t a i n m e m
b e r s o f t h e M e m p h i s P o l i c e D e p a r t m e n t ?
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g o i n g t o o b j e c t . I t h a s n o t h i n g a t a l l t o d o w i t h
w h a t w e a r e i n q u i r i n g i n t o .
T H E C O U R T ; W h a t i s t h e p u r p o r t e d r e l e v a n c y ,
M r . C a l d w e l l ?
M R . C A L D W E L L : Y o u r H o n o r , w e h a v e a t t e m p t e d
t o d e m o n s t r a t e , o r w e h a v e a l l e g e d , a t l e a s t , t h a t
t h e M e m p h i s P o l i c e D e p a r t m e n t h a s h a d r e l a t i o n s h i p
w i t h t h e b l a c k c o m m u n i t y w h i c h h a s b e e n o n e o f m i s
t r u s t o r h o s t i l e , h o s t i l i t y , f r o m t h e s t a n d p o i n t
o f t h e b l a c k c o m m u n i t y , a n d w e h a v e a l s o a t t e m p t e d
t o e s t a b l i s h t h a t , t h a t ; t h e M e m p h i s P o l i c e
D e p a r t m e n t h a s , b y i t s h i s t o r y , a c t i o n s , b e e n r e s p < j > n -
s i b l e a t l e a s t i n p a r t f o r t h e s e d i f f e r e n c e s , a n d
p e r c e p t i o n s , a n d i s a p a r t o f t h e h i s t o r y o f t h e ,
o f t h e C i v i l R i g h t s M o v e m e n t i n M e m p h i s . I t i s a
p a r t o f t h e h i s t o r y o f t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h t h e
M e m p h i s P o l i c e D e p a r t m e n t , o f t h e M e m p h i s P o l i c e
D e p a r t m e n t w i t h t h e b l a c k c o m m u n i t y , w h i c h d o e s ,
d o e s g o t o e s t a b l i s h i n g t h o s e p e r c e p t i o n s .
THE C O U R T : W e l l , i n s o f a r a s t h e l a t t e r m a t t e ^
b e a r i n g u p o n t h e i s s u e s t h a t a r e p r e s e n t e d b y t h e
p l a i n t i f f i n t h e c a s e . I ' l l o v e r r u l e t h e o b j e c t i o n ,
a n d i n s a y i n g , " i n s o f a r a s t h e l a t t e r p a r t " , I
w o u l d , o f c o u r s e , w a n t t o e m p h a s i z e t h o s e p o r t i o n s
̂ . .
M R . S H E A : I f Y o u r H o n o r p l e a s e , a g a i n , I ' m
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w h i c h b e a r u p o n p o l i c e a c t i o n s o r c o n d u c t r a t h e r
t h a n g e n e r a l c i v i l r i g h t s m o v e m e n t s , a s i t p e r t a i n s !
t o t h e i s s u e s i n t h i s p a r t i c u l a r c a s e .
M R . C A L D W E L L ; I u n d e r s t a n d .
T h a n k y o u , Y o u r H o n o r .
M R . S H E A : Y o u r H o n o r , r a t h e r t h a n b e i n g
b o u n c i n g u p a n d d o w n , c o u l d I h a v e a c o n t i n u i n g
o b j e c t i o n t o t h i s w i t n e s s ' t e s t i m o n y ?
T HE C O U R T ; T h e C o u r t u n d e r s t a n d s t h a t i t i s
y o u r c o n t e n t i o n , c o n t i n u i n g p o s i t i o n , a n d o b j e c t i o j i ,
t h a t w h a t m a y h a v e t a k e n p l a c e a n d t h e t i m e , t i m e s
a n d p l a c e s , d i f f e r , i f a , d i f f e r f r o m t h e t i m e a n d
p l a c e s i n n i n e t e e n s e v e n - - - J a n u a r y , 1 9 7 2 , a r e
n o t r e l e v a n t a n d m a t e r i a l . N o w , i n o v e r r u l i n g y o u ; :
o b j e c t i o n , t h e C o u r t i s n o t m a k i n g a n u l t i m a t e
f i n d i n g h e r e , w e a r e s i m p l y o v e r r u l i n g t h e o b j e c
t i o n .
Y o u m a y p r o c e e d , M r . C a l d w e l l .
B Y M R . C A L D W E L L :
Q W o u l d y o u , y o u m a y p r o c e e d , M r s . S m i t h .
W o u l d y o u , d o y o u r e m e m b e r t h e q u e s t i o n ?
A I t h i n k I d o .
I n 1 9 6 8 t h e r e w e r e n u m e r o u s a r r e s t s b y t h e m e m b e r s
o f t h e p o l i c e d e p a r t m e n t .
I w a s a r r e s t e d , I d o n ' t r e m e m b e r e x a c t l y h o w m a n y
■ ■ i '
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t i m e s , a n d I w a s t r e a t e d e x t r e m e l y r u d e l y b y p o l i c e o f f i
c i a l s d o i n g t h e i r , d u r i n g t h e a r r e s t , a n d b e i n g p r o c e s s
I w a s t h r o w n i n t o a r e s t r o o m w i t h a l l m a l e s . I w a s
d e p r i v e d w h e n I a s k e d t o b e a d d r e s s e d b y m y p r o p e r
c o u r t e s y t i t l e .
T h e w o r d " n i g g e r " w a s f r e q u e n t l y u s e d . T h e r e w a s
j u s t g e n e r a l c o n t e m p t a n d l a c k o f r e s p e c t b y t h o s e o f
u s w h o w e r e a r r e s t e d f o r s i t t i n g i n C i t y H a l l a f t e r t h e
p o l i c e d e c i d e d t h e y d i d n ' t w a n t u s t h e r e .
Q R e f e r r i n g s p e c i f i c a l l y t o t h e s a n i t a t i o n s t r i k e ,
i t s e l f , w a s t h e r e a m a r c h o r d e m o n s t r a t i o n o n M a r c h 2 8 ,
1 9 6 8 ?
A Y e s , s i r , t h e r e w a s a m a r c h o n M a r c h 2 8 t h . I w a s
r i g h t a t t h e f r o n t o f t h a t m a r c h a n d , a n d t h e m a r c h g o t
o u t o f h a n d , t h o s e o f u s w h o f e l t t o b e l e a d e r s i n t h e
b l a c k c o m m u n i t y w e r e d o i n g a p r e t t y g o o d j o b o f t u r n i n g
t h e m a r c h a r o u n d , b u t s u d d e n l y , I d o n ' t k n o w w h y o r h o w
b y w h a t c o m m a n d , p o l i c e o f f i c e r s b e g a n s w i n g i n g c l u b s ,
s h o o t i n g t e a r g a s . I t w a s t h e m o s t i n h u m a n e p i s o d e I
h a v e e v e r w i t n e s s e d . I w i t n e s s e d b r u t a l i t y t h a t I c o u l l
n o t r e a l l y i m a g i n e , I n e v e r w o u l d h a v e t h o u g h t c o u l d
h a v e h a p p e n e d a t t h e h a n d s o f t h e p o l i c e o f f i c e r s .
I s a w m a n y p e o p l e b e a t e n , j u s t f o r t r y i n g t o g e t
t o t h e i r c a r a f t e r t h e o r d e r w a s t o c l e a r t h e s t r e e t s ,
a n d w e w e r e a t t e m p t i n g t o t e l l p e o p l e , i n f a c t , l e a d e r s
f 'w7 ̂ ■'! -V
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o f t h e c o m m u n i t y , M r . J e s s i e T u r n e r , h i m s e l f , w a s p l a c e d
a n d s t r u c k b y p o l i c e o f f i c e r s i n h i s e f f o r t t o t u r n t h e
p e o p l e a r o u n d .
M r . H i r a m W i l l h a m , o n e , p r e s i d e n t o f o n e o f o u r
w h i t e b u s i n e s s e s a t t h e t i m e , w a s s t r u c k , c u r s e d .
We w e r e s t a n d i n g t o g e t h e r a t t h e d o o r o f N d o u b l e
A C P o f f i c e , a n d w e s t o o d t h e r e , i n M e m p h i s , a n d w a t c h e d
j u s t s a v a g e b r u t a l i t y b e i n g i n f l i c t e d o n c i t i z e n s b y
p o l i c e o f f i c e r s w h o h a d r e m o v e d t h e i r s h i r t s , I w o u l d
i m a g i n e i n a n e f f o r t n o t t o b e i d e n t i f i e d .
I w a s a w i t n e s s i n c o u r t s u b s e q u e n t l y t o s e v e r a l
o f t h e s e i n c i d e n t s , a n d a s r e s u l t , N d o u b l e A C P d i d
p r o c e s s e i g h t y c o m p l a i n t s f r o m t h a t o n e d a y , p e o p l e w h o
r e c e i v e d , r e c e i v e d r a t h e r s e r i o u s v a r y i n g d e g r e e s o f
b r u t a l a b u s e .
Q D o y o u h a v e a s o n , M r s , S m i t h ?
I s t h a t c o r r e c t ?
A Y e s , s i r , I h a v e o n e s o n .
Q H o w o l d i s h e n o w ?
A H e i s e i g h t e e n y e a r s o l d n o w .
Q H a s h e b e e n a r r e s t e d i n t h e c o u r s e o f t h e s e k i n d
o f a c t i v i t i e s ?
A Y e s , s i r , h e h a s b e e n a r r e s t e d . I t h i n k h e w a s
e i g h t y e a r s o l d w h e n h e h a d h i s f i r s t a r r e s t .
Q A n d w h a t w a s h e a r r e s t e d f o r a t t h a t t i m e ?
3 8 2
1 A He was in a p i c k e t line in front of L o w e n s t e i n ' s
2 D e p a r t m e n t Store for, that was l o c a t e d at M o n r o e and
3 M a i n at that time.
4 Q A n d w h a t was the p i c k e t p r o t e s t i n g ?
5 A We w e r e s e e k i n g equal e m p l o y m e n t o p p o r t u n i t i e s for
6 b l a c k people.
7 Q Has he b e e n arre s t e d on s u b s e q u e n t o c c a s i o n s ?
8 A He has b e e n arre s t e d on s u b s e q u e n t o c c a s i o n s .
!
9 Q To your judgment, has that a f f e c t e d his -- (inter-
10 rupted)
11 MR. SHEA; Now, if Y o u r H o n o r please, I am
12 goi n g to o b j e c t to this one i s o l a t e d i n c i d e n t that
13 he is g o ing to say. I just d o n ' t think we o u g h t
14 to i n q u i r e into this. Y o u r Honor.
15 THE COURT; Well, I'm g o ing to s u s t a i n the
16 o b j e c t i o n to the t e s t i m o n y about the, about an
17 individual, w h e r e the i n d i v i d u a l is, himself, not
18 p r e s e n t to testify, and I will, unless the indivi-
19 dual is here to testify, I'll s u s t a i n the objectioi^
20 MR. CALDWELL; Your Honor, I was not goi n g to
21 ask her, I was going to ask h e r about h e r --
22 m o t h e r ' s p e r c e p t i o n about her son's reaction.
23 THE COURT; Well, she may t e s tify to h e r own
24 o b s e r v a t i o n s and so forth, b u t I'll s u s t a i n any
25 o b j e c t i o n m a d e to his attitudes, a t t i t u d e of his
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s u b j e c t i v e r e s p o n s e , a n d t h a t s o r t o f t h i n g , a s h e
w o u l d b e t h e a p p r o p r i a t e p e r s o n t o d o t h a t .
I t h i n k t h e o b j e c t i o n , f r o m a h e a r s a y s t a n d
p o i n t , i s a n a p p r o p r i a t e o b j e c t i o n .
I ' m n o t c u t t i n g o f f t h e l i n e o f i n q u i r y i n
t h a t r e g a r d , I j u s t t h i n k i n t h i s i n s t a n c e i t i s
a n a p p r o p r i a t e o b j e c t i o n .
M R . C A L D W E L L ; T h a n k y o u . Y o u r H o n o r .
Q M r s . S m i t h , i n t e r m s o f y o u r r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h
y o u r s o n , h a v e y o u b e e n c o n c e r n e d a b o u t h i s p e r c e p t i o n
o f t h e , o f t h e M e m p h i s P o l i c e D e p a r t m e n t , a n d h a v e y o u
i i a k e n s t e p s t o d e a l w i t h t h a t ?
A V e r y d e f i n i t e l y .
I p e r s o n a l l y f e e l t h a t a n y c i t i z e n , y o u n g , o l d ,
m i d d l e a g e , s h o u l d h a v e a g o o d i m a g e o f p o l i c e o f f i c e r s
b e c a u s e I h a v e a c o n c e p t o f w h a t t h e i r r o l e i n t h e c i t y
s h o u l d b e , a n d m y c o n c e r n w a s t h a t , a n d I h o p e I ’ m n o t
d o i n g w h a t y o u a s k e d n o t t o d o . Y o u r H o n o r , b u t m y s o n ' s
c o n c e p t , b e c a u s e o f h i s e x p e r i e n c e s , w a s o b v i o u s l y n o t
w h a t I w o u l d l i k e t o s e e i t , a s a m o t h e r , s o I t r i e d ,
p e r h a p s f u t i l e l y , t o c o r r e c t h i s c o n c e p t o f t h e p o l i c e
d e p a r t m e n t .
Q Y o u r s o n i s i n c o l l e g e t o d a y , i s t h a t c o r r e c t ?
A Y e s , s i r , h e i s a f r e s h m a n i n c o l l e g e n o w .
Q F o l l o w i n g 1 9 6 8 , a m I c o r r e c t t h a t t h e r e w e r e , w a s
■ V * »
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a b o y c o t t o f t h e s c h o o l s y s t e m l e d b y , o r o r g a n i z e d b y
y o u a n d N A A C P i n 1 9 6 9 ?
A T h a t i s c o r r e c t .
Q A n d w e r e t h e r e a r r e s t s a n d w h a t - h a v e - y o u d u r i n g
t h i s , d u r i n g t h i s p e r i o d a l s o ?
A Y e s , s i r , t h e r e w e r e a r r e s t s . I d o n ' t r e m e m b e r
e x a c t l y h o w m a n y . I w a s a r r e s t e d o n a t l e a s t t w o o c c a
s i o n s , p e r s o n a l l y d u r i n g t h a t p e r i o d . I t h i n k c n a o f
t h e c h a r g e s w a s c o n t r i b u t i n g t o t h e d e l i n q u e n c y o f
m i n o r s , i r o n i c a l l y t h e s e c h a r g e s w e r e o n l y d r o p p e d a f t e r
w h i t e m o t h e r s p a r t i c i p a t e d i n b o y c o t t s s o m e y e a r s l a t e r
j u s t w h a t , w h y m i n e w a s d r o p p e d a l l o f a s u d d e n
Q T h e y w e r e p r o t e s t i n g b u s s i n g ?
A R i g h t .
Q T h e r e h a s b e e n p r e v i o u s t e s t i m o n y i n t h e c a s e ,
M r s . S m i t h , a b o u t h e a r i n g s c o n d u c t e d b y t h e N A A C P a n d
a c o m m i t t e e , c o m m i t t e e s e l e c t e d o f O E , e l e c t e d o f f i c i a l s
i n 1 9 7 0 .
W o u l d y o u , c o u l d y o u t e l l u s s o m e t h i n g a b o u t w h a t
l e d u p t o t h o s e h e a r i n g s a n d w h a t t h e y w e r e a b o u t ?
A Y e s , s i r .
I t h i n k i t w a s i n t h e l a t t e r p a r t o f 1 9 6 9 t h a t t h e
N d o u b l e A G P f e l t i t n e c e s s a r y t o t r y t o c r e a t e a c o m
m u n i t y a w a r e n e s s o f t h e w h o l e p r o b l e m s t h a t i t e n g u l f e d
t h i s c o m m u n i t y , a s f a r a s o u r s y s t e m o f c r i m i n a l j u s t i c e ,
■ J V X .
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I f I c o u l d j u s t b a c k u p .
M u c h o f t h e t i m e I h a v e s p e n t a s a n o f f i c i a l o f , a ^
a n e x e c u t i v e s e c r e t a r y o f N d o u b l e A C P , h a s b e e n s p e n t
f i l i n g p o l i c e a b u s e , a n d c h a r g i n g o t h e r i n e q u i t i e s . We
p i c k e t e d f o r t h e r i g h t t o i n c l u d e b l a c k s i n j u r i e s . We
h a v e j u s t , t h r o u g h t h e y e a r s , a n d I t h i n k o u r r e c o r d
w i l l r e f l e c t , b e e n v e r y c o n c e r n e d a b o u t t h e a d m i n i s t r a
t i o n o f j u s t i c e . H o w e v e r , m o s t o f t h e c o m p l a i n t s w e
f i l e d w i t h c h a r g e s o f p o l i c e a b u s e w e r e i g n o r e d b y t h e
p o w e r b r o k e r s t o w h o m w e f i l e d , a g e n c i e s , t h e o f f i c i a l s
/
a n d w e f e l t t h i s t o b e a t y p e o f c o m m u n i t y , c o m m u n i t y
w i d e h e a r i n g .
I r e a l l y t h i n k , a n d m a y b e I ’ m a b i t p r e j u d i c e , t h a | ;
i t i s r e a l l y o n e o f t h e f i n e s t t h i n g s t h a t h a s c o m e t o
M e m p h i s . I t w a s n o t a v i n d i c t i v e a g a i n s t t h e p o l i c e
d e p a r t m e n t . We i n v i t e d t h e p o l i c e d e p a r t m e n t t o p a r t i
c i p a t e . We i n v i t e d t h e m a y o r . We i n v i t e d a l l i n d i v i
d u a l s , a l l o f t h e o f f i c i a l s , c i t y o f f i c i a l s , t o p a r t i c i
p a t e . We s p e n t a c o n s i d e r a b l e a m o u n t o f m o n e y t o s e t
t h i s u p . We b r o u g h t p e o p l e w h o w e r e e x p e r t s i n t h e
f i e l d o f s o m e a r e a o f a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f j u s t i c e . We
w e r e c o n c e r n e d w i t h t h e y o u n g p o l i c e a b u s e . We w e r e
c o n c e r n e d w i t h t h e s t a l l i s t b a i l b o n d s y s t e m , w e w e r e
c o n c e r n e d w i t h t h e , w i t h t h e d i s c r i m i n a t i o n e m p l o y m e n t
a s f a r a s t h e i n e q u i t i e s i n t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f j u s t i c j r e
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b y o u r l a w e n f o r c e m e n t , b y , i n f a c t , i f I m a y s a y s o , I
f e l t p r e t t y p r o u d o f t h e h i g h c a l i b e r h e a r i n g s t h a t
N d o u b l e A C P p u t t o g e t h e r a n d b r o u g h t t o M e m p h i s .
U n f o r t u n a t e l y , s o m e o f o u r o f f i c i a l s i g n o r e d i t .
Q Y o u s a y t h e M e m p h i s P o l i c e D e p a r t m e n t w a s i n v i t e d
t o a t t e n d a n d p a r t i c i p a t e ?
A V e r y d e f i n i t e l y .
Q A n d d i d t h e y c o o p e r a t e i n t h e h e a r i n g s ?
A N o . I t h i n k t h e y , t h e y d i d n ' t c o o p e r a t e . T h e
o n l y m e m b e r o f t h e p o l i c e d e p a r t m e n t t h a t w e r e p r e s e n t ,
t o m y k n o w l e d g e , w e r e o n e o r t w o p e o p l e w i t h t a p e
r e c o r d e r s . I s a t n e x t t o o n e t a p i n g a r e c o r d o f w h a t
w e n t o n . o f c o u r s e , t h e r e , i t w a s n o s e c r e t . We h a d ,
h a v e a , y o u k n o w , t h e e n t i r e t r a n s c r i p t o f t h e w h o l e
t h i n g , b u t I t h i n k t h e d i r e c t o r , a t t h a t t i m e , s a i d h e
n e v e r h a d h e a r d o f a b r u t a l p o l i c e m a n ; a l t h o u g h t h i s
w a s n o t t h e w h o l e i s s u e . T h e r e w a s c o o p e r a t i o n f r o m
t h e p o l i c e d e p a r t m e n t , a n d t h e o n l y a t t e n d a n t , t o m y
k n o w l e d g e , w a s t o g e t t h e r e c o r d .
Q D i d y o u a l s o i n v i t e t h e S h e l b y C o u n t y p o l i c e .
S h e r i f f D e p a r t m e n t , t o p a r t i c i p a t e ?
A We d i d .
Q A n d d i d t h e y a l s o c o o p e r a t e ?
A Y e s , s i r . I n f a c t , t h e w i t n e s s f r o m t h e s h e r i f f ' s
d e p a r t m e n t t e s t i f i e d i n t h a t h e a r i n g . - -j
: \ 'i 1 ■ ■ ■ )
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Q C o u l d y o u t e l l m e w h o t h e m e m b e r s o f t h e - - i t w a s
c a l l e d , c a l l e d t h e a d - h o c c o m m i t t e e , a n d w h o w e r e t h e
m e m b e r s o f t h e c o m m i t t e e ?
A L e t m e s e e .
We u s e d b l a c k e l e c t e d o f f i c i a l s . A t t h a t t i m e , i t
w a s i n ' 7 0 , t h e r e w a s M r . T u r n e r a n d M r . F r e d D a v i s ,
R e v . J . L . M e t t e r s , A t t o r n e y J . 0 . P a t t e r s o n , a n d n o w
C o m m i s s i o n e r B e n H o o k s .
Q M r . J e s s i e T u r n e r , a t t h a t t i m e , a n d s t i l l t o t h e
p r e s e n t , w a s a m a g i s t r a t e , a n e l e c t e d m a g i s t r a t e , o n
t h e S h e l b y C o u n t y q u a r t e r l y c o u r t ; i s t h a t c o r r e c t ?
i
A T h a t i s c o r r e c t .
Q A n d M r . F r e d D a v i s w a s , a t t h a t t i m e , a n d s t i l l i s
a m e m b e r o f t h e c i t y c o u n c i l ?
A Y e s , s i r , t h a t i s c o r r e c t .
Q A n d M i s t e r , R e v . J a m e s M e t t e r s , w a s , a t t h a t t i m e ,
a n d s t i l l i s , a n e l e c t e d m e m b e r o f t h e c o u n c i l ?
A T h a t i s c o r r e c t . Y e s , s i r .
Q A n d J u d g e H o o k s h a d j u s t b e e n , o r w a s a m e m b e r o f
t h e j u d i c i a r y o f S h e l b y C o u n t y ; r i g h t ?
A R i g h t .
Q H e i s n o w a c o m m i s s i o n e r o f t h e F e d e r a l
C o m m u n i c a t i o n s C o m m i s s i o n , i s t h a t r i g h t ?
A T h a t i s r i g h t .
Q A n d M r . P a t t e r s o n w a s a m e m b e r o f t h e S t a t e S e n a t e
3 8 8
1 a n d t h e c i t y c o u n c i l ; i s t h a t c o r r e c t ?
2 A T h a t i s c o r r e c t .
3 Q M r s . S m i t h , l e t m e s h o w y o u s o m e d o c u m e n t s , o n e
4 d o c u m e n t i s m a r k e d E x h i b i t 2 3 , a n d t h e o t h e r s a r e m a r k e c
5 E x h i b i t s 2 4 ( a ) t h r o u g h 2 4 ( d ) .
6 N o w , a r e t h e 2 4 s e r i e s , i s t h a t t h e t r a n s c r i p t o f
7 t h e a d - h o c c o m m i t t e e h e a r i n g s w h i c h w e r e c o n d u c t e d d u r i r ‘g
8 — e x c u s e m e — E x h i b i t 2 4 ( a ) t h r o u g h ( d ) h e a r i n g s , a n d
9 I h a v e t h e o r i g i n a l o f t h o s e t r a n s c r i p t s .
10 A Y e s , s i r , w i t h o u t r e a d i n g t h e m a l l , j u s t a t a
11 g l a n c e , I w o u l d s a y t h e s e a r e t h e t r a n s c i p t s o f t h e
12 h e a r i n g s , o f t h o s e h e a r i n g s , a n d w e n t o n , y o u k n o w , o v e :
13 a p e r i o d o f t i m e .
14 0 D i d y o u h a v e t h e m r o u t i n e l y o n e d a y a w e e k f o r
15 t h r e e o r f o u r w e e k s ? I s t h a t r i g h t ?
16 A Y e s , s i r , n o t c o n s e c u t i v e l y , b u t w i t h i n , m a y b e a
17 t w o m o n t h s t i m e f r a m e . I w o u l d h a v e t o c h e c k b a c k f o r
18 t h e d a t e s .
19 Q N o w , y o u m e n t i o n e d t h a t s o m e o f t h e t e s t i m o n y
20 d e a l t w i t h , w i t h t h e b a i l b o n d s y s t e m a n d t h e o t h e r .
21 o t h e r t e s t i m o n y d e a l t w i t h t h e e x p e r t s w h i c h w e r e c a l l e a
22 i n , a n d w h a t - h a v e - y o u , b u t w e r e t h e r e a l s o s o m e i n d i v i
23 d u a l c i t i z e n s w h o t e s t i f i e d , m a k e a l l e g a t i o n s o f t h e
24 p o l i c e c o n d u c t a n d r a c i a l a b u s e ?
25
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A Y e s , s i r . ■ . x'
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M R . S H E A : I f Y o u r H o n o r p l e a s e , I a m g o i n g
t o o b j e c t . C e r t a i n l y t h a t i s t h e r a n k e s t h e a r s a y
t h a t p e o p l e c a m e i n a n d t o o k a t r a n s c r i p t o f w h a t
t h e y s a i d . We h a v e n o o p p o r t u n i t y t o c r o s s - e x a m i n ^
t h e s e p e o p l e . I o b j e c t t o i t o n t h e g r o u n d t h a t
i t i s h e a r s a y a n d s h o u l d b e e x c l u d e d .
T H E C O U R T : W e l l , t h e C o u r t h a s r u l e d h e r e t o
f o r e t h a t w e a r e n o t c o n c e r n e d , c o n s i d e r i n g t h e
t r a n s c r i p t o r t h e e v i d e n c e t h a t ra a y h a v e t a k e n
p l a c e t h e r e f o r t h e t r u t h o f t h e m a t t e r t h a t i s
a s s e r t e d . S o t h a t , i n t h e f a c e o f t h e h e a r s a y
o b j e c t i o n , w e a r e n o t c o n s i d e r i n g t h o s e m a t t e r s
w i t h r e g a r d t o t e s t i m o n y p e r t a i n i n g t o t h e p a r t i
c u l a r c o m p l a i n t o r p a r t i c u l a r m a t t e r .
A s w e u n d e r s t a n d i t , t h e p l a i n t i f f h a s o f f e r e < ^
i t f o r t h e p u r p o s e o f i n f o r m a t i o n o r m a t t e r s t h a t
t h e d e f e n d a n t s w e r e o r s h o u l d h a v e b e e n a w a r e o f ,
n o t f o r t h e t r u t h o f t h e m a t t e r a s s a r t e d , a n d w e
h a v e s t a t e d t h a t t h e m a t t e r r a a y b e a l l u d e d t o a n d
w e o v e r r u l e t h e o b j e c t i o n o n t h e l a t t e r b a s i s , b u t
w e a r e n o t a d m i t t i n g i t o n t h e h e a r s a y o b j e c t i o n
a s t o t h e t r u t h o f t h e m a t t e r a s s e r t e d .
BY M R . C A L D W E L L : ; "
Q We w e r e t a l k i n g a b o u t a l l e g a t i o n s o f p o l i c e c o n d u c t
o r r a c i a l a b u s e ; t h e r e w a s t h a t k i n d o f t e s t i m o n y , a s I
3 9 0
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u n d e r s t a n d y o u r a n s w e r ?
A Y e s , s i r , t h a t w a s a p a r t o f t h e h e a r i n g s , y e s , s i t
Q A n d t h a t w a s a p a r t , r e p o r t , l e t n e t u r n y o u r a t t e n
t i o n n o w t o E x h i b i t 2 3 , a n d t h i s i s t h e a d - h o c c o m m i t t e d
s t a f f r e p o r t , a n d w a s t h a t a p p r o v e d b y t h e f i v e m e m b e r s
o f t h e c o m m i t t e e , t h a t t e s t i r a o n y b e f o r e t h e c o m m i t t e e ?
A Y e s , s i r , i t w a s .
Q I n , i n O c t o b e r , 1 9 7 1 , I t h i n k t h e r e v n s a n i n c i d e n j :
i n v o l v i n g t h e d e a t h o f a y o u n g m a n n a m e d E l t o n H a y e s ,
A r e y o u f a m i l i a r w i t h t h a t i n c i d e n t ?
A Y e s , s i r , I a m .
M R . S l i E A : Y o u r H o n o r , I o b j e c t t o a n y t h i n g
t h a t h a p p e n e d t o E l t o n H a y e s i n 1 9 7 1 . T h a t h a s
/
n o t h i n g t o d o w i t h J a n u a r y , 1 9 7 2 .
T H E C O U R T : W e l l , w i t h y o u r c o n t i n u i n g o b j e c
t i o n o n t h e s a m e b a s i s a s n o t e d b e f o r e , a n d v / i t h -
o u t a t t r i b u t i n g a s p e c i a l m a t e r i a l i t y o r s i g n i f i
c a n c e o r o t h e r w i s e , n o t e i t h e r w a y , t h e C o u r t w i l l
o v e r r u l e t h e o b j e c t i o n a n d p e r m i t t h e t e s t i m o n y .
BY M R . C A L D V J E L L :
Q W a s t h e r e f u r t h e r b l a c k c o m m u n i t y c o n c e r n a n d
a c t i v i t y i n w h i c h y o u p a r t i c i p a t e d a s r e s u l t o f t h a t
p a r t i c u l a r i n c i d e n t ?
A Y e s , s i r , i t w a s m o r e o r l e s s a c o n t i n u a t i o n , o r
p e r h a p s a n i n t e n s i f i c a t i o n o f o u r e f f o r t t o , t h a t h a d
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t a k e n p l a c e o v e r t h e y e a r s , t o e l i m i n a t e t h i s t y p e o f
b r u t a l i t y f r o m o u r p o l i c e s y s t e m . I t w a s r e s u l t i n g p r i
m a r i l y f r o m t h e t r a g e d y o f E l t o n H a y e s t h a t t h e
N d o u b l e A C P d r e w u p w h a t c a m e t o b e k n o w n a s o u r
E i g h t e e n P o i n t P r o g r a m , a n d t h i s p r o g r a m w a s w i d e l y d i s
s e m e n a t e d t o a l l e l e c t e d o f f i c i a l s , t o a l l l a w e n f o r c e
m e n t a g e n c i e s , a n d i n c l u d i n g t h e c o u n t y c o m m i s s i o n , t h e
c o u n t y c o u r t , t h e c i t y c o u n c i l , a n d a n y b o d y w h o w o u l d
h a v e s o m e e f f e c t o n t r y i n g t o i m p l e m e n t ; t h o s e e i g h t e e n
p o i n t s , w e f e l t w o u l d b r i n g a b o u t a j u s t s o c i e t y .
A s I s a i d , t h o s e w e r e d r a w n u p i n ' 7 1 , a n d t h e
d i s s e m i n a t i o n o f t h i s w a s i n t e n s i f i e d e a r l y i n ' 7 2 . We
m a d e a p p e a r a n c e s b e f o r e e v e r y b o d y , e v e r y p u b l i c b o d y .
We h a d c o n f e r e n c e s w i t h t h e e d i t o r s o f t h e t w o d a i l y
n e w s p a p e r s , a n d i n a n e f f o r t t o j o i n u s i n t h i s e f f o r t
t o r e m o v e t h i s b l i g h t f r o m o u r c i t y .
M R . C A L D W E L L ; Y o u r H o n o r , i f I m a y m a r k a
d o c u m e n t a t t h i s t i m e a s t h e n e x t e x h i b i t n u m b e r ?
T H E C O U R T ; A l l r i g h t , l e t i t b e m a r k e d f o r
i d e n t i f i c a t i o n a s E x h i b i t N u m b e r - -
T H E C L E R K ; F o r t y - s i x f o r i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o n l y .
T H E C O U R T ; F o r t y - s i x .
( W h e r e u p o n , t h e s a i d i n s t r u m e n t w a s
a c c o r d i n g l y m a r k e d E x h i b i t N u m b e r 4 6 f o r
■ , ■■
i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o n l y . ) *
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BY M R . C A L D W E L L :
Q M r s . S m i t h , t h e r e h a s b e e n m a r k e d f o r i d e n t i f i c a
t i o n a s E x h i b i t 4 6 , a d o c u m e n t w h i c h p u r p o r t s t o b e a
d o c u m e n t o f N A A C P , a n d I b e l i e v e y o u t e s t i f i e d t h a t i s
t h e E i g h t e e n P o i n t P r o g r a m t h a t y o u w e r e s p e a k i n g o f ?
A Y e s , s i r , i t i s .
Q W h a t i s l e f t o f i t . I t o r e p a r t o f i t o f f w h i l e
I w a s s t a n d i n g h e r e .
N o w , d u r i n g b o t h o f t h e s e , t h e s e t w o e v e n t s , w e
w e r e j u s t t a l k i n g a b o u t , t h e E i g h t e e n P o i n t P r o g r a m a n d
t h e 1 9 7 0 a d - h o c c o m m i t t e e h e a r i n g s - -
A Y e s , s i r .
Q ( C o n t i n u i n g ) — y ^ ^ d i d a d d r e s s a n d m a k e c o m m u n i c a
V
t i o n s i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h e d e a d l y u s e , d e a d l y f o r c e ,
i s t h a t c o r r e c t , a r r e s t a n d u s e o f d e a d l y f o r c e , i s
t h a t c o r r e c t ?
A Y e s , s i r .
Q W o u l d y o u r e a d i t e m s e v e n t e e n o f t h e E x h i b i t 4 5 ?
A ( R e a d i n g ) :
" A n e w g u i d e l i n e f o r u s e o f l e t h a l f o r c e
b y o f f i c e r s s h o u l d s i m p l y s t a t e t h a t ;
" ' A p o l i c e o f f i c e r s h a l l u s e l e t h a l
f o r c e o n l y w h e n h e i s c l e a r l y d e f e n d i n g h i s
o w n l i f e o r w h e n c l e a r l y d e f e n d i n g t h e l i f e
o f a n o t h e r i n d i v i d u a l o r f e l l o w o f f i c e r . ' ”
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Q A l l r i g h t .
A n d t h e E i g h t e e n P o i n t d e a l s w i t h a w h o l e l o t o f
o t h e r t h i n g s , i n c l u d i n g b e t t e r s a l a r i e s f o r p o l i c e m e n
a n d t h a t s o r t o f t h i n g ?
A T h a t i s r i g h t .
Q A n d s i m i l a r d e a d l y f o r c e p o l i c y w a s p r o p o s e d b y
t h e a d - h o c c o m m i t t e e r e p o r t , i s t h a t c o r r e c t ?
A Y e s , s i r .
Q M r s . S m i t h , b a s e d o n y o u r e x p e r i e n c e w i t h t h e
b l a c k c o m m u n i t y a n d t h e C i v i l R i g h t s M o v e m e n t i n M e m p h i s
a n d c o n t i n u i n g t o a t i m e p r i o r t o , a n d u p t o J a n u a r y o f
1 9 7 2 , w h a t w a s t h e , f r o m y o u r p e r c e p t i o n , t h e g e n e r a l
f e e l i n g o f b l a c k c i t i z e n s t o w a r d t h e M e m p h i s P o l i c e
D e p a r t m e n t ?
M R . S H E A : I f Y o u r H o n o r p l e a s e , I a m g o i n g
t o o b j e c t t o t h a t . S h e c a n g i v e w h a t h e r o p i n i o n
i s , b u t n o t w h a t t h e g e n e r a l - - i s s h e s p e a k i n g
f o r t h e e n t i r e b l a c k c o m m u n i t y , o r i s s h e s p e a k i n g
f o r M r s . M a x i n e S m i t h ?
T H E C O U R T : H e l l , t h e C o u r t i s c o n s i d e r i n g
t h a t t h e w i t n e s s i s t e s t i f y i n g i n l i g h t o f h e r
p o s i t i o n i n t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n , o r o r g a n i z a t i o n s
t h a t s h e h a s p a r t i c i p a t e d i n , a n d t h e t e s t i m o n y
t h a t h a s b e e n a d d u c e d , a d d u c e d . 'S'' : >•, •;
We w i l l o v e r r u l e t h e o b j e c t i o n t o h e r
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1 t e s t i m o n y w i t h o u t a t t r i b u t i n g t o t h e w i t n e s s t h e
f a c t t h a t s h e m a y b e s p e a k i n g , o r n o t b e s p e a k i n g
f o r t h e e n t i r e b l a c k c o m m u n i t y , b u t s h e m a y t e s t i f y
i n l i g h t o f h e r b a c k g r o u n d a n d h e r o w n p o s i t i o n
t h a t s h e h a s t e s t i f i e d a b o u t .
M R . C A L D W E L L : T h a n k y o u . Y o u r H o n o r .
A T h r o u g h t h e c o n t a c t s I h a v e h a d , p r i m a r i l y a s
e x e c u t i v e s e c r e t a r y o f H d o u b l e A C ? , a n d t h e c o m p l a i n t s
t h a t h a v e b e e n f i l e d i n o u r o f f i c e , I w o u l d h a v e t o s a y
t h a t i n a n s w e r t o y o u r q u e s t i o n t h a t t h e a t t i t u d e i s
q u i t e u n h e a l t h y a n d t h e r e , t h e r e a r e e l e m e n t s o f f e a r
a n d d i s t r u s t , a n d a n i m o s i t y , m a y b e e v e n h a t e , u n f o r t u
n a t e l y . T h i s i s h o w I p e r c e i v e f r o m m y e x p e r i e n c e , t h e
a t t i t u d e o f b l a c k s t o w a r d t h e p o l i c e f o r c e .
M R . C A L D W E L L : Y o u r H o n o r , I w o u l d l i k e t o
o f f e r E x h i b i t 2 3 i n t o e v i d e n c e , w h i c h i s t h e a d - h o < | ;
c o m m i t t e e f i n a l r e p o r t .
N o w , I h a v e p r e v i o u s l y m a r k e d 2 4 ( a ) t h r o u g h
( d ) , a s t r a n s c r i p t o f t h o s e h e a r i n g s , b u t I p r o m i s e d
t h e C o u r t l a s t w e e k t h a t w e w o u l d n o t b u r d e n t h e
r e c o r d w i t h t h o s e u n l e s s t h e C o u r t , o r o p p o s i n g
c o u n s e l r e q u i r e d , b u t t h e y a r e h e r e a n d t h e y a r e
m a r k e d f o r i d e n t i f i c a t i o n . I d o n ' t o f f e r t h e m i nt <j >
e v i d e n c e , a n d , a t t h e c o n c l u s i o n o f t h e t r i a l , I
w i l l b e g l a d t o w i t h d r a w t h o s e . .
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C H A R L E S T . K E N N Y ,
t h e s a i d v / i t n e s s , h a v i n g b e e n p r e v i o u s l y s w o r n , w a s
r e c a l l e d t o t h e w i t n e s s s t a n d a n d t e s t i f i e d a s f o l l o w s :
D I R E C T E X A M I N A T I O N
B Y M R . C A L D W E L L :
Q D r . K e n n y , s i n c e y o u r t e s t i m o n y l a s t T h u r s d a y , I
b e l i e v e I a m c o r r e c t t h a t I f u r n i s h e d y o u w i t h i n f o r m a
t i o n c o n t a i n e d o n E x h i b i t 4 0 ( a ) a n d E x h i b i t 2 0 ( a ) ?
A Y e s , s i r .
Q I s t h a t c o r r e c t ?
A Y e s , s i r .
Q A n d y o u h a v e p r e p a r e d a n a d d e n d u m t o y o u r p r e v i o u s
a n a l y s e s , w h i c h I h a v e m a r k e d a s E x h i b i t 4 2 ( a ) .
C o u l d y o u i d e n t i f y t h a t , p l e a s e , s i r ?
A Y e s , s i r .
T h i s i s a n a d d e n d u m t h a t c o v e r e d , c o v e r s t h e f i g u r e s
f o r 1 9 6 9 - 1 9 7 1 o n l y .
U O n l y ?
A T h a t i s r i g h t .
Q N o w , a m I c o r r e c t t h a t b y e l i m i n a t i n g t h e s h o o t i n g
i n f o r m a t i o n a n d a r r e s t i n f o r m a t i o n a f t e r 1 9 7 2 , t h a t t h e
s i z e o f t h e s a m p l e o f b o t h s e t s o f d a t a i s s m a l l e r ?
A T h a t i s t r u e ; y e s , s i r . ' ' “
Q v f o u l d y o u b r i e f l y d e s c r i b e w h a t , w h a t e x h i b i t .
E x h i b i t 4 2 ( a ) s h o w s w i t h r e g a r d t o y o u r n e w a n a l y s i s .
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4 2 2
a d m i t t i n g , o m i t t i n g p o s t - 1 9 7 2 i n f o r m a t i o n ?
A O k a y .
I c o n d u c t e d s t a t i s t i c a l t e s t s t o d e t e r m i n e w h e t h e r
o r n o t t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e p e r c e n t a g e r a n g e o f
b l a c k s w h o w e r e s h o t a t , a l l p r o p e r t y c r i m e s w e r e c r i m e s i
l a r g e e n o u g h t o b e s i g n i f i c a n t , a n d t h e t e s t w h i c h I
c o n d u c t e d w a s a " Z - t e s t " , w h i c h i s t h e s t a t i s t i c s
d e v i s e d f o r d e t e r m i n i n g t h e d i f f e r e n t - - ( i n t e r r u p t e d )
Q P a r d o n , I ' m ' s o r r y , t h a t i s a ” Z - t e s t “ ?
A T h a t i s r i g h t , i t i s a * ' Z - t e s t " .
Q A n d i t i s a d e v i s e f o r c o m p a r i n g p e r c e n t a g e s ; i s
t h a t c o r r e c t ?
A T h a t i s r i g h t , t o , f o r c o m p a r i n g p e r c e n t a g e s t o
d e t e r m i n e w h e t h e r o r n o t t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e m i s
s i g n i f i c a n t l y - - ( p a u s e )
Q D i f f e r e n t ?
A Y e s , s i r .
Q T h a t i s a t e s t f o r t h a t k i n d o f a n a l y s e s ?
A Y e s , s i r .
Q O k a y .
A A n d , o k a y , a n d t h e r e s u l t s w e r e t h a t t h e d i f f e r e n c e
i s s o m e w h a t h i g h e r t h a n t h i r t e e n p e r c e n t p o i n t , t h i r t e e
p o i n t f o u r p e r c e n t a g e p o i n t , a n d t h i s d i f f e r e n c e i s
l a r g e e n o u g h t o b e s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t . I t i s
s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e p o i n t 0 t w o l e v e l , a t l e a s t , a n d t h e
’ j,
4 2 3
1 p o i n t z e r o t w o l e v e l s t r i c t l y l i i e a n s > m e a n s t h i s i s l e s s
2 t h a n t w o c h a n c e s i n a h u n d r e d t h a t t h e d i f f e r e n c e
3 o c c u r r e d b y c h a n c e .
4 I m i g h t a d d t h a t t h e u n i v e r s a l a c c e p t e d s t a n d a r d
5 f o r t h e s i g n i f i c a n t s t a t i s t i c i s t h e p o i n t 0 f i v e l e v e l ,
6 a n d t h i s i s s u b s t a n t i a l l y b e l o w t h a t . S o t h e r e i s n o
7 d o u b t a b o u t t h e r e l i a b i l i t y o f t h e s t a t i s t i c a l s i g n i f i ~
8 c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n t h e t w o p e r c e n t a g e s . T h e c o n -
9 e l u s i o n s t h a t I d r e w i s t h e s a m e f r o m t h e o t h e r a n a l y s e ;
10 o n t h e , o n a l l o f t h e d a t a . I t , t h e c o n c l u s i o n i s t h a t
11 t h e d i f f e r e n c e i s s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t . T h e i r a p l i -
12 c a t i o n o f t h i s f i n d i n g i s t h a t r a c e h a s b e e n a f a c t o r
13 i n t h e s h o o t i n g p r a c t i c e s i n t h e M e m p h i s P o l i c e
14 D e p a r t m e n t , a n d , t h e r e f o r e , t h a t r a c e h a s o p e r a t e d i n a
15 w a y t h a t h a s a d i s p a r i t y e f f e c t o n t h e b l a c k s .
16 Q T h a t i s t h e p a r t i c u l a r a n a l y s i s e x c l u d i n g t h e p o s t
17 1 9 7 2 d a t a t h a t l e d y o u t o t h a t c o n c l u s i o n , i s t h a t
18 c o r r e c t ?
19 A T h a t i s r i g h t .
20 Q A n d u s i n g t h e b r o a d e r s a m p l e , w h i c h y o u u s e d p r e
21 v i o u s l y , d o e s t h a t , w h a t e f f e c t d o e s t h a t h a v e o n y o u r
22 c o n c l u s i o n w i t h r e g a r d t o t h e s m a l l e r s a m p l e ?
23 A I t w o u l d s i m p l y u n d e r l i n e a n d e m p h a s i z e a n d r e - e n -
24 f o r c e t h e f i n d i n g s .
25 M R . C A L D W E L L ; Y o u r H o n o r , I w o u l d l i k e t o
i
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4 2 4
o f f e r E x h i b i t 4 0 , 4 2 ( a ) i n t o e v i d e n c e , w h i c h i s t h ^
i t e m u p t h e r e , t h o s e a r e t h e s u b s e q u e n t a n a l y s e s .
T H E C O U R T ; A l l r i g h t .
L e t i t b e i d e n t i f i e d a n d t e n d e r e d a s r e c e i v e d
i n e v i d e n c e , s u b j e c t t o t h e r i g h t o f c r o s s -
e x a m i n a t i o n a t t h i s t i m e .
M R . C A L D W E L L ; T h a n k y o u . Y o u r H o n o r .
T h a t i s a l l t h e q u e s t i o n s I h a v e o f D r . K e n n y
T H E C O U R T ; A l l r i g h t , M r . S h e a .
C R O S S - E X A M I N A T I O N
BY M R . S H E A ; _________
Q D r . K e n n y , I b e l i e v e y o u s t a t e d t h a t y o u c a m e t o
M e m p h i s s o m e s e v e n y e a r s a g o ?
A T h a t i s r i g h t .
Q D i d y o u o p e n y o u r b u s i n e s s a t t h e t i m e t h a t y o u
c a m e h e r e ?
A N o , I d i d n o t .
Q W h a t d i d y o u d o w h e n y o u f i r s t a r r i v e d ?
A I w a s e m p l o y e d b y M e m p h i s S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y .
Q H o w l o n g d i d y o u s t a y t h e r e ?
A I ' m s t i l l o n t h e s t a f f t h e r e .
Q S t i l l a m e m b e r o f t h e s t a f f ?
A T h a t i s r i g h t . ,
Q A r e y o u t e a c h i n g c o u r s e s t h e r e a t t h e p r e s e n t t i m e ?
A Y e s , s i r .
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4 4 3
JOHM A . C O L E T T A ,
t h e s a i d w i t n e s s , h a v i n g b e e n p r e v i o u s l y s%v’o r n , w a s
r e c a l l e d t o t h e w i t n e s s s t a n d a n d t e s t i f i e d a s f o l l o w s ;
D I R E C T E X A M I N A T I O N
3 Y M R . S H E A ; ___________
Q F o r t h e r e c o r d , p l e a s e s t a t e y o u r n a m e a g a i n ?
A I ' m J o h n C o l e t t a .
Q A l l r i g h t , s i r .
M r . C o l e t t a , y o u a r e e m p l o y e d b y t h e M e m p h i s
P o l i c e D e p a r t m e n t ?
A Y e s , s i r .
Q A n d h o w l o n g h a v e y o u b e e n s o e m p l o y e d ?
A E i g h t e e n y e a r s .
Q A n d w h a t i s y o u r p r e s e n t r a n k w i t h t h e d e p a r t m e n t ?
A C a p t a i n .
Q A n d w h a t a r e y o u r p r e s e n t d u t i e s ?
A I n c h a r g e o f t h e o r d n a n c e s e c t i o n , i n c o n n e c t i o n
w i t h h a n d l i n g f i r e a r m s t r a i n i n g .
Q W o u l d y o u j u s t t e l l u s w h a t t h e f i r e a r m s t r a i n i n g
p r o g r a m w a s , i f y o u k n o w , i n 1 9 7 2 ?
A I n 1 9 7 2 ?
Q Y e s , s i r .
A B a s i c a l l y i t r e m a i n s t h e s a m e t h a t i t i s t o d a y ,
t h a t , i n t h a t w e a r e c h a r g e d w i t h t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y o f
t r a i n i n g p o l i c e o f f i c e r s w i t h n o t o n l y t h e h a n d g u n , b u tu —i
4 5 5
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A Y e s , s i r .
Q A l l r i g h t , s i r .
N o w , w h a t t y p e a m m u n i t i o n w a s , i s a n d w a s i n u s e
i n J a n u a r y , J a n u a r y o f 1 9 7 2 , f o r h a n d g u n s a n d s h o t g u n s ?
A I n 1 9 7 2 , i t w a s o f t h e h o l l o w p o i n t , s i m p l y j a c k e t e d
t y p e .
Q A n d w h a t i s t h e s i g n i f i c a n c e o f a h o l l o w p o i n t
s i m p l y j a c k e t e d t y p e a m m u n i t i o n ?
A H o l l o w p o i n t , r o u n d , l o s e s i t s e n e r g y m o r e r a p i d l y
t h a n a s t a n d a r d c o n v e n t i o n l e a d a l l o y r o u n d ; t h e r e f o r e ,
i t t e n d s t o s t a y w i t h i n t h e o b j e c t t h a t i t s t r i k e s m o r e
r e a d i l y t h a n a l e a d a l l o y r o u n d .
Q A l l r i g h t , s i r .
N o w - - ( i n t e r r u p t e d )
A A n d - - ( i n t e r r u p t e d )
Q E x c u s e m e . G o a h e a d .
A ( C o n t i n u i n g ) - - A n d b y s o d o i n g , c o n s t i t u t e s a
s a f e t y f a c t o r , a s f a r a s o t h e r p e o p l e a r e c o n c e r n e d , i n
t h a t i t w i l l n o t p e n e t r a t e t h r o u g h a f e l o n , o r w h o e v e r ,
w h a t e v e r t h e c a s e m a y b e , a n d g o i n t o , i n d i s c r i m i n a t e l y
d o w n t h e s t r e e t , t o h i t s o m e i n n o c e n t p e r s o n .
Q A l l r i g h t , s i r .
T h e r e , t h e r e i s a p o p u l a r t e r m c a l l e d " d u m - d u m " .
N o w , w h a t d o e s d u m - d u m m e a n ? ̂ i. • ■
A I d o n ' t k n o w . I t i s c o n s t r u e d t o m e a n m a n y t h i n g s
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T h e d i c t i o n a r y , I t h i n k , d e f i n e s i t , i t h a s b e e n d e f i n e c ^
a s a n o r i g i n a l I n d i a n b u l l e t , w h i c h c a m e f r o m I n d i a , a n c .
o r i g i n a l l y w e r e f o r r e v o l v e r s , I t h i n k t h a t w a s t h e o r i - -
g i n a l d e f i n i t i o n o f w h a t a d u m - d u m m a y b e .
Q A l l r i g h t , s i r .
A l l r i g h t .
V i ? e l l , i n t h e i n s t a n t c a s e , F r e d L e e B e r r y w a s n o t
h i t b y a p o l l c e r e v o l v e r b u l l e t ?
A Y e s , s i r .
Q H e w a s s t r u c k b y a s h o t g u n b l a s t ?
A , Y e s , s i r .
Q H o w d o e s a s h o t g u n , w h a t i s t h e , w h a t i s i n s i d e o f
t h e s h o t g u n s h e l l ?
A T h e d o u b l e o u g h t b u c k c o n t a i n s n i n e l e a d p e l l e t s ,
e a c h p e l l e t i s a b o u t t h i r t y - t w o c a l i b e r . I n o t h e r w o r d ^ ,
i n e f f e c t , t h e m a n w a s s h o o t i n g n i n e . 3 2 c a l i b e r p i s t o l s ,
b u t e a c h p r o j e c t i l e , d u e t o i t s v e l o c i t y , a n d m a s s , h a s
c o n s i d e r a b l y l e s s e n e r g y t h a n o n e s t a n d a r d h o l l o w p o i n t
t y p e , o r e v e n a l e a d a l l o y t y p e p r o j e c t o r . I t h i n k a
d o u b l e o u g h t b u c k h a s a b o u t o n e h u n d r e d a n d s e v e n f o o t
p o u n d s f o r e a c h p e l l e t o f e n e r g y .
Q A r e t h e y , t h e s h o t g u n b a r r e l , i s n o t g r o o v e d , i s
i t ?
A N o , s i r , i t i s a p l a t e b o r e w e a p o n .
Q P l a t e b o r e v ; e a p o n .
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A n d , t h e r e f o r e , w e l l , s t a t e w h e t h e r o r n o t t h e
P e l l e t s , w h e n t h e y a r e c o m i n g o u t o f t h e m u z z l e , v / h a t
i s t h e i r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e i r f l i g h t p a t t e r n ?
A W e l l , m o s t p e o p l e t e n d t o t h i n k t h a t w h e n s h o t g u n
p e l l e t s e m e r g e f r o m t h e b a r r e l o f a g u n , t h a t t h e y
m a r o o n i n a c o n i c a l f o r m , w h e n a c t u a l l y t h e y d o n ' t , t h e ^
d o n ' t i m m e d i a t e l y . T h e y c o m e o u t a s t h i s m a s s a n d t h e y
r e t a i n t h a t m a s s f i v e t o s e v e n y a r d s b e f o r e t h e y s t a r t
a n y d i s p e r s i n g , d i s p e r s i o n s , o r t h e , a n d t h e a m o u n t o f
d i s p e r s i o n a n d s p r e a d t h o s e p e l l e t s t a k e i s c o n t i n g e n t
u p o n w h a t t h e i r a c t i o n i s i n r e l a t i o n t o e a c h o t h e r
w h i l e d r i v i n g t h e l e n g t h o f t h e b a r r e l a n d w h i l e
t r a v e l l i n g i n t h a t t y p e m a s s . I f t h e y w e r e b u m p e d
a g a i n s t e a c h o t h e r , w h a t e v e r , i t c o u l d c a u s e o n e t o
s t r a y o f f f r o m t h e m a s s , b u t g e n e r a l l y s p e a k i n g , t h e y
d o s t a y i n a m a s s u p t o a b o u t s e v e n y a r d s , a n d r e m a i n
w i t h i n a t h i r t y i n c h c i r c l e u p t o f o r t y o r f i f t y y a r d s .
Q T h a t , t h e n t h a t i s m y n e x t q u e s t i o n .
' W h a t i s t h e e f f e c t i v e r a n g e o f a s h o t g u n ?
A W i t h d o u b l e o u g h t b u c k ?
Q W i t h d o u b l e o u g h t b u c k ?
A A n o t h e r f o r t y o r f i f t y y a r d s , w e f e e l t h a t t h e
p e l l e t s w i l l s t a y w i t h i n a t h i r t y i n c h c i r c l e a n d t h e r e l j y
g i v e i t t h e n e e d e d e n e r g y t o s t o p s o m e o n e .
B e y o n d t h a t r a n g e , t h e n i t b e c o m . e s a q u e s t i o n o f
4 5 8
1 h o w m a n y p e l l e t s s h o u l d h a p p e n t o s t r i k e .
2 Q A l l r i g h t , s i r .
3 A B u t g e n e r a l l y s p e a k i n g , f o r t y t o f i f t y y a r d s w o u l d
4 b e t h e m a x i m u m e f f e c t i v e r a n g e .
5 Q D r . C o l e t t a , t h e r e h a s b e e n s o m e p r o o f i n t h i s
0 r e c o r d t h a t p o l i c e o f f i c e r s a r e t a u g h t t o s h o o t t o k i l l .
7 N o w , c o u l d y o u e x p l a i n w h a t t h e t e a c h i n g i s a t t h e
8 t r a i n i n g a c a d e m y a s t o t h e u s e o f t h e u l t i m a t e f o r c e ,
9 t h a t i s , w h a t t h e y a r e p e r m i t t e d t o d o b y t h e T e n n e s s e e
jQ s t a t u t e ?
A Y e s , s i r .
12 O f c o u r s e , y o u k n o w t h e t e r m " s h o o t t o k i l l "
d e p e n d s u p o n t h e c o n n o t a t i o n t h a t i s p l a c e d u p o n t h e
2̂ 4 w o r d s . I f t h e c o n n o t a t i o n t h a t i s m a d e , t h a t , d o w e
25 t e a c h t o e x e c u t e , t h e a n s w e r i s d e f i n i t e l y " N o , w e d o n ' t ^ . "
16 B u t i f , i f t h e c o n n o t a t i o n i s , d o w e t e a c h t o s t o p ,
27 o r t o t h w a r t , y e s , s i r , w e d o , a n d I h a v e t r i e d , b y
18 g e t t i n g t o g e t h e r t h e s e e x c e r p t s , t o e x p l a i n e x a c t l y w h a l ^
19 o u r p o s i t i o n i s i n t e a c h i n g o u r r e c r u i t s .
20 W e , o f c o u r s e , m u s t , m u s t t e l l a r e c r u i t t o b e
21 p r e p a r e d t o k i l l b e c a u s e t h e i n h e r e n t f a c t o r i n v o l v e d ,
22 u s e o f d e a d l y f o r c e , i n i t s e l f , t o m e , i s a d e f i n i t i o n
23 o f c a u s i n g d e a t h , o r t e n d i n g t o c a u s e d e a t h . S o , n a t u r a l l y
24 w e h a v e t o p r e p a r e o f f i c e r s f o r t h a t .
25 I n i g h t a d d t h a t i n t e a c h i n g a p e r s o n , p a r t i c u l a r l y
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w i t h a h a n d g u n , w h i c h I c o n s i d e r t h e h a r d e s t g u n t o m a s
t e r , f o r m a n y v a r i a b l e r e a s o n s , i t i s n e c e s s a r y t h a t w e
t e a c h a r e c r u i t t o c e n t e r , s h o o t c e n t e r m a s s , t o s h o o t
t h e l a r g e s t p a r t o f t h e t a r g e t t h a t h e , t a r g e t t h a t t h e y
c a n , c a n h o p e t o h i t , b e c a u s e t h e m i s t a k e s t h a t c a n b e
m a d e w i t h t h a t h a n d g u n a r e m a n y , a n d g e n e r a l l y a p e r s o n ,
i n f a c t , I k n o w o f n o p e r s o n , r e a l l y , a p e r s o n a t o n e
t i m e o r a n o t h e r w i l l c o m m i t t h e s e m i s t a k e s , a n d h e h a s
t o b e t a u g h t t o w h e r e h e c a n r e m e d y h i s a b i l i t y a n d h i s
p r o f i c i e n c y t o w h e r e h e c a n h i t w h a t h e s h o o t s a t .
Q A l l r i g h t , s i r .
1IOV7, w o u l d y o u s t a t e t o t h e C o u r t w h y y o u d o n ' t
p e r m i t o f f i c e r s t o s h o o t w a r n i n g s h o t s ?
A Y e s , s i r .
B e c a u s e t h e h a z a r d t o o t h e r p e o p l e i s t o o g r e a t .
I t h i n k m i l i t a r y t e s t s s h o w t h a t f i f t y - e i g h t f o o t
p o u n d i s s u f f i c i e n t e m e r g e n c y t o c a u s e a c a s u a l t y .
N o w , I ' m n o t r e a l c e r t a i n w h a t c a u s e s a c a s u a l t y ,
m e a n s i n m i l i t a r y t e r n s , y o u k n o w , b u t s u p p o s e i t m e a n s
t o s e r i o u s l y i n j u r e o n e , a n d a f a l l i n g p r o j e c t i l e d o e s
h a v e f i f t y - e i g h t f o o t p o u n d s o f e n e r g y .
Q Y o u m a y h a v e a l r e a d y a n s w e r e d t h i s q u e s t i o n .
C a p t a i n , b u t y o u s a y t h a t t h e o f f i c e r i s t a u g h t t o s h o o t
a t t h e c e n t e r o f t h e m a s s ?
A Y e s , s i r . - v *
4 6 0
1 Q W h e n yo u say, say "mass", you, that w o u l d be the
2 trunk of the p e r s o n fleeing?
3 A Yes, sir.
4 Q R a t h e r than, well, w i l l yo u state to the C o u r t why
5 o f f i c e r s are not taught to s h oot at their foot, or arm,
6 or shoulder, or what?
7 A Yes, sir.
8 T h a t is b e c ause of the i n t u r n e d d i f f i c u l t y in
9 shooting, and in p a r t i c u l a r with a handgun. F l i n c h i n g
10 is a g r e a t problem. It is one that every r e c r u i t that
11 I have ever had o c c a s i o n to, to i n s t r u c t has s u f f e r e d
12 with, and f l i n c h i n g can be a nu m b e r of things, jerking
13 the trigger, b u c k i n g tiie gun, p u s h i n g the grip up so
14 that the lock w i l l go up to the right, or w i t h a shou l d e r
15 and a n t i c i p a t i n g the recoil and lunging into it, causing
16 the shot to go wild, and that sort of thing, and the
17 p r o f i c i e n c y of a p e r s o n dees no t indi c a t e that he can
18 be s e l e c t i v e enough with all of the p r e v a l e n t area pre-
19 sent, he ca n n o t be s e l e c t i v e enough to insure, w i t h any
20 g r eat degree of r e a s o n a b l e ability, e x p e c t to h i t a
21 moving target such as the finger, or hand, or arm, or
22 leg/ or w h a t e v e r .
23 Q All right, sir.
24 A And then c o u p l e d with the p s y c h o l o g i c a l stress of
25 the situation, I know in a, in the s i t u ations that I». V < Vi
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W e l l , I ' m f a i r l y s u r e i t w a s n ' t g i v e n t o t h e m b e f o j j r e
b e c a u s e i t w a s a b o u t a t t h a t t i m e t h a t i t w a s c o m p i l e d .
Q W a s , w a s t h i s t h e n g i v e n t o o f f i c e r s i n t h e f i e l d
a s w e l l a s t o p e r s o n s c o m i n g t o t h e s c h o o l ?
A N o , s i r .
Q D i d y o u h a v e t h e o p p o r t u n i t y t o t r a i n O f f i c e r s C o x
a n d R i c h a r d s ?
A. N o w , t h a t i s , v ; o u l d y o u p l e a s e - - ( i n d i c a t i n g ) .
Q W e l l , d i d y o u t r a i n t h e n c o m i n g t h r o u g h t h e s c h o o l ' l ’
A B a s i c a l l y y o u a r e t a l k i n g a b o u t ?
Q Y e s , s i r .
A O f f i c e r C o x , I d i d n o t , n o t . O f f i c e r R i c h a r d s I
p a r t i c i p a t e d i n h i s t r a i n i n g .
Q A n d t h a t w a s p r i o r t o t h e t i m e t h a t m a n u a l w a s
h a n d e d o u t ?
A Y e s , s i r .
Q A n d s o t h i s m a n u a l a l s o w a s n o t s o m e t h i n g e i t h e r
o n e o f t h e m w o u l d h a v e r e c e i v e d , i s t h a t c o r r e c t ?
A T h a t i s c o r r e c t .
H o w e v e r , I d i d a l s o s t a t e t h a t m u c h o f t h e m a t e r i a '
i n i t w a s d e r i v e d f r o m l e c t u r e s w h i c h h a d b e e n g i v e n
p r i o r t o t h a t t i m e .
0 W h a t w a s i n u s e p r i o r t o t h i s m a n u a l w h i c h d i d t h e
j o b t h a t t h i s m a n u a l n o w d o e s ?
A T h e r e w a s n o s u c h a r t i c l e a s a m a n u a l p r i o r . , t o t h a t .
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Q T h a t b e l o n g e d t o t h e M e m p h i s P o l i c e D e p a r t m e n t ?
A We r e l i e d u p o n l e c t u r e s w h i c h w e r e , w h i c h w e r e
d e v e l o p e d b y t h e i n d i v i d u a l i n s t r u c t o r s a n d i n s t r u c t o r s
a n d a l s o u s i n g g u i d e l i n e s i n t h e F B I m a n u a l .
Q A n d d i d y o u h a n d o u t p r i n t e d c o p i e s o f t h e s e l e c
t u r e s ?
A M o p e .
Q A n d s o i n t e r m s o f w r i t t e n s t a t e m e n t s , w h i c h y o u
g a v e o u t t o t h e r e c r u i t s , t h o s e s i m p l y d i d n o t e x i s t
p r i o r t o t h e c o m p i l a t i o n o f t h i s m a n u a l , i s t h a t c o r r e c
A S o m e ,
Q I a s s u m e - - ( i n t e r r u p t e d )
A S o m e w r i t t e n m a t t e r s w e r e g i v e n t o r e c r u i t s o n l y ,
b u t n o t t h e m a n u a l , a s s u c h .
Q A n d n o t c o p i e s o f t h e l e c t u r e s ?
A W o t c o p i e s o f a l l l e c u t u r e s , n o .
Q I a s s u m e t h a t i s t h e p u r p o s e o f t h a t m a n u a l , w a s
t o g e t i n t o w r i t t e n f o r m s o m e o f t h e t h i n g s t h a t y o u
h a v e b e e n d e a l i n g w i t h p r i o r t o t h a t ?
A T h a t i s c o r r e c t .
Q W o u l d y o u s t a t e a g a i n f o r u s t h e s i z e o f t h e p a t t e r n
t h a t , t h a t f o r t y o r f i f t y y a r d s , y a r d s o f s h o t g u n o b v i
o u s l y d o u b l e o u g h t b u c k s h o t s ?
A A t h i r t y i n c h , t h e s h o t w o u l d s t a y w i t h i n t h e
t h i r t y i n c h c i r c l e . > ̂ -
U N I T E D S T A T E S D I S T R I C T C O U R T
W E S T E R N D I S T R I C T O P T E N N E S S E E
V m S T E R t i D I V I S I O N
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M A R T H A W I L E Y , M o t h e r a n d
N e x t o f K i n o f F R E D L E E
B E R R Y , a D e c e a s e d M i n o r ,
P l a i n t i f f ,
v e r s u s
M E M P H I S P O L I C E D E P A R T M E N T ,
E T A L . ,
D e f e n d a n t s .
C I V I L A C T I O N HO
C - 7 3 - 8 .
V OL U ME I V
T R A N S C R I P T O F T U E E V I D E N C E
T U E S D A Y , A P R I L 8 , 1 9 7 5
M E M P H I S , T E N N E S S E E
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W I T N E S S
I - N - D - E - X
D I R E C T
E X A M I N A T I O N
C R O S S -
E X A M I N A T I O N
C h i e f B i l l P r i c e 4 8 7 , 4 9 6 4 9 4 , 4 9 3
J a m e s K . R i c h a r d s 5 1 7 , 5 4 0 5 3 1
B i l l y C o x 5 4 2 , 5 5 1 5 4 7
W i l l i a m E . G r o s s 5 5 6 5 6 6
V e l t o n R o d g e r s 5 7 5 ,
5 8 6
5 8 4 , 5 8 2 , 5 8 5
4 8 7
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CHIEF B I L L P R I C E ,
t h e s a i d w i t n e s s , h a v i n g b e e n f i r s t d u l y s w o r n ,
t e s t i f i e d a s f o l l o w s :
DIRECT EXAMINATION
BY MR. SHEA:
Q P l e a s e s t a t e y o u r n a m e t o t h e C o u r t ?
A B i l l P r i c e .
Q A n d y o u a r e t h e f o r m e r c h i e f o f p o l i c e o f t h e c i t y
o f M e m p h i s , i s t h a t c o r r e c t ?
A Y e s , s i r .
Q W h a t i s y o u r p r o f e s s i o n o r o c c u p a t i o n ?
A I am l a w e n f o r c e m e n t p l a n n e r w i t h t h e M e m p h i s - D e l t ^
D e v e l o p m e n t D i s t r i c t .
Q A n d w h a t i s y o u r a d d r e s s . C h i e f ?
A F o u r 0 n i n e e i g h t I n d i a n .
Q A n d t h a t i s r i g h t h e r e i n M e m p h i s ?
A Y e s , s i r .
Q A n d w e r e y o u o n c e e m p l o y e d b y t h e M e m p h i s P o l i c e
D e p a r t m e n t ?
A Y e s , s i r .
Q A n d w h a t p e r i o d o f t i m e , w h e n d i d y o u g o t o w o r k
f o r t h e M e m p h i s P o l i c e D e p a r t m e n t ?
A A u g u s t 2 2 , 1 9 4 1 . ...
Q A n d j u s t s t a t e h o w y o u p r o g r e s s e d ?
A I w a s o n t h e p o l i c e d e p a r t m e n t , A u g u s t 2 2 , 1 9 4 1 , ak
4 8 8
1 p a t r o l m a n .
2 I w a s m a d e a l i e u t e n a n t i n 1 9 5 0 .
3 I w a s m a d e a c a p t a i n i n 1 9 6 1 .
4 A n d i n s p e c t o r i n 1 9 6 4 .
5 A s s i s t a n t c h i e f , 1 9 6 7 .
6 A n d c h i e f o f p o l i c e , J a n u a r y f i r s t , 1 9 7 2 .
7 Q A l l r i g h t , s i r .
8 T h e n y o u w e r e c h i e f , y o u b e c a m e t h e c h i e f o f p o l i c « ^
9 J a n u a r y t h e f i r s t , 1 9 7 2 ?
10 A Y e s , s i r .
11 Q A l l r i g h t .
12 D o y o u r e c a l l t h e i n s t a n c e w h e n F r e d L e e B e r r y w a s
13 k i l l e d b y t h e M e m p h i s P o l i c e D e p a r t m e n t ?
14 A Y e s , s i r .
15 Q A l l r i g h t , s i r .
16 J u s t t e l l u s h o w i t c a m e t o y o u r a t t e n t i o n ?
17 A W e l l , I w a s , o f c o u r s e , a t h o m e t h i s p a r t i c u l a r
18 n i g h t w h e n t h i s o c c u r r e d , a n d I w a s n o t i f i e d b y t h e m ,
19 t h e d e t e c t i v e s o f t h i s , o f t h e M e m p h i s p o l i c e f o r c e .
20 Q Y o u w e r e n o t a t t h e s c e n e a t t h e t i m e o f h i s d e a t h t
21 A N o , s i r .
22 Q A l l r i g h t , s i r .
23 C h i e f , w h a t w a s t h e l e t h a l f o r c e o r t h e f i r e a r m s
24 p o l i c e o f t h e M e m p h i s P o l i c e D e p a r t m e n t a t t h e t i m e t h a
25 y o u b e c a m e c h i e f ?
4 9 4
1 Q C h i e f P r i c e , y o u w e r e a p p o i n t e d b y M a y o r C h a n d l e r ?
2 A Y e s , s i r .
3 Q E f f e c t i v e J a n u a r y 1 , 1 9 7 2 ?
4 A Y e s , s i r ,
5 Q A n d t h e n y o u w e r e s o r t o f a c t i n g c h i e f f o r a w h i l e
6 w h i l e C i v i l S e r v i c e r e q u i r e m e n t s w e r e m e t , o r s o m e t h i n g ^
7 A Y e s , s i r ,
8 Q A n d y o u , y o u r e t i r e d o n w h a t d a t a ?
9 A O n J u l y t h e f i r s t , 1 9 7 4 .
10 Q O k a y .
11 Y o u r e c a l l t h a t , t h a t t h e d e a t h o f F r e d L e e B e r r y
12 w a s t h e f i r s t o f a s e r i e s o f f o u r p o l i c e s h o o t i n g s i n
13 J a n u a r y o f 1 9 7 2 , w h i c h c r e a t e d s o m e c o m m u n i t y t u r m o i l
14 o r p r o t e s t ?
15 A I f I r e m e m b e r c o r r e c t l y , h e w a s t h e f i r s t , y e s , s i j ^ .
16 Q A n d t h e r e w e r e t h r e e o f t h o s e p a r t i c u l a r s h o o t i n g s
17 I t h i n k r e s u l t e d i n d e a t h , I t h i n k o n e w a s a w o u n d i n g ,
18 i s t h a t c o r r e c t ?
19 A I b e l i e v e t h a t i s c o r r e c t , y e s , s i r .
20 Q D o y o u r e c a l l a s t a t e m e n t i s s u e d J a n u a r y 1 9 , 1 9 7 2 ,
21 b y M a y o r C h a n d l e r i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h e s e s e r i e s o f
22 s h o o t i n g s ?
23 A N o , s i r , I ' m a f r a i d I d o n ' t .
24 Q L e t m e s h o w y o u d o c u m e n t . E x h i b i t 1 5 , a n d a s k y o u
25 i f y o u r e c a l l c o r r o b o r a t i n g w i t h M a y o r C h a n d l e r i n
n , ’ V ■ .5.
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J A M E S K . R I C H A R D S ,
t h e s a i d w i t n e s s , h a v i n g b e e n p r e v i o u s l y s w o r n , w a s
r e c a l l e d t o t h e w i t n e s s s t a n d a n d t e s t i f i e d a s f o l l o w s
D I R E C T E X A M I N A T I O N
BY M R . S H E A ;
Q P l e a s e — ( i n t e r r u p t e d )
M R . C A L D W E L L ; I ' m s o r r y . Y o u r H o n o r , I m i g h t
h a v e n i s u n d a r s t c c d t h a p r o c e d u r e . I s M r . S h e a
c a l l i n g M r . R i c h a r d s ?
M R . S H E A ; Y e s , s i r , I h a v e . I f I o m i t a n y
t h i n g , I w o u l d l i k e t o a s k t h e C o u r t t o l e t M r .
C h a s t i n a s k , p r i o r t o M r . C a l d w e l l ' s c r o s s -
e x a m i n a t i o n .
T H E C O U R T ; Y e s , s i r .
BY M R . S H E A :
Q M r . R i c h a r d s , y o u u n d e r s t a n d t h a t t h e C o u r t h a s
e x p l a i n e d t o y o u y o u a r e s t i l l u n d e r o a t h , a s y o u h a v e
t e s t i f i e d e a r l i e r ?
A Y e s , s i r .
Q I d o n ' t w a n t t o b e l a b o r t h i s r e c o r d , b u t j u s t
b r i e f l y , w o u l d y o u t e l l u a t h e e v e n t s t h a t o c c u r r e d o n
t h e n i g h t o f J a n u a r y t h e 8 t h , 1 9 7 2 ?
A O h , w e l l , s i r , w e w e r e , w e h a d j u s t , j u s t g o t t e n
i n s e r v i c e a b o u t , a b o u t s e v e n f o r t y - f i v e , o r t e n m i n u t e ^
' t i l e i g h t , o r s o m e t h i n g l i k e t h a t . We w e r e o n o u r w a y
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h i m , t h e n , t h e n y o u c o u l d u s e d e a d l y f o r c e .
Q H o w w e r e y o u t a u g h t t o a i m a t t h e f l e e i n g p a r t y ?
A A t t h e l a r g e s t p l a c e o f t h e b o d y .
Q A l l r i g h t , s i r .
A l l r i g h t , s i r .
A n d I b e l i e v e , i n y o u r d e p o s i t i o n t h e r e i s a s t a t e
m e n t t h a t y o u w e r e t a u g h t t o s h o o t t o k i l l . W i l l y o u
e x p l a i n t h a t s t a t e m e n t ?
A W e l l , d u r i n g t r a i n i n g w e w e r e t a u g h t t o n e v e r p u l l
o u r f i r e a r m u n l e s s w e w e r e g o i n g t o k i l l , i n t e n d e d t o ,
t h a t w a s t h e p u r p o s e o f i t , j u s t s t o p o r , I d o n ’ t — i t
i s k i n d o f t o e x p l a i n , y o u a r e s h o o t i n g t o s t o p o r
k i l l , i t i s s i x o f o n e o r h a l f d o z e n o f t h e o t h e r , y o u
h a d t o d o i t . T h a t i s a b o u t i t .
Q A l l r i g h t , s i r .
T h e r e w a s n o p a r t i c u l a r o r d e r , d i r e c t o r d e r g i v e n
t o y o u t o s h o o t t o k i l l w i t h o u t y e l l i n g a w a r n i n g o r —
( i n t e r r u p t e d )
M R . A R N O L D ; Y o u r H o n o r , I o b j e c t t o t h e
l e a d i n g .
T H E C O U R T ; I w i l l s u s t a i n t h e o b j e c t i o n a s
t o t h e l e a d i n g .
Z4R. S H E A ; E x c u s e m e .
Q W h a t w e r e y o u r i n s t r u c t i o n s a s , a s t o t h e w a r n i n g
s h o t s , o r h o w t o a p p r e h e n d a f l e e i n g f e l o n ? ’
5 3 1
1 Q v ; h y d i d n ’ t y o u f i r e t h e f o u r t h r o u n d ?
2 A H e l o o k e d l i k e h e w e n t d o w n , s t u m b l e d , w e n t d o w n
3 f o r s o m e r e a s o n . I d o n ’ t k n o w , I t h o u g h t I m i g h t h a v e
4 t o u s e i t , I d i d n ' t k n o w w h a t t h e y m i g h t b e r a b b i t t i n g .
5 Q B y r a b b i t t i n g , w h a t d o y o u m e a n ?
6 A W e l l , l o t s o f t i m e s , t h e y j u s t f a l l d o w n , j u s t l i k ^
7 a r a b b i t , a n d j u m p u p .
8 Q H a v e y o u e v e r b e e n i n a p o s i t i o n w h e r e a s u s p e c t
9 h a s b e e n r a b b i t t i n g ?
10 A S u r e . T h e y m a y , s o m e t i m e s t h e y v / i l l s t o p a n d j u s t
11 l a y t h e r e l i k e t h e y a r e d e a d . T h a t i s , a n d I d o n ' t w a r n :
12 t o s h o o t a n y b o d y w h i l e t h e y a r e d o w n , i f t h e y s t o p ,
13 w e ’ l l g o s e e w h a t h a p p e n s .
14 M R . C H A S T I N ; T h a n k y o u v e r y m u c h .
15 T H E C O U R T ; Y o u m a y c r o s s - e x a m i n e .
16 C R O S S - E X A M I N A T I O N
BY M R . A R N O L D ;
17
18 Q O f f i c e r R i c h a r d s , y o u h a v e b e e n i n h e r e t h e w h o l e
19 t i m e a n d y o u h a v e t e s t i f i e d , a n d y o u h a v e i d e n t i f i e d th<^
20 p o l i c y o f t h e p o l i c e d e p a r t m e n t t h a t a u t h o r i s e s d e a d l y
21 f o r c e t o s h o o t a t c e r t a i n f l e e i n g f e l o n i o u s s u s p e c t s
22 a n d i n d e f e n s e o f y o u r s e l f , a n d i n d e f e n s e o f o t h e r p e o j -
23 p i e ?
24 A Y e s , s i r .
25 Q Y o u h a v e , y o u h a v e , y o u h a v e i d e n t i f i e d t h a t y o u
5 3 2
1 t h o u g h t t h e r o c k s a n d b r o k e n b o t t l e s i n t h e d i t c h c o u l d
2 h a v e b e e n u s e d a s a w e a p o n # b u t y o u a r e n o t t e l l i n g u s
3 t h a t i f a m i s d e m e a n o r # o r s u s p e c t e d m i s d e m e a n o r r u n s
4 t h r o u g h a d i t c h v / h e r e t h e r e i s b r o k e n b o t t l e s a n d r o c k s ,
5 t h a t y o u j u s t s t a r t s h o o t i n g a t h i m o n s e l f - d e f e n s e
6 g r o u n d s # a r e y o u ?
7 A I f t h e y h a p p e n e d t o r u n i n # i n a d i t c h , I w o u l d n o i
8 h a v e e v e r s h o t a t a m i s d e m e a n o r .
9 I w i l l s a y a g a i n , i f I h a d g o n e d o w n t h e r e a n d
10 s o m e b o d y c o m e s u p w i t h a b o t t l e # I c o u l d n ' t h a v e s n o t -■ • •
11 ( i n t e r r u i s t e d )
12 Q V f e l l , o f c o u r s e , t h a t d i d n ' t h a p p e n i n t h i s c a s e #
13 a t t h e p r e s e n t t i m e ?
14 A M o , n o # s i r .
15 Q T h e r e w a s n o e v i d e n c e o f a n y b o d y u s i n g a r o c k t o
16 t h r o w a t y o u # o r t o h u r t y o u t w o h u n d r e d a n d f i v e f e e t
17 a w a y # i s t h e r e ?
18 A W o u l d y o u r e p e a t ?
19 Q I s a i d t h e r e i s n o e v i d e n c e t h a t a n y b o d y i s g o i n g
20 t o u s e a r o c k i n a d i t c h # f r o m a d i t c h , u p o n # a g a i n s t
21 y o u # s o m e t w o h u n d r e d f e e t a w a y f r o m w h e r e y o u a r e ?
22 A I c a n ’ t s a y a r o c k o r a n y t h i n g # I d i d n ' t k n o w w h a t
23 w a s i n t h e d i t c h .
24 Q W e l l # w a s t h e r e a n y e v i d e n c e o f s o m e o n e u s i n g a
25 r o c k a t y o u ? '
I
1
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A N O / s i r .
2 Q A n d t h e r e w a s n o e v i d e n c e o f a n y b o d y u s i n g a b r o k e r 1
3 b o t t l e a g a i n s t y o u a s a w e a p o n / w a s t h e r e ?
4 A N o .
5 Q A n d f u r t h e r / w h e n t h e p e o p l e c a m e o u t o f t h e b a c k
6 o f t h a t b u i l d i n g / t h e y w e r e n ' t c a r r y i n g t h o s e s h o t g u n s /
7 w e r e t h e y ?
8 A N O / S i r / n o t .
9 Q W h e n y o u s a v ; t h e m / y o u d i d n ' t , t h e r e w a s n o t h i n g
10 t h a t t h e y h a d t h a t y o u c o u l d h a v e , t h a t y o u c o u l d i d e n
11 t i f y a s t h e y w e r e c a r r y i n g a s w e a p o n s , w a s i t ?
12 A I c a n ' t i d e n t i f y w h a t t h e y a r e c a r r y i n g . L i k e I
13 s a i d / t h e r e w e r e t w o p e o p l e r u n n i n g . S o m e b o d y c o u l d
14 h a v e a p i s t o l i n t h e i r p o c k e t , I d o n ' t k n o w .
15 a C a n y o u t e l l u s t h a t y o u t h o u g h t t h e y h a d a p i s t o l
16 i n t h e i r p o c k e t a n d b y y o u r o b s e r v a t i o n ?
17 A I c a n ' t b e l o o k i n g a t a m a n r u n n i n g s e v e n t y - f i v e
18 f e e t a w a y f r o m m e , i n p o u r i n g d o w n r a i n , a n d a t e i g h t
19 o ' c l o c k a t n i g h t , a n d t e l l y o u t h a t , n o , s i r , I c a n ' t .
20 Q S o y o u h a d n o b a s i s t o b e l i e v e t h a t t h e y h a d a
21 p i s t o l i n t h e i r p o c k e t s ?
22 A I t i s p o s s i b l e . I , I c a n ' t s a y f o r s u r e t h a t t h e y
23 d i d , a n d I c a n n o t s a y t h a t t h e y d i d n o t .
24 Q W e l l , y o u h a d n o p r o b a b l e c a u s e t o b e l i e v e t h a t
25 t h e y h a d a w e a p o n i n t h e i r p o c k e t s , d i d y o u ? 7 .
5 3 4
1 A W h e t h e r o r n o t , t h e y w e r e c o m m i t t i n g a f e l o n y , a n d
2 t h e y w e r e a d i s t a n c e a w a y f r o m m e , a n d t h e r e a r e a l o t
3 o f b u r g l a r s t h a t c a r r y p i s t o l s .
4 Q Y o u d i d n o t s e e o n e , d i d y o u ?
5 A I c o u l d n o t t e l l .
6 Q A n d y o u c e r t a i n l y c o u l d n o t , d i d n o t s e e t h e s h o t -
7 g u n ?
8 A N o , s i r .
9 Q A n d y o u d i d n o t s e e a n y b o d y t r y t o u s e a r o c k o r
10 b r o k e n b o t t l e a g a i n s t y o u ?
11 A N o , s i r .
12 Q I b e l i e v e y o u h a d p r e v i o u s l y t e s t i f i e d t h a t , t h a t
13 y o u h a d a s s u m e d t h e s h o t g u n h a d b e e n b r o u g h t o u t a t a n
14 e n t i r e l y d i f f e r e n t t i m e t h a n t h e t i m e t h e y c o m e f r o m t h ^
15 b a c k o f t h e b u i l d i n g ; i s t h a t w h a t y o u b e l i e v e ?
16 A Y e s , s i r .
17 Q F o r p u r p o s e s o f t h e s e e x h i b i t s , y o u h a v e m a r k e d o n
18 E x h i b i t 3 6 , t h r e e p l a c e s ?
19 A Y e s , s i r .
20 Q N u m b e r 1 , w h e r e y o u s t o p p e d t h e c a r ; n u m b e r 2 , t h e
21 p o s i t i o n w h e r e y o u w e r e f r o m w h i c h y o u w e r e f i r i n g ; a n d
22 n u m b e r 3 , t h e p o s i t i o n w h e r e y o u f o u n d t h e b o d y .
23 W o u l d y o u m a k e t h o s e s a m e n o t a t i o n s , n o t a t i o n s o n
24 E x h i b i t 3 5 ?
. r f ^
25 A Y e s , s i r .
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e a c h b u r g l a r y .
Q A n d y o u c h e c k e d b y t h e r e f r o m t i m e t o t i m e a t n i g h u
o n y o u r r o u n d s , b e c a u s e y o u k n e w t h e s t o r e w a s c l o s e d
a n d n o b o d y w a s t h e r e a n d y o u w e r e l o o k i n g f o r b u r g l a r y
s u s p e c t s ; i s t h a t c o r r e c t ?
A Y e s , s i r .
Q A n d s o , o n t h e n i g h t i n q u e s t i o n y o u f u r t h e r h a d
n o r e a s o n w h a t s o e v e r t o b e l i e v e t h a t a n y b o d y w a s i n t h a i :
s t o r e o t h e r t h a n , o f c o u r s e , t h e t h r e e s u s p e c t s ; i s n ' t
t h a t c o r r e c t ?
A Y s s , s i r .
Q A n d i f , i n f a c t , i t w o u l d h a v e b e e n c o n t r a r y t o
e v e r y t h i n g y o u k n e w a b o u t t h e p a s t h x s t o r y o f t h a t
s t o r e f o r a n y o n e t o h a v e b e e n t h e r e a t , a t e i g h t o ' c l o c J >
a t n i g h t ?
A D o n h a s s t a y e d t h e r e s o m e t i m e s w o r k i n g o n h i s b o o k ”
w o r k , l a t e , b u t h i s c a r , y o u k n o w , s o m e t i m e s h i s c a r i s
t h e r e a n d y o u c a n t e l l w h e n h i s c a r i s t h e r e t h a t , t h a t
h e i s , y o u k n o w , h e l o c k s h i m s e l f i n t h e b a c k , t o t h e
o f f i c e , a n d y o u c o u l d t e l l t h a t h i s c a r w a s t h e r e .
Q Y o u c o u l d t e l l t h a t h i s c a r w a s t h e r e ?
A Y e s , s i r , y o u c o u l d t e l l i f t h e c a r w a s t h e r e .
Q W h e r e , w h e r e d i d h e a l w a y s p a r k t h a t c a r ?
A H e p a r k e d i t , t h e c a r , r i g h t h e r e , r i g h t n e x t t o
t h e s i g n , r i g h t t i i e r e . B o o t s ( i n d i c a t i n g ) . *
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Q S o i t w a s o b v i o u s t o y o u w h e n y o u p u l l e d i n t h a t
n i g h t t h a t D o n ' s c a r w a s n o t t h e r e a s w e l l / i s t h a t
c o r r e c t ?
A Y e S / a i r .
M R . A R N O L D : T h a t i s a l l .
T H E C O U R T : A n y t h i n g f u r t h e r ?
R E D I R E C T E X A M I N A T I O N
3 Y M R . S H E A ; _____
Q D i d M r . l l o f f n a n h a v e o t h e r e n p l o y e e s ?
A Y e s , s i r .
Q A l l r i g h t , s i r .
A H e h a d e m p l o y e e s , b e e n o n e o r t w o m e c h a n i c s , a n d a
c o u p l e , j u s t t o h e l p o u t .
Q Y o u d i d n ' t k n o w a b o u t w h e r e t h e y p a r k e d t h e i r c a r s
d o y o u ?
M R . A R N O L D : O b j e c t t o t h e l e a d i n g q u e s t i o n .
M R . S H E A : I b e g y o u r p a r d o n .
Q I ' l l a s k y o u , s t a t e w h e t h e r o r n o t y o u k n o w w h e t h e : :
a n y b o d y w a s i n s i d e o f t h a t s t o r e b u i l d i n g t h a t w a s
w o r k i n g t h e r e ?
A T h a t n i g h t p a r t i c u l a r l y ?
Q Y e s , s i r .
A I h a v e b e e n t h e r e , t h e r e i s n o t a n y b o d y i n t h e
b u s i n e s s . D o n a l w a y s s t a y s b y t o c l o s e u p , h i m s e l f , a n d
h e p a r k s h i s c a r i n t h e s a m e s p o t a s t h e b o a t s , a n d t h a :
5 4 1
1 w a s i t .
2 Q A l l r i g h t , s i r .
3 M R . S H E A ; T h a t i s a l l .
4 M R . A R N O L D : T h a t i s a l l . Y o u r H o n o r ,
5 T H E C O U R T : Y o u m a y s t e p d o w n .
6 { W i t n e s s e x c u s e d )
7 M R . S H E A : M r . C o x .
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B I L L Y C O X ,
t h e s a i d w i t n e s s , h a v i n g b e e n f i r s t d u l y s w o r n ,
t e s t i f i e d a s f o l l o w s j
D I R E C T E X A M I N A T I O N
B Y M R . S H E A : ___________
Q P l e a s e s t a t e y o u r n a m e ?
F i:::.
A B i l l y C o x .
Q M r . C o x , y o u a r e e m p l o y e d b y t h e M e m p h i s P o l i c e
D e p a r t m e n t ?
A Y e s , s i r .
Q H o w l o n g h a v e y o u b e e n s o e m p l o y e d ?
A E l e v e n y e a r s .
Q A l l r i g h t , s i r .
N o w , y o u a r e s e r g e a n t a t t h e p r e s e n t t i m e ?
A Y e s , s i r .
Q J u s t s t a t e t o t h e C o u r t w h a t o c c u r r e d o n J a n u a r y
t h e 8 t h , 1 9 7 2 , a t a p p r o x i m a t e l y e i g h t o ’ c l o c k i n t h e
e v e n i n g ?
A W e l l , w e w e r e o n o u r w a y f r o m S o u t h P r e c i n c t , j u s t
c o m i n g t o w o r k , a n d w e r e c e i v e d a c a l l s o m e w h e r e o u t o n
L a m a r , h o l d i n g t h e p r i s o n e r , a n d e n r o u t e w e h e a r d t h i s
c a l l g o o u t t h a t a p r o w l e r i s i n s i d e o n S o u t h B e l l e v u e .
We w e r e a p p r o x i m a t e l y t w o b l o c k s a w a y . We t o l d t h e d i s
p a t c h e r o f o u r l o c a t i o n , a n d s o h e t o l d u s t o m a k e t h a t
c a l l , a l o n g w i t h a n o t h e r c a r .
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a r e a . Y o u h a v e b e e n i n t h e c o u r t r o o m w h e n O f f i c e r
R i c h a r d s w a s t e s t i f y i n g , s o y o u h a v e h e a r d h i m t a l k
a b o u t h i s f a m i l i a r i t y .
W e r e y o u s o a s s i g n e d w i t h h i m o n o t h e r n i g h t s w h e n
h e d r o v e a r o u n d t h i s a r e a a n d c h e c k e d o n t h e S o u t h
B e l l e v u e M a r i n e s t o r e ?
A N o , s i r , I d i d n ' t , I d i d n ' t r u n t h a t w a r d t h a t
n i g h t . I h a d r u n i t p r i o r t o t h e r e , p r i o r t o t h i s
h a p p e n i n g , b u t n o t w i t h M r . R i c h a r d s .
Q H a d y o u a l s o d o n e t h e s a m e t h i n g , o r h o w w e r e y o u
f a m i l i a r w i t h t h e a r e a ?
A A t o n e t i m e I r a n t h e w a r d t h a t g o e s w e s t f r o m
B e l l e v u e f o r a p p r o x i m a t e l y a y e a r , a n d c h e c k i n g b u i l d i n g s
I h a v e c h e c k e d i n t h e b a c k o f t h a t p l a c e .
Q A n d h o w d i d y o u c h e c k i n t h e b a c k o f t h a t p l a c e ?
A W e l l , b y . p u l l i n g u p o n F e r g u s o n a n d , F e r g u s o n
S t r e e t , o r b e h i n d , o r b e t w e e n t h e r e , a n d b e t w e e n t h a t
a n d t h e n e x t b u i l d i n g , l o o k i n g i n t h e r e a r .
Q W o u l d y o u p o i n t t h a t o u t , p l e a s e , o n , o n t h e t w o
p i c t u r e s , a n d s h o w u s i f y o u c o u l d t h e t w o p l a c e s t h a t
y o u a r e t a l k i n g a b o u t t h a t y o u c h e c k e d ?
A P u l l e d i n t h e d r i v e w a y t h r o u g h h e r e ( i n d i c a t i n g ) .
T H E C O U R T : J u s t a m o m e n t .
W o u l d y o u i n d i c a t e t h a t a g a i n t o m e , e x c u s e
m e , s i r
5 4 9
1 THE W ITN E SS : T h a t i s / t h i s i s a d r i v e w a y t h a ^
2 r u n s / I b e l i e v e , r i g h t i n t h r o u g h t h i s h e r e ( i n d i -
3 e a t i n g ) .
4 BY MR. ARNOLD;
5 Q A n d c o u l d y o u i d e n t i f y i t ?
6 We h a v e p r e v i o u s l y u s e d a n i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f t h a t
7 a r e a a s L i t t l e A b n e r ' s p a r k i n g l o t , d o e s t h a t m a k e s e n s ^
8 t o y o u ?
9 A Yes, sir.
10 Q A n d y o u h a d b e e n o n , o n p r i o r o c c a s i o n s , y o u h a d
11 g o n e i n t o , d o w n i n t o t h a t a r e a a s w e l l , i s t h a t c o r r e c t ?
12 A Y e s , s i r , p u l l e d t h r o u g h h e r e , c h e c k i n g b u i l d i n g s
13 ( i n d i c a t i n g ) .
14 Q A l l r i g h t , s i r .
15 A l l r i g h t .
16 A n d t h e n a g a i n , o n F e r g u s o n , t h a t i s t h e s t r e e t ,
17 o f c o u r s e , y o u s t a r t , y o u s t o p p e d y o u r c a r o n t h a t n i g h t ^ ?
18 A Y e s , s i r .
19 Q How m a n y t i m e s h a d y o u m a d e t h a t k i n d o f c h e c k i n
20 t h e p a s t p r i o r t o t h i s i n c i d e n t , a s b e s t y o u c a n r e m c m -
21 b e r ?
22 A S e v e r a l t i m e s .
23 Q W o u l d , w o u l d t h e n u m b e r t e n b o m o r e o r l e s s t h a n
24 t h e n u m b e r o f t i m e s y o u h a d d o n e t h a t p r i o r t o J a n u a r y
25 8 , 1 9 7 2 ? i \ '
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5 5 0
A P r o b a b l y c h e c k e d # w o u l d b e c h e c k e d p r o b a b l y c h e c k e p
i t m o r e t i m e s , a n d p r o b a b l y I c h e c k e d m o r e t h a n t h a t .
Q W o u l d y o u h a v e c h e c k e d p o s s i b l y a s m a n y a s t w e n t y
t i m e s ?
A P o s s i b l y .
Q S o y o u p o s s i b l y c h e c k e d i t t w e n t y t i r a e s , a n d p r o b a j ^ l y
m o r e .
S o y o u a r e f a m i l i a r w i t h t h a t ?
A Y e s , s i r ,
Q N o w , y o u j u s t s t a t e d t o H r . S h e a t h a t t h e r e a s o n
y o u d i d n ' t p u r s u e i n t h e c a r w a s t h a t y o u w o u l d h a v e h a i ^
t o h a v e g o t t e n b a c k a n d d r i v e n o v e r t o t h e C l e m e n t i n e
A p a r t m e n t s b e c a u s e t h a t w a s t h e n e a r e s t r o a d , w a s t h a t
y o u r s t a t e m e n t ?
A I t i s t h e n e a r e s t p l a c e y o u c a n g o t h r o u g h i n t h e
c a r , y e s , s i r .
Q T h a t i s n o t t h r o u g h t h e a l l e y , i s n ' t i t n e a r e s t ,
t h e a l l e y , t h e n e a r e s t p l a c e , t h e L i t t l e A b n e r ' s p a r k i n g
l o t h e r e , a n d , i s i t p o s s i b l e t h a t y o u c o u l d h a v e g o n e
t h r o u g h t h e r e w i t h t h a t s q u a d c a r ?
A T h e y h a v e a d u m p p i l e , b a c k a t t h i s t i m e , t h e y h a d
a d u m p p i l e o v e r h e r e , t h e c a r w o u l d n o t h a v e b e e n a b l e
t o h a v e g o n e o v e r t h i s r i g h t h e r e , a n d t h e n t h i s b u i l d i i ^ g
r i g h t b a c k f r o m t h e r e , r i g h t b e h i n d t h i s b u i l d i n g h e r e .
Q B u t t h a t i s n e a r e r t h a n t h e r o a d o v e r o n w h e r e t h e
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C l e m e n t i n e A p a r t m e n t s a r e , i s n ’ t i t ?
A Y e s , s i r , t h a t i s n e a r e r .
Q W h o f i r e d f i r s t ?
A I d o n ' t r e r a e m b e r . A p p r o x i m a t e l y t h e s a m e t i m e .
Q O f f i c e r R i c h a r d s f i r e d t h r e e s h o t s , a n d y o u f i r e d
t w o ?
A Y e s , s i r .
Q D o y o u t h i n k y o u r s h o t s w e r e s i m u l t a n e o u s o r c o u l d
t h e y h a v e , c o u l d o n e h a v e f i r e d f i r s t , o r t h e o t h e r , o r
c a n y o u r e m e m b e r a t a l l ?
A I c a n ' t r e m e m b e r , I c a n ' t s a y f o r s u r e . I d o n ' t
k n o w ,
Q W h o f i r e d l a s t ?
A I d o n ' t k n o w .
I 4 R. A R N O L D ; T h a t i s a l l . Y o u r H o n o r .
M R . S H E A : O n e f u r t h e r q u e s t i o n .
T H E C O U R T ; A l l r i g h t , s i r .
r e d i r e c t e x a m i n a t i o n
B Y M R . S H E A ; _______________
Q M r . C o x , S t a t e w h e t h e r o r n o t , i n y o u r m i n d , t h e r e
w a s a n y o t h e r w a y o f , t o s t o p t h e s e p a r t i e s t h a t w e r e
f l e e i n g t h a t n i g h t ?
A T h e r e w a s n o o t h e r w a y .
M R . S H E A ; T h a t i s a l l .
T HE C O U R T : A n y t h i n g f u r t h e r ?
5 7 5
1 V E L T O N R O D G E R S ,
2 t h e s a i d w i t n e s s , h a v i n g b e e n f i r s t d u l y s w o r n ,
3 t e s t i f i e d a s f o l l o w s :
4 D I R E C T E X A M I N A T I O N
B Y M R . S H E A ; ___________
5
6 Q P l e a s e s t a t e y o u r n a r a e t o t h e C o u r t ?
7 A V e l t o n R o d g e r s .
8 Q M r . R o d g e r s , b y w h o m a r e y o u e n p l o y e d ?
9 A M e m p h i s a n d S h e l b y C o u n t y J u v e n i l e C o u r t .
10 Q A l l r i g h t , s i r .
11 H o w l o n g h a v e y o u b e e n s o e m p l o y e d ?
12 A N i n e y e a r s .
13 Q D i d y o u k n o w F r e d L e e B e r r y , J r . , p e r s o n a l l y ?
14 A N o t p e r s o n a l l y , j u s t , j u s t v a g u e l y .
15 Q A l l r i g h t , s i r .
16 M a y I h a v e t h o s e r e c o r d s ?
17 ( W h e r e u p o n , s a i d r e c o r d s a r e p a s s e d t o
18 M r . S h e a . )
19 Q M r . R o d g e r s , w o u l d y o u t e l l t h e C o u r t w h a t t h e
20 f i r s t e n t r y i s i n t h a t r e c o r d p e r t a i n i n g t o F r e d L e e
21 B e r r y ?
22 M R . A R N O L D ; I f i t p l e a s e t h e C o u r t , I h a v e
23 j u s t s e e n , o f c o u r s e , t h e m a t t e r t h a t H r . S h e a
24 w i s h e s t o i n t r o d u c e . I t i s o u r p o s i t i o n t h a t ,
25 t h o u g h t , I t h o u g h t t h e t h i n g s w h i c h o u g h t t o b e ,
5 7 9
1 A W i l f u l f a i l u r e t o a t t e n d s c h o o l .
2 Q A n d h o w o l d w a s F r e d d i e B e r r y a t t h a t t i m e ?
3 A F o u r t e e n y e a r s o f a g e , 1 9 6 9 , M a r c h 7 , ' 6 9 .
4 Q V 4 h a t w a s t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t h e C o u r t ?
5 A A d j u d i c a t i o n , n o n j u d i c a t i o n a n d w a r n i n g a n d r e l e a s e d
6 t o m o t h e r .
7 Q W h a t i s t h e n e x t o n e ?
8 A A p r i l , A p r i l t h e 2 5 t h , 1 9 6 9 , b u r g l a r y i n t h e t h i r d
j
9 d e g r e e o f G e o r g i a A v e n u e S c h o o l .
10 Q W h a t w a s t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n b y t h e C o u r t i n t h a t
11 i n s t a n c e ?
12 A A d j u d i c a t i o n , d e l i q u e n t , c o m m i t t e d t o T e n n e s s e e
13 D e p a r t m e n t o f C o r r e c t i o n s f o r i n d e f i n i t e p e r i o d o f t i m e
14 c o m m i t t e d t i r a e s u s p e n d e d a n d p l a c e d o n p r o b a t i o n .
15 Q A l l r i g h t , s i r .
16 W h a t i s t h e n e x t e n t r y ?
17 A A s s a u l t a n d b a t t e r y .
18 Q W h a t w a s h i s a g e a t t h a t t i m e ?
19 A F o u r t e e n . T h a t w a s O c t o b e r 1 6 , o f ' 6 9 .
20 Q S i x t y - n i n e .
21 W h a t w a s t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n b y t h e C o u r t i n t h a t
22 c a s e ?
23 A N o n - a d j u d i c a t i o n d e l i q u e n t , s u s t a i n e d .
24 M R . S H E A ; Y o u r H o n o r , w e d o n ' t w i s h t o o f f e r
25 t h a t .
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5 8 0
T H E C O U R T : A l l r i g h t .
We w i l l n o t c o n s i d e r t h a t f o r a n y p u r p o s e .
B Y M R . S H E A :
Q W h a t i s t h e n e x t e n t r y ?
A M a y t h e 1 1 t h , 1 9 7 0 , w i l f u l f a i l u r e t o a t t e n d
s c h o o l .
N o n j u d i c a t e d , w a r n e d a n d c o u n s e l e d .
Q B e g y o u r p a r d o n ?
A W a r n e d a n d c o u n s e l e d .
Q W a r n e d a n d c o u n s e l e d .
V 7 h a t i s t h e n e x t e n t r y ?
A O c t o b e r t h e 2 8 t h , 1 9 7 0 , d i s o r d e r l y c o n d u c t .
0 W h a t t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t h a t ?
A P e t i t i o n s u s t a i n i n g c o m m i t t e d t o t h e T e n n e s s e e
D e p a r t m e n t o f C o r r e c t i o n s f o r i n d e f i n i t e p e r i o d o f t i m e .
Q A n d w h a t w a s t h e d i s o r d e r l y c o n d u c t i n v o l v e d t h e r e ^
A P e t i t i o n r e a d s ;
" D i s o r d e r l y c o n d u c t i n t h a t h e d i d u s e
p r o f a n e a n d v u l g a r l a n g u a g e t o a n a s s i s t a n t
s c h o o l p r i n c i p a l , M r . C h a s t e n e T h o m p s o n . ”
Q I s t h a t t h e p r i n c i p a l o f t h e s c h o o l ?
A T h e a s s i s t a n t p r i n c i p a l a t t h a t t i m e ,
Q W h a t w a s t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n ?
A P e t i t i o n w a s s u s t a i n e d a n d c o m m i t t e d t o t h e
T e n n e s s e e D e p a r t m e n t o f C o r r e c t i o n s f o r i n d e f i n i t e
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p e r i o d o f t i m e .
Q F o r i n d e f i n i t e p e r i o d o f t i m e . W h a t i s t h e n e x t
e n t r y t h e r e o n ?
A T h e n e x t e n t r y i s , i s h i s r e l e a s e o f , f r o m t h e
t r a i n i n g s c h o o l .
Q W h a t i s t h e t r a i n i n g s c h o o l , w h e r e i s i t l o c a t e d ,
i f y o u k n o w ?
A W e l l , p r o b a b l y s h o u l d h a v e b e e n M a r k v i l l e ,
T e n n e s s e e .
Q A l l r i g h t .
A I ' m n o t s u r e .
Q T h a t i s w h a t I ' m t a l k i n g a b o u t , w a s t h a t h e r e i n
M e m p h i s , n o t T a l l T r e e s , a n y t h i n g l i k e t h a t ?
A N o , s i r .
Q A l l r i g h t , s i r .
W h e n i s t h e n e x t e n t r y ?
A A u g u s t t h e 2 4 t h , 1 9 7 1 .
Q A l l r i g h t .
A A s s a u l t a n d b a t t e r y .
Q A n d w h a t w a s t h e d i s p o s i t i o n i n t h a t c a s e ?
A W a r n e d , c o u n s e l e d , a n d c o n t i n u e d a t h o m e .
Q C o n t i n u e d a t h o m e .
S o e v e n a f t e r h e g o t o u t o f t h e t r a i n i n g s c h o o l h e
w a s b a c k b e f o r e j u v e n i l e c o u r t ?
A T h a t w a s r i g h t , s i r . v \
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5 8 4
A T h e 2 7 t h o f A u g u s t / 1 9 6 5 / t h a t i s w h e n h e w a s t o n
y e a r s o l d . T h i s i s t h e t h i r d o r d e r .
Q A l l r i g h t .
S o w h e n I a s k e d y o u a b o u t t h e s e m a t t e r s f r o m t h e
l e g a l f i l e / t h e r e a s o n I d i d n o t g e t i t w a s b e c a u s e t h a t
w a s b a c k i n t h e o l d s y s t e m / i s t h a t c o r r e c t ?
A T h a t i s r i g h t .
Q A l l r i g h t / s i r .
M R . A R I J O L D : T h a t i s a l l I h a v e , Y o u r H o n o r .
T H E C O U R T ; A n y t h i n g f u r t h e r ?
R E D I R E C T E K A M I N A T I o n
BY M R . S H E A ; _______________
Q M r . R o d g e r s , I b e l i e v e y o u s t a t e d t h a t y o u h a v e
b e e n w i t h t h e d e p a r t m e n t s o m e n i n e y e a r s , i s t h a t c o r r e c t ?
A T h a t i s r i g h t .
Q S t a t e w h e t h e r o r n o t , w h e n M r . F r e d L e e B e r r y w a s
s t i l l a j u n i o r , h e w a s s i x t e e n y e a r s o f a g e , a t t h e t i m e
o f h i s d e a t h ?
A ( N o d s h e a d i n t h e a f f i r m a t i v e . )
Q I f y o u k n o w , w h a t w o u l d h a v e b e e n t h e p u n i s h m e n t
f o r b u r g l a r y i n t h i s p a r t i c u l a r c a s e ?
A A t t h e t i m e h e p r o b a b l y w o u l d h a v e b e e n t e r m i n a t e d
a s c o m m u n i t y p l a c e m e n t , w o u l d h a v e b e e n t e r m i n a t e d a n d
r e t u r n e d t o t h e i n s t i t u t i o n .
M R . S H E A ; T h a n k y o u . ’ r ! . V '
♦ - o o
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE
WESTERN d i v i s i o n ________ -
MARTHA WILEY, etc..
Plaintiff,
vs.
MEMPHIS POLICE DEPARTMENT,
et al.
NO. C-73-8
Defendants.
MEMORACTUH OPINION
Plaintiff Martha Wiley, mother and next of kin
of Freddie Lae Berry, a black youth shot and killed by Memphis
police officers on January 8, 1972, initiated this action against
the Memphis Police Department, an executive department of the City
of Memphis, Tennessee, hereafter MPD; the City of Memphis, a mu
nicipal corporation organized and existing by virtue of the laws
of the State of Tennessee, hereafter “City;" ^Chief of Police Bill
Price (since retired); former Chief of Police Henry Lux; Wyeth
Chandler, Mayor of Memphis; Henry Loeb, a former Mayor of Memphis;
M. J. Calliham, R. D. Roleson, B. G. Cox, and J. K. Richards,
police officers of the City of Memphis and the Memphis Police
Department; W. W. Wann=miaker and Jewell G. Ray, supervisory officials
of the Memphis Police Department; and “John Doe and others similarly
situated.”
Plaintiff invoked the court's jurisdiction under 28
U.S.C. §§1331(a), 1343(3), and 1343(4) for alleged causes of action
arising under 42 U.S.C. §§1981, 1983, 1985, 1986 and 1988, and the
Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, Eighth, Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments
to the united States Constitution. Plaintiff asserted the value
o o
in controversy to be in excess of $10,000.00. She prayed both for
declaratory relief and for money damages (punitive and compensatory)
as a result of the alleged wrongful death of her son, as well as
for claimed incidental losses.
Plaintiff also invoked the court's pendent juris
diction seeking similar relief for alleged causes of action arising
under Tennessee law.
All defendants filed a joint motion to dismiss. By
order entered April 11, 1973, by Chief Judge Bailey Brown (to whom
this case was initially assigned), the motion to dismiss was granted
as to defendants MPD and the City. ^As to all other defendants, the^
motion to dismiss was denied.
By consent order entered April 25, 1974, defendants
Roleson and Calliham were voluntarily dismissed as defendants, with
prejudice.
By order entered October 7, 1974, the court vacated
in part its order of April 11, 1973, and reinstated the City and
MPD as defendants for adjudication of plaintiff's claims under 42
U.S.C. §§1981 and 1988 only- The court declined at that time "to
accept plaintiff's invitation to assume independent jurisdiction
under 28 O.S.C. §1331 in this cause since plaintiff's civil rights
claim against these defendants [City and MPD] is recognized under
the 1866 [Civil Rights] Act." The court also denied the motions of
the remaining parties defendants for summary judgment, denied plain
tiff's motion for partial sianmary judgment, and denied plaintiff's
motion to strike the demand for jury trial.
By consent order entered January 27, 1975, defendants
Wannamaker, Ray and Loeb were voluntarily dismissed as parties de
fendant, leaving the City and MPD as entity defendants, and Richards,
0 0 0 2 3 7
- 2 -
o o
cox. Chandler, Price and Lux as individual defendants, all of
whom are white.
By consent order entered January 29, 1975, de
fendants waived their demand for trial by jury and the parties
agreed to try the case to the Court sitting without a jury. Trial
was held on all of plaintiffs allegations and related issues, in
cluding wrongful death in violation of federal statutory and con
stitutional law, as well as Tennessee law, for which all or some
of defendants are claimed liable, and the wrongful death pursuant
to deadly force and firearms training policies and practices or
the City which are alleged to be in violation of the Constitution
and laws of the United States and of the State of Tennessee.
Plaintiff's son, Freddie Lee Berry, was almost 17
years of age but was only in the seventh grade at the time of his ^
death. He was not a large youth (5* 4« tall and weighed 118 pounds),
and he was the youngest of plaintiff's three children.
Berry, beginning at a very early age, had been the
subject of frequent proceedings in the Memphis Juvenile Court, in
cluding two formal adjudications in the nature of criminal proceed
ings. He was found guilty of burglary at age 13 and placed on pro
bation, but a year later he was expressly found to have committed a
delinquent act and ordered as a delinquent to a state juvenile in
stitution indefinitely. After release, he was later the subject of
other charges, including school problems similar in character to
those preceding commitment. Berry received minor's benefits after
1/ His mother testified that she thought he weighed about 130 or
140 pounds.
2/ His first involvement with juvenile authorities was at age 10 or 11.
1/ He had been released a little more than a year before his death.
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his father's death in 1968 and was never employed to assist his
working mother, though his school accomplishments were evidently
minimal with a persistent truancy problem noted. He was warned
about use of profane and threatening language and concerning
assault and battery charges pertaining to his schooling.His
mother, however, recalled little about the details of these epi
sodes and denied knowledge of s«ne of them. Berry's record indi
cates a rather typical juvenile delinquency pattern with incarcera
tion found necessary because cf his aggressive and/or criminal
tendencies.
on the night of January 8. 1972, shortly after
8:00 P.M.. the police radio dispatcher for the MPD's South ^
precinct put out a call: "Bellevue and Ferguson^at sporting goods,
prowlers inside." Officers Callihaln and Roleson in a police patrol
car responded to the call and were the first to arrive on the scene,
although defendants Cox and Richards also arrived on the scene in
a patrol car almost simultaneously. SBM Co. is located at the
southeast corner of South Bellevue (a street which runs in a north-
south direction, a major thoroughfare, and Ferguson (an east-west
street). It has a storage yard in the back (to the east) and to
the northeast of the building which fronts on South Bellevue, facing
west, with the main entrance being in the northwest corner of the
building. The storage yard is bordered by a chain-link cyclone
fence which is about 6 feet high with three strands of barbed wire
on top. The fence separates the storage yard from, a large drainage
ditch which runs north and south at the back of the SBM Co. property.
V south Bellevue MlTTne company
goods store specializing in boats, boat mouor .
“ hereinafter as SBM Co.
0 0 0 2 3 . ' )
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and which runs through a culvert under Ferguson Street. There is
also a similar east-west chain-link fence separating Ferguson
Street from the ditch at the point where the street crosses the
ditchr and a north-south chain—link fence also separates the drain
age ditch on the eastern bank from the home of one Don Ktag. These
fences prevent access to SBM Co. or the ditch from Ferguson. ^From
the point where it intersects with Ferguson Street, the drainage
ditch runs due south for several hundred feet before curving to
the west where it intersects with South Bellevue. To the east of
the southern portion of the ditch, south of the Krag home, is a
large housing project inhabited primarily by black families. There
is a large paved area to the south of SBM Co. property along the
ditch in question. This parking area is also separated from the
drainage ditch by a chain-link fence', but this fence is not as high
as the one surrounding SBM Co.
When officers Calliham and Roleson arrived on the
scene, they stopped their patrol car directly in front of SBM Co.
which has a large glass front. Officer Calliham went to the front
door and officer Roseson began running south in front of the build
ing for the purpose of circling around behind the building at the
point where the parking area adjoins the storage yard to the south.
The inside of the SMB Co. was well lighted and Calliham could see
three male blacks inside in the area of a soft drink machine.
Richards and Cox who had also just arrived were so informed. Cox
and Richards proceeded in the patrol car north and turned east on
Ferguson Street along the north side of SBM Co. They stopped their
car near the point where Ferguson crosses the drainage ditch. As
Cox and Richards were getting out of their car, they saw two male
blacks r\inning out of the rear of the south portion of the building
5 - o o o ; ^ 4 ( j
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near the fence which separates the storage yard from the adjacent
parking lot. It is approximately 54 feet from the hack of the
building along this east-west fence to the north-south fence along
the drainage ditch. It was raining but the-storage lot was lighted
and the officers could see the two, who kept running and. either
climbed over or went under the north-south fence into the drain
age ditch which was dark and obscure. Richards and/or Cox yelled
for them to "halt" repeatedly as they ran from their patrol car to
the fence which separates the ditch from Ferguson Street. The
two fleeing males paid no heed to the commands to stop, but instead
continued running into and down the_drainage ditch away from the
officers.
At this time Cox and Richards both decided to fire
at the two fleeing suspects, concluding they could not apprehend
them otherwise. Cox fired twice with his .38 caliber police special
pistol and Richards fired three times with a^hotgun loaded with
buckshot. The firing was almost simultaneous. Richards did not
exhaust his available shots. Defendant Richards saw one of the
suspects appear to stumble upon his second or third shot. An
ambulance was immediately called and a search of the ditch re
vealed Freddie Lee Berry lying face down a distance of some 208
feet down the ditch from where Cox and Richards had fired, and
roughly 20 feet from where the youths had gone into the drainage
ditch. Subsequent investigation by these officers after firing
also revealed a "stash" consisting of two shotguns and ammunition
apparently taken from SBM Co. and placed in the ditch nearby where
Berry was found. It is reasonable to assume Berry and his companion
had not only broken in SBM Co. but had burglarized it. and were in
5/ Neighboring property owner Don Krag stated that it sounded to
him as if only one giin.was being fired.
0 0 0 2 - 1 1
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§ /
the process of continuing the felony when interrupted. Berry had
been wovinded in the back of the head with a shotgun pellet and had
also received a chin "graze” from another gunshot. He was alive
but unconscious at the time he was found and was taken to the
hospital where he died shortly thereafter.
The other black male fleeing with Berry was Thomas
B, Lurry, age 17, who escaped. He later turned himself in at
police headquarters and was adjudicated as a delinquent juvenile.
Both defendants Cox and Richards were familiar with
the SBM CO. location; both had investigated prior burglaries there;
they had driven around the building^through its front parking lot
onto Ferguson Street; and they had driven to the back of the build
ing through the adjacent parking area to the south and behind
neighboring buildings to the south. They both knew about the ditch
and the direction in which it ran and the fence surrounding it. At
the time there was considerable brush cind bushes in the area, and
debris in the ditch. It was possible for Cox and Richards to have
driven along side the ditch by proceeding back on Ferguson, turning
onto Bellevue and going around to the parking area to the south
nearby the place the youths were running down the ditch, but it was
Lijtely they would have escaped just as Lurry actually did that very
night.
under the peculiar circumstances - night darkness,
rain, intervening barbed wire fences, the distance between them and
the suspects and availability of cover, neither Cox nor Richards
6/ The third person inside the SBM Co. premises on the night in
question was Jerry Lewis Lipford, a black youth 18 years of age.
He did not flee the premises, but rather hid inside the building.
He was arrested inside the building after being found pursuant to
a building search by a police dog. The record does not disclose
the disposition of burglary charges that were placed against Lipford.
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could reasonably expect to chase or otherwise catch or capture
the fleeing felons. They could not be sure the suspects were not
armed. The court finds that these alternatives to the use of deadly
force in the circumstances of this case were not available to der
fendants Cox and Richards, if they were to attempt to apprehend
Berry cind his companion in crime. ^
Both officers Cox and Richards- testified that they
shot without attempting merely to wound or incapacitate the fleeing
two, and that they were trained that whenever they use their fire
arms to "shoot to kill.*' At the distance involved and under these
circumstances, any attempt merely to cripple or to wound would prob
ably have been ineffectual. Defendant Lux denied that Memphis police
were, in fact, instructed to shoot to kill in all fleeing suspect
circumstances. It would appear that they were instructed to fire
at the torso. Cox and Richards were on duty and were acting in
their capacity as police officers of the City when they fired at
Berry. Richards actually fired the deadly shot, with respect to
shooting, police training does not distinguish particularly between
the shotgun and the pistol. Although the shotgun has a recommended
effective range of 40 yards, it fires a pattern of pellets which is
approximately three feet in diameter.
Berry's personal effects were confiscated, although
plaintiff requested their return shortly after this tragic episode.
They were of minimal value.
Defendant Richards joined the MPD in 1968, and took
a 7-week course at the Police Training Academy. On two other
occasions defendant Richards has used deadly force against persons,
once in another incident involving a fleeing burglary suspect prior
to this date and later acting in self defense.
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Richards stated that he was trained to use deadly
force as a last resort only to arrest fleeing felons. He did not
understand MPD to differentiate between types of felonies in au
thorizing deadly force as a last resort.
Defendant Cox joined the MPD in 1964, and .'received
12 weeks of training at the Police Academy. At some time prior
to 1972, defendant Cox fired his pistol at a fleeing stolen car
yoccupied by a black male, but on one was injured. Cox, like
Richards, was trained to use deadly force as a last resort to •
arrest all fleeing felons. Since Cox did not fire the deadly shot
or shots, his acts even if improper, were not the direct and proxi
mate cause of any damages to plaintiff.
On January 8, 1972, Memphis police officers were
operating pursuant to deadly force policies and procedures main
tained and implemented by the police administration of former Di
rector of Fire and Police Holloman and former Chief of Police Lux.
Holloman resigned his position (having been appointed by former
Mayor Henry Loeb) in 1970, and former Chief Lux, a defendant in
this cause, is presently a member of the faculty at Memphis State
university teaching law enforcement courses. Lux joined MPD as a
patrolman in 1945 and became Chief of Police in 1968. He retired as
Chief on November 1, 1971, before this incident, but there were no
significant changes in the policy regarding the use of deadly force
after Lux retired and until the time of Berry's death.
At the time in question in this suit (January 8, 1972),
there appear to have been few formal expressions of the policy of
MPD as to the use of deadly force. In a "Manual of Rules and
7/ It is possible that in 1969 he fired his weapon at a fleeing
burglary suspect who refused to halt when ordered to do so.
- 9 0 0 0 2 4 1
5
prepared In I.r,. P « t Py ChUf Lux wh.n he w.e an
Lssiatann chief in 1961, It is ctyptie.lly specified: -^o ..eh.r
of the Depatt«ent shall intentionally fire =hy weapon except as
authorized by law.- This m«.»al was the only document containing
xnles and regulations which was issued to each individual patrol-
..n over the next ten years., including cox and Einhards. ' ^
Also in use during the period in question was a
larger and more detailed policy and procedure manual which was
maintained at the administrative level of MPD. hut was not
ro patrolmen. This document, as corrected on March 7. 1967. states
as follows:
••When resistance to arrest =
The vast majority of persons will s^mit
to an arrest, however, some will not.
Against those that resist, the law giv^
an officer the power, and he is equipp
“ tS S e devices to effect the arrest and
them .
The law, however, does not expect nor
will it tolerate the abuse of- its
or the use of devices beyond that which
is reasonable to effect an arrest. The
law gives an officer the right to use force
or devices dangerous to human life, on y
«.lf-defense, or the arrest of a felon.
NeviTTn'^Iid^eanors. and the tal^ng of
i f g ^ i T j u s t i f i e d ^ y in cases of extreme
necessity.“
on July 7, 1969, Chief Lux issued a departmental
canmunication addressed- to -all commanding officers- which, effec
tive that date, prohibited police office;;s from discharging their
firearms "for the purpose of firing warning shots,- due to fear of
accidents primarily. This memorandum also repeated the admonition
guotu^ zbov. thzt wuapouu zbould not bo flzod -.xuept zs zuttorizzd
bylaw.- Th. .zmozzndu. z l z b o r z t o d zdditlonzlly za follows: -don-
zzzlly thz firing of z ..zpon constitut.z the u.. of deadly forte.
Dzzdly force should be used only when n.ce.sgsi to effect the arrest
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of a felon, prevent the commission of a felony or whenever nec
essary in self defense." (Emphasis in original.)
In 1969, Lux and Holloman issued a departmental
communication to "all personnel" pertaining to arrest procedures
following publicity in the newspapers regarding alleged 'police
8/
brutality." The memorandum quoted Tenn. Code Ann. §40-808 and
two paragraphs from unspecified Tennessee Supreme Court opinions.
The memorandum then concludes:
"The above lav; and State Supreme Court
decisions are set out as all of us should
be constantly reminded of our rights and
obligations as police officers. Although
force is necessary and required in appro
priate instances to effect an arrest, de
fend oiirselves and fellow officers, and
prevent the escape of fleeing felons, we
all realize that only that force which is
necessary is permitted by law and no more,
and none of us wish to use any more force
than is necessary." (Emphasis in original).
ipliere appear to have been no other definite formal
guidelines or instructions on the use of deadly force prior to or
on January 8, 1972, which were directly or indirectly issued or
available to MPD patrolmen. Instruction in the training acad'emy
with regard to the deadly force arrest powers appears to have been
generally in accord with these pronouncements. A more detailed and
instructive firearms manual was not prepared until after January, 1972.
8/ "If, after notice of the intention to arrest the defendant, he
either flee or forcibly resit, the officer may use all the necessary
means to effect the arrest."
V one portion states that "[wjhile an officer may shoot or even
kill a felon, if that is the only means of taking him or preventing
his escape . . . an officer has no right to shoot at one guilty of
only a misdemeanor to stop his flight or prevent his escape." The
second portion states that killing a fleeing felon "will not be
justified . . . [if] with diligence and caution the prisoner might
otherwise be taken or held . . . ."
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' Defendant Wyeth Chandler took office as Mayor on
January 1. 1972. having been elected in November. 1971. He had
been a Memphis City Councilman for four years and was a practicing
attorney. He knew generally what police policies were but made no
immediate efforts to change them; and this included the.policy au
thorizing the use of deadly force to effect the arregt of fleeing
felons. Defendant Chandler was seeking a director of the Police
Department and later secured as such Gen Hubbard, a retired Marine
corps officer. Defendant Bill Price was appointed by defendant
Chandler to be Chief of Police effective January 1, 1972. and he
moved up through the ranks, having joined MP0 in 1941.
During the early weeks of the Chandler administra
tion there were several instances of the police shooting at fleeing
black suspects, resulting in deaths, but the incident in controversy
was the first. This resulted in some controversy, particularly in
■ the black community. Chandler thereafter indicated a review of the
guidelines regarding the use of deadly force. A new policy was
shortly thereafter adopted authorizing lethal force were necessary
in connection with felonies where physical force was being exercised,
or in case of murder, manslaughter, arson, rape, burglary, robbery,
assault, and kidnapping, or to protect human life including that of
a fellow officer. Plaintiff does not object to this subsequent
policy apparently to the extent it is confined to the use of deadly
force to prevent death or serious bodily injury. Defendant Price
participated in the discussions leading to the changed policy adopted
in 1972, following this episode, which included meetings at which
MPD officials compared the Memphis policy with the policies of others,
some other cities compared in other states had policies which pro
hibited the use of deadly force for the sole purpose of making an
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arrest, but the Memphis officials rejected such a policy. One of
the bases for this decision was the Tennessee statute and decisions
construing it in Tennessee. Defendants Price, Lux and Chandler,
as well as Director Hubbard, testified that one of the principal
purposes of Memphis* policy regarding use of deadly force insofar
as they attempt to justify the possible death of fleeing burglary
suspects, is to deter criminal conduct.
This policy little changed the prior practices
but was mora stringent than the state lav;. One change was to
eliminate auto theft from the felonies for which deadly force to
arrest was authorized, and perhaps other felonies such as embezzle
ment. Jay W. Hubbard was later appointed by Mayor Chandler to be
Director of Police on December 1, 1972. In 1974, Hubbard issued
a new policy with respect to the use of deadly force. The only
significant change in the arrest-by-deadly force category was the
elimination of grand larceny from the list of felonies in which such
force might be exercised. Burglary in the first, second or third
degree continues to be on the list where such force where necessary
is approved.
The covurt finds that on January 8, 1972, and at all
other times, the policies of the City and MPD authorized the use of
deadly force by. police officers as a last resort where necessary
against fleeing burglary suspects after exhaustion of "all other
reasonable means" to make the arrest.
under the circumstances, although the officers could
not be sure, it was reasonable to believe that the crime involved
was one against property and not against other perons.
The report of the President's Commission on Law
Enforcement and Administration of Justice, The Challenge of Crime
13 -
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-1
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iri a Free Society (February, 1967), has found that '*[i]n most
cities police officers receive too little guidance as to when
10/
firearms may be drawn and used." Memphis provides its officers
at least as much instruction as the norm from consideration of the
evidence. Director Hubbard, however, acknowledged the need for
more specific guidelines to govern the use of deadly force, which
he stated he tried to improve.
The MFD policy, and indeed any police department
policy, relies upon the individual officer, acting at his peril,
to use judgment and reason in making a usually instantaneous de
cision as to when he should properly use his firearm. It is up to
the officer involved in the chase of a suspected felon to decide
whether all reasonable alternatives to apprehension have been ex
hausted before resorting to the last potentially lethal use of the
firearm.
The court finds prior to January 8, 1972, MPD offi
cers, including defendants Cox and Richards, did receive training
and instructions as to when they legally use deadly force to arrest
or apprehend fleeing felony suspects. Some respcnsilsle Memphis
police officials perceive the use of deadly force to be improper in
circumstances where it appears to have been otherwise authorized by
written or stated policy, in the case of fleeing felons reasonably
suspected of committing a property crime. Police officers (in
cluding defendants Cox and Richards) were not effectively instructed
JoT The Commission's essential recommendation in this area was that
comprehensive regulation should be formulated by every chief ad
ministrator to reflect the basic policy that firearms may be used
only when the officer believes his life or the life of another is
in imminent danger, or when other reasonable means of apprehension
have failed to prevent the escape of a felony suspect whom the offi
cer believes persents a serious danger to others." This recommenda
tion was not, of course, binding on any defendant.
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o
as to attempting to wound or disable rather than to shoot at the
torso with a greater possibility of inflicting death in the cir
cumstance that would make this feasible. It happened that in this
particular instance no such effort would reasonably have been ex-
pected to be feasible with Berry and his companion fast disappear
ing from view. «
A juvenile in Tennessee is any person less than 18
years of age. Tenn. Code Ann. §37-202(1). Juveniles ordinarily do
not commit crimes in the same legal context as adults ? their wrong
ful acts, if the equivalent of adult crimes, are usually designated
"delinquent acts." Tenn. Code Ann. §37-202(3). Juveniles who
commit delinquent acts may, however, be tried and punished as adults
11/if they are 16 or more years of age, if found not amenable to treat
ment or rehabilitation as a juvenile and the interests of the
community require that he be placed under legal restraint. Tenn.
code Ann. §37-234. Unless treated as an adult, an adjudication of
delinquency is not equivalent to a conviction of crime and does not
impose the same civil disability ordinarily resulting from a con
viction. Tenn. Code Ann. §37-233.
Death has not been the punishment for burglary in
Tennessee under emy circumstances, either before or since Furman
V. Georgia, 408 U.S. 238 (1972). The maximum punishment would be
ten years unless armed in which case it would be fifteen.
Although the MPD manual used for in-service training
in connection with firearms policies makes no mention of a juvenile-
adult distinction, responsible MPD officials and defendant Chandler
11/ In case of murder, rape, kidnapping, or robbery with a deadly
weapon, a 15 year old juvenile may be treated and tried as an adult.
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0 0 0 2 r ) 0
■ 0
_________ j
testified .there was in fact such a distinction in treatment and
that known juveniles would be fired upon only in instances where
physical violence were being employed and only as a last resort.
Memphis police officers should receive more spe
cific formal training or instruction to avoid using deadly force
to arrest persons known or thought to be juveniles. Defendants
Richards and Cox did not act unreasonably under these circumstances
in dealing with Berry and his partners in crime without recognizing
them or two of them to be juveniles- They had no reasonable oppor
tunity for close examination or scrutiny; Berry was actively en
gaged in a felony, and he fled from the scene into darkness or semi
darkness rapidly disobeying explicit canmands to stop.
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS AS
TO PLAINTIFF'S ASSERTIONS AS
TO DEFENDANTS COX AND RICHARDS
AND THE USE OF DEADLY FORCE
UNDER THE CIRCUMSTANCES
I. Freddie Lee Berry was engaged in a felony and
was actually observed by defendants Cox. Richards and other officers
while in the progress of a burglary on the night of his untimely
death, January 8, 1972. Tennessee law, adopted by City of Memphis
officials charged with police responsibilities, (including defen
dants.) permits an officer in these circumstances to "use all the
necessary means to effect the arrest." Berry deliberately fled,
and his companion escaped from the scene, despite repeated commands
to halt heard by a neighbor some distance away. In the rain and
darkness with chain link fences interfering with pursuit, the
officers had no reasonable means to pursue the fleeing felons with
any feasible expectation of effecting their apprehension. There
was very little reasonable opportunity of identification of the two
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0 0 0 2 . ' ) 1
future arrest ---- -for purposes of future ai--u
f e of their intention to apprehend defendant who and cox gave notice of their i
then fled. force to pre-
I I . The officers had a right to use
-T C A 40-808. Beech • to effect the arrest. T.C.a .vent escape and to erie .
• 1 077^ The use of reasonableV 2d 425 {6th cir. 1972). The use Melancon, 465 F.2d
------- titutional punishment nor does itforce aoce not count to unconstxtuttontl P
. otocus.. fflimteancJiu-SUEam. =23 f .s u pp-per se violate due pro 1Q711 The defendants, more-
1072 (Three Judge Court, W.D. Tenn.
o L , .ntttt. to ptutuou ttu conttttuttontutp of tt. tot.
than one hundred year old Tennessee statute and a City P
va When th© polics • u-t. noprh V. Mel-ancon, supra, conformity therewith. Beech-------------
. the case of a fleeing felony suspect he
officer uses force m
towevot. tt ti, Punil. u n t c c o n C U ,
■ artittury or uxous.ivo fort, und.r tt. =it=u.=tt»=et.necessary, arbitrary
o 1026 (E.D. Tenn. 1972) ; Beech JLi
V. wells, 347 F.supp. 1026 (E.D
------------- coo fi921) ; g<-3rbroughnacs 145 Tenn. 522 ' --- ------Malancon, supra; Love— ------
State, 168 Tenn. 106 (1934).
totcntants. cot c t KtotatU,, CPloyuC ttu only
.rtctlcClu ..an, auallaOle to t t c u„aut pouuuatly a l . l ^ t
™lrlno .plit coona judgmant to pcuuant thocircumstances requiring P
ff^orate att„pt to „cap. ot ono caugtt in tte .idot ot a a onr
turglatv. tallud to tarty tto turdun ot ptoutng tta
yn.a. ottitot. to.id not autaly nave tnoun uhetnot
uant'a oato or uata not a„.d, and it latat dauolopad ttat . o U n
uaapon. uara Indaud na.rty and availabla to ttc. Fo aa
.falntitf, counaal.. contantlona under ttaaa tact, uould to .
racognite a folon'o con.titutional tight to oatapo it tho on
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0 0 0 2 0 2
o ̂ J
reasonable and practicable means to prevent it were to employ
potentially lethal force by use of a firearm. This is indeed
borne out by Lurry's successful escape under these identical
circumstances. In a real sense, this court is being called upon
by plaintiff to rule the allowable Tennessee law procedures, more
stringently applied in Memphis by the MPD, to be declared uncon-
■»
stitutional in the face of a three judge court's contrary deterrai-
12/
nation less than a year before this episode. This court agrees
with the opinion there expressed, 323 F.Supp. 1075, that "this is
a policy decision for the Tennessee legislature or perhaps the
Tennessee courts and not for federal courts in the guise of con
stitutional adjudication." Compare the concurring opinion of Judge
McCree in Beech v. Melancon, supra. In any event, Cox cannot be
held liable because his actions caused no harm or damage to plain
tiff. Berry died shortly after he was shot without gaining con
sciousness. Nor can the court hold the other defendants liable
under the circumstances for constitutional or illegal deprivation
of plaintiff's rights. This is not to indicate, however, that under
other circumstances, seme of the defendants might not be liable for
use of lethal force employed against a fleeing felon, particularly
where there were a reasonable opportunity to warn, wound, or dis
able rather than risk killing such a person for arrest or appre
hension. This court makes no order granting plaintiff relief and
issues no declaratory judgment nor injunction as requested by
plaintiff's counsel in light of its findings and conclusions, al
though this court earnestly hopes the MPD will reconsider its present
policy with regard to firing of warning shots and the instruction of
12/ Cunningham v. Ellington, supra, (including Chief Judge Harry
Phillips.)
0 0 0 2 0.3
18 -
o
police officers to shoot to disable, if and where practicable,
in cases of fleeing felons.
Next the court turns to plaintiff's contentions
that defendants' policies of firing at fleeing felons amounts to
illegal and unconstitutional racial discrimination. Plaintiff
cites the language of the Commission on Law Enforcement appointed
by President Johnson that "it may be paradoxical that the same
people who are most victimized by crime are most hostile to the
police," The challenge of Crime in a Free Society, p. 99 (1967)
but it notes this is not remarkable because of ghetto poverty
conditions to which many blacks and Spanish speaking Americans are
subject. The Executive Secretaj^ of the Memphis Branch of the
N.A.A.C.P. testified that in her opinion she cind other blacks in
past years had been the subject of discrimination enforced by
police, and that blacks are therefore more resentful against police
than are whites, more likely to be victims of excessive force, and
more subject to be fearful of police. Events in Memphis prior to
1972 would have made Memphis authorities aware of the black commun
ity's complaints against alleged police abuse. It was the formal
position of some Memphis black leaders that police officers "should
retain the power to use deadly force only in the defense of human
life," and that the death penalty be abolished.
The asserted fact that young blacks generally fear
and mistrust Memphis police officers, even if true, forms no justi
fication or excuse for commission of crime by blacks, nor does it
excuse Berry for running away from the scene of his crime contrary
to express police directions in an effort to escape arrest. Berry's
possible subjective fear and mistrust of police could not be said
to be based entirely on this particular episode; he had a record of
o o o ; j 5 }
19 -
prior involvement with the police and/or juvenile authorities)
and this was not due to any showing.by plaintiff of his having
13/
been mistreated or abused by the police or by juvenxle or school
authorities rather than his own inclinations and wrongful tendencies
*4from a very young age.
Plaintiff relies, however, upon statistical evi-
dence to reflect that the effect of the policy allowed by Tennessee
law and followed in Memphis was to discriminate against blacks.
Plaintiff contends that because seven of ten persons arrested for
property crimes, including burglary, were black in Memphis prior
to this episode, and because seven of eight persons fired upon by
Memphis police as fleeing “property crime" felons were black, this
disproportion indicates that the policy in dispute of utilizing po
tential deadly force is applied discriminatorily, or that it results
14/
in impermissable illegal constitutional deprivation. Of course,
the court cannot know what proportion of blacks or whites sought
to be arrested while in the act of burglary or robbery attempted to
1 5 /
flee or to avoid arrest by Memphis police officers. If, as plain
tiff also argues, more Memphis blacks are disposed to flee, especially
yo\ing blacks, because of fear and/or mistrust of police, then it
would logically follow that a higher proportion of blacks would be
1 3/ There is no showing here of any racial bias or anti-black
attitude by defendant p.olice officers on January 8, 1972, or before
that date.
14/ Plaintiff's figures show seven out of nine fleeing "property
crime" felony suspects killed by Memphis police in trying to appre
hend were black.
1 5/ It is noteworthy that within two months prior to the episode
in question, according to incidents with dates specified in Exhibit
19A, Memphis policemen fired four occasions at fleeing burglary
suspects; two involved whites, two involved blacks.
OOOil r r »'
O ^ )
- 20 -
o
involved in the necessary use of force by police to prevent escape
or to effect apprehension. This, if true, would not amount to dis
criminatory application of a lawful policy by police, if they
reasonably and properly (and lawfully) also first sought to
utilize every other legitimate means of effecting arrest, before the
last alternative of using a firearm.
■tAgain, plaintiff has failed to persuade the court
that under the circumstances of this case defendants have discrimi
nated against her or against her son because of their race. This
is not an appropriate case to consider any class action type re
lief, as Rule 23 requirements are not met. Equitable relief
sought is accordingly denied despite commendable efforts on the
part of plaintiff's counsel to define and to prove a cause of ac
tion based upon Freddie Lee Berry's untimely death.
The court declines to find subject matter jurisdic
tion over plaintiff's constitutional claims in this case by virtue
of 28 U.S.C. §1331(a). City of Kenosha v. Bruno, 412 0.S. 507 (1973)
The court is reluctant to exercise pendant jurisdiction, although
plaintiff's state court claims against all defendants fail under the
conclusions herein reached. This court, in the absence of legisla
tive determination by the State of Tennessee, cannot conclude that a
police officer is never justified under any circumstances in using
potentially deadly force against a person, black or white, suspected
of committing a felonious crime against property. The fact that
Berry was a juvenile at the time, in light of the circumstances,
was not reasonably known to the defendant police officers. Even
if they suspected Berry was a juvenile, however, it would not
necessarily follow that the crime committed here was equivalent to
a misdemeanor, particularly in light of Berry's background as a
( ) 0 0 2 5 ( i
- 21 -
- - j a J
delinquent and the right to try him as an adult. Neither did
the defendants City and MPD waive immunity for suit against them
by reason of T.C.A. 6-640 requiring limited indemnification.
Plaintiff's fourth amendment claim here based on
vinreasonabie "seizure" of Berry is meritless. Certainly under
these facts the officers had a right to arrest Berry and to search
him for stolen property or weapons and to seize him and any s€olen
contraband. No federal case cited by plaintiff has construed this
amendment to apply to this type of situation. Terry v. Ohî , 392
U.S. 1 (1968) involved a policeman's stopping and frisking suspects
under suspicious circumstances where no crime was committed in his
presence nor yet reported to him. Others involved suppression of
illegally obtained narcotics or alleged kidnapping by authorities
in a foreign jurisdiction. This court does not conclude that the
policy of using all necessary force, including use of potentially
deadly force to bring about arrest, as a last resort, of a fleeing
felon is per se unreasonable and unconstitutional. As previously
noted, Ciinningham v. Ellington, supra, has settled plaintiff's
eighth amendment "cruel and unusual punishment" claim contrary to
her contentions.
Plaintiff also contends that there was a denial of
fourteenth amendment rights. See, however, Cunningham v. Ellington,
supra. Plaintiff cites as authority a number of cases involvxng
beatings and gross mistreatment of prisoners or suspects in custody,
wby jailers or police. The authority cited is not appropriate to
16/ The only one not involving an actual in custodia situation was
:^nkins V. Averett, 424 F.2d 1228 (4th Cir. 1970). There a black
youth who had stopped pursuant to police command and chase, in police
car headlights, was shot. He had committed no crime according to the
Court of Appeals.
O O O i C i
- 22 -
o
Indicate-a denial of due process in the efforts of police to capute
or arrest a known burglary suspect not in custody who was deliberately
flouting repeated commands to stop. Neither, under the circumstances,
has it been demonstrated that defendants' policies, permitted under
Tennessee law, bring about a denial of equal protection.-. No racial
animus or basis is shown to motivate the policy involved. Both
white and black fleeing felons have been shown by plaintiff’s own
proof to have been fired upon or shot by Memphis police as a matter
of last resort where otherwise arrest cannot be reasonably accomplished
and escape is inevitable, even in the case of so-called property crimes.
Judgment therefore will be entered for all defendants.
Costs will be assessed against plaintiff.
This day of June, 1975.
o o o i j r i a
- 23 -
n
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE W ESTERN DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE
W ESTERN DIVISION
MARTHA WILEY, e t c . ,
P la in tiff ,
v s .
MEMPHIS POLICE DEPARTM ENT,
e t a l . ,
Defendants.
CIVIL ACTION NO.
C -7 3 -8
TjHly II,
PL A IN T IFF'S MOTION TO MODIFY OR AMEND
FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS, AND FOR RULING
ON EVIDENTIARY ISSUES_____________
A s h erea fter sp e c if ie d , p la in tiff r e sp e c tfu lly m oves the Court
to am end certa in find ings and co n c lu sio n s contained in the C ourt's
m em orandum opinion filed h e re in on June 30, 1975. P la in tiff a lso r e
q u e sts the Court to d isp o se o f cer ta in u n reso lved ev id en tiary is s u e s
w hich a r e the su b ject o f p la in tifT s "M em orandum in Support of the
A d m iss ib ility o f C ertain E vidence" se r v e d on M ay 14 , 1975 . It i s
not an ticipated that the actio n sought h e r e in w ill change the r e s u lt o f
the C ou rt's June 30 d e c is io n , but p la in tiff d eem s th is m otion n e c e s sa r y
for c la r ific a tio n o f the sta tu s o f the r e c o r d and to avoid confusion about
p la in tiff's p osition .
1 . P la in tiff req u e sts that the underlined p ortion s o f th e fo llo w
in g sen ten ce in the C ou rt's opinion (pp. 18-19) be d e leted o r c la r if ie d ,
a s appropriate:
0 0 0 2 S , ' )
o o
- 2 -
T h is co u r t m akes no ord er granting
p la in tiff r e l ie f and is s u e s no d ec la ra to ry
judgm ent nor injunction a s req u ested by
p la in tiff’s cou n sel in light o f it s find ings
and co n c lu sio n s , although th is cou rt
e a r n e stly hop es that MPD w ill re c o n s id e r
i t s p r e se n t p o licy w ith regard to fir in g
of w arning sh o ts and the in stru ctio n of
p o lic e o f f ic e r s to sh oot to d isa b le , i f
and w h ere p ra c tica b le , in c a s e s o f f le e in g
fe lo n s .
F ir s t , the ”nor injunction" language should be d e le ted b ec a u se p la in tiff
h a s n ev er sought in junctive r e l ie f in th is c a se . Second, a s we in te r
p r e t the su g g estio n that MPD r e c o n s id e r i t s "warning sh o ts" p o licy
(the p resen t p o lic y fla tly p roh ib its the fir in g of w arning sh o ts), the
in feren ce is that w arning sh o ts should be u sed , a t le a s t in som e
s itu a tio n s . If w e have m isu n d erstood the su g g estio n , w e r eq u est that
i t be c la r if ie d a cco rd in g ly . If our in terp reta tion i s c o r r e c t , we
r e sp e c tfu lly c a ll to the C ou rt's attention the fa c t that p la in tiff h as not
ch allen ged the proh ib ition on w arn ing sh o ts and that her p r o o fs , in
fe e t , show that wai-ning sh o ts a r e in effectu a l and p erhaps dangerous to
the populace a t large (s e e , e . g . , p la in t if f s p roposed F in d in gs 4 7 -4 8 &
n . 13). P la in tiff r e q u e s ts that her p osition b e c la r if ie d in th is reg a rd .
2 . P la in tiff r e q u e s ts d e le tio n , m od ifica tion a n d /o r c la r if ic a
tio n o f the underlined p ortion s of the fo llow in g tw o se n te n c e s (p .21):
T h is i s not an appropriate c a se to co n sid er
any c la s s action type r e l ie f , a s R ule 23
req u irem en ts a re not m et. E quitable r e l ie f
sought i s acco rd in g ly d e n ie d .. . .
The im p lica tion o f the f ir s t sen ten ce i s that p la in tiff h as attem pted to
m a in fa in th is action a s a c la s s action . The sta tem en t should be deleted
b eca u se p la in tiff d id not b ring th is c a se a s a c la s s action , sh e n ever
sought to have i t c e r tif ied a s a c la s s action , and sh e sought no c la s s
r e l ie f . The r e fe r e n c e to "equitable r e l i e f in the secon d sen ten ce
0 [ ) 0 2 m
- 3 -
should be c la r ifie d to make c le a r that p la in tiff req u ested only
m onetary and d ec la ra to ry r e l ie f . A s noted in the p reced in g paragraph,
p la in tiff h as n ever prayed for in junctive r e l ie f .
3 . F in a lly , p la in tiff m oves d ie C ourt for a ru lin g on the
a d m iss ib ility of the ex h ib its ( lA , IB , 1C , 19A , 19B , 20 , 2 9 , 31
and 40) d is c u sse d in p la in t if f s m em orandum se r v e d M ay 14, 1975.
It a p p ea rs from the opinion that th e se e x h ib its , o r so m e o f them ,
have b een co n sid ered by the Coui-t, but the r eco rd a s to th e ir sta tu s
i s p r e se n tly u n clear and p la in tiff i s th ere fo re unable to evalu ate e ith er
the need o r the a p p ro p r ia ten ess of p resen tin g ev id en tiary is s u e s for
ap p ella te r ev iew .
Respectfully submitted.
R atn er , Sugarm on, L u cas & Salky
525 C om m erce T itle Buildng
M em phis, T e n n e sse e 38103
JACK GREENBERG
CHARLES STEPHEN RALSTON
DREW S. DAYS, m
Suite 2030
10 Colum bus C ir c le
N ew Y ork , N ew Y ork 10019
J . HAROLD FLANNERY
PA U L R . DIMOND
W ILLIAM E . CALDWELL
520 W oodward B uilding
733 F ifteen th S treet, N .W .
W ashington, D . C. 20005
0()o;j6i
- " r : ’
arnr.MRNT n x n u n sio N nVTiiK c o ij iit
¥
nv ss (7-«)
93itiirii States Bistrrrf-CTmtrt
FOR THE
WESTERN DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE______
WESTERN DIVISION
MARTHA WILET, etc..
P l a i n t i f f ,
tw.
CIVIL ACTION F ile NO. C -73-8
JUDGMENT
MEMPHIS POLICE DEPARTMENT,
et al,
D e f e n d a a t a .
This action came on for trial (KaffiOtS) before the Court, Honorable Harry W. W ellford
, United States District Judge, presiding, and the issues having, been duly tried.
(iUQCSdd a decision having been duly rendered, in accordance w ith Memorandum Opinion
en tered June 30 , 1975 , in favor o f a l l D efendants.
I - _
. I t i s Ordered and Adjudged tb a c th e c a se i s hereby d ism issed in fa v o r o f a l l
DefendanCsL C oats w i l l be a ss e sse d a g a in s t t h e - P l a in t i f f , ,
APPROVED:
:jliITED STA'MS DISTRICT Dated Memphis
- o f June
IICT COURT JUDGE lis, TenneMde
. 19 75 .
, this 30 th day
o o o ^ b ;,'
Anu m m'.
1 X
O o
FOR THE TOSTSRN DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE
WESTERN DIVISION___________
MARTHA WILEY,
vs.
Plaintiff,
MEMPHIS POLICE DEPARTMENT,
et al.
Defendants.
NO. C-73-8
ORDER AMENDING
m e:-iormieui-i opinion
The Memorandum Opinion dated June 30, 1975, is
amended by substituting pages 18, 19, and 21 (as attached hereto).
The follow.ing exhibits are treated as admitted and
considered as a part of the record by the Court:
Exhibit lA
E^diibit IB
Exhibits 19A, 19B, 20 and 40, but only to the
extent they reflect information and data up to and including January
8, 1972.
This _______ day of July, 1975.
1
.. 1
o
reasonable and practicable means to prevent it were to employ
potentially lethal force by use of a firearm. This is indeed
borne out by Lurry's successful escape under these identical
circvuastances. In a real sense, this court is being called upon
by plaintiff to rule the allowable Tennessee law procedures, more
stringently applied in Memphis by the MPD, to be declared uncon
stitutional in the face of a three judge court's contrary determi-
1 2 /nation less than a year before this episode. This court agrees
with the opinion there expressed, 323 F.Supp. 1075, that "this is
a policy decision for the Tennessee legislature or perhaps the
Tennessee courts aind not for federal courts in the guise of con
stitutional adjudication-“ Compare the concurring opinion of Judge
McCree in Beech v. MeIancon, supra. In any event, Cox cannot be
held liable because his actions caused no harm or damage to plain
tiff. Berry died shortly after he was shot without gaining con
sciousness. Nor can the court hold the other defendants liable
under the circumstances for constitutional or illegal deprxvation
of plaintiff's rights. This is not to indicate, however, that under
other circumstances, some of the defendants might not be liable for
use of lethal force employed against a fleeing felon, particularly
where there were a reasonable opportunity to warn, wound, or dis
able rather than risk killing such a person for arrest or appre
hension. This court makes no order granting plaintiff relief
and issues no declaratory judgment as requested by plaintiff's
counsel in light of its findings and conclusions, although this
court earnestly hopes the MPD will reconsider its present policy
vith regard to firing of warning shots and the instruction of
12/ Cunningham v. Ellington, supra, (including Chief Judge Harry
Phillips.)
O O O ^ i M
18
polxce officers to shoot to disahie, if and where practicable^
in cases of fleeing felons. It should be noted that neither party
has requested the reconsideration of the policy against use of warn-
shots in certain situations such as the case of a fleeing felon.
Next the court turns to plaintiff's contentions
that defendants' policies of firing at fleeing felons amovmts to
illegal and unconstitutional racial discrimination. Plaintiff
cites the language of the Commission on Law Enforcement appointed
by President Johnson that "it may be paradoxical that the same
people who are most victimized by crime are most hostile to the
police," The Challenge of Crime in a Free Society, p. 99 (1967),
but it notes this is not remeurkable because of ghetto poverty
conditions to which many blacks and Spanish speaking Americans are
subject. The Executive Secretary of the Memphis Branch of the
N.A.A.C.P. testified that in her opinion she and other blacks in
past years had been the subject of discrimination enforced by
police, and that blacks are therefore more resentful against police
than are whites, more likely to be victims of excessive force, and
more subject to be fearful of police. Events in Memphis prior to
1972 would have made Memphis authorities aware of the black commun
ity's complaints against alleged police abuse. It was the formal
position of some Memphis black leaders that police officers should
retain the power to use deadly force only in the defense of hioman
life," and that the death penalty be abolished.
The asserted fact that young blacks generally fear
and mistrust Memphis police officers, even if true, forms no justi
fication or excuse for commission of crime by blacks, nor does it
excuse Berry for running away from the scene of his crime contrary
’ to express police directions in an effort to escape arrest. Berry s
possible svibjective fear eind mistrust of police could not be said
to be based entirely on this particular episode; he had a record of
)
o o
involved in the necessary use of force by police to prevent escape
or to effect apprehension. This, if true, would not amount to dis
criminatory application of a lawful policy by police, if they
reasonably and properly (and lawfully) also first sought to
utilize every other legitimate means of effecting arrest before
the last alternative of using a firearm.
Again, plaintiff has failed to persuade the court
that under the circiimstances of this case defendants have discrimi
nated against her or against her son because of their race.
Equitable relief sought is accordingly denied despite commendable
efforts on the part of plaintiff's counsel to define and to prove
a cause of action based upon Freddie Lee Berry's untimely death.
The court declines to find subject matter jurisdic
tion over plaintiff's constitutional claims in this case by virtue
of 28 U.S.C. §1331(a). City of Kenosha v. Bruno, 412 U.S. 507 (1973)
The court is reluctant to exercise pendant jurisdiction, although
plaintiff’s state court claims against all defendants fail under the
conclusions herein reached. This court, in the absence of legisla
tive determination by the State of Tennessee, cannot conclude that a
police officer is never justified under any circumstances in using
potentially deadly force against a person, black or white, suspected
of committing a felonious crime against property. The fact that
Berry was a juvenile at the time, in light of the circumstances,
was not reasonably known to the defendant police officers. Even
if they suspected Berry was a juvenile, however, it would not
necessarily follow that the crime committed here was equivalent to
a misdemeanor, particularly in light of Berry's background as a
0 ( ) ( ) 2 K f ;
21
IN THE
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
NO. 75-2321
MARTHA WILEY, Mother and Next of Kin
of Fred Lee Berry, a Deceased Miner,
Pla in tiff - Appelia nt,
vs.
MEMPHIS POLICE DEPARTMENT, et al. ,
Defendants-Appellees.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Western District of Tennessee
Western Division
APPENDIX — VOLUME II
[Trial Exhibits]
CLIFFORD D. PIERCE, JR.
ARTHUR J. SHEA
CHARLES V. HOLMES
Room 314, City Hall
125 North Alain Street
Memphis, Tennessee 38103
Attorneys for Defendants-Appellees
PAUL R. DIMOND
WILLIAM E. CAI.DWELL
520 Woodward Building
733 Fifteenth Street, N. W.
Washington, D. C. 20005
JACK GREENBERG
CHARLES STEPHEN RALSTON
DREW S. DAYS, III
Suite 2030
10 Columbus Circle
New York, New York 10019
G. PHILIP ARNOLD
525 Commerce Title Building
Memphis, Tennessee 38103
Attorneys for Plaintiff-Appellant
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Excerpts from Trial Exhibits
(Including Deposition Exhibits)
Volume II Page
4A
4B
4C
6D
6N
8B
lOA
11
12
13
15
16
17
20
20A
21
22
23
25
268
278
280
285
287
298
302
303
312
317
320
321
322
325
328
331
334
336
346
358
- 2 -
Volume II
26
27A
27B
27C
27F
27G
271
27J
28
29
31
38
39
40
40A
42
42A
43
47A
47B
47C
47D
47E
372
390
393
405
406
411
417
421
423
429
438
449
452
455
456
457
462
466
468
486
497
501
505
Page
- 3
Volume II
47F
47G
47H
471
49
50
53
54
526
542
547
552
559
563
564
571
Page
•*
V'
frovisiONAL ( )
rinAL K X
TENNESSEE CEPASTMENT OF PU3LIC HEALTH
OFFICE OF THE CHIEF MEDICAL EXAMIMER
CA5C tirt A 7 2 — IQ
couNTV FlhpT h y
BBS Madison Avenue
Memphis, Tennessee 33103
AUTOPSY REPORT
NA'AE OF DECEDENT Pl’e d d l e L e e B e r r v RACE N SEX M An.-; 1 6
V.^.rre.n MerriDhTs T e n n e s s e e
•o«»T«ftT eiTve»To«M
J. T. F r a n c i s c o M.D.
S1ATC
AHORFfiS -Alemphis, T e n n e s s e e
D I S T R I C T ATTORNEY GENERAL P h i l K. Cana.Te
ADDRESS s , T e n n e s s e e
G u n s h o t w o u n d s
2 . G u n s h o t w'ound to lie ad
t ' l o f t t: 1 cv.r.;-:5 r-ntor'i m r hr'oirt
a t l e f t s y l v a i a n f i s s u r e
s i d e rfrl-it fT-nrital__I n h e__
a n d e x i t i n g r i g h t
_ J L G u n s h o t w o u n d to c h i n " g r a z e " ______________________
CAUSE OF DEATH . D u o t o g u n s h o t vjound t o t’le b r a i n .
NARRATIVE OF FINDINGS D p a L b w a s d u o to R (T'lnshot woiii^cl t o t P e h m l t i .
The purpose o f t h i s re p o r t i s to provide a c e r t i f i e d op in ion to the Countj- " e d ic a i
E:xaniner and the D i s t r i c t Attorney G enera l . The f a c t s and f ln d in c s to support th e se con
c lu s io n s -a r c f i l e d with the o f f i c e o f the State .vodi.93l Examiner.
_2cr2=7JL
y l 'u h i i ' o
rorm 388
Autopsy No.
T H E C I T Y O F MEf/P HIS H O S P I T A L S
A U T O P S Y P R O T O C O L
A72- ̂ _____________ Service_____________
Name Ttrpi-'dto t.gg nr.vp.
HosnltPl Mrv,
'-----------------— RacoMeg-ro 8 ey
J ^ . o f Adrnlssion 1 - 1 0 - 7 ? ______________ Date and Nonr of T -P - 7 3
1-10-72 12 :70 n.m .
_EaLhpIoqlst Drs. S h i v ely. F r a n c l s n o B e l l . Assistant
, , , R i c h m o n d “ '
^ eC K ed b y J . m. F r o r d r ^ r o , n _____________Da te Comnla^ad p y y .
P I N A L P A T H O L O G I C A L D I A G N O S I S
P R I M R Y S E R I E S
I. G u n s h o t w o u n d s
A. G u n s h o t w o u n d to h e a d
1. P e r f o r a t i n g l e f t t e m p o r a l a r e a e n t e r i n g b r a i n at
f r o i t a f l o b f '
B, 'Gunshot vtound to c h i n " g r a z e "
S E C O N D A R Y S E R I E S
N o n e
L A B O R A T O R Y F I N D I N G S
N o n e
0 0 0 2 5 3
#377
Poge 1
Autopsy No, - ? 7 - - y '9
C IT Y O F M EM PH IS H O SP IT A LS
A U TO PSY PRO TO CO L
Indicofes normo! gross
Exomlnofion
Somotype
Very Poor
(Distribution)
Speciol Cbcrf Not Done
12
Cultures
CHe mi stry
Edema (degree)
Scars ond Wounds
Deformities /
Polpoble masses
|L- )''E ye^ (color)
(^Tlose
{—)T r̂easts
Joundice
^ . ,Skin color
( r d i u m
( ) Le ft Pleuro
( ) Right Pleuro
( ) Peritoneum
Q- ̂ UJ 2 . s- y oX
— ■ (*rP^s
( ^ ;̂;^ooth
id onus
SECT IO N
cc. of fluid sp. gr.
L u '- e ^ ~
Max. thickness obdominal panniculus
Adhesions
Other obnormolities
Relations of viscera
(i^y êfotids
(W ^ T y ^ h nodes
( M PK^o ic fw?) 1 ____ gm.
(*^ Pulmoncry ortery
Light
Cycmosis
Medium
Special Chort II
( '̂EarT
f̂iorocier
■f .
Thorocic-cordicc rotlo
(■"'̂ K̂̂ rynx
î^moxxWory ■
('''Msf̂ ynx
(0,.,Pt>'r o t h y r o i d s
(-•̂ îophrogm
'2 70
#378
v y( H ie o rt ________gm.
( Y e p i cofdium ( ) Endocj torr.
(̂ Jd̂ yocardlum
Left ventricle dilated-
th(ckness_ _Z5-
Valve Meosorement
( ) T ricuspid____
{ ) M itrcl_________
Poge 2
Autopsy No.
Specioi Chart 1
Thickened
Thrombi
O*
J / ^
Right ventricle d ilo tsd _____
thickncss_Z2____
Fibrosis Vegetation end S i2e
( ) A o rtic . -7 . ^
( ) Pu lm onic.
(Y^o,
< ] . o
\ Coronaries
Cordoe Tendenae_
Stenosis
Specioi Chart 2
Ostia Lumen
degree .
TiiromW'*^ emboli
7 Aorta
Arterio sclerosi s Type
Locotlon
Degree__________________ __
?
E lastic !ry
Ascending
Col ci fi ed
Thorocic
Aoncsior»s
Lungs ( ) Rich.t ^ gm.
Left g.Ti.
Consolidolion Locotion end s ize .
Ulcerated
Abdomino!
̂Special C “ art 3
_ Specioi Chert
Atelectosis)sis ^ ^ Locotion end si ze.^------- ---------------------- ---------
a
t ) o a 2 ? j .
f379
Poge 3
Autopsy No.
wt. am. Dimensions.
Other
( -^''^so^ogjs Mucosa Ulceroted Other
Special Chort 6
Speciol Chort 5
Speciat Chort 5
Hemorrhoids
Dimensions .
Thrombosed
Cortex.
0 0 0 2 7 , 1
̂ :v ̂ V :
filSO
kidney cont’d . . .
Corticol surfoce j Smooth
Poge 4
Autopsy No
Right kidney
noduior felo!
F ine Coarse
L e h kidney
S-nooll ̂ noduior fetal
F ine Coorse
Pe lv is
Speciol Chert 7
( ) Ureters Patent Obstructed Diloted Stones
Special Chort 7
( ) Uterus
Normol Atrophic Voginitis Tvoe of fluid
Hymen Intact Ruptured
Vt'eioht _ gm. Dimensions
{ ) Cervix
( ) Fndometfiu'n Thickness
( ) Follopion Tubes Adhesions
Ovory ( ) Right ( ) Left Dln>ensioos_
Corpus Luteum Corpus Albicans
Obstruction
Specie! Chort 7
ouoi;?;!
#389
* r *
Pogo 5
Aulopsy Kn. ^
Exostosis Whe
( ) Pio-orochnold
( ) Venoos sinuses
( ) Pineol
( •}^plnol cord w t.____________gm.
S i ic Cervicol C-3 mm..
Thofocic D-10 mm..
Lumbar L*3 mm,.
Qtb̂ f ------
Thrombi Specie! Chart 9
Specie) Chert 10
U 0 Q 2 7
A72-19
M I C R O S C O P I C S U M M A R Y
LUIiG :
L I V E R A N D
K I D R E Y :
H E A R T :
S K I N :
B R A I N :
rr'arired p u l m o n a r y e d e m a a n d c o n g e s t i o n
A.ith f o c a l c o l l a p s e of t h o a l v e o l i .
S e c t i o n s s h o w c o n g e s t i o n
S e c t i o n s s h o w c o n g e s t i o n . C o r o n a r y a r t e r i e s s h o w ve'-'-
m i n i m a l athromiatous c h a n g e s . ' *
S e c t i o n "A" s h o w s d i s r u p t i o n o f t h e e p i t h e l i u m a n d
d e r m i s w i t h c o a g u l a t i o n n e c r o s i s of t h e d e r m i s ,
h e m o r r h a g e is s e e n i n the s u b c u t a n e o u s t i s s u e .
S e c t i o n "B" s h o w s d i s r u p t i o n o f the e p i d e r m i s a n d
a s s o c i a t e d h e m o r r h a g e e x t e n d i n g i n t o '
t h e s u b c u t a n e o u s t i s s u e . ^
S e c t i o n s s h o w n u m e r o u s a r e a s o f h e m o r r h a g e t h r o u g h o u t
i t h s u r f a c e d i s r u p t i o n . N e c r o s i s a n d e d e m a t o u s c h a n g e sa r e seen.
o o o u ' / r i
“ ~ ■ -- - -- ,
„ „ ■ JUSTIFl/.HLE J’OhrrCID'-
r e c o m m e n d a t i o n a n d o r d e r f o 4 a u t o p s y
D a t e JA-:u.\RY lo. 1 9 ;
for I P O t t b y C h a p t e r 174, o f the P u b l i c A c t s o f T e n n e s s e e
t o r ly j l , the u n a e r s i g n e d r e c o m m e n d chat the D i s t r i c t A t t o r n e y G e n e - a l
o f T e n n e s s e e , o r d e r a n a u t o p s y o n ^ h . ;
---- :------------- --------------- > d e c e a s e d . T h e n e x t o f k i n of said
d e c e a s e d i s .'A:;t h a ills (y -y i 'FEU ) a d d r e s s ;^o.y w a c ’̂ i'-t
C o u n t y C o r o n e r
S h e l b y C o u n t y , T e n n e s s e e
N O T I C E O F I M P E N D I N G A U T O P S Y
To; m rtpa iv\ e warren___________ A d d r e s s 240- ̂ warri-r; T i m e I'.M.
N e x t o f K i n D a t e J.4N. 3, X972
_ Y o u a r e h e r e b y n o t i f i e d a s n e x t of k i n t h a t t h e u n d e r s i g n e d
is o r d e r i n g a n a u t o p s y o n t h e b o d y of TRIDDY lee WARRg; 1 5 dcc^ase'^
of a u t o p s y w i l l be p e r f o r m e d u n d e r the d i r e c t i o n
t h e C o u n t y M e d i c a l E x a m i n e r o r h i s d e p u t y as s o o n as a r e t u r n to
this n o t i c e is r e c e i v e d .
T o P e r s o n S e r v i n g N o t i c e :
S e r v e a c o p y o f t h i s n o t i c e o n s a i d n e x t o f k i n a n d m a k e r e
t u r n onl the o r i g i n a l t h e r e o f w i t h i n 24 h o u r s . In the e v e n t s a i d n e x t
o f k i n a g r e e s to the a u t o p s y , a t t a c h s u c h a g r e e m e n t h e r e t o .
! V.- W
D i s t r i c t A t t o r n e y G e n e r a l
F i f t e e n t h J u d i c i a l C i r c u i t
S t a t e o f - T e n n e s s e e
— j
R E T U R N
T h i s n o t i c e c a m e to h a n d o n .JANuy-;? R, ir.7 ; t i m e 3 0 . 5 0 v »
a n d s e r v e d b y r e a d i n g s a m e to s a i d n e x t o f k i n o n t h i s 3 .
t i m e — El_i;i-'or; U n a b l e to l o c a t e n e x t of k i n b y a d i l i g e n t s e a r c h and
i n q u i r y .
S i g n a t u r e & T i t l e of P e r s o n S e r v i n g Noti(
D a t e 10, 1972
O R D E R F O R A U T O P S Y
To: C o u n t y M e d i c a l E x a m i n e r
S h e l b y C o u n t y , T e n n e s s e e
_ Y o u a r e h e r e b y o r d e r e d to p e r f o r m a n a u t o p s y o n the b o d v of
bRR EEiiKY tJ:i 16_______________ ____ , d e c e a s e d , as p r o v i d e d b y law.
1 c y - C o u n t y C o r o n e r
1 c y - C o u n t y M e d i c a l E.xaminer
1 c y - D i s t r i c t A t t o r n e y G e n e r a l
1 cy - H o m i c i d e
1 cy - C r i m i n a l C o u r t Cleric
/
[ I
\
U
D i s t r i c t A t t o r n e y Ger:eral
F i f t e e n t h J u d i c i a l C i r c u i t
S t a t e cf T e n n e s s e e
00027G
Form ,“73
CONSENT TO AN AuTOPSY UPON THE BODY OF
F?,E3DY Z 2 Z ErrC'.V H/N 15
. ■ ' jnsriFO LS K0MICID3 3/3727
(N£unc of Deceased)
I l)ercby consent to a complete autopsy (or any and all partial procedures
deemed necessary by the physician performing said autopsy) being performed upon
the body -------------------------------------------
by a physician holding an unlimited license to practice medicine under the laws
of the State of Tennessee. The purpose and procedure to be used in performing
said autopsy have been fully explained to me and I understand same.
I understand that the report of results of said autopsy may be furnished
to the Criminal Court Clerk of Shelby County, Tennessee and retained by said’
Clerk as part of liis records.
I agree that tissues and specimens examined may be retained for analysis
if deemed necessary by the physician performing the autopsy.
My relationship to the deceased. r;»7T,rvy »■/,, •»/;_________________
is that of: husband - wife - father - - child - next of kin - guardian -
_________________________________ , and I 2U11 the proper pei’son to assume custody
other relationship
of said deceased for the purpose of burial.
This, the. cm _day of.
Witnessed by:
Approved by: ~
g .
^Office of the Attorney General
19(5.72.
Person assuming custody of body for burial
N a m eiE £ lL E !L llH X _________________________
Address ______________________—
1 copy for Attorney General
1 copy for Homicide
1 copy for physician performing autopsy
. 0 0 0 2 7 7
■ • ' C
, . * .**.
MARTIiA VJILEY, etc,.
Plaintiff,
ME.HPKIS P07 ICE DEPARTMENT,
et al., I
Defendants
ic
*
*
*
★
*
•k
*
★
C m
CIVIL ACTION
NO. C-73-i=! /
/ ■
Ac:
ANSv7ERS TO PLAINTIFF’S FIRST
INTEPvRCGATCF.IES TO DEFENDP.NT3
I
■ ^ Come now the defendants and in accordance with Rule 33, F.R.C.P.
hereby answer those interrogatories propounded by the plaintiff to
which no objection has heretofore been filed. Defendants note that
objection to all interrogatories directed to defendants Price, Lux,
Chandler and Loeb has heretofore been made on the grounds that all
of said interrogatories seek information that is irrelevant and
immaterial and said objection is submitted in lieu of answers to these
interrogatories. Defendants further state that the objections
heretofore filed with regard to interrogatories 1(c), 1(f), 3,5,6,7,?,
9 and 11 through 20, and the reasons given therefore, are incorporated
herein by reference and submitted in lieu of answers to said inter
rogatories .
Question;
1. For each individual named as a defendant, please provide the
following information pertaining to employment positions and experience;
(a) Present occupation (or rank) and the date on which attained:
(b) Describe the duties and responsibilities of present position;
(d) If you have held a position or rank with the Memphis Police
Department not contained in the ansv/er to subparagraph (a),
l)0Qi^‘7 8
c
A ' * ■ ''r̂̂ <-' '
(b) Same as M. J. Callihan
(d) None
(e) None
(iv) J. K. Richards
(a) Patrolman-Uniform Patrol Division, Memphis Police
Department.
Position attained: 11-14-68
(b) Same as M. J. Callihan
(d) None
(e) None
(v) W. W. Wannamaker
(a) Inspector-Memphis Police Department
Position attained: 9-1-65
t
(b) In charge of police officer training including
the operation of the training academy
(d) Lieutenant - 7-17-54; Captain - 1-1-63;
Inspector - 9-1-65
(e) Each such change in position was a promotion based
upon meritorious service.
(vi) Jule Ray
(a) Inspector-Memphis Police Department
Position attained: 5-26-73
(b) In charge of law enforcement activities within south
precinct.
(d) Patrolman - 11-25-55; Lieutenant - 1-1-63; Captain -
8-1-66; Inspector - 5-26-73.
(e) Each such change in position was a promotion based
upon meritorious service.
0 0 0 1 2 ' / Q
c
.
C " f—
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR TilE WESTERN DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE
WESTERN DIVISION
MARTHA WILEY, etc..
Plaintiff,
V. '
HETiPHIS POLICE DEPARTMENT,
et al.
Defendants.
NO
CIVIL ACTION
. C-73-S
I f
ANSV7ERS TO PLAINTIFF’S FIRST
INTERROGATORIES TO DEFENDANTS
Come now the defendants and in accordance with Rule 33,
F.R.C.P. and in compliance with the Discovery Order filed by
the United States District Court for the Western District of
I
Tennessee, tfellford, J. on August 16, 1973, hereby answer those
interrogatories propounded by the plaintiff which have neither
been previously answered nor stricken by the Court.
Q u e s tion:
1. For each individual named as a defendant, please provide
the following information pertaining to employment positions and
experience:
(a) Present occupation (or rank) and the date on which
attained;
(b) Describe the duties and responsibilities of present
position;
(d) If you have held a position or rank with the Memphis
Police Department not contained in the answer to
subparagraph (a), list all ranks and/or positions
and give the relevant dates;
(e) If you have held more than one position and/or rank
v/ith the Memphis Police Department, please state
whether or not each such change in'position and/or
o o u : a H o
c c.
rank contained in your response to subparagraph
(d) was a promotion or demotion, and give the
reason for each such change in position and/or
rank;
(f) Give the reasons for each change in employment
contained in your response to subparagraph (c).
Answer:
1. M. J. Calliham
Patrolman Calliham attended Memphis State
University in 1964 and 1965, and joined the Police
Department in September, 1965. He discontinued
his studies and joined the Department for financial
reasons.
B . G . Cox
Patrolman Cox has worked for the Memphis Police
Department since 1964.
J. K. Richards
Patrolman Richards has held the follov/ing positions
since 1964:
General Electric Company
3770 S. Perkins
September 1, 1965 to March 15, 1967
Positions held - steam cleaner: service
department; parts department; advertising.
Reasons for leaving - financial.
South Central Bell
201 Court
March 15, 1967 to September 28, 1968
Position held - lineman.
Reason for leaving - financial.
Memphis Police Department
128 Adams
September 30, 1968
Position - patrolman.
OOOc’Sl
c c
Private law practice
City Council
Mayor, City of Menphis
1964-1972
1968-1972
1972-present
2. Please describe the educational background of each
individual named as a defendant including the names, locations
and dates of attendance of each school, college or university
attended, degrees obtained (if any), and subject-matter areas
of educational concentration,
Ansv/er;
Wyeth Chandler
iMemphis Public Schools
Castle Heights Military Academy
University of Tennessee
Memphis State University
University of Tennessee College of Law
Henry Loeb
I
Idlewild School
Snov/den School
Phillips Academy, Massachusetts
Bro'vm Uxiiversity
Bill Price
Gordon School
Humes High School - graduated May, 1939
Henry Lux
Ernest Adams School
’̂Jhitehaven High School
Shelby County School of Aeronautics
3. Give the dates, titles and/or other sufficient
descriptions of all manuals, memoranda, films, slides, letters,
or other v/ritings pertaining in any way to the use of firearms
by members of the Memphis Police Department, since 1950.
Answer:
The Rules and Regulation Manual of the Memphis
Police Department (small blue handbook)
Sections 3.057, 4.053, 4.057, 4.061, 4.113
0 0 0 2 3 ,-:
c c
(a) The date of each such incident;
(b) Describe the circumstances surrounding each
. such shooting:
(c) The names and addresses of each person who
was injured or hilled because of such shooting;
Answer:
B . G . Cox—
(a) July 2. 1969
(b) While investigating a burglary in the vicinity of
1686 Kansas, several suspects v/ere spotted, at which time
at attempt was made to apprehend them. One of the fleeing
suspects, Eddie B. Kellems, refused to halt when ordered
to do so by the officers. As a result three officers, one
of whom v/as Patrolman Cox, fired their weapons at him.
(c) The subject apparently was not hit. He was not
apprehended at the time of the shooting.
(a) January 8, 1972
(b) These shots were fired in the incident from which
this lawsuit arose. Therefore, we believe it is not
necessary to provide any further description of the
circumstances surrounding the shooting, since plaintiff's
counsel is already familiar with the incident.
(c) Fred Lee Berry was killed in this incident. However,
the shots that killed him appear not to have been fired
from Patrolman Cox's gun.
J. K. Richards—
(a) October 11, 1969
(b) Six officers were investigating an attempted breaking
and entering of a business located at 1172 University. T\vo
suspects were observed inside the building. Upon being told
to stop and raise their hands, the two subjects broke and
ran out the back door of the store. Several officers fired
at the fleeing suspects. One of those officers was Patrolman
Richards. One of the bullets he fired struck one of the
suspects.
(c) Lucious Gross of 1242 Marble and 2339 Marble was the
man shot.
(a) January 8, 1972
(b) Once again, these shots were fired in the incident
from which this lav/suit arose. Therefore, we believe it is
not necessary to provide any further description of the
circumstances of the shooting.
(c) Fred Lee Berry
(a) July 12, 1973
(b) Patrolman Richards and his partner 'were investigating
a complaint lodged by Mrs. Dorothy Reen Rayford against her
husband. Tommy Rayford, at 4837 Farris Circle #3. The com
plaint concerned an alleged assault by Mr. Rayford against
12
000283
c
Mrs. Rayford and serious threats against their children.
While conducting the investigation, Mr. Rayford approached
the officers in a very threatening manner and a serious
confrontation developed. Rayford threw a butcher knife
at Patrolman Blum which struck him in the chest. At this
point Patrolman Richards fired and hit Rayford.
(c) Tontmy Rayford - 4837 Farris Circle .
Respectfully submitted
FRIERSON M. GRAVES, JR'.
City Attorney and
Attorney for Defendants
: / / \ . R' i-h r
JOSEPH B. DAILEY ,
Assistant City Attorney and
Attorney for Defendants
13 0 0 0 2 8 1
C
V : r / / „ ' / > / r , ,
f 6
7CS
k a s t:;:a w i l s y , etc.
V.
xs;c?HeS poz^icz
c t e l . ,
I5cfsr.5e;its.
u::i 7 ::d S't.v jz s D ism r c T f
distchc ''- g? " z icezs—
VCG3T1SI-: 21V131CS
civil- .'iĈici:
ICO. C-73-S
0 ^ '
If,
.'ICSi'CSliS TO
S 3 c c ;3 icjt:
.i:CTIT? • 3
CeniD r.cv.’ tec cofcr.ccr.tc ce.1 i.'. C.ccci'c-cr.cc v-’ich Iluie 33,
?.:i.C.?. hereby er.tv/er these ir.tcrrc^cteries eroteur.ced by
the 5.icintiff, filed or. ICovcrboer 1, 1973, to which tho cefcr.ccr.to
do r.ot object.
Qvicsticr.:
1. Ir. your cr.sv/cr fiici .’ugest 3, 1973, to plcir.tiff's
first ir.terrerctory no. 10, yoe identify the follcv.-in.y
persons, emon-p others, ns those '“wl-.o hnvc nny hnov/lcinc
of, v;ho ir.vesti^-etee, end/or who reviev/od the circtr.-
stenocs scrroer.dinc; the dcctl'. of Trod Lee Lerri/- on
Jnr.unry S, 1972":
L.r.. hollcwell
L.G. Vi.-.csnt
To:.'. Mnrshnll
G.S. Vrillis
J.h. Ctittinn
Itnte the 'eddress end rceon or :h of the
hnov/lcd.jc, invc
serreendin^ Tree Lee Serry's deeth.
'.CCS
O O i r ^ ' S l y
c
•/
4̂̂ j cc I
Cuistiori:
S. In. -hn nnnv.’cr of dofcncfnr.t 2.G. Co:-: to olcir
firot ir.torrcjctory nonbei* IS., tho follovjino of:
ŵr.'c  j.̂ cCk Î̂ircc;.
ciir nc'c 'î o iidvc ^ccr* ui.3rcC z'so^
CO 2‘k^CO w’.O 0CC03 'COI.C COC
the v/eofon .̂'hich firccl tho fetel ohoto, end iec:
nereon v.v.o hed eoeecoeion of the *./ee?o:': v.’hich f;
fetel ehete et flee tine etch ehote v:ero fired.
•V .sv/cr:
o. i'ho Wue._.on w..c.w t..e -..(...-wt e..owe —.. w...
i:'.ciecnt v;ee e .12 ^etge Rcr.i:'.f-ton4 tun? ehotrur
0*7oj oOterentoy m cne too..Ow..«o.B o* ?o.w*04.w<.n b.
RicherdOj thus the ehovo cuoted s'tetonent.
men Co:;‘
f «*tCOO~
ones K.
ir. ensvv'or to ?leintiff‘o first ir.terrocetory r-urdsor 13:
oee..o B*.. .-Bw—00.-0
' j i c '— '. v 2 0 '/'ford,
5. Seen of tho foilo'..’in̂ - tirree torsonc ic of the : a z r ~ c
I; r.ou c C .'J 3 c c
^cci;.y R oyfcrc
QUCCwbIOwZ
iO - v l'.^ 'w o cr or :vov: c;~y o-* t h e Coizz:.
^ «>.'b A • «s. ever crccAcr iilrcc
o.
o o u i ' l m ;
f > ««C
S Y h / b i t
' ■; t y ■n • *■, « O.- •
■ . m .
The f o l l o w i n e i s a t r a n s c r i p t c f t h e P o l i c e D i s p a t c h e r s Ra d io Loc
b e g i n n i n g a t 8 : 0 0 p n . , t o 8 :A0 p . n . , S a t u r d a y , J a n u a r y 8 , 1 9 7 2 , r e g a r d
i n g t h e f a t a l s h o o t i n g o f F r e d d i e Lee B r i g g s , n a l e J e g r o , 1 6 , r e s i d e n c e
2A0A W a rr en , u h i c h o c c u r r e d on S a t u r d a y , J a n u a r y 8 , 1 9 7 2 , i n t h e r e a r
o f 2 59 8 S o u th E l v i s P r e s l e y B o u l e v a r d , a f t e r lie a l o n g w i t h two o t h e r
mal e b l a c k s had b u r g l a r i z e d t h e b u s i n e s s a t 2 5 98 S o u t h E l v i s P r e s l e y
B o u l e v a r d .
T h i s r e c o r d was o b t a i n e d by D e t e c t i v e R. H. S t r a t t o n f rom t h e P o l i c e D i s
p a t c h e r s R a d io Log t a p e and r e c o r d e d on a S t e n o r e t t e t a p e r e c o r d e r i n
t h e d i s p a t c h e r s ' o f f i c e on T u e s d a y , J a n u a r y l o , 1 9 7 2 , a t 9 : 3 0 a . m . , and
t r a n s c r i b e d i n t h e K o n i c i d e O f f i c e on J a n u a r y 1 3 , 1 9 7 2 by D e t e c t i v e R. ;i.
S t r a t t o n ; t y p e d by J e a n P o w e r s .
y
C h a r l i e - 1 6
D i s p a t c h e r :
Car I n a u d i b l e :
D i s p a t c h e r :
4 6 6 :
D i s p a t c h e r :
316 :
D i s p a t c h e r :
C h a r l i e - 1 4 :
Car 416 :
D i s p a t c h e r :
C h a r l l e - 1 7 :
D i s p a t c h e r :
B a k e r - 1 3 :
D i s p a t c h e r :
B a k e r - 1 4 :
D l a i r a t c h e r :
D i s p a t c h e r :
Car 3 7 0 :
D i s p a t c h e r :
B a k e r - 1 4 :
D i s p a t c h e r :
Car 3 7 0 :
C h a r l i e - 1 6 , show us a t t h e l o t , m in o r c a r t r o u b l e .
C h a r l i e - 1 6 s p e c i a l .
Check on d r i v e r s ' l i c e n s e on a m a le N e g r o , L e w i s ,
L—c —w - l - s L a w s o n , I.—a—w—s —o—n , DOB 7 - 2 3 —5 4 , a d d r e s s
o f 1 3 03 P a t r i c k .
Okay.
466 S p e c i a l
4 6 6 S p e c i a l
3 1 6 , we w o u ld l i k e t o m ee t 371 a t Adams and ( c u t o f f by
d i s p a t c h e r . )
___C t a r l l e - 1 4 , 2 2 4 0 Lamar, a t . S t e r l i n g ' s , h o l d i n g a
p r i s o n e r .
Ok ay , C h a r l i e - 1 4 .
• 4 1 6 c l e a r .
Oka y , 4 1 6 .
C h a r l l e - 1 7 s p e c i a l .
Okay , C h a r l t e - 1 7
B a k c r - 1 3 , we w i l l b e a f e w more m i n u t e s w i t h t h i s
r e p o r c .
Ok ay , B a k e r - 1 3 .
B a k e r - 1 4 , i n .
Oka y , B a k e r - 1 4 .
3 7 0 a r e y c u i n ?
T e s , 3 7 0 .
J g k e r - 1 4 and 3 7 0 , B e l l e v u e and F e r g u s o n a t s p o r t i n g s
g ^ o d s , p r o w l e r s i n s i d e . . . . . B a k e r - 1 4 . .
Oka y , B a k e r - 1 4 .
370?
3 7 0 , Okay. o o o ; e 3 V
? a g e - 2
C h a r l l e - 1 4 :
D i s p a t c h e r :
C h a r l i e - 1 6 ;
D i s p a t c h e r :
B a k e r - 1 5 :
D i s p a t ch e r ;
C h a r l i e - 14 :
D i s p a t c h e r :
C h a r l i e - 16 :
D i s p a t c h e r :
B a k e r - 17 :
D i s p a t c h e r ;
D l s p a t c h e r :
B a k e r - 7 :
D i s p a t c h e r :
B a k e r - 7 :
4 1 6 :
B a k e r - 1 8 :
D i s p a t c h e r :
C h a r l i e - 1 4 :
D i s p a t c h e r :
B a k e r - 5 1 :
D l s i r a t c h c r :
B a k e r - 5 1 :
C h a r l l e - 1 6 :
D i s p a t c h e r :
4 1 6 :
D i s p a t c h e r ;
D i s p a t c h e r ;
C h a r l l e - 1 6 :
T’l ■f c; •• 1 ^
C h a r l i e - 1 4 , we a r e a t B e l l e v u e and t h e E x p r e s s w a y .
Oka y , C h a r l i e - 1 4 . You a r e on t h e c a l l .
C h a r l l e - 1 6 , we a r e a t B e l l e v u e and F e r g u s o n , n u t u s
on t h e s c e n e .
C h a r l l e - 1 6 , on t h e s c e n e , B e l l e v u e and F e r g u s o n .
B a k e r - 1 5 s c e n e .
B a k e r - 1 5 s c e n e .
Ch a r l i e - 1 4 , s c e n e .
h a r l l e - 1 4 , s c e n e ,
C h a r l l e - 1 6 , we h a v e t h r e e o a l e b l a c k s i n s i d e .
C h a r l l e - 1 6 , a d v i s i n g t h a t t h e y h a v e t h r e e m a le b l a c k s
I n s i d e a t B e l l e v u e and F e r g u s o n , s p o r t i n g g o o d s .
B a k e r - 1 7 i n s e r v i c e .
B a k e r - 1 7 i n s e r v i c e .
B a k e r - 1 7 , c h i l d r e n a l o n e a t 4 1 6 ( i n a u d i b l e ) 8 : 0 3 .
B a k e r - 7 i n s e r v i c e .
B a k c r - 7 i n s e r v i c e , B a k e r - 7 l o c a t i o n .
B a k e r - 7 , l e a v i n g Armour S t a t i o n .
4 1 6 , I n e e d two p r i v a t e w r e c k e r s ; o n e f o r 1 96 6 F o r d ,
l i c e n s e 1 C J 3 8 3 , t h e o t h e r v e h i c l e a 1 9 63 b l u e C h e v r o l e t
1 E 7 9 6 2 .
B a k e r - 1 8 i n s e r v i c e .
B a k e c - 1 8 i n s e r v i c e , 8 : 0 4 .
Okay , C h a r l i e - 1 4 . E a k e r - 5 1 .
B a k e r - 5 1 .
Make t h e c a l l t o B e l l e v u e and F e r g u s o n , s p o r t i n g g o o d s .
Okay , B a k e r - 5 1 .
C h a r l l e - 6 1 , h a v e y o u g o t a dog on t h e way?
Check 370 i s en r o u t e . *
4 1 6 , D id you r e a d t h e two w r e c k e r s ?
Check 4 1 6 . '
C h a r l l e - 1 6 ? 0 0 0 rj 8 B
Char^ ie-* 16 .
P a g e 3
C h a r l l e - 1 6 :
Car I n a u d i b l e ;
D i s p a t c h e r :
C h a r l i e - 1 7 :
D i s p a t c h e r :
D i s p a t c h e r :
73 :
C h a r l i e - 1 6 :
D i s p a t c h e r :
3 6 6 :
D i s p a t c h e r :
D i s p a t c h e r :
D i s p a t c h e r ;
B a k e r - 1 6 ;
4 1 6 :
D i s p a t c h e r :
3 7 0 :
D i s p a t c h e r :
Chat l i e - 1 7 :
D i s p a t c h e r :
D i s p a t c h e r :
C h a r l i e - 1 7 :
C h a r l i e - 1 5 :
D is p a t c h e r :
73 ;
D i s p a t c h e r :
7 3 ;
6 1 4 :
C h a r l i e - 1 6 ;
S t a n d by C h a r l i e - 1 6 .
I n a u d i b l e . . . i s t h e r e a n y t h i n g on t h e Q.W. on t h e d r i v e r s
l i c e n s e Check?
Unknown y e t .
C h a T l l e - 1 7 i n .
O k ay , C h a r l i e - 1 7 .
73 make t h e B e l l e v u e and F e r g u s o n p r o w l e r c a l l , s p o r t i n g
g o o d s s t o r e . ^
, , T h a r M e - 1 5 , we a r e i n t h e f r o n t . A n o t h e r c a r i s i n
^ t h e ~ r e a r . Ve d i d h e a r some s h o t g u n b l a s t . B e t t e r
s e n d an a m b u l a n c e .
Okay .
366 i n .
366 i n . . B ;06- .
F o x - 9 e n r o u t e , 8 : 0 6 .
B s k e r - 1 6 , i n a u d i b l e . . . 4 0 4 7 - 3 0 I n a u d i b l e .
Check B a k e r - 1 6 .
4 1 6 , we n e e d a d r i v e r s ' l i c e n s e c h e c k on W i l l i a m B a r k e r ,
B - a - r - k - e - r , m a l e N e g r o , DOB A u g u s t 2 4 , 1 9 1 9 , a d d r e s s
1 4 0 8 E f f i e Road .
Oka y , 4 1 6 . ~
370 s c e n e .
O k ay , 3 7 0 .
C h a r l l e - 1 7 , do y o u show us i n ?
Check C h a r l i e - 1 7 .
C h a r l l e - 1 7 . . . . I n a u d i b l e .
O k a y , C h a r l l e - 1 7 .
C h a r l i e - 1 5 , s c e n e .
C h a r l i e - 1 5 , s c e n e , 6 : 0 3 .
7 3 , l a F e r g u s o n r i g h t t h e r e a t R o s e h l l l ?
C h ec k .
O k ay , 7 3 .
6 1 4 , F e r g u s o n i s c l o s e t o w h e r e 1 1 1 A b n e r ' s u s e d t o b e .
v C h a r l i e - 1 6 , t o 7 3 , t h a t w i l l be t h e s p o r t i n g g o o d s J u s t
r i g h t n e x t t o L i i A b n e r s ' R e s t a u r a n t , j u s t n o r t h o f
E x p r e s s w a y .
o o o a a o
P a g e 4
7 3 :
3 7 6 :
D i s p a t c h e r :
3 7 6 :
B a k e r - 1 4 :
D i s p a t c h e r :
I n a u d i b l e .
D i s p a t c h e r :
D i s p a t c h e r :
C h a r l i e - 11 :
C h a r l l e - 1 7 :
D i s p a t c h e r :
3 6 3 :
D l s p a r c h e r :
3 6 3 :
3 7 0 :
D i s p a t c h e r ;
■ D i s p a t c h e r :
C h a r l l c - 1 1 :
C h a r l l e - 1 6 :
D i s p a t c h e r :
C h a r l l e - 1 0 :
D i s p a t c h e r :
D i s p a t c h e r ;
C h a r l l e - 1 6 :
C h a r l i e - 1 4 :
D i s p a t c h e r :
C h a r l l e - 1 4 ;
D i s p a t c h e r ;
B a k e r - S I :
D l s p a t e h e e :
C h a r l i e - 5 2 :
O k a y , 7 3 .
3 7 6 , w e ' r e a t B e l l e v u e and A l c y . Do y o u w a n t us on
t h a t c a l l ?
3 7 6 , 1 2 8 8 K e r r , a p r o w l e r .
3 7 6 .
B a k e r - 1 4 , s c e n e .
O k a y , B a k e r - 1 4 . . . 8 : 0 9 .
H e n r y - 1 4 .
C h a r l i e - 1 1 l o c a t i o n .
I n a u d i b l e .
C h a r l l e - 1 7 s c e n e .
C h a r l l e - 1 7 s c e n e . . 3 : 1 0 .
3 6 3 I n .
36 3 i n . 2 2 40 Laraar a t S t e r l i n g s , h o l d i n g a p r i s o n e r .
3 6 3 .
3 7 0 , i s t h e r e an a m b u l a n c e en r o u t e ?
C h e c k . . 8 : 1 1 .
• C h a r l l e - 1 1 , Cummings and T r i g g an a c c i d e n t . . 8 : 1 1 .
O k ay , C h a r l i e - 1 1 .
C h a r l l e - 1 6 , do y o u know who p l a c e d t h e c a l l on t h i s ?
S t a n d - b y .
C h a r l l e - 1 0 , s c e n e .
O k a y , C h a r l l e - 1 0 .
C h a r l i e - 1 6 , m a l e b l a c k who r e f u s e d h i s I d e n t i t y .
Ok ay , C h a r l i e - 1 6 .
C h a r l i o - 1 4 ,
C h a r l l e - 1 4 .
- ^ a i d YOU g e t a n a m b u l a n c e a n d l i e u t e n a n t e n r o u t e . We ' v e
g o t t wo t h a t ' s b e e n h u r t . .
B a k e r - S l . t o C h a r l l e - 1 4 . . . c l e a r t h e s c e n e and g e t . a l l
t h e s p e c t a t o r s o u t . 0 U 0 ^ 0
366 l o c a t i o n .
C h a r l i c - S - l , a d v i s e S a ! ; e r - 5 1 t h a t I'-r. on t h e s c a v c .
Page 5
Dispatcher:
Baker-51:
Charlie-17 :
Dispatcher:
Dispatcher :
Baker-52;
Dispatcher:
Charlle-52:
Dispatcher;
Charlle-15:
366:
Dlspathcer:
366:
Dispatcher:
Dispatcher:
366 :
Charlle-10:
Dispatcher:
Charlle-10;
Dispatcher:
377:
Dispatcher:
375;
Dispatcher:
375:
Bak'er-16:
Dispatcher:
Baker-16:
Dispatcher:
Daker-16:
376:
Dispatcher:
Charlie-31:
Saker-51, Charlle-52 advises he Is oii the scene.
Okay, Saker-51.
Charlle-17 In service.
Okay, Charlie-17.
Charlle-52, do you need any more cars?
Bnker-52 In.
Okay, Baker-52.
CharlieT-52, we have plenty cats.
Charlle-52, advsies on the scene, Bellevue and Ferguson.
Okay, C h a r lie-15 .... inaudible.
366.
366.
366, Jefferson and Pauline.
Okay, 366.
366, 887 Raynor...Con i Inc. ADT Alarm covering the
wavehous e.
366.
Charlle-10, repeat the location.
Charlle-10, 576 W1lliams...8:14.
Charlle-10 in.
Okay, Charlle-10 In...377 location?
377, Sumner and Holmes.
Disregard, 375 location.
375, Third and the Expressway.
375, 1519 South Lauderdale, a prowler (inaudible) 8:14.
Okay, 375.
Baker-16 in service.
Repeat Baker Car.
16 la service.
Baker-15, correction, *Baker-16, Bellalfe Motel, 1815
Bellevue, complaint.
Baker-16.
376 In.
376 In.... Bellevue and Ferguson repeat.
Q 0 0 2 3 1
Charllc-3l, show us on a special here at Bellevue ar.o
Ferguson.
Page 6
Dispatcher:
Charlie-31:
Dispatcher :
Baker-31:
Charlle-52:
Dispatcher:
Charlie-52:
Dispatcher:
Charlie-52:
Dispatcher:
Charllc-31:
Dispathccr:
Charlie-31:
316:
Dispatcher:
316:
368:
Dispatcher :
Inaudible for
Charlle-17:
Charlle-17:
Baker-16:
Dispatcher:
376:
D i s p a t c h e r :
C h a r l l e - 5 2 :
D i s p a t c h e r :
253:
D i s p a t c h e r :
253:
Inaudible.
Dispatcher:
Charlle-31, you needed?..we are holding calls.
• '
Stand by, Charlie-31.
Baker-31, in. Baker-31, 887 Rayner, make Che alarm
call with 366.
Baker-31.
Charlie-52.
Charlle-52.
Do you have an ambulance en route.
Check Charlle-52.
Advise them to come in the rear of 2600 Bellevue.
Okay, Char lie-52,..8:15
Charlle-31 in.
Okay, Charlie-31.,.Charlie-31, 1519 South Lauderdale,
prowler.
0«:ay, Charlie-31.
316...Did you get that drivers’ license check?
Check 316..He does not have a drivers license.
Okay, 316._
368.
368, 'are you on the scene?
several calls.
Taco Restaurant 3341 Bellevue, complaint.
Charlle-17.
Baker-16 scene.
Baker-16, scene...8:17.
376 in.
376 in.
Charlie-52, we n e e d C r i m e S c e n e also.
253...Okay Charlie-52, 253.
• ••253. •
253, make the call on Bellevue and Ferguson in the rear
of 2600 Bellevue.
253.
Bnkcr-12, scene...8;18.
ooo^y^;
ŝn'KT-̂. M
Page 7
Cliarlle.-13 : Charlie-13 in.
Dispatcher: Charlle-13, Nelson and Blythe a prowler. «
Charlie-13: Charlle-13.
Baker-17: Baker-17 scene.
Dispatcher: Baker-15, nake the c.all to Nelson and Blythe with
Charlle-13...75 also en route.
Baker-15 : Baker-15.
Inaudible.
Baker-10: Baker-10 in.
Dispatcher: Baker-10 In...8:19.
Inaudible...
Inaudlble-14: 820 Joffa...inaudible.
375: 375 scene... Inaudible.
Dispatcher: 375 scene..8:20
Inaudible...
Dispatcher: Charlie-10, ’.394 Greenwood, a disturbance, 8:2.1.
Charlle-10: Charlie-10.
363: 363 Scene. '
Dispatcher: Okay 363, 8:21.
368: 368 scene.
Dispatcher; Okay, 368..8:22.
Baker-10: Baker-10, 374 East McLenore, complaint.
Dispatcher: Baker-10 special, 8:22.
Charlle-31: Charlic-31, scene.
Dispatcher: Charlle-31 scene, 8:23.
Inaudible.
Bak«c-18: Baker-18, In.
Dis pate'.; er: uakcr-ie in.... 395S Ci'.:3hlre, a theft.
Baker-18: Baker-18.
363: 363 In. . 363.. do you have a hospital rep-.rt.
Dispatcher: Stand-by.
Baker-31r Bakcr-31, repeat the name of the company.
Dispatcher:
Baker-31:
(Inaudible)...Con 6 Incoroorated.
Baker-31 scene. U 0 {J
7,V — r.'J-'—
?age 8
Dispatcher:
Charlle-15:
Dispatcher:
Robert-7:
Dispatcher:
366;
Dispatcher:
Dispatcher:
Charlie-15:
Charlie-17:
Dispatcher:
Charlie-13:
Dispatcher:
Charlie-16:
Dispatcher:
Charlie-31:
Dispatcher:
Charlle-15:
Dispatcher:
Charlle-10:
831:
Dispatcher:
831:
Dispatcher:
Charlle-18:
Dispatcher;
3 il:e r- 15 :
Dispatcher:
Charlie-11:
Dispatcher:
73:
Dispa tcher:
Charlic-11:
Baker-31, on the scene...8:25.
Charlie-15 in service.
Charlie-15 in service 8:25.
Rohert-7 in service.
Robert-7...inaudible.
366 scene.
Okay 366. t
Charlie-15, 2A70 W. Chereta (Inaudible)
Charlie-15 .
Charlie-17 scene.
Okay Charlie-17.
Charlie-13 scene.
Charlie-33, scene...8:26.
Charlie-16, show us transporting one, John Gaston.
Charlie-16 transporting.
CHarllc-13 in.
Charllc-31 in 8:27.
Charlle-15 scene.
Charlie-15 scene 8:28.
Charlle-10 scene.
831 the building checked out okay.
Okay 831,..are you advising in.
Check 831.
831.
Charlie-18, special. Lane Stadiua.
Check Charlle-18. '
3 a k e r - l S s c e n e .
Baker-18 okay..8:33 KIC 306.
. . .:>Charlie-11, we need one private wrecker for 57
Chevrolet, black and whl tc. . . inaudib le. . . 69 .'
Okay, Charlle-11.
73 Special, John Gaston.
Okay, 73. Charlle-11 repeat the license. U 0 0 ^ 1 3 4
Ch.nrlic-11, that's 11,369.
Page 9
Dispatcher:
Charlie-52:
Dispatcher:
Charlle-52:
Dls patcher:
Charlie-15:
Dispatcher:
616:
Dispatcher:
Bakcr-13:
Dispatcher:
316:
A16:
Dispatcher:
Charlle-12;
Dispatcher:
Charlie-11:
Dispatcher:
Baker-13:
. 363:
Dispatcher:
375:
Disp atcher:
Chai;J.le-ll:
Baker-16 :
Dispatcher:
Baker-14:
Dispatcher:
Baker-15:
Dispatcher:
Charlle-12:
Okay Charlie-11
Charlle-52
Charlle-52.
Do you have a listing on the Mercury Marine at 2598
South Bell-vue?
Stand by.
Charlle-15 scene. f
Charlle-15 scene...inaudibIc.
616 is that Baker-7 at John Gaston.
Stand by.
Baker-13 in.
Baker-13 in...8:32.
316 John Gaston.
416 change our special to John Gaston, follow-up.
416 Special. Charlie-11 and Charlie-12, 30 W. Fie'lds ,
apartment 1, a subject armed with a shotgun..Charlie-12.
Charlle-12.
Charlle-11.
Charlie-11...inaudible.
Okay, Baker-13, make the call with Charlle-12 to 30 W.
Fields, apartment 1, subject armed with a shotgun.
Baker-13.
363 transporting one.
363 transporting one...8:33.
375 change our location to 1513 Lauderdale on that call.
375 Special.... 1605151, registration not available.
Charlle-11.
Bakcr-16 in service.
Baker-16 in...8:34.
Baker-14 in service.. .
Baker-14 in.
Baker-15 in.
Baker-15 in...8:35.
Charlle-12 scene. OOOk'UIi
Page 10.
Dlapatcher :
Charlie-13:
Dispatcher:
73:
Dispatcher:
73:
Dispatcher:
370:
Dispatcher:
370:
Dispatcher:
.370:
Charlie-52:
370:
Dispatcher:
376:
Dispatcher:
375:
Dispatcher:
Charlie-31:
Dispatcher:
Charlie-17:
Dispatcher:
••
Charlie-12:
Dispatcher:
Baker-13:
Dispatcher:
Charlie-16;
Dispatcher:
Charlie-12 scene...8:35.
A
Charlie-13, we're going to be out a while with a report.
Okay, Charlte-13,..8:35.
t73.
73.
73, ask Charlie-IA to check in the southeast corner of
the building back at the scene and see if they can find
my leather lease strap.
Char lie-14...Charlie-14... 370... 370.
370.
Are you still on the scene?
Check, 370.
Okay..look in the southeast corner of the building for
a leather strap for 75.
270.
Charlie-52, advise 370 not to go into the building until
the. Crime Scene arrives.
Okay, 370.
8:37.
376, Marjorie and Person with a complaint.
376 Special.
375 in.
375 in...8:38.
Charlie-31 special, 801 Jefferson with a complainant.
Charlic-31 special.
Charlie-17 in service.
Charlle-17 in service...8:39.
Charlie-12, dlsre eard Eaker-13.
Baker-13 disregard the call.
Baker-13..Baker-13 in. ̂ .̂to
Baker-13 in...8:39. '
Charlle-16 scene.
Check Charlic-16....inaudible.
Page 11
Baker-14 :
Dispatcher :
416;
Dispatcher;
73;
Dispatcher;
Baker-17;
253;
Dispatcher:
Charlie-52:
Dispatcher:
Charlie-52;
Baker-14, show us at headquarters writing a letter.
Baker-14j‘ special... 8 : 39.
416 scene.
Okay 416 ... 8:40.
73 scene .
Check 73...Baker-17__Ada and Honduras, regarding a
disturbance.
Baker-17. '
253 scene.
Okay 253...Baker-12 call 492.
Charlic-52, did you get a listing?
Owners en route..Charlie-52.
Charlic-52.
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7E2?.UAr.r 7 , 19 72
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r o t l i r u i ' i o l i i j J a c ' -a
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St t h a i r .*>ou 1 d ■;a r .
F t l n . R l c h c v ’ r., a t t h i a t i n e , vr.a a r a e d • • / i th .a - 1 2 t a u j u r**Jcr> . s ' . o t t v . a ,
v h t c h I n r* t a n h a r d .’ ' j i l p n c o C t o r a l l n*;*jnd c o r n , fi*sd h i e * J d c a - - . . * r o
r e v o l v u T , r t l - i . C o \ •■>.'.'1 n r n o d - . / Ich hl-.i . 1 3 c a l l b r a r o ' s ' o l v a r . •;:i\c'r.
I s 9 tJ'.cu.-ird o p u l 7;x..cT'.t l o r a l l p o . l l o u o .'; £ i ■: t r.? .
F v l n , ' o x t h a n Van ;sr-:>rc-'4i'>4 h o l y 7 n ' , t.n th.a or . ;
In l . i t . i ' t o d n.'i c'ne n o r t h - l i d o c t 2 3 9 8 Cl-.-!.! . r a n i c ' ’
h t i n . ' , t i ’ t I'lVjnu c i ' ? t C'.n I’ r . ' i r . a - a u l c e r , d o v n
'.ncr..-' h su r v . u , r a n t!'C . i i n t i r a i ' . ;h;;th n t :*sn r o a r
a r c ' i l d oh-r-. ru-a t h e f .-o sisi-n b l a c u * : r u n . i i o ; rlo'v.i
d i t - . - i i-.s 'J .; r j £ h i-1 V < ; i v r u t i o r > . F t i r s - :*, l c h a r .i.s r.nll- i*a t .. t h .s
t s ;o . -7cc^.n t o : ;ii t , -O'' . . i - ju t h a y c o r . c i r u ' j d f . i . n u i u r , f . . r - ' u
o n e s h o t u t t ; . ; n ■.•Ich t!'.« - 1 ■■• ' c j - e - i * j 11 , u r..
'i c 1
o f f: le 7 l-
Eon 1: ivur-j
C''.l tl 1 t h '.•
o f t ’i t s 5.
t M - . d i t - .
P a g o 2: r r e l l a l c a r y R n p o v t on 7RSEDIE LEE BEERT, 16, ec al.
? t l a . P . l c h a rd a c a l l a d f o r t h a a a two a a l a B l a c k s t o ’’H a l t " a s e c o n d
t i r . o , and --.-lien t h a / c o n t i a a e d t r 7 in ~ Co c a c a o c , f i r e d a n o t h e r s h o t
f r o a Cao . i d n a u e c o h o t r ; u n , a t -ahl ch t i n e , t h e s e two B o h j a c t s b e - o a
t o o c u n b l e . b u t c o n t i n u e d cr y ln -c t o e a c a n a . ? t l n . B l c h a r d a f l r n u r,
t h i r d s h o t f r o n tha B h o t , t u a , and ? c l a . Con t i r e d t v o s h o t a i r o n b i s
S o r v i c a r e v o l v e r , b u t t h o t v o a a l c B l a c k s , B C u a b l i n g , c o n c l o u a d t o
r u n , t r y i n g Co e s c a p e .
A f c o r f i r i n g t h e t h i r d . s h o t , P t l n . R l c a a r d a c l i n b e d o v e r t h e c h a i n
l i n k f e n c e , and u a l k a d do vn tha d i t c h , l o o k t c ~ f o r t h e t v o n u i o
D l a c k a , or.d b e f o r e h i a p a r t n e r , ? t l a . Co;:, c o u l d c l i n b o v e r t h i s
f e n c e , a n u i a ' . . 'hi to, l a t e r I d a n t l f i o d aa Bon T. f t r a g , 6 2 , 13 11
F e r g u s o n , c a n o f r o a h i a h o c o , l o c t e d ,ia t h e f i r s t h o u s e e a s t o f t h e
d r a i n a g o d i t c h . X r . Krng a d v i s e d P t l a . Con t h a t h e had a key t o th a
g a t e , a t v h l c h t i r . e , he o p e n e d t h i s g a t e and l e t ? C l a . Cox l a s i d o t h a
g a t e .
P t l m . R i c h a r d s and P t l n - . Cox , a l o n g v i t h Hr. K r a g , t h e n b e g a n t o
s e a r c h t h i s d r a l n a s a d i t c h f o r tho tv o a a l e . R la ck a . One n a i a S l a c k ,
l a t e r I d e n t i f i e d a s P r a d d l a Lee E a r r y , was l o c a t e d a p p r o t i n c t e i y 23 6 '
s o u t h o f th a c h a i n l i n k f e n c e , on t h e n o r t h end o f t h i s d i t c h , one
t h i r d o f tha way up t h a aa- j t b a o k , l y i n g f o c i u p . I t v a a n o t k n ov n
I f t h i s u n i s D l a c k a a a a r n o d , and P t l n . f . o l e s o n , v h o had a r r i v e d to
a s s i s t i n th o s e a r c h , c o v e r e d b l n , v h i l c P t l n . P . i c h a r d s s a a r c h e d t.he
n a l a S l a c k f o r a v a n o o n , h o w e v e r , ho d i d n o t f i n d a w a n p o o . A f t e r
th a s e a r c h o f t h i s u a i e S l o c k v u a c o m p l e t e , F t l n , R i c h a r d s t h e n
r e t u r n e d t o t h e opuad c a r and c a l l e d f o r an e a b u l a n c e , h i e C o n o a a d l n g
O f f i c e r , and t h o U o n l c i d c S e c t i o n .
When t h e F i r e C a p a r t n e n t a n b u l a a c o a r r i v e d on t h e s c e n e , P t l n . Cox ,
P t l a . R lc ! : . ard s , and t u o / a b u l a c c e A t t e n d a n t a r e n o v e d cl ia n a l e B l a c k
f ro f t t h e d i t c h , a t w h i c h t i n s ha w a s t r a n s p o r t e d t o John O a s t o n
H o n p i t a l , w h e r e h.a was C r e a c s d f o r a g u n s h o t wound t o th a l a k e s i d e
o f t h s he,ad. l ie l a t e r c u n i r o d , and was p r o n o u n c e d by ! ) r . Jar . es on
S a t u r d a y , J a n u a r y 3 , 1 0 7 2 , nc 10 p . a . , and h i * b o d y p l a c e d i n th a
n o r g u a .
T h e s e O f r i c a r s c o n d u c t e d a f u r t h e r a n a r c h o f t h e d r a i n a g e d i t c h f o r
t h e o t h e r n a l e B l a c k , b u t he had e s c a p e d . T h o s e O f f i c e r s l o c a t j d
two s h o t g u n s , o n e i n o c a s e , and t h e o t h e r o u t o f t h o c a s e . T h e s e
a h o t g u c B w e r e fo u n d d i r e c t l y n c r o s a t h a d i t c h , on t h e w e s t banit f r o u
w h e r e t h o inal e B l a c k was s h o t . I t was l e . i r a e d I n t e r , t h a t t h a s a cuo
s h o t g u n s had c o n e tror: t h a b u r g l a r y o f uo f f rae a L l a l t o d , w h i c h had
b e e n e o - n n i t t e d by t h e s e two s in la B l a c k s , a l o n g v i t a t h o t n i r d o a l a
C l a c k who had b e e n a p p r e h e n d e d by - i /0 M, C. ' . ioora o f t h a Dog S q u a d ,
w h i l e s t i l l i n s i d e t h e S o u t h J a l l a v u a M a r i n e .
P t l n . C s l l i h a n hod d i r e c t e d C - I A , P t l n . R i c h a r d s and P t l - a . Con t o
th o r o a r o f t h e S o u t h T e l l e v u a .‘- i a r l n e , and t h e n c a l l e d f o r C)̂ t> Bog
S q u a d . lie h e a r d o o a e o n e c a l l " ! l c l t ' i n n c d l a t e l y a f t o r t h i s , and
h o a r d t h r o e KhoCguo b l a s t s and two r e v o l v e r s h o t s .
Wnrr.nnt O f f l c a r C. Mooro , o p e r a t i n g t h e Bog C a r , and h i o d o g ,
Buko , arr lvo i ' i a t t h e s c e n e , .and w are s u c c a s s f u l i n a p p r e h o n d l n g
a d a l e B l a c k , l a t e r I d e n t i f i e d a s J e r r y L ew i s L l p f o r d , 1.?, i n tha
9 o u t h w o . ; t c o r n e r o f t h e h u i l i i n g a t t h i s l o c a t i o n . L ip . ' o r d v.as
t r a n s p o r t c ; t o Jo im C a n to n h o s p i t a l by Car C - 1 6 , f o r t r o . s t r c a t o f
i n j u r i e s ho had r e c e i v e d i n s t r u g g l i n g w i t h t h o o o l i c a d o g , J u k j .
lie woo t v o a t o d a t Joh.n C s o t o n U o s p l t . s l Er. er .rency -iooia f o e n i n o r
dog b i t o ’j and r c l o n s n d .
A f t e r t h e Bog Squad had f l n i n h o d c h e c k i n g th a b u i l d i n g a t 25 93
E l v i c P r e s l e y ; > o o l a v s r d , P t l r i , C a l l l h a a and ? t l : i . B o l o a o n t h e n
e n t e r e d t h e b u i l d i n g . Thog' f ound t h a t th o i n s i d o o f f l c s o f c - i i s
b u i l d f - i g i ird b oo n r e n s a c l ; o d , a ; d t h e r e v.ni: a l ar y . a r o c k i n :! .o
f l o o r , 1 5 ' i r o n th.a b r o k e n f r o n t d o o r , u b i c h was l a y i n g e a s t o :
Chl.3 f r o n t d o o r . T h i s r o c k h a d . i p p a r a a t l y b n o n t h r o w n t . h r o u g h t h o
d o o r i n o r d e r t o b r e a k t h e g l a r . o .
00U2;jB
;• I.
rags 9: Prollalnary Report on y?.r:9DI2 LI-i: 3ERR7, MJJ, 18, at »l,
On S u a . l a y , J a n u a r ? 9 , 1 9 7 2 , a t 2 : 4 5 a . n . , 2 . 3. D o t s o n , y . ' l , 4 5 , o f
2 4 2 7 S l l v n r , a p p e a r e d l a t h e U o n i c l d o S e c t i o n O f f i c e , v l t h t h o - . a o 3 ,
L u r r y , 1 7 , o f 2 4 2 7 S i l v e r . At t h a t t l a » . Lu rry was a r r a s t e d by
L e t . J , A. 2uni?aa and D e t . il , 2 . P .and la , f o r t h e A u r n l a r y S e c t i o n ,
Ha \ fa s a d v l a e d o f h i e r l q h c s Ly 3 a t . P a a d l c a t t h e t l a a o f h i j a r r e s t .
A v r l t t e n s t a t e a o n t v a o t a k e n f r o a Thoaa.s 3. L u r r y , a t 2 : 5 5 a . n . , o a
S u n d a y , J a n u a r y 9 , 1 9 7 2 , by L t . 7 . H a r o h n l l , D o t . U. E. t a n d l a , D c t .
J . A. Ou n» an , and D o t , G. S . ' ; i l l l o , and a c o p y o f a n a a l a h e r e t o
a t t a c h e d and a a l f - a x p I n n a t o r y .
On fJonday , J a n u a r y 1 0 , 1 9 7 2 , C o u r t O rd er s f o r t h e a u t o p s y on Cha b o d y
o f F r o d d i a Lao B e r r y w e r e hand c a r r i e d t o t h n A t t o r n e y C a c a r a l ’ s
O f f i c e , t o ba s i g n e d by t h e A t t o r a a y G o n e r o l , due t o t h a f a c t t h a t an
a u t o p s y had b e e n o r d e r e d by Dr. F r a n c i s c o , and t h e c o t h a r h a d r e f u s e d
h e r c o n a a n t . At 1 1 : 4 5 a . a . , Mo n o sy , J a n u a r y 1 0 , 1 5 7 2 , D a t . S t r a t t o n
n o t i f i e d D r . F r a n c i s c o ’ s O f f i c e , c h a t t h a t a u t o p s y p a p e r s h ad b e e n
s i g n e d by t b s A t t o r n e y G e n e r a l . ’! r . John C a r l i s l e , o f t h e A t t o r n a y
G s n e r a l ’ n O f f i c e , n o t i f i e d D a t , S . tT, S t r a t t o n , o f t h e K o a i c l d a
S a c t l o u , t h a t t h a s a p a p e r s had h o c n s i g n e d by t h e A t t o r n e y G e n e r a l ,
end t h a o f f i c e o f D r , F r a n c i s c o was I n a c d i a t a l y n o t l f i a d .
On Monday , J a n u a r y 1 0 , 1 9 7 2 , a t 1 p . a . , w h l l a t h e w r i t e r waa i n t h e
a o r g u e , ha was I n f o r n e d b y Dr . S i c h a o n d , A s s l o t a n t S h a l b y C o u n ty
] ! a d i c a l E n a a l n c r , t h a t ha had c o a p l a t c d t h e a u t o p s y on th o b o d y o f
F r e d d i e Laa B a r r y , and was r u l i n g t h i s a n o a l c i d e , dua t o a gut i snoC
t found Co t h s b r a i n , and t h a t h e w o u ld r a l c a s e t h a body f o r b u r i a l ,
s h o r t l y . The w r i t e r o l g n o d f o r t h i s s l u g , w h i c h w.is £ l a a d a l u g t h a t
had b e e n re mo ved f r o n t h e b r n l n o f F r e d d i e Lea B e r r y , and r s c u m n d t o
h e s d q u a r t e r a , w h o r e h e t a g g e d t h e s l u g u n d e r r e c e i p t ^ A 4 0 2 6 2 .
On F r i d a y , J a n u a r y 1 4 , 1 9 7 2 , D e t . R. M. S t r a t t o n a p n e a r s d i n f r o n t o f
t h a S h e l b y Grand J u r y , w i t h an I n d i c t n - u t f o r Murder a g a i n s t J a n o a S .
F . l e h a r d s , I I I , P a t r o l n a n w i t h Che Man nh i s F o l l c o D o p a r C a a n t . U r .
J o h n C a r l i s l e , I n v e a t i g a t o r f o r tho A t t o r n o w C c n o r s l ' s O f f l c a , Ur .
C l y d e M a so n , A s s i s t a n t A t t o r n e y G e n e r a l , a l s o a p p e a r e d w i t h D e c . R. U,
S t r a t t o n . Mr. C a r l i s l e o r . p l a i n e d t o t h e Grand J u r y c h a t F C l n . R i c h a r d s
ha d o l g n s d a. t’o r a r o i i r . p u l s h i n a h i s i a n u n i t y t o any c h a r g a , i n th a
e v e n t h« w e r e t o c e n t l C y i n f r o n t o f t h e Grand J u r y . U r , Haaoa a < i v t s e d
t h e Grand J u r y as t o t h a l a v i n r e g a r d t o t h e s h o o t i n g o f a f l a e l a i
f e l o n . D o t . S t r a t t o n t h e n p r e s e n t e d th a f a c t s s u r r o i i a d i a g t h i s I n c l J a a t
t o t h a Grand J u r y . Ac 1 2 : 3 0 p . n , , F r i d a y , J a n u a r y 1 4 , 1 9 7 2 , C a p e , A. A.
C o c h r a n ::as a d v i s e d b y Mr. Jo hn C a r l l a l e o f t h e A t t o r n e y G o n o r a l ’ u
O f f l c a , t h a t a So Trtio B i l l hod b e e n r e t u r n e d on t h e l a d i c t n a n t o f
. J a n a s K, R l c h a r d a , I I I . P t l n . R i c h a r d a v?ns i n a e d l a t o l y n o t i f i o d o f
t l i l o r o c u r n by n e t . R. N. S t r a t t o n .
Or. Monday , J a n u a r y 17 , 1 9 7 2 , a l e t t e r waa f o r v a r d a d t o t h a H o a i c l d e
S u c t i o n O f f i c e s , t o C a n t . C oc ! i rn n , w h i c h had b e e n r s c c i v e d by C h i e f o f
P o l i c e , B i l l P r l c a , f r o n t h e o f f l c c B o f R.atnar , S u g a r a a n , and L u c a s ,
A t t o v n e y a .at Lav. T h i s l a t t e r had b e e n a d d r e s a e d Co t h a l i o n o r a p l e
F r e d D a v i s , C ' l a i rn a n o f Monphin C i t y C o u n c i l , t / l t l i copla .p f o r - v a r a s d t o
' ' t p y o r C h a n d l o r , and o i l th.e o t h e r C i t y C o u n c l l o p n , C h i e f P r i e s , and
Mrs. Morth.s Uilsy, i.-.other of Froddio Lee ■icrry. rhia latter baaattached and becoaa a part this flla.
On T u o n d s y , Joni i . sry 1 0 , 1972, .••C 9 : 3 0 a . r . . . D o t . S c r a t t o a w e n t t o th a
P o l i c e D i s p a t c h e r ' s Of C . l c o , nr.J o ' j Ca in ed a t a p e r e c o r d i n g o f t h a
P o l i c o D l a p s t c i i a r ’ R r a d i o l o p , b o g l n n l r g a t 3 p . . p . . en d c o - i t i n u i n g to
3 : 4 0 p . n . , S . i t u r d n y , .Li i iuarv 3 , 1972. Vhia r e c o r J i u g sva.p t a h a n op .a
S t e n o r e t t e t a p s r e c o r d o r , and l a t e r t r . an .a cr l bn J i n t h o 'd o n lc l ' J s h . pc t l c
C f f i c e , i n l o n g h a n d , by D o t , A. D, S t r a t t o n . I t ua a i a t o r typ-TU by
Clu r ’i<-Ty p 13 C J a a n Fo'.'or.p, A c o p y o f t i l l s t r a n a c t l p t l o n i s h e r o t o
a t t a c h e d and s e i f - o ; : p l a a a c o r y .
0 0 0 3 0 0
... - \
PaRa 10 1 Prolitilaary Suport on 7SEDDIE LEE 32BaT, HM, IS, at ol.
AE t h o t l M S Sue. U. )5. Turner aud EaE. S, G, Iloblla vect to tha John
Goston on the nipht C'not "roudla Loo 3erry vas shot, they
vera ^Iven n brovn cnvelopo by l.orso Vount. This envelope conc.Tlnod
tha property that h.ad baan ■.‘onoYad froa aa unicno’jn nale .ElacI;. who
V3H later identified as Proddia Loa Eorry, by T.araa VounR. This
envelope cont.alned $A.37, one blac'.c conb and one ci.'raratte lighter.
There was no billfold or any peraonal ideatifIcoSion in tliio orovn
cnvalopa. Cn thl.a envelope «;as written d.'.f22477. It also had
Unknown :!-3, and bore the data of 1/0/72, and was signed £. Vonnn, 7-T.
T’.iis onvslopa showed that it cantainad 54,31, but when it vas later
counted, it contained $4.37. This anveiopa is bclnj attached, and
*.̂ ill becose a part of this filo.
,43 provlotisly stated, photoprnpha wera nada of tha ecena of thla la d —
dont by tho Crlna Scena Sejuad, Car-253, Dot. !i, E. Cross, Dat. 7. C.
Caesar, and Dct. R. T. Montporjery. After Freddie Lao Sorry espirad
and was transported to the norsuc, photographs vara taken of tha body
oiiovinR tha face and the wound for IdactifIcatloa pnrponos. by Cat,
C. A. SuvHcll, of tho Crin.n Scena Stjuad. Theae photographs a m bein?
rot.alned In the llonicida Section Of flea ,witb thla file. .Vorizl
phetographs wuro nado at a inter date, by Dot. C. Ellison of tho
rolica Photo Lab. ^
No cral or writton st.ntenent vna tdan fron the vlctla of this Inci
dent, duo Co tho fact that ha vaa unconscious and enpired before
rosalnlng cansclouanesn,-
Written ntatenento were taken froa Thoaas 5, Larry and Jerry Lnwla
Lipford and thalr atatcaanto ar« hereto attached and aalf-explaoatary.
Written statements were also taken fron Don T. Krag, Hlldred Era?,
PtlTO. Janas K. Uicharda, III, 3. G, Cox, H. 0. Roleaon, and J.
Callihan, and Courtney L. Harris. Theso stateaentn are also hereto
attached and self-explanatory.
The ahotpun used In this shooting, a .12 gauge Realngton, pu=p shot
gun, aodel S70, bearing Henphin Polica Departaent ^130, aarial >105-
2102V, wan not confiucated, but raaainad In squad car, Charlia~14, and
Is ovailabla In the event It is needed at a lator data..
Tho clothing worn by the vlctla, Freddie Lea Serry, which consiatad of
one pair of black and red bcoto, one pair of levia, one aulCl-coiofed
chlrt, two pairs of 'jock.s, .and ons blue jacket, have been confiscstad
and properly tagged in tho Property Koora undar rocoipt t\\40204, and
aro iselng rntainod in tha Property Soon until farther notice iron taa
EoTaiclds Section Offico.
Tha property ifhlch wan rsnovnd fron Freddla Lea Barry by Nnrsa Young
at tho John C.a-jton Eospltcl hurse's Staff, and -Ivan to tha Datoctlvas
Nohiin and Turner, iiaa been properly tagged in tao Proparty Koon under
■ receipt C'i40203.
I t s h o u l d bo n o t e d , tk .a t t h o b u r g l a r y I n v e s t i g a t i o n o f t h o S o u t h
' v u o * '3 r l n a and tha 3 . l i o f f c a n G o l f E q u l p n e n t Conpnny h a s b e e n ha
b y t h a B u r g l a r y S e c t o n , end th .a t t h e y n ro o u b n i t t i n g aa a r r e s t r
on t h a a r r e a t o f Tticj'^as 3 , L u rr y sa d J a r r y Le^wia L i p f o r d . I t ch
a l s o ba n o t e d t h a t wh.an L i p f o r d wr.a f i r c t a r r e s c e d , ho g a v e h '
aa 1 7 , en d a b l r t h d e v . e w h ic l i w o u ld r e f l e c t t h a t ho wno o n l y 1 7 .
l l c iwavar , f u r t h e r i n v e s c i g a t 1 on r e v e a l e d t h a t h e had g i v a a t h a v r
b l r t h d a t u , a n d , was i n f a c t , 10 y e a r s o l d . Mo wjo l a t e r c h a r g e d
B u r g l a r y by t h e C u r .g lary S e c t i o n , Chon t ! i e f a c t . s w e r e p r e a ' j . i c e c
r e g a r d s t o t h i s e n n o o.a Hond i y , J a n u a r y 1 0 , 19 7 2 , l a D i v i s i o n IX
C i t y C o u r t , h n was h o l d t o t h e r. t a t o , on a ;:ot G u i l t y ? l c a , Lv J
Dai 'n io '..'ci np . in , a.ad a bond o f 5533 was n e t i n t h i s c a s e by Jud. -a
b’e i a n a a . Th.ouay E. I .urry van c h a r g e d w i t h B u r g l a r y and h i s c u s s
H o f e r r e d Co J u v o n l l c C o u r t . AC t h i a v r i c i a g , t b s o u t c o n a o f h i a
i n J u v e n i l e C e u r t i-; n o t kr.ow.a.
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IN THt
IN T H E MATT EH OF
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iJO.-i; b-2i-34, P. A. 1/ ! ;r.
A child i,;'id'-'r 18 yt-’Ors 39'-
CONSENT D ECHEi
This cause came on to m heard upon a sworn p-nuion, ana said chiPI and tire person 'si t-csonp, o
r-ntrol of said child ^30,03 b'̂ en July surnmoriod or liaving bppaaied vcunHni, dOj 1. . r po .
ro t h r S u a S ngn^tures of the parties th.t they do place themselves before this Hocomme
and acknowledge its jurisdiction and admit the foliowing.
tstncy
i/ider.t
Court
1.
2
3.
That they have been fuliy advised of their legal rights and that a hearing oefore Uw Co
is hereby expressly waived.
That the allegations ot the petition are entirely true.
That.said child is c o n s i d e r e d . ______ child within the rr̂ eaning .he d
of tlte State of Tennessee in that ŝiid child did on or about------
19 72 .commit a (.{elinaueul: act, to wit, bur;;;lary ia the third deyree
burliness house of tiio South dellcvue :iarine at d j V o I . l v i s li.csloy .j o u -.
rt
of ti.C
,v .^rd«
4 That on this agreement is based the order of this Court and that failure to comply herewith
subjects them to such action as the Court deems proper wrthin its lunsdiction.
Havmg considered the admissions and agreements of the parties, the Crturt finds that child
is a oallnriuertt child within the meaning of the la.v of the State of Tennessee.
,T ,S T H E R E F O R E O R D E R E D , A D J U D G E D , A N D DECRKD^,,^^^ r^e hotemt'
r t t " r ; t : ; r h l 7 T ^ T T ^ T t ^ T r o T l T S T ^ - u n d e r ̂ T v i s l c n of th
^^orobation officer assigned by this Court.
.^"oviAU-gru 19.1 2 2 -
^ Juvenile Court Judge
C O N S E N T E D T O
A / ZflA Z : C : r i Sr . ' f
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LT. JOHN A. COLETTA
Range Officer
W/0 W. B. HART
ASSISTANT RANGE OFFICER
PTLM. I-. B. GCOCH
Depart-nental Amo^-«r
C
M/O R. P. FURR.
Research A Statistics
OOUoO
o CliAPTEP viai
12 ''ADGE r i o t SHOTGLin
A. GRIEF HISTORY ARP EXPLANATION OF THE SHOTGUN.
1. T!ie inodern sliotqun used by police agencies today is the latest
development of the historical fowling piece of colonial days
and the blunderbuss of the puritans. The introduction of the
shotgun to law enforcement occurred during the early days of the
western peace officer and the Wells Fargo stage coach guard.
The Superiority of this multi-projectile weapon was readily
recognized by these men whose duties were to enforce the law
and protect life and property in an armed and lawless society.
The sliotgun provided them with the extra fire power needed and
insured a higher degree of hit potential in combat situations.
2. The up-to-date version or off-spring of these older historic
weapons is the police shotgun, corriTionly known in the police
service as the "riot' gun. Like its ancestors, the riot gun
is a smooth bore weapon, meaning tlie barrel does not contain
lands or grooves which are found in rifle and pistol barrels.
Tlie weapon derives its name from the type of projectiles or
"shot" which are fired from it. These projectiles are offered
by ammunition manufacturers in various sizes ranging from one
single pellet, (called a rifled slug) .72 caliber in size, to
a very fine pellet containing over twenty-four hundred (2400)
minute separate lead particles.
0 0 0 3 0 5
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C. Our Depnrtrient is currently arn’ed with the Rcninnton, *-1odel 073
Riot Shotgun, ..'hich is equipped with a twenty (20) inch barrel and
bead type front sights. This fireann is a multipurpose weapon provid
ing the police officer with a short range "rifle" of excellent shocking
power when the rifled slug is used and a multi-shot weapon capable
of throwing a normal shot pattern when buckshot is f'led. The modern
police shotgun may also be employed to project tear gas and grenades
with a fair degree of accuracy.
The shotgun is considered by metropolitan police firearms ex
perts as the ultimate and most versatile of weapons in the police
arsenal. Its "triple threat" ciiaracteristies - that of a rifle,
multi-shot weapon and tear gas projector is not available in other
weapons. Contrary to popular belief, the shotgun is a highly accurate
and safe weapon for use in police actions, particularly in urban
areas such as our department policies. It fires short range, medium
velocity, soft lead projectiles, which minimizes the distance traveled,
richochet potential and penetration.
C. Many people, police officers included, ai'C under tlie false impression
that shotgun projectiles come out of tnc muzzle in a spray without
direction. Shot dispersal may be best explained visually by using a
large sheet of wrapping paper rolled up into a tight cone and placed
in the diameter of the cone. However, it must be remembered that
pellets fired from a shotgun will cluster together as they leave the
muzzle and will not start to separate to any great degree until the
snot charge is about three (3) to five (5) feet from the muzzle. At
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o
the point of separation, the pellets will begin their cone type
flig'it, extending in area as the distance fron the r:'jz2le becomes
greater. Police officers who have occasion to use different size
shot charges may be guided by a general rule of thumb in evaluating
shot dispersal area and effective range - "the smaller the shot size,
the greater dispersal and less effective range".
SMOTGIJiN AMf’UMITION
The use of the rifled slug by police agencies is a fairly recent
innovation, but shot type shells have been used in law enforcement
for a great many years. The most common size shells used by tliesc
agencies are the rifled slug and 00 buck shot.
D. The rifled slug is a single lead pellet of approximately .72 caliber
v.'hich means it is nearly t'./ice the diameter of our service bullet.
The projectile is so named because it has simulated rifle lands and
groove marks on its base. It leaves the muzzle at IGOO feet per
second, nearly twice the speed of cur target load. The average riarks-
man shooting from seventy-five (75) yards, using our issue v/eapon,
can keep all hits within a ten (10) inch circle. At fifty (50)
yards all slugs shot can he confined to a six (C) inch group. '.Miile
this is not considered pin point rifle accuracy by any stretch of
tile imagination, it is sufficiently accurate for police needs in urban
areas and far superior to the average marksman's capabilities with a
pi stol.
1. The rifle slug projectile has tremendous power, yet it is about
the safest type of police "rifle" to use in densely populated
areas. Its initial penetrating ability is good, and at 100 feet
63. oooao7
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The sluy '..'ill penetrate a rnetal apartment liouse type door,
autcuouilo door, rear trunk door and seat of an automobile,
plastered interior \;alls, and v/ill smash tiie hinges and locks
off a metal apartment door with three (1) v.'ell placed siiots.
Yet after tiie initial hit, the rifled slug quickly loses its
penetrating ability. This much desired characteristic results
from the construction of the slug design. The soft alloy,
hollow base projectile distorts or flattens out readily after
initial penetration. Such distortion causes resisi.ance to
further flight and penetration. The large size projectile
driven at a medium speed also continues to its lack of deep
penetration.
The most common size shot used for general police duty is jO
buckshot. This shotshell contains nine (9) lead balls, each
approximately .33 caliber in size. When used as an anti-
oersonnel weaoon the shotgun 'with CO buckshot is a sure hitter
and an effective man stopper compared with other police firearms
At close ranges no other police a m matches its shocking power.
The shotgun has a distinct advantage over other v.'capons -- it
need only be pointed and not be precisely aimed. In police
situations, such as a rapidly moving target, or when there is
no time to sight, nor sufficient lighting to sight properly,
the shotgun with its high shocking potential , shows its sUf.ei
iority. Its fire power when fully loaded compares favorably
•v.'ith five .32 caliber revolvers.
At close range (25) feet the shot charge of 00 buchshot will
smash through the side of a car door and penetrate a silnouette
oou^oa
54 .
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insi^’e the c a r. I t , / i l I penetrate a fietai a;:artr.ent hrv.iĜ style
hoor. I t . n i l also jcn etrate the rear Irw.v. hnor of an e .n le
"t s ix (h) feet the snet charge can tear a lor.a o ff a .leavy
apartment ho-nse steel door, and \;itn t'..'0 more •.oil .laced sr.nts
at t'le sane distance ca rry .av.'ay trie ninoes and t.ie door ■ '.tooli .
’.iiion using dO ouckshot as mentioned before, the snot oattern
(spread of p e lle ts ) becones nreatc" as the dist.ance fro'! li!0
target in crea ses, ■ ,'ith dO buckshot, a ll p e lle ts \ n l l remain
a four inch, c ir c le ■.■d'iOn t ’ne .j'sepon is 'lirco from seven /..id s.
.ft 13 .yards tlie •pattern extends to all snot •.;itnin a ten (1 y
inen circle -- at twenty-five (23) yards, all snot remains ..it,.in
a fifteen (V3) inch group, an.d at forty ;/ard.s(tiic maxinui"'.
effective rana-e) eight, of the nine pellets '..'‘m i ijc confine': mi
.a thirty (2d) incii circle.
F. bUCCEbTri: USL5 OF TiiL SllCTFUh
The shotnun, like ti'.e sub-macliine -jun, has a. distinct psycnoloeie-a i
effect on persons w’no bcli'^vc it may bo user' anair,st Lhei-i. Tnc
nuzzle of tiiis weapon \.'!ien vie./cd in tiie hands of a police offict-r
resei'’,!.-!as tlic entrance to the ‘lolland Tunnel. Tnis psyci'.olo'iical
effect can be used in many instances to great a'-.vanta.'''e o'it:.out
need for the actual firing of the \;canon. '’any people, hunters,
sportsn.en, former military personnel as '.'cll as, T.V. anr' movie
view-ers of ■..ostern sho',;3 are ai.m.re of the eiicom'passing and devastas-
ine effect of a snetgun clast. The use of this ..capon as a "rifle",
a nulti-shot wea.non and a tear gas projector may be us.ed in a variety
cif uolice situations:
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Riot Control
Soiges of barricaded Criminals
Stake-outs, '..'hore armed felons are av.'aited
Curading of Political Pignitaries
Guarding 'laterial v/ittnesses
Road Blocks
Guarding Bank Transfers, Art treasureshipment, etc.
Security of vital installations.
General police duties where needed
It is true that shotgun projectiles use their energy up quite quickly,
but it must be remembered that they have considerable range. To make
some type of understandable comparison as to maximum range of flioht
(with gun held up at a 30 degree angle of fire) between shotgun project
iles and other commonly known bullets the following list is submitted:
CALIBER
30.06 Springfield
.38 Special (158 qr. service)
.22 Long Rifle
12 gauge, rifled slug
12 gauge, 00 buckshot
12 gauge, buckshot
12 gauge, rR shot
'lAXIMLin RANGE OF PROJECTILES
A ,500 yards
1 ,800 yards
1 ,500 yards
SCO yards
600 yards
500 yards
200 yards
Nhile these maximum ranges are not effective operation ranges, it is possible
for a person to be struck with a projectile at these extreme distances. lJhet^er
such person would be seriously injured at such range is a matter of supposition.
0 0 U 3 1 0
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F. Use of shotgun by nenber of the force requires utmost discipline
in their care and er-.p!o;,':;'er.t. Its use niust alv^ays be considered a
deadly force and as such nay be employed ONLY v;hon necessary and
justifiable in:
1. Defense of one's life or tlie life of another.
2. Preventing a felony or retaking an escaping felo'^. Nhile the
shotgun nay be used in denonstratinq a show of force, it si’.ould
never be fired tactically as a "scare" weapon. The firing of
light loads (bird shot) into disorderly groups -with the intention
of dispersing the participants is not reconnended. Bird siiot
fired at close range (7 yards) is as deadly and will f'.ill as
quickly as 30 buckshot. At forty yards it will penetrate tiie
skin, and may deliver a mortal wound if the eye is struck or
a pellet enters the nasal or ear openings. Sfiotguns are tl'.e
ultimate force in the police arsenal and the final stage in tne
escallation of the use of force in police actions. Therefore,
the use of these firearms should be limited as a final action
after all other means have been exhausted, and no other alter
native is available to the police.
r. “iETMOD FOR VISUAL INSPECTION ANO 0PEP/,TI0Ii CHECK OF TiiE i'OLICE StiOTflJN
VISUAL AND OPERAFION CHECK
Each officer should be familiar with the proper metiiod of field
stripping the Remington, model C570 shotgun as \;ell as, applying
a visual check to m.ake certain it is in operable condition.
To make proper visual check, one must start with an open
action and tlje safety on. .First make sure the safety is on
(pushed to\.'ard the loading and ejection part side) tiien pusli ) j
the fore end to t:ie rear, liiion t!)c shotgun is cnckcd it './ill
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DEPARTM ENT OF POLICE
CITY OF MEAIPHIS, TEN N ESSEE
Dedicated To Better Law Enforcement
1 9 6 1
- Henry Loeb, I I I -
M ayor and Commissioner of Administration and Health
■ - Claude A. A rm our -
Vice - M ayor and Commissioner of Fire and Police
- John T. Dwyer -
Commissioner of Public Seiwice
- Jam es W. M oore -
Commissioner of Finance and Institutions
O
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- William W. Farris -
Commissioner of Public W orks
- Jam es C. M acdonald -
Chief of Police
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FOREWORD
A police orgcinization is tlie arm of governm ent charged
with the responsibility of enforcinglaws and ordinances passed
by elected representatives of the people.
Tlie letter of the law determines what a police officer must
do to discharge the obligation imposed by his oath, br.t it
docs not encompass all of the ramifications which arise in the
course of putting tliese written principles into practical applica
tion.
Understanding of hum an behavior and apj^lication of
common sense are fundam ental to the successful attainment
of police objectives. These alone, however, are not sufficient
to insure the proper handling of every incident. There must
be standards of quality, rules forproccdure, and regulations of
conduct to serve as guides. Tliese standards, rules and regula
tions are set forth in this M anual.
Tills M anual and the file of General Orders and Civil
Service Rules and Regulations shall determine the m anner in
which members of the Memphis Police Department will con
duct themselves and carry out their sworn obligations. Viola
tions of provisions of this M anual, the General Order file
ind the Civil Service Rules & Regulations will constitute
grounds for disciplinary action.
Future revisions or additions will bcconic a part oftliis
M anual, and will have equal force and effect. N othing heroin
should be construed or interpreted as superseding tlie Civil
Service Rules & Regulations.
Claude A. Arm our
Commissioner of Fire & Police
C l .
J. C. M acdonald
Chief of Police
,1
1
4.041 Members of the L'^Lrtment will not wear identifiable
parts of uniform clothing with civilian dress at any time.
4.045 Every member of the Department, when dressed in
uniform, shall wear tlie insignia of his rank.
4.049 Members of the Department shall not wear on their
uniforms any insignia of a fraternal organization or associa
tion. Pins or insignia, denoting contribution to charitable
organizations, may be worn on the uniform for the duration
of the solicitation campaign. Authorized insignia for service
or achievement in the Police Division may be worn.
4.053 Every m.embcr of the force shall, at all times, carry
his badge, identification card, and an approved firearm.
4.057 Approved firearms will be a .38 caliber Smith &
Wesson or Colt Revolver of the type that fires .38 Special
ammunition, lire revolver must not be altered insofar a.';
the mechanical function of tlie weapon is concerned.
4.061 Every member shall be proficient in the use of his
firearm and such other firearms as may be required by the
Department.
4.065 Members of the force, carrying personal radios
designed to receive police- broadcasts, will so inform their
superior officers.
4.069 Every member, reporting for duty, shall acquainl
himself with events that have taken place since the beginning
of his last tour of duty.
4.073 A member of the Department shall not, under any
circumstances, be absent from duty without first obtaining
permission.
4.077 A member of the Department may be granted a leave
of absence by his commanding officer incases of emergency,
sickness, or funerals in the family, prior to official approval.
An application for leave must be executed in every case.
4.081 Members wi
shall read written
Police or consult their superior officers.
^^ftdo not understand an official duty
^mrectives authorized bv the Chief of
.1,085 A member of the Department shall, at all times,
respond promptly and in a safe manner to radio calls. He
sluill, as soon as practicable, notify his unit of action taken
and make himself available for further service.
4.089 A member shall keep himself available for service
during those times and at those places where his presence
will have the greatest effect on current crime and traffic con
ditions.
-1.093 A member shall not knowingly include in any Dc-
iiartment record or report a false, inaccurate or misleading
entry.
•1,097 A member of the Department shall ’.lot remove any’’
. iflicial record or report from any file or take any official
a'cord from the office where it is kept except in tlie per
formance of his duties, in accordance with due process of
law, or witli permission of the officer in charge.
•1.101 A member of the Department shall not file claims for
(iamages or make any legal compromise with any person
without first notifying the Department.
■1.105 A member of the Department shall not operate any
police equipment unless he is qualified and authorized to do
so.
-1.109 A member shall immediately report to his command-.
ing officer any arrests or court actions instituted against him.
■1.1 13 No member of the Department shall intentionally fire
any weapon except as authorized by law.
■1.117 No member shall use any Department real estate,
equipment, or vehicle for purely personal business.
•1.121 Members of the Department shall be responsible for
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the care of Department p r o ; ^ y of every description and
the prom pt reporting of loss, cHiriage, o r defect.
4.125 A member of the Department shall not permit any
person^ to remain in a police building or vehicle unless the
person's presence is requisite to the conduct of official busi
ness.
4.129 A member of the Department shall operate a Depart
ment vehicle in such a manner as to avoid injury to persons
or damage to property. He shall, before use, examine any
Department vehicle assigned to him, and report unrecorded
damage or operational defects to his supervisor and make
necessary reports. Failure to report damage or defect will
create the presumption that no inspection was made. He shall
park his v'̂ ehicie in such fashion as to cause the least inter-
feience witir traffic flow except when emergenej^ requires
otherwise.
4.133 Mem.bers assigned to operate police vehicles shall be
responsible for the cleanliness of such vehicles.
4 .13 / Members of the Department, occupying vehicles or
conducting a police function with the vehicle under effective
control, shall keep the radio equipment turned on.
4.141 When two or more members of equal rank are simul-
taneousl3̂ employed in the same operation, the senior mem
ber shall be in charge, except when otlierwise ordered.
4.145 Members of the force, entering a place of Divine
Worship, shall remove the cap and place it neatly under tire
left arm.
O
4.149 A member of the force, reporting to a superior in his
ofiice, will maintain a respectful bearing. When desiring an
audience with a superior officer otlrer than his commanding
officer, he shall request permission for the audience from his
commanding officer.
4.153 Members of tlie force, when required to hand salute,
shall do so, raising the^^ht hand smartly until the tip of
the forefinger touches die peak of the cap or forehead above
and slightlj' to the right of llie right eye. Ihe thumb and
.fingers will be e.xtended and joined palms down, tlie upper
arm horizontal, the forearm inclined at a 45 degree angle,
with the hand and wrist straight. Salutes will be rendered
from the position of "attention" at all times witli the head and
body erect, chest lifted and arclied, shoulders squared and
thrown back.
4.157 Members of the force carrying or armed with the
baton will first shift it into the left hand or place it under the
left armpit before saluting.
4.161 Members of the force in uniform will not recognize
or address a detective or call attention to his presence unless
first addressed by him.
4 .165 Com.missioned and non-commissioned officers will be
addressed bj'̂ tlieir correct title and name at all times.
4.169 Vvfiien the National Anthem is played out of doors,
:neinbers of tlie force hi uniform will face tlie colors, assume
the position of "attention" and execute the hand salute until
the Antlieni is completed. K the music is played indoors, face
the music, and execute the hand salute.
4.173 Upon the approach of tlie National Colors, members
of the force will assume the position of "attention" and execute
the hand salute or jiresent arms. The maneuver will be
executed when the flag is six paces awayc Only the colors at
the head of cadi division of a parade will be saluted.
4.177 Unless engaged in police duties requiring direct atten
tion, members of the force will salute the National Colors as
tiicy pass or when carried into any building or room.
4.181 Following are e.xceptions to rules for saluting:
a. Never salute while in a marching or parade
formation. Tlie officer in charge will call "atten
tion" and salute;
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7 '-fe '•'T'-'v - ■' . '■ ■Recogtiibirig - that these skills may take many years ’'
to-develop •'to a high degree of expertness, the basic
course.i.as, as'its ob'ectivi! to introduce the new
Police offioer’ to the funda.’.ental approaches to be
used in frequently met situations including:
Questioning witnesses
Interrogating suspects and subjects
Krititig
Signing and witnessing written statements
Verbal admissions
Importance of physical surroundings
Mental attitudes
Avoiding duress
Mainteneince of logs and other devices to establish
validity and admissibility
•W3.35.6(2)16 The Patrol Function;
Techniques of effective patrol are of particular im
portance to nev.’ officers, most of whom are initially
assigned to patrol in vehicles or on foot.
Typical situations, both routine and em.ergency, as
met on patrol duty, are discussed, with appropriate
action to be take.n.
Importance of alertness, good judgment and self control.
Use of personal notebook; communications with head
quarters varying patrol routines for effective cover
age . — ^
’irearms:
Because of the serious implications of training re
lating to the personal safety of police officers and
civilians and in view of the nature of the liability
on the municipality for adequate training of police
officers in the h^idling and use of firearms, this
.instruction is deemed of utmost importance.
Under qualified instruction each trainee shall be
given instruction in such matters as safety rules
and the use of good judgment in the handling of fire
arms, fundamentals of shooting in a variety of situ
ations and shall be given actual range practice in
the firing of a serv'ice weapon with specific standards
for qualifying in this part of the course.
1+0.3.5.6(2)17
40.35.6(2)18 Defensive Tactics:
In this part of the course the trainee learns some of
the skills of seif defense as a safeguard against
hazards of physical violence in police work.
Taught by the method of demonstration and partici
pation, such matters are included as:
Disarming techniques
Fundamentals of judo
Use of the baton as a defensive weapons
Come-along holds, etc.
OOIM! V
"v
. >• . .'/
■ F ' Corrected March 7, 1957
80.11(5) Search:
Man- Fingertip search for weapon evidence.
Won«3n- Hand bag, pockets of outer clothing. A thorough searcn
will be made by the Matron on arrival at Headquarters. Keep fe
male prisoners under constant observation a:id security until this
search can be made by the Matron.
80.11(6) When Resistance to Arrest Occurs:
The vast majority of persons will submit to an arrest, however,
some will not. Against those that resist, the law gives an of
ficer the power, and he is equipped with the devices to effect
the arrest and restrain them.
The law, however, does not expect nor will it tolerate the abu.se
of its powers or the use of devices beyond that which is reason
able to effect an arrest. The law gives an Officer the right to
use force or devices dangerous to human life, only in self-defense.
or the arrest of a Felon. Mever in misdemeanors, and the taking of
life is justified only in cases of extreme necessity.
80.11(5)1 Devices:
Shotgun
Night Stick
Jlandc'jffs
Revolver
Physical contact, restraining holds. Judo, etc.
80.11(7) When arrests are made in a residence for gambling or the sale of
intoxicants, the resident will be charged with OPERATEJG A DIS
ORDERLY HOUSE, (Sec. 74-3) , if he or she had knowledge of the
violation during its commission regardless of his or her partici
pation in the violation.
80.11(8) Once the Arrest is Effected: All persons arrested will be transported
by the Police Vehicle to the Detention Section as quickly as the"
matter will allow.
80.11(8)1 Transporting:
Squad Car- In rear seat. One officer will ride in the rear seat
with the Arrested Person/s to assure constant observation.
Patrol Wagon- Looked Enclosure. No Juvenile will be trans-
Women may be transported by Patrol Wa.gon
Women and men will
ported by Patrol Wagon.
at the discretion of the arresting officers,
not be transported together in the Patrol Wagon.
80.11(8)1(1) Exception:
Males and Females arrested together for participation in
gambling parties or otlier group gatherings of a similar
nature may be transported together by Patrol Wagon at
the discretion of the Arresting Officers.
0 0 0 3 J i i
•* t ■*
̂80.>21.0 'PISTOLS•"sr ?Oi:iCE~ -p;~RSO>wm-.
80.21.1 Reference; ‘̂■113'/yVr.uil of Rules ar.d Fa^jlations:
lirr-ployees oi this i/'eparzmer.i; who eith.er" accidentally or ourposel-v
while on duty or off duty, fire their service pistol, or'any ' '
other^type firearrn, will file a report in writing with theirT rirr r-.T-T fr*rhn +cT1-i-.»-r .•_____ _____ ̂ , - --3 ------- ----- - corrirn/.aa-
in g o ix ic c r , "tellj-ng Oi. tny ciz'cums'tiuiccs surrounding th e f i r i n i i .
T h is does n ot in c lu d e tr a in in g or any o th er organ ized coT.oe’* it iv e
f i r i n g .
00 USUI
FROM:
DATE:
•■'s r-> ,'v p , *■ > f- A n ^ v~* Z', 1 / r * f ' r> r ' - • if* 'A'T' ’
A L L C O M M A N D I N G O F F I C E R S «
C H I E F H E N R Y E. L U X
July 7. 1 9 6 9
Vd
SUBJECT: W A R N I N G S H O T S
G E N E R A L O R D E R J G 69-831
Effective this date, officers of the M e m p h i s Police D e p a r t m e n t will not dischara e
f i r e a r m s f o r the p u r p o s e of firing learning shots.
Section 4 . 1 1 3 o f the M a n u a l of R u l e s a n d Regulations states: " N o M e m b e r of the
^ D e p a r t m e n t shall inicntion.ally fire a n y w e a p o n except as authorized by law. " G e n e r a l l y
thi firing of a w e a p o n constitutes the u s e of deadly force. D e a d l y f o r c e should ce u s e d
only w h e n n e c e s s a r y to effect the arrest of a felon, prevent the c o m m i s s i o n of a felony
o r w h e n n e c e s s a r y in self defense. _______
T h i s prohibition against the firing of w a r n i n g shots is m a d e in o r d e r to avoid a n y h a z a r d
to the life a n d pr o p e r t y of innocent p e r s o n s a n d to avoid c r i m i n a l o r civil liability o n
the part of the officers.
Y o u r attention is also called to Section 80.21.5(1) of the Policy a n d P r o c e d u r e
M a n u a l . " E m p l o y e e s of this d e p a r t m e n t on o r off duty, w h o accidentally o r p u r p o s e l y
fire their service r e v o l v e r o r other type f i r e a r m will m a k e a written report to their
C o m m a n d i n g Officer advising h i m of the c i r c u m s t a n c e s s u r r o u n d i n g the firiig. T h i s
-does 7iot include f i r e a r m s training o r other o r g a n i z e d competition firing.
H e n r y E. L ilx
C hief o f Police
r-o M x /
W . E. Routt, Asst. C h i e f
Staff Se r v i c e s Division
00,0 3.VO
C - X h t V i T '
In a n s w e r to q u e s t i o n s c o n ce rn in g the a c t io n of the members of
the M em phis Po l ice D e p a r tm en t l a s t nighty I c an o n ly s a y th a t from the
informat ion th a t h a s b e e n fu rn ished to m,e up to th i s poin t , i t would a p p e a r
t h a t a c t i o n taken by th'e P o l i ce D ep ar tm en t w as in l ine with both p rev ious
p o l icy and in l in e with a n y future p o l i c y t h a t may be d e v e lo p e d .
I am no t a b l e to go into the f a c t s of the m a t te r in th e i r e n t i r e ty
unti l the m a t te r h a s b e en more tho rough ly i n v e s t i g a t e d and p r e s e n te d to
the Grand Jury.
In view of the l a t e s t s i tu a t io n invo lv ing the u s e of ex t rema
fo rce , v/e a l l ag ree t h a t an inter im po l icy shou ld be d e v i s e d by the
a d m in i s t r a t i o n of the P o l i ce D epar tm en t a t the e a r l i e s t p o s s i b l e t im e,
h o p e fu l ly t h a t th e y would draw some g u id e l in e s in the u s e o f w e ap o n s
a f f e c t in g the pr-otection of the c i t i z e n s o f t h i s c i ty .
I p lan to g e t with C h ie f P r ice and members of ou r l e g a l s ta f f
and draw up some in te rim g u id e l in e s , s u b j e c t to com.ment and re v ie w , a s
soon a s p o s s i b l e .
S ta t e m e n t o f M ayor Wyeth C h a n d le r
J anua ry 19, 1972 , 2:00 P . M .
o o u - 3 ; d .
'♦ j 1Ci ..s*j.'
c V -,vy
V V 3v H )
£̂f5 ■; ;v i: t> B
CITY O F T]E?;]?^:fS
1 [n! I E R - O F F f C E
E o R A iM D u r;.
TO:
FROM:
ALL PERSONNEL
FIELD & STAFF OPERATIONS
CHIEF BILL PRICE
DATE: January 20, I972
/
SUBJECT: "USE OF FIREARMS"
Order G-72-6
I. PURPOSE - The purpose of this departmental order Is to define
the circumstances under which deadly force and non-deadly force may be
used to prevent an offense from being committed and to effect an arrest.
As used in this order, DEADLY FORCE means force calculated to cause
serious physical injury or death. NON-DEADLY FORCE is any other physi
cal force including the use of the night stick and chemical mace or
similar weapons.
II. PROCEDURE - The discharge of any firearm by poJ.ice personnel
accidental or intentional will be reported by letter to the commanding
officer as soon as possible after such discharge, v^hether it be on duty
or off duty. A copy of this letter shall be sent to the Chief of Police,
Chief of Field and Staff Operations, Internal Affairs Bureau, and tb.e
Firing Range.
In the event of an injury or death, the officer involved will
notify his commanding officer immediately. It shall be the responsibility
of the commanding officer to notify imraediately the Homicide Bureau and
the Internal Affairs Bureau. The commanding officer shall secure the
scene.
The officer involved will report to the Police Range within
three days, unless health prevents it, for the purpose of being inter-
00002;;
vievred as to the circumstances of the discharge. This policy applies
only to the discharge of firearms covered by this order.
III. NON-DEADLf I'ORCE - An officer may use non-deadly force which is
reasonably necessary to effect an arrest or prevent or attempting i.o pre
vent the escape from custody of a person v;hom he reasonably believes to
have committed an offense; reasonable force may be used to the extent tiiat
I the officer reasonably believes such to be necessary to defend himself or
a third person from what he reasonably believes to be the use or imminent
use by the suspect of non-deadly physical force.
Page 2 - "USE OF FIREAK^S"
d e a d l y FORCE - Deadly force may be used v;hen after an officer has
exhausted all other reasonable means to apprehend or otherv/ise prevent
the commission of an offense and:
A. 1) It is in defense of himself from death or serious bodily
injury when attacked or,
2) It is in the defense of another person from death or
serious bodily injury vdien attacked or,
3) There is a substantial risk that the person wh.ose arrest
is sought will cause death or serious bodily harm if his
apprehension is delayed.
B. The offense committed or being committed by the suspect is:
1) A felony or an attempt to commit a felony involving the
use or attempted us.e or threatened imminent use of physi
cal force against any person or,
2) Kidnapping, murder in the first or second degree, voluntary
manslaughter, arson, arson involving the use of firebombs,
rape, assault and battery v;ith intent to carnally knov; a
child under tv:elve years of age, assault and battery with
intent to commit rape, burglary in the first, second or
third degree, grand larceny, assault to comrait murder in
the first or second degree, assault to commit voluntary
mianslaughter, armed robbery, robbery, or any attempt to
commit such crimes.
C. The offense coimnitted or attempted by the suspect is a felony
and in the course of resisting arrest or attempting to escape
from custody the person is armed with a firearm or other deadly
weapon or the officer reasonab3.y believes the suspect to be
armed with a firearm or other deadly v/eapon.
00032.'!
Page 3 - "USE OF FIREARiMS"
FIREARI»1S - Firearms shall not be discharged:
A. As Karning shots; or
B. From a moving vehicle or to stop a fleeing vehicle except as
provided for in Paragraph IV; or
C. The officer does not have a clear field of fire and cannot be
reasonably certain that the suspect will be hit and the poten
tial for harm to innocent bystanders or their property is
great.
t
VI, Deadly force shall not be used in the follovring circiunstances;
A. To effect an arrest'of any person for any misdemeanor offense;
B. To effect an arrest of any person for escape from the corimissioi;
of any misdemeanor offense.
'T* <r.
BILL PRICE
CHIEF OF POLICE
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win «»tt1*.\'v̂.Vr'--'V&t*.
5 February 1974 I I 4
s u b j e c t : iJSF OF FIRE ARM S AND DEADLY FORCE
1 . R U R R O C E .
t.
. nr/'niY FORCE and NOfiDF.ADLY
To d e f i n e '='f'=“'^5*“ '''=®%.'^Rp'',o,i'niss1orrof i n ^ o T f ensp'en’tl ■ to
' m « may be used to p r event J.e corun.ssior
effectanarresc. .• ^‘
2 . B_A_^ GR OUND.
npf i pi t l ons..a .
1 j ncftfiiY FORPF the d l s c h a r y e of
, f l F a “r ™ t F R t ? , R F e ' ' o f f o r c e ^ b y o tb e r oeant c a l c u l a t e d to
L i f l l c t serious bodi ly Injury or death.
, ' ' “ R r s f F l c F o ' r F F R R F r p o n ! ' n c r c a l c ^ i r t F d “ n : ; - I n t l F d ^ d
^ " o ^ n f ? ^ c ^ ^ M • ^ o u s ° l : o R n y Injury or death.
b . A p p i 1 c a b i 1 i t y .
The p r o c e d u r e s d e fined In this o r d e r apply to the use of
f l r e a r L ’̂ r d e r R h e f o l l o wing circus,stances :
(1 ) situat i o n s •;;''°J^'"^„^''oRdutYRnvolv1ng U i e R F v e n
3. AC TION.
a . N 0 n - d e a d 1 y F o rce
An o f f i c e r may use N O N - D E A D
jEADLY FORCE v/hsn 1t is n e c e s s a r y to;
~ ■ f ' '" ! / £ r a R -
/ . l A / i v £ C - - I____________
C -
(1) [:ffcct an arrest;
(7\ P r event the escape f r o m ' c u s t o d y of a person v;ho Is
r e a s o n a b l y suspec t of having coniriitted an offense; or >,o
(3) Defend one's self or a n o t h e r 1n cases not Involving
s e rious bodily injury or clea'th.
b . D e a d l y F o r c e .
DE ADLY rORCF. may be used In the follo'./ing c i r c u m s t a n c e s o n l y ̂
a f t er" all o ther reason a b l e means to a p p r e h e n d or otherv/ise preveni,
the o f f e n s e have beeri oxliausted ;
(1) Self-Defense.
An o f ficer may use DEADLY FORCE, when it is 1n_thc
d e f e n s e of him self or anot her from serious
d e a t h and the threat of serious bodily injury or death is
real and immediate.
(2) Felonies Involv ing the Use or T h r e a t e n e d Use of Physical
• F o r c e .
An o f f i c e r may use DEADLY FORCE when the offense Involves
a f e l o n y and the suspe ct uses or attempts to use or eaten,
the use of physical force agai nst any person.
( 3) Oth er Felonie s V! h e r e Deadl y Force is .Authorized.
A f t e r all reason a b l e means of p r e v e n t i n g or a p p r e h e n d i n g
a s u s p e c t have been exhaus t e d , DEADLY FORCE Is author i z e d in
the follov;ing crimes:
Kidna p p i n g
M u r d e r in the 1st or 2nd degree
M a n s l a u g h t e r .
Arson (Includin g the use of firebo mbs)
A s s L u and b a t t e r y with intent to c a r nally kno w
a child under 12 year s of age
A s sault and b a ttery with intent to c ommit rape
Burgl a r y in the 1st, 2nd, or 3rd degr ee
Ass ault to commit m u r d e r in the 1st or 2nd d e g r e e
A s sault to commit volun t a r y mansl a u g h t e r
Armed a n d _ s 1 m p l e ^ r o b b e r y
Use of Deadly Force P r o h i b i t e d .
Th e use of DEADLY FORCE is p r o h i b i t e d when:
(1) A r r e s t i n g a person for any m i s d e m e a n o r offense; or
0 0 0 3 : : ! ( >
- 3
d.
(2) Effecting en errest of eny person for escape from
the c o m m i s s i o n of any in.1 s d e m c a n o r offense.
JUse of 1 r e a rms h_j 1 1 1ed .
(1) As w a rning shots-,
(2) Frcn any m o v i n g v e h icle or to stop any f i l i n g vehicle,
e x c e p t 1n cases of s e l f - d e f e n s e or cases I n v o U I n g .
(a) Mur der in the 1st or 2nd degree
(c) A s sault and b a ttery «1th Inten t to c a r n a l l y know
a cl.ild under 12 years of age
(d) Armed o»- simple robbery
m In anv case where an o f f i c e r does not have a clear field
nf fi*'e and cann ot be r e a s o n a b l y certain that only che -'■'S-
p e c ^ w n l be M t and that the potential for harm to in nocent
p e r s o n s or their property is minimal.
N 01i f i cati on P r o c e d u r e s .
(1 ) once the s i t u a t i o n ^
f^^''®°lo“ » h ^ ^ ^ s p a t c h e ? ^ , ' h o w i n have the c o g n U a n t watch or ̂
T q u a d c o m m a n d o ; not ified. The latU;r will
or bureau commander of the even^
p r a c t i c a b l e , the command, to the
n a r r a t i v e of the Senio r M ember of the fi rearms
r!Jd?uSni ‘f r > F 2 i o S . u r s ! ; a ! r b r n n L i ° c u r a n r ' ? i ? L r d ' e r t o
the F i ring Range.
H % E ls & lii : r ; : ;
of the s e n i o r c o m m a n d e r present.
4. <;fi F - C A N CEL LATION
Thi-? o r d e r shall remain in effect until
into the d e p a r t m e n t ' s Manual of Policiesi n c o r p o r a t e d
Rules and R e g u 1 a t i o n s
its p r o v i s i o n s have heon
P r o c e d u r e s ’nd
/ /
'-^lubbard '
i 'i 1
‘i /
D i s t r i b u t i o n : A
1969-1974
Sumnuiry of Police Shootings Not Resulting in Human Death
(From 1963-70 and 1971-74 Summaries)
Total NumJoer of Incidents 212*
Number of Incidents Involving
Unarmed Fleeing Property
Crime (Burglary, Larceny-Theft,
Auto Theft) Suspects Who Did
:-;ot Assault Officer or Other Person-
Shooting to xArrest
AGE
of
Under IS 18 and Over Unknown T o c. G1
(a) Burglary 10 27 37 74
Black Suspects S 24 32 65-
vfhite Suspects 1 •*% 7
Unknown Race 0 0 2 2
(b) Auto Theft 7 4 7 18
Black Suspects •n/ 4 6 17
White Suspects 0 0 0 1
(c) Larceny-Theft 1 2 2 5
Black Suspects 1 0 1 2
Vfnite Suspects 0 2 1 3
(d) Total and ?, 18 33 46 97 (100%)
Black Suspects "17 2S 39 84 ( 87%)
White Suspects 1 5 5 11 ( 11%)
Unknov,'n Race 0 0 2 ( 2 % )
• irfurn.ts ’i n r' ^ ■'■nd ^ 1 1;'1 (-
Black Suspects V.'hitG Suspect; FJnknown Race Total
CC
a :
V.’arniruj Shots at 14
Incidents Involving Violent
Crime (Murder, .Rape, Robbery and
Aggravated Assault)— To Arrest,
In Scir-doicnsc and in Defense
of Others
AGE
Under 18 18 and Over Unknov/h Total
(a) Assault on Officer
With Auto 1 4 7Black Suspects 2 0 2 4
White Suspects 0 -1r 2
Unknown Race 0 0 1 1
(b) All Other Incidents 2 7 27 56
Black Suspects 1 23 25 4 9
WTiite Suspects X 4 2 7
(c) Total and % 4 28 5̂ T 63 (100%)
Black Suspects 3 23 2 7 53 ( 84%)
Wliite Suspects n 5 3 9 ( 14%)
Unknown Race 0 0 1 1 ( 2%)
Acciden tal Discharges 11
To Kill Dangerous or Wounded Animals 13
7 . other Incidents (1969-70 Numhers 6, 31 , 53 and 5 9; 1971-74 Kuinbers 12, 70,
84, 109 and 119)
AGE
Under 18 18 and Over Unknov;n Total
Total ' T ' ->J) 6 10
Black Suspects 1 1 4
Vvliite Suspects 0 1 0 TX
Unknown Race 0 0 5 5
Surjiiary of Lines 2, 3 , 4 and 7
AGE
Under 18 18 and Over Unknown Total
Total 24 64 96 184 (100%)
Black Suspects 21 53 74 148 ( 80%)
VJhite Suspects 3 11 10 24 ( 13%)
Unknov;n Race 0 0 12 12 ( 7%)
O
o
1969-1971
Summary of Police Shooting Not Resulting in Human Death
(From 1969-70 and 1971 — Summaries)
1. Total Number of Incidents
2. Number of Incidents Involving
Unarmed Fleeing Property
Crime (Burglary, Larceny-Theft,
Auto Theft) Suspects l\Tio Did
Not Assault Officer or Other Person-
Shooting to Arrest *
.04*
AGE
Under 18 18 and Over Unknown Total
(a) Burglary 3 9 25 37
Black Suspects 3 8 21 32
White Suspects 0 1 2 .3
Unknown Race 0 0 2 2
(b) Auto Theft 5 2 6 13
Black Suspects 5 2 6 13
VJhite Suspects 0 0 0 0
(c) Larceny-Theft 1 1 1 3
Black Suspects nX 0 0
White Suspects 0 1 1 2
(d) Total and % 9 12 32 53 (100%)
Black Suspects 9 10 27 46 (87%)
White Suspects 0 2 5 (9%)
Unknown Race 0 0 2 2 (4%)
*Four of these incidents resulted in death of suspect and are excluded from, remainder
of tables.
CN
s
3,
4,
Warning Shots at
Black Suspects
7
Incidents Involving Violent
Crime (Murder, Rape, Robbery and
Aggravated Assault)--To Arrest,
In Self-defense and in Defense
Of Others
White Suspects Unknown Race Total
12
AGE
Under 18 18 and Over Unknown Total
(a) Assault on Officer
With Auto 1 0 2 3
Black Suspects 1 0 0 1
^Vhite Suspects 0 0 1 1
Unknown Race 0 0 1 1
(b) All Other Incidents 1 7 12 20
Black Suspects 1 5 11 17
VThite Suspects 0 2 1 3
(c) Total and % 2 7 14 23 (100%)
Black Suspects 2 5 11 18 (78%)
Wliite Suspects 0 2 2 4 (17%)
Unknown Race 0 0 1 1 (4%)
Accidental Discharges
c : To Kill Dangerous or Wounded Animals
other Incidents (1969-70 Numbers 6, 31, 53 and 59; 1971 Number 12)
AGE
Under 18 18 and Over Unknown Total
Total 0 2 3 5
Black Suspects 0 2 0 2
I’Jhite Suspects 0 0 0 0
Unknown Race 0 0 3 3
Summary of Lines 2, 3, 4 and 7
AGE
Under 10 18 and Over Unknown Total .
Total 11 21 61 93 (100%)
Black Suspects 11 17 45 73 (78%)
v̂ Jhite Suspects 0 4 6 10 (11%)
Unknown Race 0 0 10 10 (11%)
1839.
c i ' x h u . r ^ /
3-16. Mayor suggests propriety of liaving police laws. Board names committee
3-18.
,l-r LltSARY
A.'R 22 1%5
3,V.PHIS, TfrJM.
1839.
HISTORY OF PKMPKIS POLICE DEPARTMENT
1827. 5-12. First Constable (John J. FalchJ appointed.
1837. 3-25. Constable to receive half of the fees he collects.
1839.
to draft resolution relative to a night watch.
Town watch created. Two night watchmen to be paid $̂ 0̂3.00 a year,
quarterly.to serv’e alternately every night from 10 P.M. to day
light, and to be appointed from year to year during good behavior.
V/atch empowered to summon any citizen to assist in enforcing the
law, with a fine for refusal.. ̂
3-23. J. K. Cox and William Stockton elected toim watch. Committee
named to draft plan for building calaboose on Market Square.
1839. 3-26. Brick calaboose to be 12' x 20', 9-1. Inside to be lined with oak
timber.
3119. Niglit watch increased to three, one for each ward, salary $300.00
1 a year » payable monthly. 5-9. Rattlers bought for night watch.
Night watch to patrol streets and alleys once every hour and to ̂
wear badges. Captain of Night Guard to he appointed from their
number, to ring 10 o'clock bell, take charge of badges, rattlers,
etc. when not in use, and to report absence or neglect of duty.
One night watchman dismissed for neglect of duty. 5-3. Board pays
bui'ial expenses and bill for care of dead watc>iman.
Captain of Night Watch to prescribe watchman's rounds.
Captain of Watch paid $90.00 a month, watchman $35.00. The Captain
to be Jailer or Keeper of the Calaboose, receiving 55S of fees
collected. 3-21. Captain's salary made $50.00, with 1 % of fees.
Officer to receive $1.00 fee for whipping slaves, to be paid by
slave's owner. ,
Police force to consist of seven men and Captain. Men, $30.00 a
month; Captain, $90.00. City divided into three districts: 1st,
two men; 2nd., three; 3rd., tivo.
1890.
1890. 9-7.
1891. 3-19.
1891.
1898.
1898.
1898.
7-10.
3-19.
6-3.
7-8.
i(!.
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• Page # 3
185^ .̂
issa.
1870.
1873.
7-1.
185'K 8-1
18511.
1868.
1870. 3-3
'l870. ■ If-5.
1881.
before appointe?nt.
5-2 Cypress fence lOh^' thick and 15' high to be built around new cal
aboose (north of Exchange, soutii of Navy Yard) to enclose space
200' square. ^
Captain of Night Police, $70.00 a month; Captain of Day Police,
$70.00 a month; City Marshal, $1200.00 per annum. 7-5. Office of
deputy tr.arshal created.
Police, except City Marshal and Captains of Day and Night Police, to
be appointed by Mayor and discharged when necessary.
11-28. Secret Police to he appointed''by Mayor and Vigilance Committee.
9-1. Class of boys known as "Mackerells" reported to be inflicting many
depredations on citizens. Reccmr.iended that a workhouse be es
tablished.
Mayor and Police Board authorized to lease from N. Adams, Esq.,
the house and let on Adams between Main and Second for a City Jail
or station at annual rent of $2000.00 and to have it fitted up as
a station house, recorder's courtroom and offices. ♦
Chief of Police reports that police force has two captains, four
sergeants, two roundsmen, 3‘f day policemen, ifl night policemen, two
station house keepers, four special force, t̂ vo clerks. Total, 91.
Arrests for March: 859 (724- males, 135 females) .
Chief of Police allowed one saddle, cost not to exceed $50.00.
Council records with praise that all but two policem.en remained on
duty during the yellow fever epidemic until stricken. Of 50 strick-
en, 10 died.
Resolution adopted requesting Mayor to employ on the police force,
IC^ Italians, 20% Irish, 20% German, and of white and colored
■ Americans and other nationalities, 50%. Resolution asking Police
Board to put 20 colored men on force, lost by vote 16-3.
2-21. Pay of police force: Chief. $125.00 a month; Captains. $90.00 a
I
11-3.
11-5.
1874. 4-14.
f ' l
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I |̂r n i-i-~ii j- nuijurirrn- im ‘ **~***t**%~*̂'Tt,.. 'i
,.,r n ’ )_f tr<'‘4m
k o ? *>
(\1 \ 7 5
I N RESIDENTS OF MEMPHIS, T’EIR^ESSEE
Conducted by
,r̂
T.gM oyn e - Qa’c n College
Departments of Peycliology and Sociology
Memphis State University
Department of Psychology
March, 1970
00Uo3G
I. INTRODUCTION
Rntionnle.
Controversy has surrounded the Memphis•Police Depart
ment in recent months. Charges of "police brutality", "un
equal treatment", and "racism" }iave been levelled against
local lav/ enforcement officers. Citizen concern about shootings
of criminal suspects by policemen has been v;idospread. The
formation of an ad hoc committee of the N.A.A.C.P. composed
of prominent Black citizens to review and examine charges of
police violence has caused rauclv concern among the leadership
of the Memphis Police Department and of Memphis City Govern
ment; it also may have served to further polarize Black and
bT^ite attitudes abovit the police. The questions of whether or
not "xjolice brutality" exists in Mempliis, hov; much of a prob
lem this is seen to be by local citizens, and v;ho should in
vestigate charges of such alleged acts --- the presently
used Internal Security Division of the police department or a
reviev; board external to the police department — have pro
duced much heat and discussion at all levels of the community,
Notv/ithstanding all this recent foment, no adequate
data have been available on citizens' attitudes about the
Memphis police generally, on citizens' definitions of "police
brutality" and their viev/s of its incidence in Memphis, or
about citizens' impressions of allegedly "unequal" treatment
of persons of different races or classes by policemen.
000337
Sii..ply, little lu.3 boon known fnctuolly about the attitude:
■ of Horophia rcaidonta about their police force from which
usable or meaningful solutions could be derived. If the
o p i ^ ^ of the members of a democracy are to
basis for private or govorncnental ac^^s", these opini,^s
i m n s t j ^ ^ci.soly surmised.
provide such information that the present attitude survey
v/as done.
1 Por.qoni'ieT
This survey was designed and prepared solely by the
following three persons: Robert N. vidulioh, Ph.P., Pretessov
u ^ g h a i r ^ _ ^ _ t h e Department of Psychology:, Memphis s t a t e " ”
U n w r s i £ y _ ( a social psycholo77t7; Milliam H. zThry, Jr.',
— h- ' ̂ Pb.Ĵ .̂ ^̂ ĉ -ididdte in social psychology at Memphis
S t e ^ ^ n J . v e r j U t y ^ ^ Professor of pT T T ioov
£ ^ _Le;/.oyn̂ , ^ Co]jj.gc. at the time the survey was c'Tdu^ed' ,
^and_C^£^les Bjjiley, m .a ., assistant Professor of Sociology
at LoMoyne-Owen College.
These professionals, as well as the students who did
the actual interviewing for the survey, all served in a vol
untary capacity and received no remuneration for this project.
Similarly, all decisions about the purposes, design, and con
duct of this project rcatod with those throe individuals;
no other individuals, organisations, or agencies in the com
munity were consulted or provided suggestions. Great care
adequate and nccurnte sample o f T
' ■ "1J(TD333
o j f e o b l e j ^ . ^ £ ^ ^ x-ecic-|o.ite, anc3 to avoid biasing
.the ro,spondento ■ expressed attiUulos. For the latter purpo.se,
an interviev; questionnaire was de.signed using open-ended
questions to which the respondents could provide their own
answers, rather than possibly leading questions for which
response alternatives had been provided by the interviewers.
and Use of Data.
It is sincerely hoped the results and conclusions con
tained in this report will be helpful in resolvi.ng the ex
isting conflicts in this comiaunity about police activities.
Since the survey was conducted voluntarily for the service
of the citisens of Menphis, this report is be.ing made avail
able to the nows media, the Memphis Police Department, Mayor
Henry Loeb, the Memphis City Council, and by request to the
national Association for the Advancement of Colored People.
Additional copies of this report are available for any other
group, agency, or interested citisen of this community upon
request.'
oouaan
11
IV. RESULTS
Inter'.'iov/oes v;ero asked a sei'ios of open-ended
questions concex'ning tbeix' attitude tov.’ard the Memp]ii.s
i><»i)qj,tiuor)t. They were free to respond in any v/ay
they deoix'ed. Rospon.scs were content anal^szed, and tliose
questions to which significant iiuniher of persons re
sponded aro diF>̂ -L\sccd below. In addition, an objective
attitude scale v;as administered; these results are also
reported.
.ppinion__of .ilemphis Police Department
To measure overall opinion toward police, this ques
tion was first asked:
"In general, v;hat do you think of the Mempliis police?"
Answers wore coded in one of four categories, wl'.icli
are illustrated belov;;
1 ) favorable-positive ("doing a good job," "very
nice," "best in the country.")
2) arrbivalent-mi>:ed ("GornGtimeo good, s6mot.imes bad, "
"sometimes fair, sometimes not.")
3 ) unfavorable-negative ("can't say anything good,"
"don't like police at all,"
•‘leave a lot to be desired.")
4) no responi3e-no opinion ("I don't know.")
N.inety-one percent of those interviev.'ed gave an
opinion in one of the first three categories. A favorable
opinion of police was expressed by 52% of these, 25% were
ambivalent, and 23% were unfavorable. Ilov/ovor, these totals
mask a striking difference between Dlncks and h’hites.
U 0 U ' ^ U )
12
Favornblo opinions v;ere voiced by 11% of V.’hites, but by
only 38% of Blacks. If ambivalent and negative opinions
are coinbined’ into a category of "less tb^n complete ap
proval," 62% of Blacks OKpress this opinion, but only 23%
of Whites.
An interesting trend appears in these data v;hich
reappears several t5.mes throughout the study. Vhiites in
the older group (over age 35) are most favorable in their
opinions of police (90% positive)* Next most favorable
are the opinions of younger VThitos (56%). Third are the
opinions of olaer Blacks (41%) , v/hile least favorab3-e are
younger Blocks (31%) , Thus it appears that differences
across the infamous "generation gap" (younger vs. older,
regaroless of race) are less than differences between the
two races.
Answers to the general opinion gi.;estion arc sumraarised
in Table I.
O O O H - 1 .
17
Equality Trontmont
To dctonnine attitudes about police fairness or
equality of treatment of all citizens, questxon
was asked:
"Do you think Memphis policemon treat everyone
alike?"
In the total sample, 60̂ -̂ answered "no", that there
is not equality of treatment by Memphis police; 18%
answered "yes". However, these figxires mainly reflect
the larger number of Blacks in the sample. Three-fourths
of Blacks (74%) denied that equal treatment exists; only
G% answered "yes". In Whites, the direction was reversed;
Equal treatment v;as agreed to by 42?i, while 29% saw treat
ment as unequal. A substantial proportion { 2 ( r / o ) of
wdiites saw inequality as inevitable ("It's not humun
nature to treat everyone alike.", "Some people bring it
on themselves."). M a o of interest is that none of the
groups (Black, White, older, younger, or age-race combina
tions) produced "equality" responses in even one-half of
its meubers.
In an effort to opocify the reports of unequal treou-
m<mt, the <̂ ru';'stion was asked:
"Who do they (Memphis police) treat differently?
since this was asked only of persons v;ho believed
treatment v/as unequal, there v;ere fewer total responses ^
(about two-thirds of tlm* total sample.). Of th.ese, 66,v
stated that race was the basis of unequal treatment (Blacks
being treated loss well than \7hites) . Tliis opinion was
hold by SQT/o of VH'iites and 71% of Blacks who believed tl^ero
v/as inequality. Thus it appears that nearly half of all
persons in flie entire survey believe there is unequal treat
ment based on race. Other mentioned causes of unequal
treatment, including social class, personal favoritism,
sex, age, appOcirance, etc., contained much lower freguoncies
of occurrence.
Answers to the qxiestions on equality of treatment are
sum.marised in Table 3.
] 8
l ) O U 3 4 ; 5
20
Op in ton r; of '‘Police Brutnlity".
̂ f
h scries of three questions investignted the meaning
of the terra ''police brutality", beliefs about its oc--
currence in Memphis, and opinions on ho;v charges of
"brutality" should bo handled. Tliese questions are des
cribed below:
a) "What do you personally think 'police brutality'
is?"
Tlie most frequent definition was "unnecessary ph.ysi-
cal force", given by 3T/o of all interviev^ees. This v.»as
followed by "anv physical force", at 2&%, and "non-physi
cal abuse" at 25%. There v;as greater agreement between
Blacks and W5'iites on this question than on most others
in the survey. Although \7hites' stressed unnecessary force,
while Blacks more often mentioned any force, the totals
of responses mentioning physical force were very similar
(Blacks, 66%; Whites, '62%) .
b) "Do you think there is any 'police brutality',
as you've descx~.ibed it, in Memphis?"
Over all cases, 69% said "yes", there is 'brutality'
as they defined it. An^ong Whites there was an even split:
"Yes" responses totaled 43%, and "No" responses were 43%.
(Failures to ansv;er and "don't know" accounted for the
other 14%.). Among Blacks, "yes" responses were given by
81%, and "no" by Q̂ /o. The only group in which fewer than
half ansv;ered "yes" was older Wliitos (35%) . v. . -
c) "If a charge of 'police brutality' is raised
against a Mempliis policeman, wliat should bo
done? V.hio should invo.stigate such a cliarge?"
21
Nooirly ono £ouj.t]i of the intcirviov^ocG h<jc3 no opinioii
on this cj-acstion. Of those v;ho responded, 42% of Whites
nnd 27% or Blades thought the Police Departiriont cd.one
17
should investigate. Over one-'-half of Blocks (58%) and
one-fourth or th:iiteG (25%) would place the investigation
in the hands of some non-police agency, h smaller per
cent would hove an investigation by police and civilians
together- When this group is combined with the "non
police agency" group, a total of 63% of Blacks and 48%
of Whites indicate that non-police should have some role
in the investigation of charges of "police brutality".
No race, age, or age-race group has a majority in favor
of police-only investigations. On the other hand, 65%
of WHiites want police to have some role in the iiivesti—
gation (as compared to 32% of Blacks).
AnsVi^ers to the guestxon on "police brutality" are
summarized in Table 4.
00034^
■ /
( • V
Ad Hoc Corainittee Staff Px.80ort
'■ (
10/19/70
THE I'iEMPHIS POLICE DEPARTMENT
Table of Ccr.tents
Intrcduc ci.on......................................... . p . 1
Summary of Findings and General Issues p ,A
Ch.l: Racial Segregation.'in the Department........o,8
Ch.2: Size, Salary Scales, and Excess of
Ranking Officers
Cn,3; Lack of Policy Control........... .
. p . 14
0.19
Ch.4: Police Shootings............. '...... ........ o.27
C* rrU ̂ r-. *1 \ ̂ Ĉ . ̂ ̂jLi-ic: X --c: X li*::*. i- xt̂ xxcajux T>. , ^ « ̂ , Jj U.X 0C*0 , ^ O A S' •
Ch.6: Civilian Review' and Internal Discipline...... p.37
Ch.7: Police-Community Relations................... p.43
Ch-8: Criminal Justice and the Bail Bond System,.,p.54
R.ecommenda tions....................................... p . 62
Conclusion. ............................................ p. 65
Afterword.......................................... d .67
APPENDICES
I. Members of the Ad Hoc
II. S tatement of Purpose
Ill . Rules of Procedure.
IV. Survey of .̂ .tt'itudes '
V. Testimony of Bayard Ri
.............. p.68
..............p . 69
............ P.70
............. P-74
iKTRODUCTICM
( X )
Police authority is not easily challenged. Facts are
hidden, and police procedures are jealously guarded. As a
result, accusations based on ruror and suspicion inflame the
passions and e.v.aggerate prejudices on all sides.
In Memphis a five-man coirmittee, convened at the request
of the Memphis branch of the lAA. A.C.P., undertook the creation
of a forirn for the examination of complaints against police
abuse and misconduct. The Ad .Hoc Committee sought a dignified
and objective inquiry into the operation of the macMlnery
of lav.- enforcement and criminal justice in .Memphis, its goal
was to provide a foundation of facts from which solutions
could be sought to the community-v.-ide problems of police-
community relations and the workings of the cr.im.inal law.
The Committee's findings and recommendations form this
report. They are not likely to be accepted by all, for they
c.hallenge theories and preconceptions hold by citizens and
police alike. ■ Moreover they constitute a challenge, to all
supporters of peace, order and strong and effective law
■enforcement— to recognize that substantial changes are needed.
To have peace, and to prevent a decline into either anarchy
or a.rm.ed oocuoation, the community must both demand, and be
prepared to pay for a modern, effective police force.
The trust and support of all law-abiding citizens are
required if a modern police force is to he able to function;
0 0 U 3 4 ’?
Page 2
these cannot be achieved except in an ateosphere of under
standing and communication. To preserve and protect the
institutions of a free society, the Committee tenders this
report as a basis for the dialogue necessary to bridge the
existing gaps of understanding and confidence.
(ii) The Scope of the Investigation
The Ad Hoc Committee’s investigative staff maintained
an office for approximately three months— February through
-April, 197n. During that'tim.e the investigators conducted
approximately ninety personal interviev/s v;ith complainants
and v.ltnesses, and took 54 v;ritten statements.
rixty individual files v/ere opened and foliov:'ed uo.
ihirty—eight aaditional fi].es v/ere handled but could not
be v;orked to any conclusion, due to the age of the comnlaints,
the unavailability of witnesses, or the doubtful nature of
the complaint itself.
The Committee held five days of nublic hearincs—
March 18 and 19, and April 8, 15, and 22. Forty-four v/itnesses
testified, and 826 pages of oral testimony were taken. 143
exhibits were presented, totalling 2231 additional pages.
24 photographs v;ere presented as exhibits, and 17 others were
filed but not presented.
\
Paqe 3 ( (
( i 1 ) ^ n o v - ' l o ■(3; 5
Co.^-nittee is Especially indebted to the Camphis
branch and the national office of the BbA.A.C.P. for their
continuing intê r-p»"+- ,erest anc. financial support of its investicatlon
and hearings, and to the fclloving organisations for their
technical and financial assistance and support: the bnited
Methodist Church, the United Church of'Christ th ot Cnr.ist, the Comraunity
Relations Service o f the Q+-r.4- r>nxted States Departraent of Justice,
t i l e U r t a n Jjaw* X n s ' ^ i r* 1J-ns.i.ute of George Washington University -
Bail Reform P-rrNTmr,4- eZiHrrrBail Pefort.̂ Project administered under the auspices of the -
San Francisco Bar Foundation, the Manhattan Bail P e f o m
Project, and the Most Tennessee chapter of the Aiterican
Civil Liberties Union.
The Conmittee is particularly indebted t o t h o s e c r o u p s
and individuals in Mennhis-too numerous to mention-:iithout
Whose continuing support and courageous willingness to step
for-sard the facts gathered by the Committee could never
have cone to light.
Achnowledging its appreciation for and dependence upon
-he cooperation, the knowledge, and the scholarship of the
above groups and individuals, the Committee is nevertheless
solely responsible for the interpretation of the facts as
presented herein and the conclusions and recommendations
derived therefrom.
f-7̂
O U 0 3 4 J >
j'T.p Rn;co^->'RTana..Tn>-c
As a result of its investigations and hearings, the
Acl Hoc Corssslttee was able to draw the following broad
conclusions, which are elaborated upon within:
1. The Ileophis Police Departeent faces increasing
■,<Jxstrust ana lack of cooperation in the city, as
a result of:
a. a lacK of credibility on the issue of
police rrdsconduct;
b. the failure to ir.pleraent effective programs
of community relations;
c. aiscrit.,inatlon in the hiring and promotion
of olack policemen;
d. tne continuation of widespread racial abuse
of black citizens by policemen.
2. The Memphis Police Department is too smtal 1 to
perform its duties effectively. its size is further
reduced by a disproportionate mm-iber of officers
O i . sup.,rvisory rank. Salary' levels are too lov; to
attract men of the highest calibre and qualifications
3. Tne structure and administration of the Department
serves to insulate the policy makers and tends
to perpetuate undesirable police practices.
4. Citizens aggrieved by police behavior have no
effective recourse. As a practical matter the
000350
P^lqe 5 ( i C(
Grand Jury w i n not return an indictment
against a policeman. c i v i l litigation is too
long, involved, and expensive'. Elected officials
have not exercised their potential for control.
And the complaint procedure within the Dspart-
, laent itself appears designed to cover up and
justify all police activity.
s. The Internal Affairs Bureau does not handle
citizens’ complaints in a manner calculated to
public confidence.
6 -̂ The Police Department's policy on the use of
aeadly force creates an attitude of fear and
distrust, and tends to influence the numl^er of
shootings by police.
- 1 I
t
The Committee's general reco^'^^enririnc-cix xt-coi.....enGai.ions are grouped
around the follov;ing issues:
1. There is a need for a credible acknowledgement
by the Police Department of the need for increased
police-citizen cooperation, especially between
police and black citizens.
2. Firm action is necessary to end racially abusive
language and conduct by policemen.
3. Wiether purpetrated by design or by custom, racial
discrimination in the hiring and promotion of
o o u a : - 1
Page 6
(
( Ĉ'
policemen must stop. Progress in this area
should begin v.b th a black officer or equivalent
civilian at the Assistant Chief level.
4. Police-community relations must be recognized as
a key factor in decisions on policy and operations.
The status and prestige of the present Community ■■
Relations Bureau of the Department is inadequate
for this task, and must be upgraded.
5. i'ne Police Department appropriations must be
expanded to enlarge and streamline the Department.
Pay scales reflecting the professionalisra of th-
I
iTiUsbe tied to an insistence on qualitative
improvements to achieve such professionalism.
6. The procedure for handling citizens’ complaints
must be re-designed. Citizens groups should par
ticipate both in the design of a fair complaint
procedure and in its operation. At the sam.e tim.e,
control of police discipline should remain within
the Department. Cooperation in complaint handling
between police and citizens v/ould increase both
public confidence and fairness to all parties,
7. The Department’s guidelines on the use of fire.arm.s
and deadly force, and the degree of supervisor:,^
control over abusive or excessive force of all types,
should be carefully examined and re-worked, to
reflecu.and assure an adequate concern for the value
000352
Page 7 (
C
of human life.
8. The co,™ercial bail bond system hao a per
nicious and discriminator,, effect on the ooor
end alternatives should be sought which guarantee
the poor the rights secured to all by the Eighth
■. Amendment.
00 03!) 3
Page 8 C
Chapter I. Racial Segregation in the r-’or;rhis Police Department
In 1960 the populations of the metropolitan Memphis
area V7as 37.9% black.^ In 1965 the percentage of blacks had
risen to 40%. In 1967 the percentage of Memphis police
men V7ho V7ere black \«7as 5.5%.^ ■
"Perhaps nothing will do more in the long run to give
Negroes confidence in the police than the presence of black
faces on the force. People believe V7hat they see. An inte
grated scout car or an integrcited police detachment proclaims
fair and authoritative lav7 enforcemient; the absence of
I
integration suggests the opposite."^'
Even the tentative first steps toward the representation
^he blcick community on the police force have been rela
tively recent. (In 1874, a city resolution V7hich would
simply have asked the Police Board to add tV7enty colored
men to the force was defeated 16-3.^) The first black
1. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census of Population, 1960;
Characteristics of the Population, Vol.l. ^
2. 19 65 census estimates-
I he People, By All The People, U.S. Commission on
Civil Rights, 1969 (hereinafter ciced as Commission Report)
p . 1 1 . -̂---------
££Lg_Z_olicg on the Urban Frontier, George Edwards (Judge,
U.S. Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals; Police Commissioner
of Detroit, 1962-3), 1968, p.86.
5. liistorv of the Memphis Police Depai'tment, prepared bv
rhe Department irri964 , in Cossitt Librarv', ?;emphis.
Unpagina ted.'
00U354
Page 9 c' c
policeir.en, thirteen in number, v;ere added to the force
in 1948.^
o-.-pounding the problem of simple under-representation
of the black community on the Hemphis police force is the
appearance that the Department becomes increasingly segregated
at the higher levels. That is, 96.7% of the laborers ’ '
employed by governm.ental bodies in the Mem.phis area in 1967
•7
v;ere black. The saite year,' 29.2% of the civilian staff
of the Police Departnent were black." Statistics of the
Departaent from August 1968 to August 1963 indicate that
10.55 of the Detectives and 5.3* of the Warrant Offi
black. In 1967, v/hen the overall percentage of black
cers v.j'ere
polic .5%, th T.7o>-/r:a only four black lieutenants 10
1 1betv/een 2 .1% and 2.6% of the lieutenants on the force.
Moreover, these lieutenants were in the detective unit, where
they had no supervisory power over any white patrolmen.
Co.^nission P.eoort, p.90.
7 • ^ atll.'-
8. Id at 13.
9. Figures taken f.rom Police Department records.
10. ComaP.ission Report, p.3.
11. In 1964 there wore 151 lieutenants on the force. Fistojm-
op Cit.n.j. In fiscal 19 6S-G9 there u^erc 1B9 ‘'e-'ThfF— '
I^ce_E^pori^,_t Requested Aournria ti nn .
unpeiginated, hereinafter citid~Si“BTId^F:----
12. Commission Report, p.3.
Page 10 (
(
These figures, which shov/ an increased degree of racial
imbalance at the higher ranks, could be justified by the
argument of history that black patrolmen v/ere not available
for promotion to the higher grades, were it not for factors
in the Department's policies v.'hich allov/ for the possibility
of continuing ^ facto discrimination in promotions.
The assertion is generally made that police promotion
procedures are neutral and hon-discriminatory. For example,
the Director of Fire and Police, Fi*ank Holloman, stated to
t h e ' M e m p h i s C i t y C o u n c i l o n J a n u a r y 6 , 1 9 7 0 :
1
VJhen promotions will be m.ade, they v;ill
be made on the basis of seniority and
qualifications and according to Civil Service
I'ules and regulations. V7hen a promotion is
made, v?e must select one of the three top
men on the Civil Service eligibility list.
Unfortunately this kind of assertion is not the end of
inquiry, but only the beginning, for when the possibilities
hidden is such language are unpacked and examined, the
potential for discrimination appears.
In any recently integrated department, emphasis on >■
seniority v/ill tend to perpetuate de facto the segregation
in the system v/hich v/as previously practiced as open policy.
Not only is the obvious factor at v;ork--namely, that recently
hired black policemen will necessarily lack the seniority
required for promotion--but also the black officers will be
subjected to the individual hostility and discrimination
residual in a nev;ly' integrated force.
{U)03()f;
Paoe 11 ( '
Seniority nay be a questionable standard for promotion
in any event, given its capacity for inpeding the promotion
of othe.-n-;ise-qualitied minority group'members. The quality
of the v/ork experience must be examined, to determine its
relevance to the nature of the v/ork the promoted individual
v/ill be asked to perform. "Quite often the highly touted
•tv/enty years of experience' is merely one year of experience
I Ttv/enty times
A second consideration in v/eighing the objectivity of
police promotion practices is the nature of the qualifications
for prdmotion. Ratings for leadership capacity will tend
to be poor v/here, as in Memphis, black policemen are not
placed in positions where their leadership abilities can be
tested and developed. Moreover, unless the policy-making
officials take the strictest stand for, and employ credible
procedures to establish, objectivity in the compilation of
evaluations by supervisors, there are tv/o possible results:
subtle but real forms of discrimination v;ill be used bv
the supervisors of black policemen; and an attitude of
pessimismi and loss of belief will be fostered am.ong black
officers, v/ho v/ill not be convinced that they are treated
equally by tlie Departm.ent.
Finally, as Mr. llollom.an's statement pointed out, the
Memphis Police Department uses t h e so-called "rule of three”
in promotions, v/hereby tliose supervisors in the departm.ent
^ ̂ • '̂.0‘ R e ’sort , p . 5 8 , q u o t i ii g 0. G 1 c n n Stahl, P ul j 1 i c
■'■dnin is tration , harper and Ross, 19 G 2 ,''p''.7o'9'.i'crsonn-; 0 0 0 3 ^ ) 7
(
Page 12 ( (
v.no seleco for promotion make a choice for each position
from among tlie three qualified men at the top of the register
selection of one rtian out of three is arbitrary
and need not be justified by those doing the selecting, the
vigorous application of this rule toward the goal of
eliminating the under-representation of black policemen in
the higher ranks could have a salutary effect, particularly
if coupled with a re-evaluation toward that same end of the
other criteria used in promotion.
On the other hand, of course, the opposite result is
at least equally possible; that is, it has been repeatedly
observed that a personnel director, department head, or
other supervisor in charge of pronotion— who is himself
probably white is unlikely to select for promotion a
qualified black candidate over tv;o others who are both
equally qualified and vfnite.^'^
Vfnether or not overt racial discrimination in promotion
is practiced by the Memphis Police Department, then, is a
question ansv.-erable only by the appearance that it is. This
appearance leads to the presumption, at the least, that som.s
form, of discrimination— including that built into the present
Civil Service structure— does stand in the way of promotions
for black policemen.
This opinion is held by miembers of the black communitv.
former policeman,.appearing before the Committee, testified
1 'I . Commisp j o n ■ P.e pc) r t , r?. 6 9 0 0 U o ( . 8
(
Paqo 13 ( (
that white officers were promoted over senior black officers
and that "it more or less boils dov.-n to favoritism of the
,. , ]_5comjnanaing offxcer as to v;ho gets promoted. But, he also
testified, v;ith their present jobs and security at stake,
black officers "are disgusted, they are frustrated, but they
are afraid to speak out, and they are not going to speak
out, because... they probably v/ould jeopardize their jobs,
their homes, and their families."^®
15. The Ad Hoc Comm-ittee's proceedings are transcribed in
four volujaes: 'larch 18 and 19, April 8, April 15, and
April 22, 1970. These v;ill be cited as I-IV Hearings.
This officer's testimony is found at IV Hearings 59.
16 Id at 53.
0 ( ) 0 3 o ^ ^
(
Pnse 19
V
C.iapter I I I - - T:n_d LacP of P o l i cy Control An The Top of rae Dcpartr-ent:
I l ie re i s ample ev idence t h a t Lha Memphis P o l i c e Oepar taenc
o p e r a t e s l a r g e l y on i t s oim i n e r t i a , and not under the c o n t r o l of
i t s t i t u l a r l e a d e r s , the D i r e c t o r o f F i r e and P o l i c e and the Chief
o f P o l i c e . r n i s l a ch o f c o n t r o l i s demonstrable in tv;o im p o r tan t
a r c a s - - i n the p re v a len c e of r a c i a l l y abus ive conduct by p o l i c e
o r r i c e r s , n ocx / i th s tand ing p o l i c y pronouncements to the c o n t r a r y ,
and i n the D ep ar tm en t ' s s t r u c t u r e d c a p a c i ty to h ide p o l i c e m is
conduct a t the lov;er l e v e l s .
A. The In c id e n ce o f R ac ia l Abuse
I ■ “ — -----------------------
The D i r e c t o r o f F i r e and P o l i c e a s s e r t s t h a t " the p o l i c y of
t h i s D iv i s io n [ i 0 t h a t th e re ivould be only one c l a s s of c i t i z e n s
and t h a t a l l c i t i z e n s x7ould be t r e a t e d a l i k e r e g a r d l e s s o f r a c e ,
c r e e d , o r economic s t a t u s . ' ' " Tnis p u b l i c p o s i t i o n i s no t suppor ted
by r e a l i t y .
E^ery i.egro ' tzi tness wno t e s t i f i e e b e io r e the Committee con
c e r n i n g hiE t r e a tm e n t by Memphis p o l i c e o f f i c e r s t e s t i f i e d to the
u se o f o b s c e n i t y and r a c i a l l y abus ive language by the o f f i c e r s
in v o lv e d . The most common form; o f a d d r e s s .b y a Ilem.phis policem.an
to a b l a c n person appea rs to be " n i g g e r . " An every -day example i s
t h a t o f a you th mho t e s t i f i e d t h a t he mas chased by a p o l i c e s t a t i o n
x/agon w h i le r e t u r n i n g home from a b a s k e t b a l l game. In h i s words:
(
Let tc r f r : u i re c t or
22 1960. Sc e a Is Q
i ̂ 09 to M,. »•- r n
I • en or ar.dur: CO ? 7 l i c c1 - A ~ h 0 ' ‘i
F;’n ~ »1 So: U.l 1.
’. l iu o n , Janua ry
October 6,
f \ f ) I i •> r ;>
U vJ U t ) ■' M
Page 20
( (■
̂ Tne o f f i c e r , t h a t x.;as d r i v i n g got out of the car
and asked ne vhere I had been. I - t o l d him I v;a5 j u s t
coming back from the b a s k e t b a l l game. He asked me who
v.’on, and I t o l d him we d id . He asked me where I was
go in g , I t o l d him. He s a i d , " I have cone t o ld you
blac-c n ig g e r s to s t a y o r f the s t r e e t one t i m e . ” Ihen
ne s lu n ^ a^a in su -̂he c a r . As he s lung me a g a i n s t
che c a r , a n o t h e r policeman came out o f the d i t c h with
a gun in one hand and a s t i c k in the o t h e r one.
Q u e s t io n : h n a t happened whan the policeman came back
rip to the c a r then?
Answer: He asked me where I had been, and I t o ld him.,
/^nd ta en ha s a i d , I t o ld you damn n ig g e r s to s t a y o f f
t h e s t r e e t one tim.e. I s a i d , I T’as going home. And
then he h i t me on the leg w i th the s t i c k , and he tu rned
me around and throwed me back up a g a i n s t the c a r and h i t
ma in the bac:: , and taen I turned a round, and he h i t me
on uhe .cnee w i th the s t i c k , and then he jabbed me in the
p r i v a t e s w i th the knee, and he t o l d ne I d o n ' t v;ant to
c a t c h you dam.n n ig g e r s on the s t r e e t no more. He s a i d ,
i f I c a t c h you i an going to b e a t you b e t t e r tiian I d id
the f i r s t tim.e, and then I am. ^oing to take you i n , and
g e t your a s s e s on hom.e. He s a id I had b e t t e r not c a tc h
you, i . y e i ma.,e i t over on Snannon S t r e e t vcu had
b e t t e r be in the house.
u o o ; h k f .
21
( V
Q'jesCi.on: How rr.ar.y titr.es then x;ers yon s t r u c k a l t o g e th e r ? .
Answer: Four tir.ies.
Q ues t ion : xog l a s t time when he jabbed in your p r i v a t e p a r t s ,
v.'ere you Si_ruclv----now f a r was he s t a n d in g froE ŷ ou v’hen he
jabbed you? '
Answ’e r : He was r i g h t up on tre.
Q u es t io n : Did he swing h i s s t i c k , or d id he j a b i t a t you?
Ansi-rer: Ke jabbed i t .
Q u es t io n : has t h e r e any doubt i n your mind t h a t he d e l i b e r a t e l y
j ab b ed you th e re?
Ar}sv;er; h o , s i r .
z'
Tlie D i r e c t o r o f F i r e and F e l i c e , w i th the Ch ie f o f P o l i c e
below hirr., has re-spons.ibi. L i ty fo r and .<5iipervi.snry c o n t r o l over
the lierrphis P o l i c e Department. Tire e:<tent to which these men knor;
o.i. o r w i l l admit to t a e c o n d i t i o n o f the Depar tment, hor-'ever, nay
be found i n the C h i e f ' s ans ’.;er to t h i s q u e s t i o n :
"Do you t h in k t h e r e i s any ev idence of r a c i a l p r e j u d i c e i n the
Memphis P o l i c e Department?"
0 7
A n s w e r : ' " ! s u sp e c t t h a t I rrould be the l a s t one to knew."
i t i s r e g r e t t a b l y ' u n th in k a b le t h a t r a c i a l p r e j u d i c e should
̂ t
not e x i s t among a 95% vfnite p o l i c e f o r c e in a Southern c i t y . The
p o i n t h e r e , however, i s t h a t the D epar tm en t ' s p-u ta tive l e a d e r s
sl iould do so l i t t l e abou t i t .
The "rirst-class citiaan" nenorandum distributed to police
25. Ill H'-arin-''- 75
27. D'.'positio.: i-.1 H
U O U k B P
y of Mczphi.':, Federal Civil h'o. 70-.jI.
r'
. 23
e a r l y in lvo3 . has been, of n e g l i g i b l e
ol iceman, t e s t i f y r-ing b e fo re the Co:.-.mitt
t o r ' s memorandum i:as l a r g e l y i g n o r e d :
X
(
Q ues t ion : During your p e r io d on the Me.r.phis P o l i c e Force v e re
t h e r e any i n s t r u c t i o n s i s s u e d g e n e r a l l y about the use o f
d e r o g a to r y t e r n s and r a c i a l s l u r s ?
Answer: P r i o r to l e a v in g the P o l i c e Depar tnen t I t h i n ’.i I
r e c a l l a nenorandun coning dora from the h ig h e r o f f i c e
s t a t i n g t h a t abus ive language would no t be condoned or
t o l e r a t e d in the d e p a r t m e n t . . . .
Q u e s t io n : Tilings d i d n ' t change a f t e r the memorandum?
Answer: No.
Q u es t io n ; Do you t h in k any o f the whi te p o l i c e o f f i c e r s
V7ho used those terms f e a red t h a t any adverse conseeuences
would o ccu r i f they con t in u ed to use those terms a f t e r
t h a t memo, or t h a t they were a f r a i d in any way t h a t
t h e i r p romot ions might be a f f e c t e d ?
29
Answer: I d o n ' t t h in k so.
The Committee a f t e r i t s h e a r in g s had no reason to t h in k s o e i t h e r .
The te s t im o n y of the w i tn e s s e s b e fo re i t i s ug ly :
"He s a i d , , you b lack son o f a b i t c h don’ t you know
they a i n ' t n o th in g in the world t h a t a son of a b i t c h
. 3 0l i k e you i s supposed to u n d e r s t a n d . "
23. bee n , 2 5 .
21. IV licariu'^.." ou--67. 0 0 0 O 1)
;0. I l l Hearlnc'.s 16.
rare- 23
(
33
" A f t e r tiie o f f i c e r got th e re they s t a r t e d t e l l i n g
us v ; h a t . . . a l l k inds o f b la ck mother fuckers and
n i g g e r s , and then he s t a r t e d to h i t me in the s id e
31w i th the s t i c k . " '
" I va s l a y in g on the ground, a n d . . . I kep t c a l l i n g
o u t , and t o l d him t h a t I was s h o t . . . a n d he t o ld me, -
he s a i d , tu rn ove r , you b l a c k SOB, l i k e t h a t v.’i t h
32
h i s fo o t k icked me o v e r . "
' T n i s o f f i c e r was t a l k i n g to me, t o ld t h i s o f f i c e r
t h i s n i g g a r d o n ' t know how to say 'Yassah'" and ' N o s a h ' . ’
1
The c l e a r e s t test i.mony to the e x i s t e n c e o f a double s t a n d a rd
o f language and conduct vas c o n ta in ed in the tes t im ony o f a whi te
a t t o r n e y a t t a c h e d to the U ni ted S t a t e s Department o f J u s t i c e , who
on the even ing o f December 27, 19G9 vas s topped by llemnhis p o l i c e ,
In h i s words:
The f-polic<^man t h a t vas d r i v i n g the c a r s a id a t t h a t
t ime words to the e f f e c t , i f ve see you d r i v i n g through
th e b l a c k s e c t i o n w e ' r e going to lock you up. He d i d n ' t
say th e b l a c k s e c t i o n , he s a id " n i g g e r t o v n ."
. . . H e reached i n the c a r , grabbed me by the s h i r t
' c o l l a r , jerlced me c u t of the c a r , r i p p i n g my s h i r t . . . a n d
h i t me t h r e e t imes w i th the f l a t o f h i s hand on the l e f t
31. I d a t 111.
32. IV Heari:^-s 3o-G7.
33. Id .et I I S .
00036d
s i d e o f my n e c ! : . . . . '
The hand iesc form of i d e n t i f i c a t i o n t h a t 1 could g e t
i
to was my J u s t i c e Department I . D . f o l d e r , so I sho\;ed him
t h a t . From t h a t p o i n t foCT'.'ard the atmosphere o f the whole
t
c o n f r o n t a t i o n s h i f t e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y . He s a id t h a t he was
e x t re m e ly s o r r y f o r what had happened, and i f I had only
t o l d him t h a t I vras v.’i t h the Departm.ent e a r l i e r v.’e V7o u l d a ' t
34
have had any t r o u b l e .
Notr;3.thstanning the D i r e c t o r ' s p u b l i c a s s e r t i o n s , t h e n , t h a t a l l
c i t i z e n s o f Memphis a r e " f i r s t - c l a s s , " i t i s c l e a r t h a t the d ep ar tm en t -
wide poTicy i s to t r e a t b l a c k c i t i z e n s as c o n s id e ra b ly l e s s f i r s t - c l a s s
than v;hi t e .
B. Departm.ental I n s u l a t i o n o f Misconduct
In Cn.apter I I the s t a t i s t i c s ^.-ere giv'en w^hich d e s c r i b e the degree
to which the P o l i c e D epar tm en t ' s top p o l i c y m.aker3 a r e i s o l a t e d by a
top -h eav y bu reau c racy from c o n t a c t v;i th lov?er-ranking o f f i c e r s . As an
tne C n ie f , an -*issistant C h ie f , and an I n s p e c t o r s tand betwaen
the D i r e c t o r and the Capta in in charge o f the I n t e r n a l A f f a i r s Bureau.
This s t r u c t u r e i t s e l f v i o l a t e s the concep t t h a t th e re should be d i r e c t
, 35
a c c e s s to th e top in d i s c i p l i i i a r y m a t t e r s . Moreover, tha f i g u r e s a r e
g iven a t page 15 'which show t h a t the Department has from two to e i g h t
t imes as many l i e u t e n a n t s and from tv;o and a h a l f to fo u r t e e n t imes as
Page 24 • ^ ^
34. I d . a t 15-17.
25. See Chapter V. i n f r a r e g a rd in g the o p e r a t i o n of th.c Intern;- .!
A f f a i r s Bureau.
0 0 o a t h
r a 7 , e
( (
Ii. i,he or t h a t day a p r i m a r i l y v;hite V e te rans 'D ay parade
\/as i ie ld . Pc lxce p re sen c e ’..’as l i g h t . A photograpli showed no p o l i c e a t
the i n t e r s e c t i o n o f l lain and Adams.
/
That a f t e r n o o n a p r i m a r i l y b la c h group marched to C i ty H a l l , one
i n a s e r i e s of marches connected v.’i t h p r o t e s t s over school p o l i c i e s
and c o n d i t i o n s . P o l i c e coverage v;as i n t e n s e . Pho tograph ic ev idence
showed t h i r t e e n uniformed pol icemen in r i o t he lmets and e i g h t moto r
c y c l e s on the i;.ain and A-. ams c o rn e r which had been empty i n the ciornin'^.
Given such c i s p a r i t i e s , o lacks in Ilecnphis conclude t h a t e x c e s s iv e p o l i c e
" p r o t e c t i o n " becomes i n t i m i d a t i o n .
Tae young b l a c k w i tn e s s e s b e fo re the Committee t e s t i f i e d to a man
t h a t the normal r e a c t i o n to the approach of a p a t r o l c a r i s to run , f o r
f e a r o f the consequences o f be ing stopped by the p o l i c e . Tne b e l i e f
i s h e ld by b la cn youths t h a t i f they lean i n t o a p o l i c e c a r to ans ’.;er
q u e s t i o n s , they w i l l be t rapped by the neck by a r o l l e d - u p w’indow and
by bhe p o l i c e c a r . V.liile such a t a l e may p a r t a k e o f myth to
a c e r t a i n e x t e n t , an a d u l t v ; i t n e s s - - a p r o f e s s i o n a l man o f s u b s t a n t i a l
comiaunity s t a t u r e - - t e s t i f i e d to s ee in g such an i n c i d e n t in h i s ov7n
y o u th . Tne f e a r o f such t o r t u r e i s r e a l among young b l a c k s , and
t h i s f e a r i s r e i n f o r c e d oy tne i n c i d e n t s of g ra tu i to u s^h a ra ssm ien t and
the o f ten unplea.sant consequences . Young b lack male w i t n e s s e s t e s t i f i e d
to v e r b a l abuse ana unc . ign i r ied s ea r c h e s ; b e a t i n g s and sh o o t in g s occur
a l l too f r e q u e n t l y . P o l i c e fo r ce in such cases w a s o f t e n not j u s t i f i e d
by f i n d i n g s in l a t e r j u d i c i a l p ro c e ed in g s . Charges were c i t h e r dropped
62. These photograniis a re e x h i b i t s 5 2 ,:j3, and 5A to Volume I I o f the
Com.mi t t e c ' 3 rjroceed; no^ .
0 0 0 3 » a
') It r,
63. I l l Hear ' VI 1
51
(
c (
Ol n o t l o d g e d r . T n r
Oi. tnOca ̂ PfclC^jrP?; n-yP- ^ <^i-^^cec, 3i.u utie a t t e n d a n t
-OSS o f p o l i c e c r e c ! i b i U ‘ v
- '■ ‘"'= tens f ic i , - . . e f f e c t s o f such
. s i i . o - o o . c a l l cee .ue o t G j ldea Gloves to tir r .anent a r e
q u e s t i o n a b l e .
As an e x -p o l i c e n a n t e s t i f i e d to the Conimittee:
c..._..uniey r e l a t i o n s h u r e a u . . . h a d made
t : re .endons p r o g r e s s in t r y i n g to c r e a t e a b e t t e r
r e l a t i o n s h i p between the •cos.nunity and the p o l i c e
c^epartment, bu t a few men cannot do t h i s . . . . Ti,ey
i^ ish t meet a t a s p e c i f i c meet ing , they might
‘ have some o f the community people t h e r e to d i s c u s s
i s s u e s , and some o f the people might dec ide to
have f a i t h and b e l i e v e in these p e o p le , but when
tne ...o...ing xs o v e r , and the people leave and
val!; ou t s i ' ip o^ . 1 .^e, a n . up tne s t r e e t they see a p a t r o l
c a r w i th uniformed o f f i c e r s beat-p.'f a -d •accG o r u t a l i z i n o
p e o p le , L-he.n t h i s d o e s n ' t e r e e t e n fevo rnb le ienve
on t h e i r b e h a l f , and they a r e a 1 t - 1 p 1 ’ •
- - 0 . i c a J . j . t . ie duuious
*^houtacceotxn '^ ' insr i-’-,,?._ x.L •a n ^ t a .n g t h a t tne p o l i c e depar tment
00saj ’s .
S e v e ra l s t e p s must he tahon by the *dcpai ,.i,,ent m o r d e r to e s t a b l i s h
r
coamunitj- r e l a t i o n s ” e'^ .^ C 0 ■ i 2 tl XTi C *7 i vĉ : e r c e fo r p o s i t i v e law e n f o r c e - .
O’, t , in c o n t r a s ; to i t s p r e s e n t impo'tsn ; form:
1. The depar tm ent r..ust a v ' ’ o.- - •
. -n .. manner i t s need
' \ T tt - » 0003(17
R E P O R T OF C O ’JN’C I L IN’V C S T I G A T I N ’G
T h e Cour.cil I n v e s t i g a t i n g Ccnraittce w a s c r e a t e d p u r s u
to a r e s o l u t i o n o f t h e C o u n c i l o £ t/ie C i t y o f Mer-.phis c a t e d
Septesiber 5 , 1972. T h e r e s o l u t i o n is as f o l l o w s :
R E S O L U T I O N ’
a.-.t
V-TIEREAS, t h e C i t y C o u n c i l P o l i c e Coir.mitteo h a s
n a d e its r e p o r t a n d r e c o m n e n d a t i o n s c o n c e r n i n g
a p o l i c e i n v e s t i g a t i o n ; and
V/l’E R E A S , a p r o g r a m o f i n v e s t i g a t i o n w a s p r o p o s e d ;
a n d
h’H E R u A S , a c o s t e s t i m a t e w a s p r e s e n t e d .
N'OVv, T H E R E F O R E , SE I T R E S O L V E D t h a t the C o u n c i l
a c c e n t s a n d a d e p t s the r e p o r t and recomjr.encations
o f t h e P o l i c e C o m m i t t e e r e g a r d i n g i n v e s t i g a t i o n
o f t h e M e m o h i s P o l i c e D e p a r t m e n t ; and
B E I T F U R T H E R R E S O L V E D t h a t the C o u n c i l a p p r o p r i
a t e s $ 5 0 , 0 0 0 from L e g i s l a t i v e D i v i s i o n , B u r e a u
I l l s , M i s c e l l a n e o u s C o n t i n g e n c i e s , to C i t y C o u n c i l ,
I B u r e a u 1 1 0 1 , L i n e SOS, L u m p S u m A p p r o p r i a t i o n ; ano
- e x p e n d i t u r e s of s a i d a p p r o p r i a t e d funds s h a l l h a v e
t h e P r i o r a p p r o v a l of the P o l i c e C o m m i t t e e ; a n d
B E I T F U R T H E R R E S O L V E D t h a t the C o u n c i l P c l i c s ^
C o m m i t t e e w i l l r e q u i r e f r o m its i n v e s t i g a t o r s f r e
q u e n t r e p o r t s , i n c l u d i n g f i n a n c i a l e x p e n d i t u r e s ,
w h i c h w i l l be m a d e a v a i l a b l e to t h e Cour.cil: a n d
B E I T F U R T H E R R E S O L V E D t h a t all n e w s r e l e a s e s p d
c o m m e n t s a n d r e p o r t s c o n c e r n i n g the invcsi.igaLj.on
w i l l come o n l y t h r o u g h the C o u n c i l ' s P o l i c e C o m
m i t t e e ; a n d . . , . ,
B E I T F U R T H E R R E S O L V E D t h a t the i n v e s t i g a t i o n s h o u i c
e x t e n d o n l y for a n i n e t y (90) d a y p e r i o d and t h a t
a n / e x t e n s i o n s of time o r r e q u e s t s f o r aacitiona.^^
a p p r o p r i a t i o n s of funds s h a l l be b r o u g h t to the C i t y
C o u n c i l a n d s h a l l n o t be c a r r i e d on w i t h o u t a m a
j o r i t y v o t e o f the C i t y C o u n c i l : and
B E I T F U R T H E R R E S O L V E D t h a t a m a j o r i t y v o t e o f the
C i t y C o u n c i l m a y t e r m i n a t e t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n w h e n - ̂
e v e r it a p p e a r s t h a t f u r t h e r e x p e n d i t u r e o f t i m e o r
f u n d s w i l l p r o d u c e n o f u r t h e r b e n e f i c i a l r e s u l t s ,
P U R P O S E
T h e p u r p o s e o f the C o m m i t t e e h a s b e e n to i n v e s t i g a t e
c o m p l a i n t s a n d r e p o r t s of m i s c o n d u c t b y m e m b e r s o f t h e M e m p h i s P o l i c e
D e p a r t m e n t a n d r e p o r t the f i n d i n g s to the C o u n c i l . T h e a c t i o n of
the C o u n c i l in a d o p t i n g the r e s o l u t i o n c r e a t i n g the C o m m i t t e e w a s
p r o m p t e d b y w i d e s p r e a d c o m m u n i t y c o n c e r n o v e r p o s s i b l e m i s c o n d u c t
a n d i m p r o p e r a c t i v i t i e s on the p a r t o f s o m e m e m b e r s of the M e m p h i s
P o l i c e D e p a r t m e n t .
U O U . ' i l i H
. • . . c - o r of the Council and the r e s o l u t i o n under w h U -
v l v - 1 tna o x i c c w a O w o x
it v a n c r e o t o d .
y vv-t;TTr.ATlV5 R H 5UJLTS
A t o t a l of _ _ coir.?laints or i n c i d e n t s h a v e b o o n r e p . - - ^ ^
,.o d = t e . Th»:.. avo i n c o r p o r a t e d In a a p a r a t . f i l e s v h U n are nor..
t n e Conni-.tee a . d e r s e p a r a t e o o . o r s u b j e c t to I n s t r u c t r o n s
i..o» tb. C o u n c i l . T h e s e files are . u c e r i c l l y
t a s e n c e of this r e p o r t is c o n t a i n e d t h e r e i n . T h e y s p e a r
selves. . I r ...- j '•e-err lo/r? to tr.e p r e s e n t unvi j...The files cover a period aroir. 1-67
C i u d e r e f i n e s to n o r e t h a n 1 0 i n d i v i d u a l s o h o
h e c u r r e n t l y u e e b e r s o f the M e m p h i s V o U c e Oepavtr.on . o
o r a l n a t u r e o f the infor.aatlon in the f i l e s r e l a t e s to a l . e . . o
o i e t c e s s i v e for c e , l a c h e f enfercer.ont a n d f . a l u r e t o .-
I n d u h o n o a l l o d , r u d e n e s s , h a r a s s m e n t , p a y e f f ,
‘ nil.-’ O t h e r m s e c-rios u s e of n a r c o t i c s , a i m orn- ir:,.ed r o b b e r y , b u r g U r i c s , ̂ ....
.... T h e e v i d e n c e a g a i n s t the o f f i c e r s i n p l i c a . e d ra..gc
" ■ , .,vi-T is c e r r o b o r a t e d d o w n to u n s u p p o r t e d o’O ’. n . o n .
froia t n a t w.nivr. is e c u
riKDlN’GS
g a s e d u p o n c o n t a c t w i t h . e . b e r s of the Meoiphis P o l i c e ^
3 c n a r t . e n t and u p o n the o v e r a l l e x p e r i e n c e of tne i n v e s t i g a c i o . .
t h e C o r ^ i t t e e h a s m a d e the f o l l o w i n g f i n d i n g s : ^
1 . The Memphis Police Department needs int .. „ .
A nWnvfi all r e s p e c t e d l e a d e r s h i p ,
c a p a b l a , p r o f e s s i o n a l , and a o o v . a l l . P
2 T h e r a is a n a t t i t u d e o f d e f e n s r v e n . s s o,. P
.,i.-her o f f i o ; r s of the X e r p h i s P o l i c e D e p a r t p e n t . ir.cludrnP . ....
t o i o o h t o o t h e r s o u r c e s a n d i n s t i t u t i o n s as t h e m a r n c . . .
‘ ■ ^ " “ ^ ^ ” : : : : : ' i s s t r o n P e v i d e n c e O f e r o e s s i v e u s e e f f o r c e b y
, , , , ^ . n a l s of tbo P o l i c e d e p a r t m e n t b . t n -
. ..per tho p r iso n e r is in c u s t o d y . T h o r o are rnst.no.. o
....... t r e a t u o n t o f p o r s o n s . b o t h m a l e a n d foa.a.e. ̂ ^
■ cl for a c o i w l c t e r e v i e w o f pro.r.otxo..—
4, T h e r e is a n e e d for a c o . p
' • h C!
p o l i c i e s v.'ithir. the P o l i c e Gopartnicr.':.
5 . Tr.o s t a c u s of b l a c k o f f i c e r s p o s e s c u r d c u c cr.o
t p u c i a l probicir.. M a n y of t h e m feel t h a t t h e y are u n o e r tr.o sup^-r-
v i s i o n of s o m e i n s e n s i t i v e w h i t e o f f i c e r s , w i t h the r e s u l t tr.at
t h o i r w o r k i n g c o n d i t i o n s are c o m p a r a t i v e l y m o r e d i f f i c u l t . .-urt.;er,
t h e r e e x i s t s l i t t l e or n o p o l i c y f o r p r o m o t i o n of b l a c k o f f i c e r s .
6 . S e r i o u s f a c t i o n a l d i v i s i o n s e x i s t in the P o l i c e D e p a r t
m e n t w h i c h a f f e c t the s e l e c t i o n o f t o p o f f i c e r s and ere g e n e r a l l y
d e t r i m e n t a l to the e f f i c i e n t f u n c t i o n i n g o f the D e p a r t m e n t .
7. H i g h r a n k i n g , c a p a b l e , v a x p e r i e n c e d , a n d h i g h l y p a i u
o f f i c e r s on the D e p a r t m e n t are r e l e g a t e d to u n p r o d u c t i v e p o l i c i n g
r 0^0 s •
S. T h e r e is an a p p a r e n t a b s e n c e o f i n t e n s i v e s u p e r v i s i o n
o f o f f i c e r s o n du t y , p a r t i c u l a r l y on n i g h t s h i f t s . .
I N'o f i n d i n g s are m a d e w i t h r e s p e c t to tec.anical o r p-o.c-j
s i o n a l p r o c e d u r e s .
. ' RHCOMliEN'DATIONS
■ 1. T h e k e y to a top c a l i b e r a n d s u c c e s s f u l P o n c e D o p a r w -
.r.cnt is i n t e l l i g e n t . - c a p a b l e , p r o f e s s i o n a l and a b o v e all. r e s p e c t e d
l e a d e r s h i p . It is the s t r o n g f e e l i n g o f a l a r g . s e g m e n t o f the
P o l i c e D e p a r t m e n t a n d m a n y m.embcrs o f the p u b l i c t h a t the P o l i c u
D e p a r t m e n t does n o t h a v e this k i n d o f l e a d e r s h i p . T h e b e s t at-
■ t e n t i o n of l o c a l g o v e r n m e n t s h o u l d be d i r e c t e d to e n c o u r a g i n g the
. d e v e l o p m e n t and e m p l o y m e n t of h i g h l y q u a l i f i e d o f f i c e r s in p o s i
t i o n s of l e a d e r s h i p .
' 2. C o n s i d e r a t i o n s h o u l d be g i v e n t o o b t a i n i n g a s t u d y
a n d r e p o r t b y an o r g a n i s a t i o n q u a l i f i e d to m a k e t e c h n i c a l ana
p r o f e s s i o n a l e v a l u a t i o n s , s u c h as the I n t e r n a t i o n a l A s s o c i a t i o n
of C h i e f s of P o l i c e .
3. C o n s i d e r a t i o n s h o u l d b e g i v e n to the f o r m a t i o n o f a
c v l m e c o m m i s s i o n m a d e up o f p r i v a t e c i t i z e n s , s u c h as h a s s u c c e s s -
t
f u l l y beer, u t i l i z e d in N o w O r l e a n s .
4 . T h e r e i s ’ a n e e d for c l o s e a n d r i g i d s u p e r v i s i o n of
-.ha a c t i v i t i e s o f ali p o l i c e o f f i c e r s b y s u p e r v i s o r y p e r s o n n e l .
o n ( ) ; i 7 ^
- 5
'■ S. ' : i .C : r c . is a n e e d for c n o h s s i s u p o n n o t i t u d e s e.
n-'-^y nr.d c c o ^ n c / b y neynbex's o f the P o l i c e Depnvt.ionn t o . - * - i... -
v i u u u l s w h e n o n e u t y a n d n c t i n K as p o l i c e o-tici^rb.
6. A brooc training prograrr., including oducntror. i..
of t'.io cverall f*.ncticns of govarnn’.ent, as well as pro-OhS-o— -
noltcc netr.ocs and the behavioral sciences, should be instatuc.j..
and all polic<. personnel should attend on a recurring periodic
7. C l e a r a n d d e f i n i t e s t e p s s h o u l d be t a k e n to cstabi:;.:.
. p o l i c y a n d to i n d o c t r i n a t e all p o l i c e o f f i c e r s a g a i n s t the use
o f e x c e s s i v e a n d u n n e c e s s a r y fo r e s and b r u t a l i t y .
8. conplote review of protiotior.al policies, .nciu.i*.'.̂
r e v i s i n g the C i v i l S e r v i c e r e g u l a t i o n s , s h o u l d be n a d e .
S. A c o m p l e t e r e - e v a l u a t i o n s h o u l d be made- oi the S c . u a s
o f b l a c k o f f i c e r s w i t h p a r t i c u l a r e m p h a s i s b e i n g g i v e n to r a i r
t r e a t m e n t , f a i r c o m p e n s a t i o n a n d f a i r p r o m o t i o n a l a n a joo assig..-
m o n t p o l i c i e s .
10. E v i d e n c e of a w i d e v a r i e t y o f u n p r o f e s s i o n a l and
c r i m i n a l a c t s i n v o l v i n g p r e s e n t o f f i c e r s o f the P o l i c e D e p a r t
m e n t a p p e a r s in the fil e s . E f f o r t s s h o u l d be m a d e to estaolii.t
the f i t n e s s o r u n f i t n e s s o f t h e s e o f f i c e r s f o r s e r v i c e on the-
Policed •
11. T h e m e t h o d s of s e e k i n g i n f o r m a t i o n f r o m w i t n e s s e s b y
t h e I n t e r n a l A f f a i r s D i v i s i o n s h o u l d b e i m p r o v e d so t h a t a p - i . * -
c u l a r w i t n e s s w i l l n o t be c a l l e d u p o n to m a k e a s t a t e m e n t or
■ a c c u s a t i o n i n an a t m o s p h e r e w h i c h d o e s n o t i n v i t e d i s c l o s u r e . .At the
' m i n i m u m , a c h a n g e o f l o c a t i o n f r o m o f f i c e s p a c e in t h e P o l i c e
D - p a r t m e n t is d e s i r a b l e . F u r t h e r , c o n s i d e r a t i o n s h o u l d be grver.
t o ’r e m o v a l o f the I n t e r n a l A f f a i r s D i v i s i o n f r o m t h e c h a i n cf
coum..nd t o the D i r e c t o r o f P o l i c e , O f f i c e r s s h o u l d bo a s s i g n e e
•ch.reto e i t h e r p e r m a n e n t l y o r in s u c h a w a y t h a t t h e y w o u l d n o t
0 0 i n v o l v e d " ’o n d u t y w i t h o f f i c e r s t h e y h a d p r e v i o u s l y h a d u n d e r
investigation.
12. T h e C o u n c i l s h o u l d r e c o g n i z e the n a t u r e o f too m a — i i a l
o m ) 3 7 . J
- f,
' /? ^ '0
MEMPHIS POLICE AND THE MINORITY COM^TJNITY
A CRITIQUE
l - ' i i
Prepared by
Community Relations Service _
United States Department of Justice
May ,1974
l)0037:i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface
Page
I. Introduction
A. Background
B. Staffing
C. Distribution Characteristics
D. Employment Conditions
E. SummaryI
II. Minority Employment and Hiring
A. Selection Process
B. Current Recruitment Efforts
C. Barriers to Minority
Employment
III. Training
A. Training Structure
B. Curriculum
C. Academy Staff
IV, Complaint Procedure
A, Internal Affairs
B. Polygraph
V. Policies, Procedures and
■Communications
VI. Police-Community Relations
A. Existing Program
B, Programs
VII. Use of Firearms
VIII. Concluding Observations
1
1
3
A
5
6
8
11
13
18
20
21
23
26
29
31
32
34
36
o o o - ' i ? ; !
.ly, mo
is being exam■
a growing I'-iuio
police sy?om to
it should be reco
uclice is not un
institutions.
PREFACE
han ever before, the police system
and changes advocated. There is
to question the ability of the
t the challenge of change. However,
ized that the current "crisis" of the
o the crisis facing other social
oed, our legislative bodies, courts,
correctional sy'̂ in, educational ii^stitutions, public
management“-arc .ill experiencing dilemmas. Many of the
problems of the police, however, appear to be solvable--
but to do so will require constructive action on the part
of the police department, city government,- and the general
public. Mere criticism, without a commitment to constructive
action is not the answer.
This CRS survey serves as an example of what can be
done to assist the Memphis Police Department (MPD) to
develop more effective relations with its minority community.
The survey resulted from an offer Mr, Ozell Sutton, Southeast
Regional Director of the Community Relations Service (CRS)
made to Mr. J. W. Hubbard, Director of the Police Department,
City of Memphis, to provide mediation assistance to the
police and black community. The survey includes, but is
0f)0374
not limited to, the followittg areas: pclice-community
relations, firearms policies, recruitment of minority
officers, training, and deployment.^
Submission of this survey concludes one of three
phases leading to formal mediation. The workshop, to be
conducted on ?1ay 25, .1974, is the second phase of the
process of further identifying and isolating police/community
problems. The third phase--that of formal negotiations
aimed at resolving the differences through constructive ✓
action--is scheduled to begin following the workshop.
This approach on the part of the MPD is most certainly
commendable and consistent with tlie Standard 1.4 of the
rolice Report of the National Advisory Commission on
Criminal Justice Standards and Goals (Goals Commission)
which reads in part:
livery police agency that has racial and^
ethnic minority groups of significant_size
within its jurisdiction shoula recognize
their police needs and should, where
appropriate, develop means to insure
effective communication with such groups.
The methodology for conducting the survey consisted
of on-site observations, personal and grorrp interviews
and the review of copious amounts of printed material.
I n r e v i e w i n g t h i s r e p o r t , h o w e v e r , t h e r e a d e r s h o u l d K e e p
n
000375
in mind that although the survey represents a cooperative
effort on the part of the CRS survey team and the MPD it
does not represent an in-depth survey or extensive review
of the various related sources. Such an activity would
require several weehs to complete, for which the time frame
did not allov/.
The survey was conducted by CRS conciliator Fred Crawford,
■of the Atlanta, Georgia, regional office. He was assisted ̂
by CRS consultants Professor Edward Morgan, chairman of the
department of criminal justice of New York State University
at Buffalo, and Dr. Lee Brown, associate director of the
institute of urban (affairs and research at Howard University,
Washington, D.C.
CRS expresses its sincere appreciation to Director Hubbarc
and the many members of the MPD, city officials and the
various members of the community for their cooperation and
input.
m
o o o a ? ! ;
I. INTRODUCTION
A. Background
Tho shooting death of a black by a white has never
caused such a damaging and lasting effect on a city, a
nation, or a people, as the assassination of Dr. Martin
Luther King, Jr,, in Memphis in 1968, That death was
instrumental in widening the chasm between the black and
.white communities of that city. Directly related to this
is the fact that in Memphis, as v/ell as other cities
throughout tiie nation, blacks have also been killed by law
enforcement officials and with few exceptions such cases
have been ruled jus.tifiable homicide. Although such
instances are not as prevalent today as they were in the
past, other forms of abuse are still being experienced
by blacks. In fact, the MPD has a history of conflict
with the black community. Without going into details,
let it suffice to say that today the conflict is mani
festing itself in several ways;
--inherent distrust of the police by many segments
of the black community ,
--the negative image of the police affecting minority
recruitment
--tension between the police and the black coitmunicy
000377
ipiciu of blacks by many policemen.
« , such ■acM-op, tho Memphis City administration
movcu to amc. s overall police image and modify certain
police ope.uLio 1 procedures. The firlt positive move was
to hire Mr. J. V., aib’oard, retired Marine Corps General,
as Director of Poi.ee in 1972. However, the distrust was
greatly accentuated by the recent (December 1973) acquittal
of eight l.aw enforcement officers who had boon charged in
tho fatal beating of a blach youth, Elton Kayes, in 1971.
Many blacks saw this as an ind,.cai.ion ehnt the lif
black is insignificant in the eyes of the "system".
Community organizations, civil rights groups and
individual citizens responded quite vocally to ihc an.iouiice
acquittal. Tho Memphis chapter of the N M C P requested the
U.-l, Department of Justice, Civil R.ghcs Division,
a thorough and independent investigation into both the death
,,nd the subsequent trial. The U.S. Attorney's office for
the Western District of Tennessee (Memphis) initiated
preliminary inquiries into the case.
The CRS responaod to the community unrest stemming from
the acquittal. Subsequently, the agency offered to provide
re to tho MPD and black community, which mediation assistance to tau
both accepted.
0 0 0 3 7 a
P.mT̂ loyee benefits are competitive in all cate^^rj^ .
These factors should not cause difficulties in recruitment
or retention. However, the infrequency of promotional
opportunities is not conducive to the retention of the
most intelligent, dynamic, and highly educated officers.
Minority representation in the officer ranks is qnjl^
10.05 percent.*
MPD is currently undergoing a ma,ior reorganization.
Significant changes have occurred and others are in the
various stages of planning. Inherent in such activities
is an element of insecurity and instability on the part
of employees. This -often brings a reaction of tenaciously
adhering to the status quo irrespective of its consequences.
* See Table I
D o o c r ? ; ' !
XI. MINORITY EMPLOYMENT AND HIRING
A. Selection Process
The Memphis Police Department has eliminated .the
written entrance examination as a selection device. Some
have applauded this, claiming that since the state-of-the-
art relative to examinations is such that ̂ 'there does not
exist an exam that is both predictive of Job performance
and at the same time culturally unbiased.
Although statistics were not available, it was felt
by those interviewed that prior to its elimination, the
written examination was a major stumbling block to .minority
employment. i .
As listed on the Civil Service notice for the position
of patrolmen, the qualifications are as follows:
Minimum of two years of college (^8 semester
hours or 72 quarter hours); ability to make
written reports; ability to pass required
mental, medical, physical and agility tests.
Minimum age of 21 years; must be courteous,
loyal, emotionally mature and stable; good
appearance and speech; alert v;ith keen pov/ers
of observation; aptitude for investigational
work; higli moral standards.
Applicants miOeting the above qualifications enter into
the selection process as follows
(,)()03Hf)
Obtaln- •A'ppTlc'a'fi'on: Applications'.for .'the position,
must be obtained and returned to the .Personnel
Division in City Kali. . Applications are not .avail
able in the police department or any .;pther place
in the city, .but are available from the police
recruiting team.
Fingerprints; Applicants must be fingerprinted
by the police department. At that Itime they fill-
t
out a personal history form which will bemused by
the police department in making its background
investigation.
3. Me d i cal Ex amin at ion: Arrangements for the medical
examination 'are made by the personnel division.
The City has aTcontract with the Mid-South Medical
Association (a group of doctors) tc perj.orm this
service at no cost to the applicant.
4. Background Investigation; A background investi
gation is conducted by a .lieutenant .who works out
of the same office as the polygraph examiners.
5. Agility Test: The agility .test .is administered
by the police department and consists oj. ..ten
exercises each having a maximum point value of
ten points. A score of seventy points mj-ninium
is passing. The exercises, are as follows:
( ) ( ) o ; ] o J .
10
o Jumps
o Back Stretch --
»
o Broad Jump ’ ,
o' Dips
o Balance Beam
o Hand V/alk Parallel Bars
o Sltups
o Chin Ups
o Push Ups
\
o Half Mile Run
Polygraph 'E'x'arnlnat'lons: The polygraph examo-nation
is adiiiinlstered by MPD.
t. Psychological Test; The psychological examination
Is administered by contractual arrangement, bjr
Middle Tennessee State University. There are three
exams used: (1) Minnesota Multiphaslc Personality
Inventory, (2) Otis Quick Score, and (3) Occupational
Interest Survey. It sliould be noted that this test
is not administered until the applicants are in the
Police Academy training program.
8. Oral Interviews; The oral interview board, appointea
by the Director of Police, is composed of two police
officials find ..one staff member from the Clty^s Per
sonnel Division.
{ } n o 3 8 ; : !
11
Ac ;)llcai. .a.y fail ..any stage of the preceding
select.i , proce: Those who complete the entire process
(
by the Personnel Division and given
lice. The list is not a priority
ates— rather they are listed alpha-
to'r of Police has the authority tg_
he l.'ist.
are placed on j-
to the Dire"!.or oT
ranking of 'he can
betically. The’ D:i
anooint anyone 'fr
Once appointo the applicant enters into the Police
Academy which is ,1.' >.d about three times a year. If he com- j pletes the academy, he serves a 1-year probationary perioa.
B. Current Recruitment htiorts
Similar to many police agencies throughout the nation,
only 'Recently has M?D embarked upon a systematic recruitment
program. It was even more recent that it has volcea .its
concern about the disproportionate number of minority employees
Although the black population of Piemphis is 39 percent of the
total population, only 10 percent of the police officers are
black. In the officer ranks (lieutenant to director), the
figures are worse. Only 3-1 percent of the officers are
black with no blacks holding a rank above captain.
o { ) o ; ^ 8 a
12
Table III ■
Personnel.' D'e'p'l.'o'ymo'n't b'y' Rank an'd Ra'c(
Rank ■ Total
»l-Thite Black
Patrolman 627 536 91
V/arrant Officer 20 20 0
Sergeant 239 222 17
Lieutenant 15̂ 1 1̂ 19 5
Captain >̂ 9 2
Inspect o:r* 12 12 0
Chief Inspector 3 3 0
Deputy Chief 3 3 0
Cliief 1 1 0
Direct 01’ 1 1 0
P’our sergeants comprise the p̂ olice departments biracial
recruitment team. To date, that team has ..directed the
majority of its efforts to an extensive out-of-town recruit
ment drive. Because of the department’s college requirement,
the fô cus has been on college campuses. Although no ofxic.Lrxl
policy has been Issued stating that minority recruitment is
a priority, the team has visited 7 predominately black colleges.
Out-of-town recruitment efforts have not been as successful
as desired, especially with respect to the hiring of minorj.tiec
This is recognised by the recruiting team and they atti'-ubute
that fact to their inexperience in out-oi’-town recruitment.
The recruiters have been even less successful in attracting
minority candidates from the local colleges. MPD's caoet
program, which began last September, is looked upon as a major
!source for recruitment. Cf the 35 positions in the program
! (some have dropped out for various reasons) approximately
0 0 0 ^ 8 1
13
poi’cent is black. •Ej!’forts ..to recruit ..blacks from the ..local
high schools into the.cadet program have been .unsuccessful.
Hostility of black high scliOol students and peer .pressure
seem to account for this.
Other local recruitment efforts consist of placing ada
.in newspapers, public service announcements on riidio and
television, and support from the Chamber of.Commerce.
Minority newspapers and radio programs have been used
periodically.
F,ffective June 3, 197^, BO applicants are prepared to
enter the Po.lice Academy. Of that nuiuV̂ er, ?j?> are minor.i.tieo—~
32 black niales, females and 1 American Indian.
C. Barriers to Minority Employment
The essential ingredient for a successful minority
recruitment program is sincerity and commitment on the part
of the chief executive officer to increase the minority
representation in his department. Without that commitment,
no minority recruitment program will be successful. at ±s
felt that such a commitment Is present in the form of the
existing police director. Nevertheless, there still exist ■
certain barriers that limit the number o;r minority polace
officers in the MPD. These barriers are as follows—
— Two Year College Requirement
The requirement that applicants for the .position of
( ) 0 0 3 a : »
! patrolman with MPD have 2 years of college is,',‘consistent
viith conternpor<ar*y police thought. The National Advisory
CorriTfiission on Criminal Justice Standrards aiid Goals, lor
example, has a standard that reads in part:
Every police agency'should require irmnediately,
as a condition of.initial employment, the com
pletion of at least 1 year of education ( 3 0
semester units) at an accredited college or
un Ivors j.ty.
The Commission goes on,to recommend that entrance
requirements be increased so that by 19/5 it is 2 years;
1978, 3 years; and 1982, ̂ years.
The justification of this_trend by the police is based
upon the increased educational level of the society and
the de.sire of the police to achieve a status of pro!essionalism.
There are those who oppose such educational requirements.
The opposition is based primarily on the fact that no eiapirlca.i
evidence has ‘,been presented to show that a college education
makes a better policeman, nor that a college requirement is
related to .'Job performance.
This survey indicates that college requ-i.rements
entrance into the EPD has had impact on the riPD's ability to
attract minority applicants and severely limits tne recruiting
market.
II
— Inadequate Recruitment Program
Successful minority hiring is directly related,to an
I
i
u o o .'u m ;
15
effective minor icy recruitment .prpgraia. Recruitment .efforts
I of MFD are currentlydivided.Ibetweon the City .Personnel
• Division and the ..department .■ The ri'jcruitment efforts of the
j Personnel Dlvislcri consist .[mainly'of what can hest.be called
the "shotgun" approacli. It.posts job announcements, places
ads in papers .and[.occasionally ..runs .ads in police .;journals.
Such an effort over the words "Equal Opportunity Employers,"
it is felt, hardly meets the needs of the MPD.
As indicated at the beginning of this survey, the MPD
I does not enjoy a. good image in many parts of the minority
! community. This fact becomes very significant ..when viewed
in context of recruiting minority applicants.
~»-Polygraph Examination
Although no statistica3- evidence is .available , to support
the charge, it v/as the consensus of many interviewed that
about 75 percent- of the black applicants v/ho are tested by
the f)0.1ygi'aph examiner fail. If this is the case, the wr-itten
examination as an artificial barrier to minority hiring has
been replaced by the polygraph examination.
— Background Investigation
There is no evidence that the background investigation
conducted by the MPD i;apaots negatively on black applicants.
' (However, experience elsewhere has sliown this to oe a majoi
problem. For.that reason, the potential of the problem is
00038'
I • 16
expreaaed in this.survey.)
— o'f T̂ j/n'ori'ty 'Superior Officers
As noted in 'ladle III, lonly ;3.1'.PGroenI; of the officers
in the MPD are blr.ck. . This fact i-epresents a serious harrier
to niinorit:,' recruitment and .retention. Young blacks who may
consider employirient with .the ;.M?D may .decide otherwise,
feeling that'their ‘opportunities Tor advancement are Timited.
— Non-Exist'e-sie 'of 'A'ffirmafive' Action' 'Plan
An affj.rmatlve action plan establishing obtainable
goals for minority recruitment and promotion, including
civilian employees, does not exist. The Police Report of
one ultandards and Goals Coiumission stai-es.
Every police agency should engage in positive
• . erfori'.*s to employ ethnic minority grOup members.
When a substantial ethnic minority population
resides within the jurisdiction, the police
agency s'nou?Ld take affirmative action to uchieve
a ratio of minority group employees in approxi
mate proportion to t'ne makeup of the population.
Other barriers found in the course of the survey incaude
the failure to—
o Utilise the Coinmunity Service Officer and Coriimunity ̂
Service Aide Positions as Minority Recruitment
Positions
o Distribute Applications at Police Facilities
o Utilize Minorities on Oral Interview Board
o Assign Recruitment Responsibility to a specific
Individual Who Can 3e Held Accountable For xo
\
17
\
o Utilize Minority Citizens in MPD Positions Whicn
Could Be Pilled By Civilians
o Use Minority Officers to Conduct Background
Investigations
c; i; A 1.-1 T-1 a: o, i . - i - r - r
’'gua;:mi a;;s or the queei ; c i t y "
JOiii: E, IHGERSOLL Cl! I EE OF POLICE
p? /'4 • i
GPEUAl. CPOEA 3 r .c :vi r ,od S c i U c r r b c r 2 J , Ib'C? j
SUCJLCT: THE USE OF FOPCE BY POLICE OFFICERS
r.'!-F?.CE_C.• ̂ 1-E!’- Sl:oLe ov i lorth Cr:rol ino spec i f i c.o ! 1 y l i r' . i ts the uC'e of
Toi'c.'.r oy poi i r . i o l i i c . c r s . \.'nc.'n c p o l i t e o f T i cc r toes boyciici the .1 ifii ts s e t ty le'.-.', hoi
f:o looo.cr is orotecteo by hi s oTi ice op.o’ h i s bec'']c; hjO is no longer irr;unc to '
lege! r c r .o j r sc . A [>olicc o f f i c e r w.’io uses force in excess of that ollcv.-cd or who
L/.sos lOrcc in n s i t c e t i o n v.hcrc it is net [iCiTi ittcd is l i a b l e for deitiencs to tf;e
0. -rsc';: ec-i inst v.vic:'i rorco is used and is sul j jecL to cr iminal prosecut ion,
1. ne purpose ov thi s order is to explain tl iesc 1 ir.;i tet ions of the lav/ upon the; use
0 ‘ I i.-rcc so ti'iOt ti'iS off i ccr t.'.;3y oeric/rni !■! i s (dut ics conf iden(;ly and wi s e ly and
not subject l . i i-.sclf to cr iminal or c i v i l l i a b i l i t y . It slroLi’ d be very c l e a r that
tr i is cw. ree l ivc is bosed upon live 1 a-w of the s tate as interpreted by ’Forth Carol ina
Cour l s and leenl counsel .
■ I
JIfJ.IJj T;1? lav/ d i s t ingui shes beLv/oen deadly force and nen-doacil v force .
‘VjvbfLdlFL f̂iPwAFl'' seans force l l [ ; e ly to cause ser ious oi iysicn] injury or death.
F i r i n g a gun is always deadly force. It mokes no d i f fe rence if the intent of the
o f f ) CGI- was merely to fr igl i ten or wound. Once the weapon is di scharged, the
o f f i c e r has L:sed deadly force.
*UpriF.vFtn!.Lv. f orye" is any other phys i cal force,
Live cf; ' inical i lece, Hov/cver, they could be used
deadly loi 'ce.
inc luding the use of the baton arid
in such a v/ay os to c on s t i tu te
; 1
gtevenL of the 1
A. The o f f i c e r may use only that amount of non-deodly force which is
IfFLiA;.ia!ih,„necpj^sa^ for the accomplishment of h i s miss ion. i f a peaceful i
._ means is at h i s disposal and would serve as w e l l , he must use i t . i
j
B. V/iien mailing a lav/iul a r r e s t , tfie o f f i c e r may use that amount of non^ceadly
force I'.c reasonably bel ieves necessary to overcome r e s i s t a n c e , but nji
E;fLL‘.e th an t h a t .
C. To prevent on a r res tee from escaping the o f f i c e r may use that amount of
non-deadiy force reasonably necessary to h a l t him.
( :
D,
E.
To prevent a crime or breacli of the peace the o f f i c e r may use that amount
of r.oiv-deadly force reasonably necessary to do so.
Si'E'wTTAi: K’on-dcadly force may be used by the o f f i c e r in the performance
of h i s dut ies wlicn rp-'isonnlj I a n d -pitce s s a I'y . Unnecessary force or
unreasonable biarshness V'dil lake the ovf i cc i ' o^itsidvi the protect ion of the
I ,
IM f/.(>cn -I!3. 3 7 - \V:v i Suplr ■c r
s , * ' I •
: 9̂. : ■>/
1 1 (ir^'MV rn^ rj:
A. T!'.c orftc'cr roy u:;c d-:.'odly forc.o or,!'/ vlr.n lo dcfcriu
hir.tr;clf or o.-;otlic;r pcr:>on o^:iinr>i r L''£d. or do-olh.
B. The o f f i c e r r.u'y use dccdly force w!ien r.,ckinr; o Icwr-jl riCrest; for o /rj/;,-'/.
(nurdor, n;ens ! eir :;A or , onred robbery, fc>ixible
rope, V ! r s I "d-jg ree berglory, arro.’i, I; i driopp i no , osseul t v.’ i l h intent to
i : i l l , end usseul t with, Intent to rope) only vdion i t is rccsonobly
ncccsr.or'/. Again, i f e f f e c t i v e pc.ocerui reons ore o vo i l ob l c , they rr.nr.t
be used.
C. fo prevent on o r r e s t cc lor o felony dengeroes to I'.eron l i f e frcr.i f l cGinq
or escopfng, the of f i cc i ' raoy use cic-odly force only w!xn reor-cnobly
necessary.
D. lire o f f i c e r rroy use deadly force to prev'cnt the ccrr.foi ss Ion of a fe lony
c'ar.gerous to human l i f e only when it is £T:psonn!).!v f e c cx^rnry.
t: 1
I I
* i
Publ i c Safety.
\t'.£l.rnine Shots. V/hen deadly force is l e g a l l y permiss ib le , as outl i i red
above, the off ice! ' may f i r e a warning sl iot. He r.ray not f i r e a
warning sirot under any other ci rear,rstances . Tire danger to Ii';nocent
bystanders must be taken into cons i dert.-t !o;r; i f the. r/arning shot
would endanger those nearby, it is not ser''~H1 trecc\s a r '/, one is
trot a lawful use of ceadiy force. /
- 2 . B£?.1 1 f o r /■ssistnnee. The rules pertaini i rg to v;ai'nitrg shots apply,
except; i f the o f f i c e r is defending hi.Mself or onotlrer fronr personal
clanger than that v.'h i ch would allov/ tire use of deadly f or ce , ruid
f i r i n g a gun does not c reate a danger to otirer persons, nivd tlrere is
‘ no otfier w--.'/ to summon ass i s tai rce, the o f f i c e r may f i r e a sirot as a
c a l l for a s s i s ta nc e .
, I
3. Movinci Veiricle"~-. Cven ’.-then the use of deadly force is al lowed, f i r i n g
at a m.pvlng vehi c le c reates such a se r i ous danger that the o f f i c e r
should only do so:
. ( a ) I f there is a ser ious and imiiiediate datiger to human l i f e unless
. -tlis Velricle is stopped at once, or :
(b) The area is such that i f the v e h i c l e gees out of control i t
woi'ld not endanger innocent bystanders .
F. . Sumcnary: Deadly force may only be used when deal ing with f e l on i es
dangerous to human l i f e , or whorr defending onese l f or another against
sei'io'us bodi ly harnr or death, and llren only v/Iren reasonable and necessary .
Discharging a f i rearm in airy other s i t u a t i o n is an unlawful use of deadly
force . *
I
1 ! 2 I
V {
•• (
;
* II {
( ) o o ; i ; ! t
V. • * L.’ V . \
______ 2 ^ , V y 'q
I 1 nr i r i r r -
o f f i c e r crroun lerccl o suff i c l^Mc rcciroo of re,', i i, u.nco to j u M i f y
Cl cficCoj o. I •:.;, ir,t I r. ̂ o r res t or iissoi; 1 l i no ci [eocc o f f i c e r , those; cherc^-s
sho'j ic l-o .'■.j'J;'; irrred icitc i y . ■''''*
D. I f the o f T i c e r ' s use of force in jures the pr i soner :
1. Thic oi T iccr v;i!l tehc the prisoner directly to the hospital if
r^edical crLCet icn is r ceu i red . I f he is in ceuht ns to the ncccs s i l ' -
of r-.cdlcei t leetrr.cnt he v;i 1) irnred i c te ly contact the S h i f t Cor,v,;->iK’e r '
for 0 dec i s i cn.
copies to tl'.e Chief of P o l i c e , the
Ccro’ctnder, end the IntcrnDl A f f a i r s
C.
2. The officer v.'i I I i n'lTs:-d I i1 a I\f c 1
h i s supervi sor V,'io wi i 1 i’ori-/a r
D i V ision Cc:rc.-ander, the Burea u
Sect ion.
(A Form Mo. 5 will aiIso ba 5Hibrr1 i 11:
v.Ticnever th.e 0ff icer uses a che;TI i C,
the event che:;:i ca) a c;ents at■•e Lised
CIOwas, the r.e11 ior ciT i cc-r c;l the :
In
D. C o- p l a i nt s by injured persons w i l l be handled in accordance with Spec ia l
Order Mo. 25.
! i
I :I [
I ! I
I •
; {
II
IV. ooiicLos mf! V
A po.l ice o f f i c e r is the only person entrusted with the power to use force
apainst another person.^ Decausc of the ext raord i nary dangers inherent in
t h i s power, the law s t r i c t l y def ines and ! i.-rn ts i t s use. The po l i ce o f f i c e r ,
who wielcls th i s aweso.T.o power, rr.ust constant ly be aware of i t s l i m i t a t i o n s
for h i s protcctic;n a.nd the protect ion of tiie pub l i c .
0 0 O P U P
O A K ) , A N D i i A ' . i c : ; : ) )NiN\ ; ; t \: d n t j
OcLobcr 21> 1970
Koycc A. F i n c h e r , J r . , Esq.
A d v i s o r
San J o se Police. Departr.-.cnt
San J o s e , C a l i f o r n i a 9.9110
Dear Royce:
The Cliief v.’i i l n e t perrr.it r.e to r e l e a s e our r'.enorandum on the use
of deadly f o r c e by peace o f f i c e r s , as i t i s s t i l l , i n need of some r e v i s i o n s .
I am a u t h o r i s e d to send you, hov.'cver, a copy of v.drat \,’e. co n s id e r a "model"
r e g u l a t i o n on th.e use of deadly f o r c e :
Deadly fo rce by peace o f f i c e r s i s p e r m i s s i b l e when i t i s
r e a so n a b ly l)e licved to be nececsai-'y:
(1) i n defense o f t h e i r cnv’n or a n o t h e r ' s l i f e , oi*
(2) to e f f e c t a fe lony a r r e s t when t h e use of such
f o r c e c r e a t e s no s u b s t a n t i a l r i s k o f in ju ry ’ to
inno cen t p e rsons , ' ' a ^d ■ . , .
(a) the fe lony f o r v;hic.h the. a r r e s t i s made
invD.lvecl conduct ( i ) th.at i n c lu d e d the
; use or th r e a t e n e d use. of d ead ly f o r c e ,
( i i ) t h a t , by i t s n a t u r e , c r e a t e d a sub--
i s t a n t i a l r i s k o f dea th or s e r i o u s b o d i l y
• ■ , h a r m , ' or
(b) t h e r e i s a s u b s t a n t i a l r i s k t h a t the ■ . ■
person to be a r r e s t e d f o r a f e lo n y v.’i l l .
cause dea th or s e r i o u s b o d i ly harm i f
h i s apprehens ion i s de layed .
h s I icentione.d to you y e s t e r d a y , t h i s model i s taken s u b s t a n t i a l l y
from th e HODEb PEF7.L CODE v?ith th e one miner a d d i t i o n t h a t appears i n
P a rag raph (2) (a) ( i i ) . That p r o v i s io n v.’as added to in c lu d e o f f e n s e s such
as k id n a p in g t h a t n ig h t n o t , in a p a r t i c u l a r c a s e , i n v o lv e the use or
t h r e a t e n e d use of deadly f o r c e , b u t t h a t by i t s n a t u r e does pose a s u b s t a n t i a l
r i s k o f d e a t h or s e r io u s harm.
VTiat a l l t h i s cones down t o , of c o u rse , i s ve ry simply s t a t e d : OFFICERS
SHOULD USE ])EADLY FORCE ONLY V.UEN NECESSARY TO DEFEND LIFE OR TO PROTECT
PERSONS FROM SERIOUS RODILY H.YPdI. I t i s no s e c r e t t h a t Chief Gain c o n s id e r s
t h i s a model deadly fo rce p o l i c y , and thus you nay c i t e h i s v iews, i f you liave
o c ca s io n t o . Tlie Oakland General Order, as you know’, does not read t h i s
, bu t i t £j prActi.c.'.l c f f o c t i s to occo.'jil j ,s!i the same r e s u l t s . Tt i s f o r
ll.aL 1 0 .-.'..ou l . io t \.'e lia\'o noit l ' .cr taken the e f f o r t to i c v i s e Genera l Order
K--3 nor fo r i .u l a t c d any p lans to do so in l.lie f o r e s e e a b l e f u t u r e .
\ ’i t h c o r d i a l r e g a rd , I am
Very t r u l y yovirs,
C. R. GAIN
C'nief of P o l i c e
Linda A. Moody
Lega l Advisor
1AM; h 3
c c : H e r b e r t U echs le r , Esq,
D i r e c t o r , The American Lar’ I n s t i t u t e
0 0 0 3 1 ] 4
r " \ V r : : r y / L \ ' \ i K ' n * • ■> ‘ . .
;;
; V.
. "CiUCn A D M I \ I S T ! ; A T I 0 \ ' b u i l d i n g • 455 -7TH S' IRl LT • O A K L A N D , C A U F O R N I A 9-lCO;
PoK̂ cc Department
Deccmbei' 29, 1971
J.lr. RoiKild D. JCrelstein, Legal Advisor
Memphis Police Department
128 Adams Avenue
Memphis, Tennessee
Dear Mr. KrelsteJ.n:
38103
I regret the delay in replying to your itiquiry and I lioxae the
material I am supplying will he of l^enefit to youo
Oui- policy on the use of firea.rms ]ia.s recently undergone some
revision. Generally, firearms may be discharged in self-
defense and in tlie apprehension of felons, except burgAutrs,
a,uto thieves and juvetiiles. The enclosed General Order K-3
outlines our policy and describes our Board of Review of
d i s c i i a i ’g e o f f i r e a r a ' s » I f t h i s d o e s n o i a n s v ; e r a l l j^our
questions, please do not hesitate to v/rite.
Oakland Municipal Code Chapter 5-11 describes in detail our
policies as regards private watchmen. Probably no further
ihformation should be needed, but let us knov/ if you have
additional questions.
V/e also have been confronted with the question of disclosure
of police information to private citizens. Our response to
tha.t question relies on 6250, 6256 and 6258 of our Govern—
ment Code, and § 6319 of the Labor Code; also, by ana,logy,
§ 11105 of the Penal Code. Our policy lias not been v/ritten,
but it exists as follows: Arrest records arc released only
to criminal justice agencies, sucii as district attorney's
offices, the courts or probation departments, and other police
departments, and, finally, as directed by subpoena. Copies
of reports of vehicle thefts and burglaries are made availalile
to complainants and insurance companies, but they are xeroxed
in such a way that no information about the suspect or the
officer’s comments are reproduced. The only information re
turned to the person requesting the copy is the information
given by the complainant: his name, description of the loss,
etc. No other information is made .available to the public.
0 0 0 3 ; ) . ' ;
Ml'. Ronald D. Krelstoin -2- Deconber 29, 1971
'Die natter of juveiiile records, however, remains somewhat
coniused. The I'cceut case T . h'. C;. V . Suiierior Court, 1
Cal. od 7G7 (.Nĥ.y 6, 1971) lias presented a now interpretation
of V.'cliare Institutions Code §S G7G, 7S1 and 827 (related
to disclosure of juvenile records), (1) to "permit the juve
nile, who lias been tcnpoi-ari.ly detained by the authorities
and siibseciuently released without further proceedings, not
only to deny that he has been arrested, but, also, to deny
that he has been detained oj- otherv/isc subjected to juvenile
court proceedings," and (2) to "establish the Juvenile Court
as the sole ai'biter of wiicn and in what circumstance.) juvenile
records ma.y be released to third parties including state
agencies." Tlie court is nov,' preparing- an order, wliich we
will forward to you when it is completed.
Me ai-e now considering tlie circumstances wlierein it might
be appi-opriale to release crimiiuil records to members of the
press.
I hope that v/o have been of assista,nce to you and look for
ward to receiving a copy of your finished work.
Sincerely yours,
C. R. Gain
Chief of Police
/
'Lin'da A. Moody /y
Legal Advisor
LAM:ps
Enclosure
O O O . W ' h ;
OFFICE OF CHjEl’ OF POLICE
Oalcland Police ])ep;u'tment
SPECIAL OPDSE NO. 1072
DATE: 9 Jul 68
TO: All Personnel
SUBJECT: DISCMRGE OF FIPJCAPuMS
Departmental General Order K-3 (DISCIIAPvGE OF
FIREAPuMS) is being reviev/ed. Until sucit tii.;e
as the reviev; is corapleted, laeiabers shall not
discharge lirearms for the purpose of effect
ing the capture of, or preventing the escape
of, a person ■►i.Iiom the meaiber has reasonable
cause to believe has coaunittod a burg'laz*y,
automobile theft, or any felony violation’of
the Califoi’nia Vehicle Code, and the member
has no leasonalzle cause to believe the person
has committed any other felony.
All of the ocher provisions of Departmental
General Order K-3 remain in effect.
By order of
0 0 0 ; ^ ; } 7
OVrlCE OF CHIEF OF POLICE
Oakland Police Dopai'tmcnt
m e :,io R:\KDmi
TO; All Personnel DATE: 29 Jun 67
SLBJECT; Revision of General Order 60-54, DISCHiRGF
OF FIREARMS (K-3, 1 Sep 63)
The subject ordeiv first issued 3 Dec 58, has been
extensively revised to provide additional regulations
legaiaing the di.scharge of firearms, to F.ore precisely
delineate the function of the Board of Review, and
to establish procedures regarding the disposition ox
Board of Review findings and reports.
Cotntand officers shall review the contents of this
order with all their subordinate personnel.
All personnel shall place the revised order in their
Genei a.1 Order Manuals. No indexing clianges are
necessary.
o o o . ^ f j a
i » i .»J X A i.
Index as:
Disc!;ar:;e ox Firear.T.s
Fii-ea ri:'.s , Discliax'ge of
vreapons, Dischar^G of
Date first issued:
Rev ised :
2D 1 u n G7
»-> Doc 58
i Sep r 'y
d i s c h a r g e o r fireajsis
Jhe purpose oi tnis order is to state regulations, reporting procedures
ana investigative procedures governing tiie discharge of fi]’o-ros b”
Departmental members. ^
II.
POLICT
A.
B,
Tne policy of this Department is that members shall exhaust
every other means before resorting to the use of firearms'.
Policy and X’egulations governing the discinarge of fircar.ms
are needed lor the following rea.5ons;
1
2
3,
lo inform mem.bers of when tiioy are authorized to
use firearms in the performance of a police duty.
To preclude the unnecessary discharge of firearms.
To protect the lives and property of the public as v'eJl
as members of the Department.
REGULATIONS
A .
!
Iiiearns may be discharged in the performance of a oolice
duty only under the following circumstances and subiect to
the additional restrictions in Pai't II, B.
1 .
2 ,
4.
5.
At an approved range.
When killing seriously wounded or dangerous animals
v.'here other disposition is impi'actical,
V.hen necessary in the defense of their own lives when
all other available means have failed.
When necessary in the defense of another person's" life
v/hen all other available means have failed.
When necessary to effect the capture of, or prevent the
escape of, a person Jenown of believed by the member to
be an adulL whom the member lias reasonable cause to
believe has committed a felony, when all other reasonable
means have failed. However, firearms shall not be dis
charged if the member has reason to believe, based upon
the attendant circumstances, that the discharge may
endanger the lives of passersby or other persons not
involved in the crime from which flight is being made
or attempted.
• Pago 1 of 5 pages
Rev.
29 Jun G7
a . V/iicn used in this order, th.o v;ord "adult" is
as a person who is 18 years of age or older.
33. F ii'cax'HiS sh.all not 3xe discharged under the following
1 As a warning.
2 , At person Icnov/n nr believed by the mem.bcr to be
age of IG yeai's unless necessary in the defense of the
neinber's life or another person's life v;licn all other
reasonable noans have failed.
a. The nomber's knowledge or belief of a person's age
nay be based upon factors such as his previous ]c.nov,’ledge
of the person, his observations ox the person's appear
ance or upon reliable inforjr.ation inpai'ted to him 'ey
other persons.
3 . In any
 e Fi'om a
except
iscena anor case.
Fi'on a moving vehicle or at a moving or fleeing vehicle
s follows:
a. Vi'hen necessary in the defense of a laembei’'s life or
another person's life v/hen all other x'easonable
means have failed.
b, V/hen necessary
the escape of
to effect the captux’e of, or pi'event
, a person Imiov/n or Ijelieved by the member
to be an adult v/hom the member has reasonable cause
when all other reason-
, firearms shall still
;i, REPORTING AN
A.
to believe has committed
able noans have failed,
not be discharged if the
based upon the attendant
discharge may endanger th
other pex'sons not involved in the criiac from which
flight is being made or attempted.
D INTESTIGATION OF FIRR4PJ.IS DISCHARGING
a felony
Ho we VOX'
member has x’cason to believe,
circumstances, that the
lives of passersby oi-
V/henever a membei' discliarges his firearm either accidentally
or oxiiciall}'-, cxccept at an approved range, he shall notify
an on-duty command officer of his organizational unit as
soon as possible. If a command officer is not on du.ty in his
organizational unit at the time, the member shall notify the
command officer of the Patrol Division.
1. In addition to notifying a command officer, the member
shall submit a detailed written report of the circumstances
through channels to the Chief of Police.
B. A command oxfieex’ shall personally investigate the report of
the firearm discharge. He shall submit a detailed written
I'eport of the results of the investigation tlirough channels to
the Chief of Police. The I'cpox’t shall also contain his ob-
sex’vatxorjs and conclusions regarding the incident. ’'(lil M ' U
Page 2 of 5 pages
2 9 J u n 67
IV. BOARD OF REVllF,'
A. The Board of Roviev, shall oonsist of the tollo.nng mor.bors:
1. The Deputy Chief, Bureau of field O perat ions vh-,
dcsigratcd Chair,oae of the Board. '
2. The ootinaadihg officer of Trail,ing Divi.,ion.
- - b o r w h o
his weapon!’ tiishhargod
Any others designated by the Chief of Police.
B. Meetings of the Board
1. The Chairman shall call
OU
4 .
o .
\v .a tn in a
f i r e a r m s d i E i c h a r g e
meeting of the Board o;
leasonable time after ho receives a B e v i e v , '
repo; of
2. In those cases v/here the discharge
Kxiling v/ounded or dEingerous v / a s for
i n i
a purpose o;
mals and there was no
personal injury, the Chairman mav
V3thnn° :>-nvestigating command office-vithout. holding a meeting of the Board of Review. ' ‘ '
C. • Authority of the Board
1.
2 .
Tn„ Board of Review shall inquire into the cirr^umstances
.. i-tending each discharge of firearms by a Depert-ent
memoer lor the purpose of determining the facts
inquiry shall \;ncompass con-'' '
taioui,oiy causes to determine if the officer's act'nns
brought about the need to discharge his weapon.
After inquiring into the circumstances
discharge of firearms 'andl;^;;;;^;i^^th^fac^s°
a°find“̂n-^th--^t^e^^^ presented and arriveA i-̂ nd.iniî thcf c the discharge was either Justifi?ble
l\on~justixiable or Accidental as defined herein
/ R * When the circumstances at' the time of the firin-
the firing was the result of
the officer s departure from acceptable police
proceoures, the finding shall be that the discharc-e v.-as Non-justifiablc. uiscnarge
A^finding of Accidental shall be made only when there
IS no ole=.ent of nogligonce on the part of thrno-bP-
If negligence on tho p.irt of the nember is an olo-er-
^on-jih^ffiilL^ Cischarge, the finding shall be '
i ' > ) '/ •} (> I
Page 3 of 5 pages
K-3 Rev.
29 Ju n 67
The Board shall roconr.ead to the C h i d of Police that
undertaken when circumstances indicate
f a Board m e e t i n g , t h e Cha i rman s h a l l
suo.,.j . t a i)j.sCiiarf;o Boa ra o f Jieviow j ^eoor t t o t h e C h i e f o f
l o l i c e . Tno R e p o r t s h a l l c o n t a i n a sui.a.'.ary o f t h e c i r
c u m s t a n c e s a t t e n d i n g tJie d i s c h a r g e , a summary o f t he
- o a i o s a e l u e r a t i o n s , t h e f i n d i n g o f t h e Boa rd and any
r e c o m m e n a a t i o n s r e l a t i n p - t o ' ' ' 'training programs.
CARD OF REYIFV; REPORTS
j.he Chic^ of Police v/iil revie
}vepo.;. L for tiiC purpose of a.porovin
V. DISPOSITIOX OF
A . such Discharge Board of Revie-v
f i n d i n g o r a:
!- n a a ii y r c c o m m e n d a t i o j;i n a d e , pproving the
If the Chief of Po.lice dj.saoorovc
a c t i o n wj. 1 1 b e t a . k
t h e
a;
f u r t h e rhe
2 VCieji
will
tliOn be I’e-s
. a Repor t is ,
be forv/arded
and and super'
i i n a i n g ,
d i r e c t , and t h e R e p o r t
m f o r a p jp r ov a l .
pproved by the Chief of Police, a cony
to the nenber involved, to each of his
V isory oificers, the Trainiiig JMv'ision
coi,::_naer ana to each Deputy Chief. In addition, when a
discnarge^nasbeon found by the Board to be Non-justifiablc
ana suer, iindmg has been approved by the Chief of Police
a copy ox the Report will be forwarded by the Chief’s
p e r s T n n o l
m e Office of the Bureau of Field Operations shall
mainmii^x permanently a file copy of each Board of
Re^n.ew mport together with all written material
relating thereto.
B. V/he action is indicated by a Discharge Board of
Rev Lw finding, tne Chief of Police will determine whether ho
will i^ed.aroly initials th. action in confor.iity vklh tho
iinding Ox rexcr tne Report to the commanding offjeer of the
takeny"^^ n:emoer for recommendation of corrective action to be
1. Reports which arc lorwarded to a commanding officer
returned through channels
the Chx.ei oj. Police who will approve or disapprove
and make the fina.1 decision
action to bo taken.
recommendation
the corrective
for
to
the
regard ing
following corrective actions may
1 the Chief of Police wJion ir.dicated,
ox the Charter of the City of Oakland,
S e r v i c e B o a r d , and when n e c e s s a r y t h e
L g - -
be taken
subject to tl'iO provisions
the rules 'of the Civil
approval of the City
Pago 4 of 5 pagesC / ) ( I J (i )
K - :
5.
Rev.
29 Jun G7
1. Counsell inr;
2 . T r a i n i n g :
3. Oral Reprir:;and
4. V/ritten Reprimand
Voluntary surrender of time off in lieu of o ther action
otiiG---i ‘■accumulated overtime in lieu of
7. Demerits
5. Suspension
9. Pine
10. Demotion
11. Dismissal from the Service
OFFICE OF CHIEF OF POLICE
OAKL/VHD POLICE DEP.ARTMENT
KEMORAEDUM
TO :
SUBJECT:
A l l P e r s o n n e l DATE: 15 E o v 71
R e v i s i o n o f G e n e r a l O r d e r 60 54.. DISCIIAiRGE OF
FIREARMS, ( K - 3 , 29 J u n 67)
Id le s u b j e c t o r d e r h a s b e e n r e v i s e d t o e s t a b l i s h p o l i c y r e g a r d
i n g t l ' ie r.ieu'.bers o f t h e B o a r d o f R e v i e v / . V.-nei'! t h e d i s c n a r g e
Qf -TxrCc'irrr.s by a ir.erTiber d o e s n o t r e s u l t i n ac 'c i th o r i . n j u i y ,
t h e B u r e a u o f F i e l d O p e r a t i o n s D e p u t y C h i e f n a y d e s i g n a c e a
c o n ra an d o f f i c e r t o a c t a s chaixTuan ' o f t h e B o a r d o f R e v i e w .
A l l p e r s o n n e l s h a l l p l a c e t h e r e v i s i o n i n t h e i r D e p a r t i r e n t a l
G e n e r a l O r d e r M a n u a l . T h e r e a r e n o i n d e x c h a n g e s .
Bv o r d e r o f
000404
Novcnber 9, 1971.
CITY O F D A L L A S
T E ^ A S
POliO: DtlV.KIMtNI
Mr. Ronald D. K rc ' l s te in
Legal Advisor
Memphis P o l i c e Department
128 Adams Avenue ,
Memphis, Tennessee 3S1G3 - ' .
Dear Mr, K r e l s t e i u :
With rega rd to your l e t t e r o f October IS , 1971, I would l i k e to answer your
s p e c i f i c q u e s t i o n s as fo l l o w s ;
F i r s t , our p o l i c y w i th r e g a rd to use o f f i r ea r re s i s t h a t
VC V/il l only use f i r e a rm s vrhen the l i f e o f the o f f i c e r
o r some o th e r pe rson i s t h r e a t e n e d r e g a r d l e s s o f t'ne
s t a t e s t a t u t e p r o v i s i o n . Texas has a com[>licated
j u s t i f i a b l e homicide s t a t u t e which, would liave l i t t l e
a p p l i c a t i o n to o t h e r s t a t e s .
Second, w i th r e g a rd to p r i v a t e p o l i c e , v;e do have a
poor Cit}' Ordinance v/hich raerely r e q u i r e s t h a t they
be r e g i s t e r e d and f i n g e r p r i n t e d . C o nv ic t ion of a
f e lo n y or a misdemeanor i n v o l v i n g mora l t u r p i t u d e
v / i l l d i s q u a l i f y an a p p l i c a n t bu t t h a t i s about a l l
th e d i s q u a l i f i c a t i o n th e r e i s .
I T h i r d , v?ith r e g a rd to r e l e a s e o f p o l i c e r e c o r d s , V7C do
n o t r e l e a s e p o l i c e r e c o rd s ex cep t to Cr im ina l J u s t i c e
Agencies . We do n o t r e l e a s e a r r e s t r e c o r d s o r p o l i c e
in fo r m a t io n to p r i v a t e s e c u r i t y a g e n c i e s , b u s in e s s
e s t a b l i s h m e n t s , n o r do we conduct any type of p r e -
cmplo^mnent check f o r any agency o t h e r than a p o l i c e
depar tm en t .
I hope t h i s in fo rm a t io n v.-ill be of some he lp to you in your e f f o r t s .
n p o . u i , '
y.ov̂ * ■'
" **? C-'v*
" ■ A: /̂-Vy_
C I T Y O F S A N J O S I:
C A L 1 F O R N' ! A
f \ O . UOX 270
. , 95K)'J
DecciTibcir 7 . 1 9 7 1
201 VV. MISSION STRSET
TELtPHONt 2 9 2-3141
F'OLICE DCPAFtrr.UNT
R o n n l c l D, K r o l f - t o i n , E s q .
IjOgFil A c l v j p o r
Ht.T.phi;! P o l i c e Eeiiarttnent
123 Acs "I :s A V c 11 u fj
Kenpais , Tona-sscee 33103
Diar Ponald ;
Tb.e nur. eroiis ques!i: ion
mah.e i t d i f f i cul L fo r
com plex i ty . I am s i ■"
p e r t i n e n t in each. cas
?ir.ply enc;lo3ing ru ' . lc r ih1 s that', you may l i u d t o bs
The uoc o f ccpdly fo rce p rc c e n t s p a r t i c u l a r problems, b l i i lo 'ire do no t
fol lo i^ the g u id e l in e s of tlie Model Penal Code, I reco:r.v.-end t h e " . I t
seep-s t o r.e t h a t the p roper focus ought t o be on tlio q u e s t i o n o f v.dietber
i t \ ;ss n e ce s sa ry f o r the o f f i c e r t o respond v ' i th d ead ly f o r c e under th e
c i r c u m s tan c es because o f t i c prosp-ect lve danger o f d e a th o r g r a n t b o d i l y
hsiYii i f lie f a i l e d to a c t . Tb.e b i s t o r i c c l cpproacli nns focused on, th e
n a t u r e o f the of; coTitrattGc■1__ i d ony, o f t e n c f rcu m scr ib ed by t h e
jrequirecient t h a t i t have involved tl ie use o f d e ad ly f o r c e . Tiicre arte
.soma o ccas io n s i:hcn a fe lony u s in g dead ly fo rce c . g . a s t u d e n t f l e e i n g
a f t e r l iaving scaing a baGoball ba t p.t a r i o t s ’aould not be sh o t don-n
because i t i s unli 'ne ly tiu.fc t h i s conduct v.’i l l r e o c c u r . On t h e o t h e r
hand, en o f f i c e r siiould be yierrait tcd to use d e ad ly fo rce in o v e r t a k i n g
an e scap in g r a p i s t even though th e rape d id not invo lve th e use o r
t h r e a t t o use deadly f o r c e . For t h i s rea-son I rcccirnend th e Model Pena l
Code language in p re fe re n ce t o our e x i s t i n g p o l i c y . In t h i s c a s e , t h e
academic document o f th e Model Penal Code i s p robab ly more r e s p o n s i v e t o
t h e s i t u a t i o n faced by the p o l i c e o f f i c e r than th e a r t i f i c i a l r e s t r a i n t s
o f ou r Depar tment ' s p o l i c y .
With b e s t wishes f o r a happy h o l i d a y seasori, I
S i n c e r e l y ,
[irn)
ROBERT B. MUPJ’HY
Chie f o f P o l i c e
//-b <.2
*AV i
P o l i ce Legal i ' ldvisor
.Qyce A. F i n c h e r , J r .
R/iF: me
Enc losure :
oo(i.](.r!
Section
Itcin 1
17
S e c t io n
Item
10
1
S ec t io n
li tem
19
1
2
S e c t io n
Item
S e c t io n
Item
Topic
Item
Topic
20
1
21>*
1
1
2
1
A ll members c h c j l vo te t h e i r c o n v ic t io n s ' a s c i t i z e n s on a l l
jr ab l ic qnestiOiis and j j o l i r i c a l r a c e s , but va i l l ' ta .he no o t i i e r p a r t
in t h e s e q u e s t io n s o r r a c e s , nor make s t a t e m e n t s f o v p u b l i c a i ' j o n ,
o r t’. ive i n t e rv ie w s f o r tlie same purpose .
OliEDIEiiCE - CHAIN OF C0 ;:HA?ID
Euch member w i l l obey and fo l low o r d e r s and i n s t r u c t i o n s , and be
f a m i l i a l ’ n iuh Jiem a t n i l t i m e s ; he v r i l l talce up m a t t e r s a f f e c t i n g
liim, h i s p o s i t i o n o r any Depai’tm e n ta l b u s in e s s w i th h i s immediate^
s u p e r v i s o r o n ly , o r through t h e p r o p e r c h a n n e l s .
CilEDENTIALS AND BADGE TO BE CARRIED
The badge^end c r e d e n t i a l s , d e n o t in g a member o f th e New Mexico
S t a t e P o l i c e , w i l l ba cai’r i e d a t a l l t i m e s , v.-hether on o r o f f du ty
f o r i d e n t i f i c a t i o n pu rposes . ' ’
For p o l i c e p u rposes , i d e n t i f i c a t i o n w i l l be made w i th t h e c r e d e n t i a l s
and badge.
Eacli o f f i c e r w i l l refreain from h a n d l in g t r a f f i c en fo rcem en t , e x ce p t
v.'lien in r e g u l a t i o n p o l i c e un i fo rm . ^
IDENTIFICATION
Any o f f i c e r ̂o f t h e Departi . ient , excep t when s e r v in g in an u nde rcover
c a p a c i t y ; w i l l , v.’hen c a l l e d upon t o do s o , i d e n t i f y h im s e l f by
name and badge number.
USE OF FIREARMS
RESPONSIBILITY .
■j he Nev: Mexico S t a t e P o l i c e have no g r e a t e r r e s p o n s i b i l i t y th a n t h e
o e c i s i o n or v.'hether o r not t o use f i r e a r m s . They v ; i l l no t use
their* f i r e a r m s u n le s s they ac tu£ i l ly b e l i e v e i t n e c e s sa ry as a l a s t
r e s o r t , t o p r o t e c t themselves o r some o t h e r in n o c en t pe rson from
s e r i o u s b o d i ly i n j u r y o r d e a t h ; or* i n t h e fo3.1owing i n s t a n c e s on ly :
AUTHORIZED USE:
An o f f i c e r 'of t h i s depar tment may d i s c h a r g e h i s fireaimn t o defend
h im s e l f o r a n o th e r person (vrhen u n lav ; fu l ly a t t a c k e d ) from d e a t h ,
s e r i o u s i n j u r y , o r f e l o n i o u s a s s a u l t ; when o t h e r means have
f a i l e d ; o r a
io k i l l a c r i t i c a l l y v/ounded o r dangerous a n im a l , v;hen o t ' i e r
d i s p o s i t i o n i s i m p r a c t i c a l (o n ly on a u t h o r i s a t i o n from a s u p e r i o r
o f f i c e r , i f t im e p e r m i t s ; ) o r
VOTIl'G AND POLITICS
102 0 0 0 . ; 1 ) 7
iOTJiG
Item
Topic
3
I1
4
Item A
Topic 1
To " i v c l̂n alcr-.n o r c a l l f o r a o s i s t a n c e f o r an im p o r tan t purpose
;rhon no o t h e r means can be used; o r
On a p i s t o l range f o r p r a c t i c e , o r when a u t h o r i s e d f o r t r^ i in in g
p u r p o s e s .
An o f f i c e r s h a l l d r a ’-? o r d i s p l a y h i s f i r e a r m on ly f o r a l e g a l use
o r f o r i n s p e c t i o n , ( i n c l u d i n g c lea - i ing , o i l i n g and s t o r i n g ) .
' i f a f l e e i n g person i s p o s i t i v e l y i d e n t i f i e d a s a dangerous f e l o n ,
and t h e o f f i c e r can f i r e w i th o u t r i s k t o inno cen t p e r s o n s , t h e
o f f i c e r i s a u th o r i s e d t o use d ead ly f o r c e i f no o t h e r means w i l l
s t o p th e f l e e i n g dangerous f e l o n .
I f i n th e course o f accom pl ish ing an a r r e s t ( i n c l u d i n g one f o r a
misdemeanor) , an o f f i c e r i s f e l o n i o u s l y a t t a c k e d by t l ie pe rso n ( s )
b e in g a r r e s t e d , o r by a n o t h e r pe rso n ( s ) \.'ho i s f e l o n i o u s l y i n t e r
f e r i n g with t h e a r r e s t , t h e o f f i c e r i s a u t i i c r in e d t o use deao3-y
f o r c e vd'jen a l l o t h e r means o f acco;: ;plisfi ing t h e a r r e s t o r subduing
t h e r e s i s t a n c e f a i l s .
I f i n t h e course of d u t y , an o f f i c e r d i s c o v e r s a p e r s o n i n t h e
p r o c e s s o f committing cl f e l o n y dangerous to human l i f e , o r abou t t o
commit a f e lo n y dangerous t o human l i f e , he i s autho7ci/.ed t o use
d e a d ly fo rce t o p rev en t t h e f e l o n j ’’ v;hen a l l o t h e r a v a i l a b l e means
wou3.d be too slow, 5 .ne f fcc t ive o r haza rdous t o t h e o f f i c e r o r
v i c t i m .
Any o t h e r p o s s i b l e i-us tances in 'which t h e c o n sc ien ce o f a r e a so n a l j ly
p ru d e n t irnn would d i c t a t e t h e use o f f i r e a r m s , as a l a s t n e c e s s i t y .
UNAUTHORIZED USE:
I f a f l e e i n g p e r so n -h as commit ted , i s com m it t ing , o r i s about t o
cornmit a misdemeanor; an o f f i c e r s h a l l n o t f i r e a t such p e r so n .
I f a f l e e i n g person has commit ted , i s cormcit t ing , or’ i s abou t t o
cbmmit an a c t which may o r may n o t be a felon}'-, an o f f i c e r s h a l l
n o t f i r e a t such p e r so n , a s t h e r i s k o f p o s s i b l e l i a b i l i t y f o r t h e
u s e o f ex ce s s iv e f o r c e , f a r out- 'weighs t h e n e c e s s i t y o f p r e v e n t i n g
•t i re escape o f such a p e r s o n .
An o f f i c e r s h a l l no t f i r e upon, o r a s a 'warning t o , a persoir
vjho has been o rd e red t o h a l t because o f a mere s u s p i c i o n , and rrho,
vritho'dt making any r e s i s t a n c e , s im ply r u n s avTccy t o avo id a r r e s t .
Airy o t h e r i n s t a n c e s in vjhich a r e a s o n a b l y p ru d e n t man would no t
f i r e o r u n n e c e s s a r i l y endanger human l i f e .
SIDE/iRMS ON PENITENTIARY GROUNDS
A l l o f f i c e r s , upon e n t e r i n g th e S t a t e P e n i t e n t i a r y g rounds , w i l l
eibidc by t h e r u l e s and r e g u l a t i o n s o f t h e Harden o r o t h e r P e n i t e n t i a r y
103 000-1 08
' ;l:r usc of force for ihe prcvei'.tion of t'r.c violent
;; ' . i w ! n.'cd or tiircalcncd and il;c rcrcc ns Oicd to
C'cni'C 'A I'd', li c irmts, nn.d nlso \ei'c*c tiic nc^or »ipp*ewC**os.
tl.v. of force woedd expote itirr. to dnngcr. H ct.-c, the
erntnot well i.c n:iy '.'..irrowcr then thet presented here,
dcfc..ti:i:̂ ' thc.-.e dcAtres.
h'^r Con'.r.ter.tnry, j.vje Tentative Draft Kc. S, p. 36.
. C/G ii'oJol Peiiri.1 Codo
S.-otior. 3.07. Use of Force in La.\v Enfcrceincnt.
(1) ffee of I ’crce Jt'..".ti:';:tblc to Effect an Arrest. Sub
l e t to the t.rovtcicnc of this Section nnc. of Section, 2.00, the
n. c of f:, •• e nporr or totverd the person of another is jnstin-
r.sie V : . : : . the actor is ntakir;;^ or assist inj in nrahin^' an
arr: -t and the actor believes that such force is immediately
netcc:.. ' , ' to encot a lav,'fui arrest.
(2) “,:rai:.at;cr..s on t he Use of Force.
(a) Tne use cf force is not justifiable under this
Smticn unless:
(i) tbc actor makes known the pur]jcse of the
arr.._t or helievos that it is othenviso knov.ni by or
, o.'.nnct rca.-.oimbly be made ’aiovm to the person to
be tufccted; and
(li) v.'htn tlio arrest i.s made under a warrant,
the v.-..rraat is valid or believed by the actor to be
valid.
(b) Tire use of deadly force is not justidable under
tins Section unices:
(!) the arrest is for a felony; and
(ii) the person cfloctin"- the- aiTCst is author
ised to act as a peace cmcer or is assisting a person
' t.’hcm he believes to be authorised to act as a “ocace
chleer; and
nh. 3 ̂3.07
(hi) the actor believes that the force employed
creates no substantial risk of injury to innocent
persons; and
(iv) the actor believes that:
(1) the crime for wiiich the arrest is made
involved conduct including’ the use or thre,at
oned use of deadly force; or
(2) there is a substantial risk that the per
son to be an'osted will cause death or serious
bodilj' harm if his apprehension is del.ayed.
(3) Use of Force to Prevent Fsca’pe from 'Dustody. The-
usc of force ce p’rovent the escape of an arrested person from
custody is justihable when the force could justifiably have
been employed to effect the an-est under which the person is
in custody, oncept tha t a gnard or other perso'a authorksed
to act as a peace cfheer is justified in us'lny -any force, ir.clad-
iny deadly force, v/liich he believes to be immediately neccs-
sarj^ to prevent the escape of a person from a jail, prison, or
ether institution for the detention of persons cha’rycd v-dth
or convicted cf a ci'imc.
(4) Use of Force by Private Person Assisting an Un
lawful AlTCSt.
(a) ,.A private person wlio is summoned by a pc.ace
cITicer to'assist in cffcctiny an unl.av/f'ul aimest, is jusci-
ilcd in usir.y any force which he wo’uld be justified in
. usiny if the arrest were lawful, proadded that ho does
not believe tho arrest is unlavTul.
(b) A private person who assists ancthcr private
person iu'e.ii'cctiny an u_alav.dul arrest, or who, not bolny
'summoned, assists a peaco officer in effcctiny an unlaw
ful arrest, is justified in usiny any force which he would
bo justified in usiny if the arrest were lavaul, provided
u>S
that (i) he believes the anrest is lavfui, and (ii) the ar
rest wonld be le.wfnl if the facts were as he believes thorn
Mc>ik-1 Penal Code
to 00.
(b) Use of Force to Prevent Stiicide_or the Coratntssion
of a Crir.-.c.
".not h.i.r
(a) The use of force upon or tov.-ard the person of
’uotiuable when the actor believes that such
force is iutuiediatcp' necessary to prevent- such ether
uorseu from co;un:ittiu;j suicide, inilictiny senous bod-
•Iv harut uuon hituself, commtttiuy or censumruatins-
the counuimiou o f c r i m e invoiviuy or threa'nniuij bod-
ilv ;u'.r;v., drmm.yc to or loss of property or a breach of
the pe..ae, er:cc])t that:
(i) ar.y linnitations imposed by the other provi
sions of this Article on the justiilabic use of force
in .mlf-prot.:ction, for the protection of ethers, the
];rot..ction of urojicrty, the effectuation of an arrest
or th.e prevmttion of an escape from custody shall
apply i.otwithstandiup the criminality of the con-
duct :'.y;tlr.:-t which such force is ur,cd; and
(it)
(rt
In;- u.;o of deadly force is not in any event
ble under this Subsection unless:
(1) the actor believes that there is a sub-
•stantial rislt that tb.e person whom, he seeks to
prevent from committing a crime will cause
death or serious bodily harm to another unless
the comnhrsion or the consummation of the
ernne is prevented and that the use of such
force presents no substantial risk of injury to
iumoccr.t ]'jcr:ons; or
(b) the actor believes that the use of such
force is necessary to suppress a r ict or mutiny
after the rioters or mutineers have been or-
dcrccl to clis.porsc atid avarned, in any particu-
lar manner the.t the law may rcoyuire, tltat such
force will be used if they do not obey.
(b) The justification aflordcd by this Subsection
ottends to the use of confinement a.s preventive force
only if the actor takes all reasonable measures to ter
minate the ccnfincrncnt as soon as ho knows that he
safely can, unless the person confined has been an'csted
on a char^io of crime.
A rt.'S oO ̂J.OS
STATUS OF SECTION'
Prc.' ĉutcd to ll'.c Institute in Tentative Draft Xo. S and con
sidered at the May 1958 tneelin",
Pcsub'.'nittcd to tiic Council in rcvi.scd form and con.sidcrcd at
tl'.c Deceinher 1958 iu.cetiug.
Tltc revision i.-, (icsiyn.ed to carry out the mandate of ib.e In.-tiU’.tc
upon two pjoinis: (1) to extend tire privik-pe of r,.‘;ir.y deadly force
■ to effect an tvrresi to .a per.scn assi.stiny a 'tcacc o. l̂ccr rather tr.an
Iim.it that 'pri\’ilcpe to officers (see Subsection {2)(i))(ii}) ; an.d (2)
to cxtcr.d il'.e privilege to case.s wh.crc Ir.e actor believes th.at tiic crime
for wi'.ich ll'.c arrest is ntadc involved cor.disct inclndiny th.c v;se or
ti'.rcatcncd use of deadly force (see Subsection (2) (b) (iv) (1)).
For Commc’.'itary, See Tcitlative Ibr.-ift Xo. S, p. 52.
Section 3.OS. Use of Force by Persons with Special P-c-
sponsibility for Care, Discipline or Safety of
Others,
The use of force upon or toward the person of amothcr is
justifiable if:
(1) the actor is the parent or g:uarclian or other
. person simil.arly responsible for the general care and
supervision of a miner or a person acting at the reoyaost
of such parent, guardian or other responsible person
and:
O r FI C n C> r *I H 1. P Ol. I C L C- MI !
C ctobcr 27, 1971
17 SO U V II ? N o 7 > v r ; t . " j i : I^HOEUIX, /•-.-U 7.0 M A li'
l i r , Bonald Krcl,s te in
Le^a l / idvieor
I ' enphic P o l i ce Dep?-.rt:nent
128 Acln".e Avenue
Ke.Tiphis, Tennessee 33103
Dear Ron:
I’lS r e c c i v e u your ’’xe roxed ' ’ l e t t e r and -as a r e s u l t , we a r e send ing
you a l o t o f "xeroxed" i n i o r n a t i o n .
l o u were c o r r e c t i n assuining t h a t our d e p a r tn ien ta l p o l i c y i n
r e i e r e n c e t o use o f j . i r c a m s i s r-uch nai’rov.'cr i ji scone than oux'
s t a t e l a y . a u ’ e x i s t i n g p o l i c y and l a y ore enclosed*
ViC l e c e n t x y }iaa occas ion to susprend an o f f i c e r f o r a sliooti.ng i n c i d e n t
v/nei e i n }iO acoed v.’i t n i n th e l a y ou t o u t s id e p o l i c y (a f l e e i n g n a i ' i i u a n a
s u s p e c t vjas s h o t ) , i n i s has caused a l o t o f d i s c u s s i o n a.bout p o s s i b l e
p o l i c y changes, b u t as of y e t no c o n c r e t e changes have been for r iu la . ted .
l l iybe San F ran c isco has th e b e s t i d e a . As you nay knovr, t h e y have no
v r l t t c n shoot ing p o l i c y .
You raight a l s o check y i t h Royce I ’i n c e r o f t>ie San Jo se , C a l i f o r n i a
P o l i c e Depar tnsr i t . He has done sone vrork i n t h i s a r e a . . ^
In t h e a r e a of ‘‘Rent -a-Cops" , v;e do n o t have any s p e c i f i c l e g i s l a t i o n
c o v e r in g t h i s ; p r i v a t e p o l i c e a r e , o f co u rse , covered bv our conceaDed'
veapons liiw, and a rc p r o h ib i t e d f r o n im p e rso n a t in g l e g i t i m a t e p o l i c e
o f f i c e r s . (They nay n o t r e a r un i fo i rns , badges , e t c . , ' s i m i l a r t o sv;orn
o f f i c e r s ) . l i u s , p lu s our nornu l b u s in e s s l i c e n s i n g r e q u i r e m e n t s , i s
a b o u t t];e e x t e n t o f o m ' c o n t r o l .
Our l a s t _ s e s s i o n o f the Arizona l e g i s l a t u r e d id pass a b i l l cov e r in g
p r i v a t e i n v e s t i g a t i o n s e r v i c e s v.'hich may be o f some b e n e f i t t o you. We
a r e e n c lo s in g a copy of i t as v o l l as a copvy o f an Arizona Department o f
P u b l i c oa^coy (S ta t e l o l i c e ) memo concern ing i t s i n p l e m c n t a t i o n .
Our l e g i s l a t u r e i n 1970 passed a b i l l vdiich a l l o y s c r i m i n a l s , i;ho have b e - r
good ana s e r v e d _t h e i r t i n e on p r o b a t i o n , t o have t h e i r c r i m i n a l r e c o r d s
expun[^*ed by p e t i t i o n to the p rope r c o u r t .
) f ) ‘l ! i
i
A
l'a.<-o Tv70
Tiris i n about tha only th in ^ v.-a hava i n tha ci'ii.iin.ul h i n t o r y a r e a , and
v,’o r e a l i s e t h a t t h in in .not i n poiri t v i t i : your r e q u e n t , b u t i t i r x y be
o f so re va lue t o you, so v;o a re e n c lo s in g a copy of t h i s a l s o .
I f you deve lop sor.o p o l ic y or l e g i s l a t i v e s u g g e s t io n s i ji t h e s e a r e a s ,
p l e a s e s^end us n copy. /
Yours t r u l y ,
0 0 0 . 1 l U i
I;
rI roLicr. n(iD;:!'/'(i i MtUT !'
. I
FIREARMS rOLICY
e. *:« Viu'
*
OiiDEl? ►»•
RO. c:v
EFFECTIVF DATE 1
. yM
Got'iorul Ordor ,4'3> 3 .0 - lo -6 / ; 1 . 0 . /idinin. In.'jt.. 6G-3.2^j', J u l ’*' ] ’J*̂ *70
■< iaT P G S -r .0 -1 2 1 . 6 6 - 1 2 9 . ____;_____________________________________
‘ [;;m. >r"i)I:^ch:ir,";c o f Vleripon::; L t i c n ; I’i r i t o l ila^ir^e; Weapon ji
Re.pair; '.vea.pon Iielacc::cnL; FirearzaS r r a i m p g
RoolLaccZ'-.cnt of V.’oaoo!')?.. ___ ______ ■PACU. 1 OF 6-
1. GERFRAL
.1 Officer. '} of t h i s D sp a r t e e n t s h a l l e x h a u s t ovei’y o t h e r r e a s o n a b l e n ean s oi
a p p re h en s io n , r e s t r a i n t , o r f o r c e b e f o r e r e s o r t i n g t o th.e use o f f i r o a r n s .
.2 O f f i c e r s sh.all n o t t n m e c e s s a r i l y d rau o r d i s p l a y any f i r e a r n , o r c a r e l e s s l y
h a n d le a f i r t n r n a t any tiir.e. The same r u l e s o f good judgerr.enL a p p l i c a b l e
t o t h e d i s c h a r g e o f a veapon .shall a l s o app ly t o the drawinp' and o i s p l a y ^ n g
o f a vjeapon by on o f f i c e r .
n.3 ho e a r n i n g sh o ts s h a l l be f i r e d by an o f f i c e r under fny circiyzistanGos. A
o f l ' i c o r uhiO f i r e s a sho t to u a r n , o r vho o th e rv ' i s e d i s c h a r g e s a f i r e a r m
u i t h o u t p rope r j u s t i f i c a t i o n , v i l l bo s u b j e c t t o d i s c i p l i n a r y a c t i o n .
DTSCHAROIIIG WEARORS
.1 . Rofor to Genera l Order , R u les o f Gond’a c t .
.2 O f f i c e r s s h a l l n o t d i s c h a r g e f i r e a r m s i n co n n ec t io n vjlth p o l i c e a c t i v i t i e s
c i t h e r on o r o f f d u ty , e x c e p t uiader t h e follov.-ing c i r c u m s t a n c e s :
I : ■ - ■
(1) At an approved r an g e .
(2) K i l l i n g an im a ls s e r i o u s l y vounded o r d ange rous , vhen o t h e r d i s p o s i t i o n
i s i j u p r a c t i c u l .
(3) Vfnen a u th o r i z e d by a s u p e r i o r o f f i c e r .
• (A) I n .d e fe n se , t o ovorcome an a t t a c k u h ic h could produce g r e a t b o d i l y harm ‘
o r dea th to t h e o f f i c e r o r to ono t l ie r p e r s o n . Tho f i r e a r m , o]' any '
• o t h e r dead ly f o r c e , shoul.d be used on ly i f t h e o f f i c e r h a s no o t h e r t
means a v a i l a b l e t o overcome tlio a t t a c l c e r . • |
I
(5) To e f f e c t tho c a p tu r e o f , o r p r e v e n t t h e e scape o r r e s c u e o f , a p e r so n |
vliom tho o f f i c e r knows has committed a f e l o n y , w i th tho fo i l.owing 1 i .mi- i
t a t I o n s : k
■ . ■ ■ . f
_ f
Tlio crlmo f o r ’which th e a r r e s t i s so u g h t i n v o lv e s co’iduc t i n c l u d i n g the:,
UJ1 0 o r t h i ’oatcnod use o f deoxlly fo i ’cc , and t h e r e i s s u b s c a n t i a l ri'~ '̂'
t h a t tho person whoso a r r e s t i s souglit w i l l cau.se d e a th o r s e r i o u s
b o d i ly barm i f h i s aviprohension i s d e l a y e d .
■A ( j . , .’-vi/il.i. :i. \ r orp;:r
n
r • . f f'o. ■.
1' ( j
ji
i; 2.. nxrc]!ARn.i':g v/2;.t-o::s (;
4
L . .
Xt ) P' * '' )
. tif-l tiCTlVi: DATE f.
J u l y 1 . 1970».•i’ i*‘Tt'V,JV* f-*>\ '
Tho fi rcRnT .shall n o t be. need under any c o n d i t i o n s v;hcre i n n o c e n t by
s t a n d e r s a r c l i b o l y t o be i n j u r e d o r k i l l e d .
t. ►*
!i
Tho oi’f i c c r s h a l l n o t .nlioot u n l e s s a l l o t h e r a v a i l a b l e means t o e f f e c t ['
t h o c-apturo o f tb.o f e lo n liave been e x h au s te d .
V/linn i t i.s noco.saary t o ’sh o o t a f l e e i n y f e lo n , t h e - o f f i c e r s h a l l aim to 1
/itto:::;-)t to v.anuid in th e lo g s so a s t o d i s a b l e end n o t l : i l ] , f
I
.1 hny o lT ic o r vihn d i s c h a rg o s e f i r e a r .n a c c i d e n t a l l y o r i n i - e n t io n a l ly v h i ’ic pen--' ̂
forinln.' a p n i ic o f u n c t io n , e i t h e r on o r o f f d u ty , .sisall :r..ake a v e r b a l r e p o r t
to hi.s s u p e r v is in g o f f i c e r aj; soon as c ircus '.s tra ices v.cLJ.l p e rm i t , and a '
v r i t1 .cn roTiart a s soon as p o s s i b l e .
3. AMi!j»ITTOiI
.1 V.'eapons v d l l l)e c a r r i e d f u l l y lo ad ed a t a l l t i n e s v ;ith D epartnen L - iss 'ae ,
fa c to ry - io .a d e d .33 c -a liber aennunition, o r a.o o u t l i n e d in G enera l O rder -
Uniforc! ivcgul.ationa. I 've lvc rounds v.'ill be k e p t in th e c a r t r i d g e c a se .
.2 AiLinunltion u l l i , be r e - i s s u e d vfnen c a r t r id g o .s have been lo .s t , expended, or
a s r e q u i r e d .
A . PISTOL RAfIGh
.1 The u se of ti'.o P o l ic e P i s t o l Piongo i s r e s t r i c t e d to o f f i c e r s o f th e D ep ar t-
ii'ont lUid th o se p e rso n s a n d /o r o rg o .n iz a t io n s approved by th e P o l i c e Ch.ief.
. 2 Tho R.ango w i l l be open f o r r e g u l a r l y schedu led p i s t o l p r a c t i c e on d e s ig n a t e d
days o f each raontli, September th ro u g h Juno. A l l o f f i c e r s , v i t h t h e excep - \
t i o n o f tho.se excused by th e P o l i c e C h ie f , v i l l be r e q u i r e d to q u . i l i f y v.'ii.h i|
a sco ro o f 6 5 o r b e t t o r every o t h e r month, /my o f f i c e r vho f a i l . s t o q u a l i f y 1
bo r e q u i r e d t o c o n t in u e s u p e r v i s e d t r a i n i n g on hi.s ov.'n t iw e , a t t h e
t ime s o t by the .Rangen.aster, u n t i l he q u a l i f i e s .
. 3 Un3U]io7n.'isGd p r a c t i c e v i l l n o t b-e p e r m i u t e d , I f a venpon n eed s t e s t i n g or
B i g l i t i n g - i n , a a n u n i t i o n v i l l be sigiied o u t end u.sed under t h e d i r e c t i o n of
Kongo p e r s o n n e l ,
• 4 The Rangernastor s h e l l p u b l i s h r u l e s - g o v e r n i n g f i r e a r m p r a c t i c e s and s a f e t y !;
p rocedure ; ] , s u b j e c t t o th e a p p ro v a l of tho P o l i c e Cli ic f , vhic li v;i ll be
pos lod a t th e Range, a l l personnel, v i l l connly . S a f e t y , a c c u r a c y , and I
c o r r e c t t e c h n iq u e s and r e s p o n s e s a r e tho g o a l s o f f i r em an t r a i n i n g .
00041'!
\
}’T:)T0I. (conti i .uod)
'! OHDidl »
! No.
: ge:;i:!:al
U
n!-[=i£CTIVL DA 1 E
J u l y 1 , 1970
.5 Accof.s t o the r o lo i d in r ; n re a s l i a l l be l i r . i i t e d to Ib'irige e;ra)!loyeor, t r u e . t i o r
a:3 .ei£:ncd to r e l o a d i n g ta.s’: s , aiid s u p e r i o r o i ' i i c o r s engaged in s u p e r v i s o r y
d u t i e s .
/
.6 No r e l o a d e d aiiraunit ion s h a l l be removed I r o n tlicy P o l i c e Rcuige.
.7 Alarmu'.ition i s su e d f o r th e p u rp o se s o.C r e c r u i t t r a i n i n g , s u p e r v i s e d q i i a l i -
f i c a t i o n or dem o n s t ra t io n v.'ill be sigriod f o r b;y- th e o f f i c e r r e c e i v i n g th e
airrrrunition.
5. HEPATR AN!) CLEANIND 0? \)SA?0:R
.1 No ol’f i c c r sl' .nll r e p a i r , b l u e , luodify, o r do any ot l rer v.'ork on a Departraunt-'
ouned f i r e a r m excep t t o c lea n i t , chairigG th e h a n d g r ip s , o r add a t r i g g e r
shoo, nor s h a l l au o f f i c e r a l i o ; ; anyone o t l i e r Dian t lio R an g o n a s te r t o do' ;
any vorl: on a D apar tm en t- i s suod f i r e a r m . No o f f i c e r s-raJl d i s a s s e m b le ,
. remove p a r t s , o r t a k e o f f tlio s id e pD.atas o f anp D epar tuan t -ounod f i r o a n . ’.
i n o r d e r t o c l e a n i t . - >
.U’
.2 V/capons in need o f minor r e p a i r v ; i l l bo r e p a i r e d by t h e R an g o n as te r immsd- -
■ l a t e l y . (
. ■ , i*
.3 V/oapons in need of major r e p a i r \ ; i i l be tm-nod i n t o t h e C e n t r a l Supply ̂
Room, each ac comp o’-! l e d by a memo in q u a d r u p l i c a t e l i s t i n g a d e s c r i p t i o n o f ;
t h o v;eapon and s e r i a l number, w i th I n f o r m a t i o n a s t o hov; t h e uoapon v;as j
1 damaged a n d /o r r e p a i r s t o be made. T h i s r e q u e s t must be a u t h o r i z e d by tl ie
s i g n a t u r e of a L i e u t e n a n t o r o f f i c e r o f h ig h e r r ank , and a ro p ln cem en t f
veapon w i l l bo i s s u e d b y C e n t r a l Siipply. r'
Lt
.4- V e a w n s vh lch need r e - b l u i n g v i l l be t u r n e d i n t o t h e C e n t r a l Suj^plj^ Room ?
d u r i n g normal b u s i n e s s ho u rs , and a r e p la c e m e n t i s s u e d . t
i;
,5 S ho tguns and r i o t guns t h a t have been d i s c h a r g e d v i l l be t a k e n t o th e Range'-
a s soon as p o s s i b l e f o r c l e a n i n g . i
r
. 6 O f f i c e r s v i l l n o t c l e a n , rospair , o r l o a d f i r e a r m s in p o l i c e b u i l d i n g s , [.
o x c o p t th o se a t th e P o l i c e Range, o r vhon so o rd e re d by a s u p e r i o r o f f i c e r , ! '
Kinorgoncy veapons checked o u t w i l l be examined by a s u p e r v i s o r b e f o r e t h e y |
a r o r e tu r n e d t o s t o r a g e . ' • . i;
REPLACK’ii'NT 01'’ WEAPONS
.1 iLcqxiosts fo r tho rcp lacomont o f a v'o-apon d u r in g normal b u s i n e s s l iours ,
Monday’ l.hrough F r id a y , 8 AM t o $ PM, v.’i l l bo su b m i t ted in qucidruyj l icaio , ̂
t i i rough ch an n e ls , to tho Bureau Coiarnandor. • In th e memo a d e s c r l p t i o n and
th o s e r i a l number- of th e veapon v i l l be i n c l u d e d , and th e re a so n f o r I'c-
q u e s t i n g rep lacem ent . V.'hen th o r e q u e s t has been a u t h o r i z e d by a Lieu
o r o f f i c e r o f l i ighor ran!: , a r e p la c e m e n t v ; i l l bo i s s u e d by th e C e n t r a l
.try-upp.ly Room. i i O U - l !
I!
; OCHJvlAL
iollUEU
, i io ,
O
o
* /'•'j/'ir.1 w < . >. .. ;:'T O'-' 091?C::3 ( c e n t ; .m:sea)
V.'ea|iioris r.cod in̂ ;,' re p i a con on JLu a t otbior
requ DDtod tilirour^h ch.nniio 1 n > as above
The? 3-0 p-1 ucen;ont v t l l bo i s su ed by t ’n
tho Coi3tral Supply Rocn.
: i:i rccTiv:: da ia;
I J u l y 1 , 1970
cnri G . V J . z * j i l l i i "Liig scirno
4
#
I
lT̂ ‘r::trT-r̂frrr̂>m i- r
o o o . i h ;
c- *cv. trc u*n>-- *
I ■
\ A '.
'''1
7
O c t o b e r 2 G , 1 9 7 1
R o n a l d D. K r c l s t e i n
L og a 1 A d v i s o r
i’ lGrap’-ii-s P o l i c e D e p a r t n e n t
12 8 .bd£ims A v e n u e
M e m p h i s , T e r m . 3 8 1 0 3
D e a r R o n a l d :
I am v e r y p l e a s e d t o b e a b l e t o s v i p o l y y o u v ; i t h t l i e i n f o ^ n ^ ■ . t i -.i’,
y o u r e q u e s t e d i n y o u r l e t t e r o f O c t o b e r ' 1 8 , 1 9 7 1 . -
T h e u s e ^ o f f i r e a r m s by p o l i c e p e r s o n n e l i s q o v e r n e d b y G e n e r a l
• A l t h o u g h i t i s s e l f - c x D l a n a t o r ^ / , I w o u l d
1- e p o r t anc! i n v e s t i g a t i o n p r o c e d u r e s t l i a t
d i s c h a r g e c a s e . I b e l i e v e t h a t
t i i s . , e l p s t o r e c m c e t h e i n c i d e n c e o f u n w a r r a n t e d u s e o f f i r e a r m s .
s i t u a t i o n i s s o m e w h a t d i f f e r e n t t h a n y o u r s .
S t a t e l e g i s l a t i o n p e r m i t s t h e a p p o i n t m e n t o f s p e c i a l c o n s t a b l e s
o r f i c e r . I n p r a c t i c e , t l^e p e r s o r m e lby t} ie l o c a l c l i i e f e x e c u t i v e____ , , , , ------- MictuL-ioe, r /}e o e r s o n n e
c h i e f o f p o l i c e s o t h a t we h a v e f u l l ' c o n t r o l
v.Micn p o l i c e p e r s o n n e l w i l l c a r r ^ ' f i r e a r r a s . We a l s o h a v e
p r i v a t e g u a r d s v ; i t h o u t l£>w e n f o r c e m e n t p o v ; e r . I f t h e j u s t i f i c a t i o n
t o t h e m ' ^ a s ^ i e i r ' ' " ' ^ ^ " p o l i c e may i s s u e p i s t o l p e r m i t s
T h e d i s c l o s u r e o f p o l i c e i n f o r m . a t i o n i n New H a v e n i s h a n d l e d p u r s u a n t
t o S p e c i a l O r d e r 7 0 - 1 1 . A g a i n , I t h i n k t h a t t h e m a t e r i a ] i s s e l f
e x p l a n a t o r y . ' '
S i n c e r e l y ,
0 0 0 4 . 1 7
MB/jm
j : - . : 3 H ; : ^ V I 0 2 i
\\
.••.•T i * /.!.»!
•'■•.<r.kV •*.*•.•■,/ ;f»/..
G :.n o r ia G r J c r Go. 7 0 -5
Ur^e o f f i r e a r m s
I . PURPOSE
j h o u o r p o s c O j. h n i s o r a o r ' i s t o o s t a b l i s r i Do7:>artraent n o l i c v
r e g a r d i n g t h e -use o f f i r e a r m s . * " "
j. j.. COGPEV']'
r n e p o l x c y oj
t h a t m e m b e r s
t h e Eg '7 R a v e n D e p a r t m e n t o f P o l i c e S e r v i c e i
' e x h a u s
a u p jiO o c n s i o n
o f f i c o.r 3 raay
•PiJL lO b l .r. C 1 rcuv;
f i r e a r.m C:xcec~
t h e r h t CO <
o.
* .
:o :
v e r y o t h e r r e a s o n a b l e .mean: o r
r e s o r t i n g t o t h e u s e o f f i r e a r . m s .
i rm s o n l y u n d e r c e r ■ a m
i.n
o ;- :ceec
___ r e s t r i c t e d , j
,h p o l i c e o f f i c e r n a y n o t d i s c h a r g e "
l i m i t e a s i t u a t i o n s . I^o o f f i c e n a :
•Ligh t o r t■ho c i -ITCU. m s t a n c e s c o n
o f h■IS a u t h o r i t The f o l lOv/i
a ;ppl y ;
1 . SELF- jM';•n 7'* X.J Ij • An o f f i c e r
v^Jien i t i s c e s s a r y CO s
t h e r o f f i c O o r a o r m o n -
'najrra. He IS n o t e n a i s l e d
v;h i c h a r e n o t l i k e l y t o h.
2 . NISDE NEAi^ALN X . J .An o f f i c e :
: i f i c r e g u l a t i o n s \ ; i l l
i c e
Vi 3 r *-
h i s
n t h e
l i o n s
o .
f o r c ee n t i t l e d t o u s e d e a d l} ,
^3:^^ h i m s e l f , a c i t i z e m _ q b r q -
r r o m d e a t h , o r g r a v e b c a i j r v
i t o u s e d e a d l y f o r c e f ro.m a s s a u l t s
lave s e r :i o u s r e s u l t . s .
:r ma y n o t u s e d e a d l y f o r c e t o
e n t t n e e s c a p e o f a p a r s o n vdno
o r . Th:Ls r e s t r i o t i o n d o e s n o t
s r i g h t o f s e l f - d e f e n -se sh. o u i d
e f f e c t t h e a r r e s t o r p r e
h a s c o p 'm i t t e d c;. m i s d e ra e a
i n f r i n g e u p o n a n o f f i c e r
h e b e a n . a c h e d . i ' lo te t i i a u u s i n g a m o t o r v e h i c l e v . ' i t l i i
o m e r s p e r m i s s i o n - i s a i r i i s d e m c a n o r . R o t e a l s o t h a t m o s t
l i .O-or v e h i c l e s a r e c a h e n by j u v e n i l e s a n d t h e u s e o f
d e a d l y f o r c e r s no t : a u t h o r i z e d a g a i n s t f l e e i n g j u v e n i l e s ,
APPREKEhSIOR OF SUSPFCTFD FELONY OFFENDERS. An o f f i c e r
v / i l l n o t u s e d e a d l y f o r c e on a ^ p e r s o n v;ho i s c a l l e d m^on
m e r e s u s p i c i o n and,- w h o s i m p l y r u n s av.’a y t ot o h a l t ■un<
a v o i a a r r e s i
APPRE}:E:]SX0N o f KNOmv FELONY OFFENDERS
n o t b e d i s c h a r g e d a t o e r s o n s who a r e
■•irear.ms m u s t
r u n n i n g aw'ay t o e s
c a p e a r r e s t e x c e p t u n e e r c o m o c l l m g c i r c u m s t a n c e s i n
f o l o . n y c a s e s . F o r e x a i m p l e , i f a ‘n o f t i e e r ~ a c t : u a X l y s e e
O O O ' I I H
Order 70-5
a parnon comuc e;. serious r.ouv ups Lust another uc ■;?onjuen as i?.u assauic vO th a aoaulv v;oaoon orrobbery v;ith violence. Lie m o : :o prevent escaoc
i l ; r n o o i
ib lc
UiC'Ca, d-i.-O'^ be a o o r e jI f'jioecl c y
teans. m y o c n c : r ."» —
r - cie ■ n :5. FL'dEI'iG JUVeMIibS. The rules }Dertaininq to
cire equally applicable to juveniles as a susoect can never
. be consiaerec leers dangerous everely because of his youth..
Hov.’cver, in the event officers are pursuing a fleai.ng
f elo.n-■ orre.nder believed to be a juvenile, thev v.-ill net
shoot even though the suspect ignore
mands to halt.
6 ,
7.
8 .
9.
DAhGhhOUS 7d\I!:ALS. in officer rsav shoot to kill a. dancer-
DUS ;̂nlr.al or one thcit hurr.anitv c; 1 i- rr *vL'croval fro:?.•further suffering cend other disposition is impractical.
TARGhT PRhCTICS. An officer may use his'fircarra for t;
get practice at a.n approved range.
D-hlTIhG 0? TEAPOh. The service r
from its hol^rter only vrhen t’.ie uc
both authorized and~7ibsolutelg’
WARhIEG SECTS. Earning shc'ts laay be fired, but only in
felony situations v;hen the application of deadly force
is authorized and all other means of apprehensions have failed.
r e V o ]. vc: r v-.' ill be drav.-’
,se of deadly force is
ecessary.
i 10. . PROUCTIOn Ct GmERAi. PGRiiiC. Roc'ardless of the natu'”e
of the crime or the legal justification for firing at a
suspect, officers should rarr.cmber that their .basic ros-
ponsibility is to protect the prublic. Of ficors'^TouT-c
be paruacuia.riy cautious \;ncn riring under conditions
that v/puld subject bystanders to possible injury.
Should an officer purchase, replace, . lose or othorv;isa d.ispose
of a_ police firearm, he shall file a written report chrough
OStciOli.siicd channels ro tne Cnief or Police. Tno rcoort \v'> 11
contain a complete description including the serial .number.
Should an officer lose or have stolen from him a firearm, the
report shall include, all facts surrounding the loss.
VJhenever a firearm is discharged (except at an approved range),
the follo'aing procedures v;ill be fcllo'./ed:
A. bOTIFIC.ATlON AUU REPORT BY REY3.ER J.KVOLVED.
: • *1. Whenever a memJser discharge.s Iiis firearm either (a)
accidentally, or (b) rn the porformcince of po.lice
duty, he shall verbally notify his on-duty supervisor
o o n 1. K ?
P a g e
Ordor 70-5
a.3 a o D a a s t i m a a n d
e v e n t l a t e r t h a n t h
I d a s u p e i ' i o r o f f i c o n
ej. CiiGcna
t h e r e i n k i n g o f
t i r a o .
a.
n o t i f •
c u t s n a n c e G p e r f r - ’ t - >
c o ^ > p l c t i o n o f ’ •
15 n .o t o n Q -
b'
; o u r
'•/
• rr o f nie:abe
C:.
h i s b iv T
n i s
e t y i ! i o j . v n c i o n
■■'■■■all v e r b a l ̂ ^ o . i c i _ x v e r . o a j . l v
-■r o n Q u t y m t h e D e o a r r r . o . V .cre 4 . U .
I h e o f f i c e r v;ho d i s e t n , - . , ^ ^
v / r i t t e n r e p o r t o f t - e ' " ^ ' ^ p i e a r m s h a l l f i l e a
c h a n n e l s t o t h e C h i e f o^* c s t a b l i s h c a
t o h i s d i v i s i o n c o ~ i : - - > - - a c a r b o n c o o y
• t o u r o f d u t v . a r c n o c o i a p l e t i c n o f h i s
I h
I f r h e iverr.ber v;ho d i s c h a r g e d ’v s
o r h o s p i t a l i s e d dur^n^^ ^ - o a r m r s i n j u r e d
r o r e , i n c a p a b l e o f f i l i . . a " t t o
T-y.O Cal tin •> c: QT'’n- t _ , . v̂ U
p o n . , ib lG f o r f i U - , ; l t p t h l ' - ' ' =«Pe---‘' i E o r i
!>=bcUn5 f u r r h o r B o n d t " a ■“ ! ^ == P °
i a n t e . s ’c i g a t i o n .
I'bSTIGATiOh 3Y A
b y p a r a -
I S r e s -
n s i ; f
COMTIAND OFFICER
ioC.^ar .ge o i f i r e a r o s v r-, •
a l l y b y th-p' o - i - - ' v ‘ DG i n v e s t i g a t e d. -/ -> a . on . . a . y s u p e r v i s o r y o f f i c e r o f
1 1 r r. r̂ n r- ^ V .----------
Each c
p e r s o n a l l y b y t n
m em ber i n v o l v e d
e r s c h a r g e o c c u r ?
t h e
v.-nen t i ; ;orG
to
2 .
IS, n o s u p e r v i " 0 ' -v
w h i c h t h e iaenb-^-’' i s " - o ^ " d . i v i s i c
o f f i c e r t h e n o r d u - v ' o n l i ^ ' ' ' ^ ' r a n k i n g coalman
■investigation BinlnkoB-Bhh-hrkPf’lyyonftot th
firearm.? has taken place. ' aisc.s.arge o
• -After c o n d u c t i n g . ^ tho-r-r'-i-ru ■; ? •
: c u m s t a n c e s ^ a t t e n d £ n g \ L l L c h I r e : ^ o f t h e c i rtne cojuirianc o"'’̂'--'-- ■ — ^ o f ' t i lei c e ^ ' s h - . V i f i r e a r m ,
b o P k . h , a d e t a i l e d w r i t t e n^ r e p o r t o f ' t
• C h i e f c.f Po
■ - r e p o r t - s h al.of t h e COnni
' i-'as j u s ' t i z ic
t h e r e s u l t
. C h i e f o f p o iic r;^ ;;;:,^
r e p o r t ■ s h a l t mt „ ar. ^ - ‘̂ ed c h a n n e 1 s .
-r>
- r e p o r t - s h a l l i n c l u d e l v > c h a n n e l s . The
o f t h e cor.raand o f f i c e - - - a " c o n c l u s i o n ;
va.a,^.au- unc d i s c n a r a e
--i cfud i n a c c o . r d a n c e wj
i i :
uij v.n XT'* T• IP TT'v-i /-I « o r d e r .
T h i s G e n e r a l 0 i- - - - o r c e r suu - - ' r '^edeh rr>•nrs--s■l■d^ '
/April 2 9, I 9 6 0 . - ̂ C rder Number 15 is su e d
■ •■ e f f e c t i v e dat e : - April' • 23 , 1 <> 7 0
D I u T a l E U ' T X O N ; .^LL
BY O.RDER OF xO
/] ^ //df / t-IA / 7 / / . /
/ J A M E S F . AHERN
C h i e f o f P o l i c e
i ) ( ) 0 4 d { »
i c j v - '
B9l D
; f:v
.: • ;̂-.. .
p o i - J C t n r : P A f ? T « * t C N T
C I T Y O P D U R I T A P I
> ; O K T H C A T ’. OI^Ii'N yV
DsceabcT 17, 197]
C / ( O
( ? ^ A l
>5r. Ror.alcl D. K r c l s t e i n
I^'gal Aclviscr
1-Rmphis P o l i ce Departr .ent
128 Adams Avenue
Memphis, Tennessee 3S103
hear Mr. K r e l s t e i n ;
concern ing your r e q u e s t s t a t e d i n your l e t t e r of October 18, 1971,
c i r c u l a t e d by I . A . C . P . , p lease be adv ised :
1 O f f i c e r s of= the Durham P o l i ce Department a re i n s t r u c t e d to use a
weapon only i n case of n e c e s s i t y in s e l f de fense or
dea th o f s e r io u s body harm t o a no the r p e rson . A specD...rc t l i r c a
o f ' im m edia te n a tu r e i s r e q u i r e d . A l l o f f i c e r s a re i n s t r u c t e d t o
r e p o r t to tlie CTnief of P o l i ce .any c i rcum stance r e q u i r i n g them
1 t o d i sch a rg e a v;eapon in the l i n e o f d u ty . I f an o f f i c e r shoo ts
someone, r e g a r d l e s s of the nat' .ire of i n j u r y , the i n c i c c n t i s
f u l l y i n v e s t i g a t e d by members of the D e te c t iv e Bureau ana t h e r e
■ i s some evidence t h a t o f f i c e r s may no t be r e p o r t i n g i n c i o e n t s
i n v o lv in g shoo t ing of dogs.
2 P r i v a t e p o l i c e as you d e s c r ib e d in Memphis a re unknown in North
C a r o l in a . North C aro l ina s t a t u t e s do p rov ide f o r " s e c u r i t y guards
who are appo in ted by the Governor of the s t a t e . S e c u r i t y gua rcs
a re au thor i: ied to c a r ry a weapon and may a r r e s t v i o l a t o r s only
upon the. premises of t h e i r employer o r w h i le i n p u r s u i t .
Enclosed i s a copy of G.S. 74 A-1 and 2.
I n d i s c r i m i n a t e appointment o f t h i s c h a p te r cou ld , I imagine , c r e a t e
a s i t u a t i o n s i m i l a r to the one you d e s c r i b e d . Ue do n o t , i n r a c t ,
have a problem h e re .
3. On r e l e a s e of in fo rm a t io n and p r iv a c y , I can only adv ise ^
the m a t t e r i s c u r r e n t l y under reviev?. Our e x i s t i n g p r a c t i c e i s
t o r e l e a s e the c r im in a l r e c o rd con ta in ed in our f i l e , i n c l u d i n g
seek ing t h i s in fo rm at ion .
noU'i;’ I
Mr. Ronald D. K r e l s t e i n
December 17, 1971
Pa-G - 2 -
C re d i t r e p o r t s , i n c lu d in g a p p l i c a t i o n checks , and media people
form the bulk of groups making i i ; q n i r i c s . Access to the N.C J C
system i s l im i t ed to depar tment l e t t e r s on ly . The C i ty of
C l ia r lo t te i s in the p lann ing s t a g e s o f a d a ta bank. Access
g u i d e l i n e s are being prepared by the I n s t i t u t e of Government in
Chapel H i l l , N. C.
The ^ en t i re l e g a l problem V7ill be r e sea rc h ed in the course o f t h i s
SLUCiy. I \7 i l l t r y to remember to send you a copy of t h i s s tudy
v.’h.en i t i s completed, A r e s o r t to our s t a t u t o r y la-a " p u b l i c
r e c o r d s " i s of l i t t l e h e lp .
̂ I would be i n t e r e s t e d in r e c e i v i n g c o p ie s o f any p o l i c y t h a t you
d e r iv e from on t h i s s tudy.
Very t r u l y yours- j^^
I d - V 7 A / "
' '
Loyd Ree ce TT ismier
P o l ice Legal Advisor
LRT:ps
Enc losure
a o a . t 2 t
KYLE C. TESTERMAN
iM’yor
DUANE J. AUSETTS
Director of Public Safety
JOE C. F07/LER
Chief of Police
OOOYy.'l
'Ihis official Law Eiiforcpmsrt r '■ p i
Kc^nlations and Standard O p e n a t . ' L r P n o L ^ f , ” rp t . ' i "
iii.aea to lormaliv +\ v r - s pub-
Police Department in%^.c"ic Knoxville„ 1 . ou ,c* îc area^ oi concern tn n̂Mc»i’ri
a dagrae of uniformity 1„ the method., of ooeLso i r ; , d
to prov.de the officer with procedural g u i d e ! i ; f , 1 o L -
h.m ,n e:.:ecuti„g hi, duties in a pro tes , r„„a1ri„„er .
s n o r J ’” * r " Of extensive r--
.lrL,doii’ " „ t ‘’f t r K ' ‘‘‘“' ' ' 'Tf‘' “ ''‘ ' ' ' ' -elopment and pro-
Jeosen pro e Sion f=^Portment and yourj_iciW ijr-forcernent.
_ No manual can be a substitute for intpllio'ence snnn-t
ludgment^and discretion. The complexity m i d ^ d S s
- 0- law emorcernent profession forbid it. Properly or
P ped as guide, the .manual should complemem .'li rT
t o u p c n l i n c o a ,d
nooryvb-oftbvn \ performance ^yi^h each
asVmfp • enhance your daily ender^vo-s
as pfO essmnal puolic servants, dedicated to th^ saDtv md
protection of your fellow citiiiens. ̂ ^
Duane J, Ausetts
Director of Public Safety
C
OOO.Jf''!
ACTION t a k e n
A Peport submitted. j
B XInabla to locate cona-
plakumt. KC U naole to locate add LD Gnable to locate sus Mpect. N
O
E No Poiice Action
needed.
F Problem .settled. P
G A dvise of proper Q
H
agency to contact.
V ehicle checked all II
right. S
I Person checked all
right.
Property checked all
right.
Verbal warning.
Issued traffic citation.
Made arrest.
Made contact report.
Assisted Officer.
Call handled by other
agency.
Other.
Message delivered.
Message delivered; left
note.
300. XJse of Force
301. Introduction
and to use
3^^cal force m the e-xecution of official duties bur-
ens each member to be mature, controlled and -e-
The
- - v̂ mg- gumelmes and procedures shall be fodowed
by each member. It should be understood t h ^
1 ceman rs not protected by law when his use c k f o Z
excessive. Any member who resort.s to force b -
i t f and this Deparl
" ' ' . ^’-^bj-ci h.rnself to disciplinary^ action
damage suits and criminal prosecution. ’
302. Menders shall restrict their use of physical force to
the mmirnum required to effectively complete their
e S S r ' " ' alternatives have been
303. When making lawful arrests, members shall use
pnysical force only to the extent necessary- to over
come resistance and effect the arrest.
304. If an arrestee attempts to escape custody, attempts
or threatens to inflict injury upon himself' 'other p^r
c
1' -
V
(
\
305.
306.
307.
308.
309.
310-
311.
312.
313.
Eor.s or the arresting member, the am.ount of physical
force vs.j,sor.ably required to prevent him from doing
so, and to bring under complete control shall be used°
Ivlembers shall resort to the minimum physical force
required to prevent a crime oi* breach of peace.
A member shall resort to the use of a deadly force
when he reasonably believes ic is necessary to defend
himself or other persons from death or .serious phyi-
oal injury'.
A member shall use a deadly force when necessary to
effect the arrest for a felony dangerous to human life
(murder, manslaughter, rape, armed robbery, first*
degree robbery, arson or kidnaping) after peaceful
alternatives have been exhausted.
A member shall use a deadly force when reasonably
required to prevent the escape of an arrestee for a
felony dangerous to human life.
A member shall use a deadly force when reasonably
required to prevent the commission of a felony dan
gerous to human life.
Members shall not fire warning shots under any cir
cumstances. Weapons shall be drawn onl.y when j'e-
quired as provided for under this section.
A member shall not fire his v.'eapon under circum
stances that could .result in injury or death of inno
cent persons.
Ivlem-bars shall not fire at moving vehicles unless re
quired to effect the arrest for a felony and
1. there is immediate danger to human life unless the
vehicle is stopped.
2. tlie area is such that there is no danger to innocent
parties should the vehicle go out of control.
Members may shoot to destroy an injured animal
when no humane officer is available and no other
means are at the member’s disposal. A written report
shall be submitted.
OOO.i.Vf':
314. Whenever the use of force is necessary, the arresting
officer will charge the person with resisting arrest
and file a report stating the details of the incident,
the nature and extent of force used, and the extent of
any injuries resulting from the use of force.
315. If the arrestee is injured seriously, the member shall
summon an ambulance to the scene and report the
incident to his superior officer. If there is doubt as
to the extent of injury, he shall consult his superior
officer before requestmg the ambulance.
316. Members shall submit written reports to the Chief of
Police every time their weapons are discharged either
by accident or on purpose (except during practice at
approved ranges).
400. Firearms
401. Introduction
The following standards and procedures are estab
lished to promote in each memb<?r the responsibility
and proficiency that accompanies the authority to
carry and use firearms in the line of duty.
402. Members shall carry only assigned weapons of the
Department or a personal weapon approved in writing
by the Chief of Police. All weapons shall hav^e a
minimum caliber of .38.
f .
403. Menribers will be required to qualify with their
weapons six times per year at scheduled times and
ranges. Members assigned a Department weapon but
having permission to carry a personal v/eapon will be
required to qualify with both. Those not qualifying
will be given instructions by the range officer until
qualification is achieved.
404. Members shall keep their weapons clean and in good
orderly condition. Firearms are subject to inspection
at roll call and qualification. Members failing inspec-
000 4 P . 7
(
tion snail take immediate action to meet Department
standards. Repeated failure shall warrant discipli
nary action.
405. Instruction and commands of the Range Officer shall
be obeyed without regard to rank. General rules sliall
be posted in a conspicuous place and obeyed bv all
members.
408. No intoxicated persons or alcoholic beverages shall be
allowed on or in tha vicinity of the firing range.
407. Anyone violating the rules of the Range shall be re
ported to the Chief of Police and subject to discipli
nary action.
408. Members shall handle, carry, transport and use fire
arms in a cautious, responsible manner. They shall
engage in no unnecessary or excessive display of
weapons.
409. Members may carry weapons when off-duty, even
when traveling within the State of Tennessee, but this
is not advised. It should be done only v/hen needed
for police purposes. Your right to carry a weapon in
another state should be verified with authorities there
before doing so.
500. National Crime Information Center
501. Introauftion
The National Crime Information Center is a com.-
puterized index to documented police information
concerning stolen property and individuals wanted on
federal or felony warrants. Access to this informa
tion is provided by the Department terminal giving
Knoxville a direct line to the central computer in
Washington, D.C. The terminal’s national character
gives it both nation-wide and local significance. Its
success in Knoxville depends upon the extent to
which it is used.
OOOlgH
V
K A W S A S C I T Y , MO. P O l . l C E D E P A R T M E N T
r 1 ^ D A T E O F I S S U E E F F E C T I V E D A T E N O .
G15NERAL ORDER 11-21-73 11-21-73 73-AS
s o B J E C T • A . MENDS
Firearms Pol icy S y ..cP ^ 9
E F E R E N C E R E S C I N D S
General Order 72-28 and any o th e r
r u l e , p o l i c y . o rde r , e t c . , t h a t
c o n f l i c t s with t h i s o rde r .
I . PURPOSE
Tlie purpose of t h i s order i s to prov'ide a s in g l e source of
r e fe ren ce f o r a l l department members as to the a u t h o r i z a t i o n , d ischarge
and c a r ry in g of f i r ea rm s .
I I . POLICY
I I I .
An o f f i c e r i s equipped with a f i rea rm to defend h im se l f o r o th e rs
a g a in s t deadly fo rce , or the t h r e a t of imminent deadly fo rce . However,
when a f i r ea rm i s used by an o f f i c e r , i t must be with the r e a l i z a t i o n
t h a t the death of some person may occur. J u s t i f i c a t i o n fo r the use
of an o f f i c e r ' s f i rea rm i s l im i t ed to f a c t s known to the o f f i c e r or
perce ived by an o f f i c e r a t the time he decides to shoot. Fac ts unknown
to the o f f i c e r cannot be considered in l a t e r de termin ing j u s t i f i c a t i o n
of the shoot ing .
The law a u th o r i z e s an o f f i c e r to use deadly force (use of f i rea rm )
when i t appears necessa ry to p r o t e c t h im se l f or o th e r s from v-iha t
reasonably appears as an immediate t h r e a t of Kreat bod i ly harm or
imminent p e r i l of death . No p o l i c y of t h i s depar tment s h a l l l i m i t
t h a t law. — -
The fo llowing r e v i s io n s a re based on l e g i t i m a t e p u b l ic concern
as r e f l e c t e d in the Am.erican Bar A s s o c i a t i o n ' s s t an d a rd s . N a t iona l
Advisory Commission on Criminal J u s t i c e S tandards and Goals, " P o l i c e " ,
the Proposed Criminal Code fo r the S ta te of M issour i developed by the
Committee to d r a f t a Missour i Modern Criminal Code, and the c i t i z e n s
of Kansas C i ty , M issour i .
PROCEDURES
A. A u th o r i z a t io n of Firearms
1. A l l o f f i c e r s s h a l l be armed with an approved f i r ea rm a t a l l
t imes when on duty. An approved f i r ea rm i s de f ined as a
department i s sued s e r v ic e rev o lv e r or an American made, s o l i d
frame rev o lv e r of .38 c a l i b e r .
a . A l l o f f i c e r s v;hen working in uniform s h a l l c a r r y the
department i s sued s e r v ice r e v o lv e r .
- o.
b. A l l o f f i c e r s when on. duty in c i v i l i a n c l o t h e s s h a l l c a r ry
the depar tment is sued s e r v ic e r e v o lv e r or an approved
f i r ea rm .
c . O f f i c e r s ass igned to the I n v e s t i g a t i o n s Bureau or Spec ia l
O pera t ions D iv is ion , whose o f f i c i a l d u t i e s may r e q u i r e
c a r r y in g a f i r ea rm o th e r than those a u th o r i z e d above,
must r e c e iv e p r i o r w r i t t e n approva l from t h e i r bureau
or d i v i s i o n commander to c a r ry t h i s f i r ea rm .
2. The c a r r y in g of a f i r ea rm while o f f - d u t y i s encouraged, but
s h a l l be a t the on t ier , of the o f f i c e r . He s h a l l not be su b jec t
to d i s c i p l i n a r y a c t i o n i f an occas ion should a r i s e in which
he could have taken a c t i o n but d id not do so because he was
unarmed. I f the o f f i c e r e l e c t s to c a r ry a f i r e a rm o f f - d u t y ,
i t must be a departm.ent approved r e v o lv e r .
3. VJhen an o f f i c e r a n t i c i p a t e s t h a t he w i l l consume a l c o h o l i c
beverages in an o f f - d u ty s i t u a t i o n , he i s advised not to c a r ry
h i s f i r e a rm . I f the need a r i s e s fo r p o l i c e s e r v i c e s while
an o f f - d u t y o f f i c e r i s v i s i t i n g an es tab l i s lm ien t which serves
l i q u o r , the o f f i c e r s h a l l c a l l the d i s p a t c h e r and r e q u e s t
t h a t on duty o f f i c e r s respond.
4. O f f i c e r s engaged in o f f - d u ty employm.ent which r e q u i r e s the
performance of p o l i c e r e l a t e d s e r v i c e s shall , be armed with a
. . . . ........... ̂ r • __ucpa J, uuic in_ x.xi.cc*A.i*i.
5. Firearms c a r r i e d while in c i v i l i a n c lo th in g s h a l l be concealed
from p u b l ic view.
6. The departm.ent i s sued s e r v ic e r e v o lv e r w i l l no t be modified
in any manner, except t h a t f a c to ry made, checkered , o v e r s ized ,
walnut g r ip s may be used.
7. Firearms w i l l be loaded with depar tment approved ammunition,
which s h a l l not be modif ied in any way.
8. A l l o f f i c e r s a re p ro h ib i t e d from c a r ry in g au tomat ic p i s t o l s
except as s e t f o r th in I I I . , A., 1 . , c.
9. An o f f i c e r s h a l l never b rand ish a f i r ea rm , nor remove a
f i r ea rm from i t s h o l s t e r , o th e r than in the p roper performance
of duty ,
10. O ff -du ty o f f i c e r s , while o p e ra t in g a depar tment v e h i c l e , w i l l
be armed with an approved f i rea rm .
11. O f f i c e r s w i l l provide maximum s e c u r i t y for a l l f i r ea rm s in
t h e i r custody.
0 0 ( m ; u )
c B.’ A u th o r i z a t io n fo r the Discharge of F i r e a m s
1. A p o l i c e o f f i c e r i s a u th o r iz ed and has the duty to p reven t
an a t t a c k v;ith a deadly v;eapon on h im s e l f , a fe l low o f f i c e r
o r a member of the p u b l ic by u t i l i z i n g whatever fo rce n ecessa ry ,
in c lu d in g the use of f i r ea rm s .
. An o f f i c e r may d ischa rge a f i r ea rm f o r any of the fo llowing
r e a s o n s :
To defend h im s e l f or o th e r p a r t i e s from death or s e r io u s
i n j u r y .
In e f f e c t i n g an a r r e s t when he r ea so n ab ly b e l i e v e s such
use of deadly fo rce i s imm.ediately n e ce s sa ry to e f f e c t
the a r r e s t and he a l s o has knowledge a t the moment
he f i r e s t h a t the person to be a r r e s t e d :
tX-1) Has committed or a t tempted to commit a fe lony
in v o lv in g the use or t h r e a te n e d use of v i o l e n t
p h y s ic a l force a g a in s t a person .
May o therwise endanger l i f e or i n f l i c t o th e r s e r io u s
p h y s i c a l i n j u r y un le ss a r r e s t e d w i thou t d e lay . ,
when an at tempc i s made through the use of a d e a d l y
weapon or a t h r e a t of g r e a t b o d i ly harm, to rescue
a p r i s o n e r who i s in the law fu l cus tody of an o f f i c e r .
y ' c . At a f l e e i n g fe lo n only i f he ( the o f f i c e r ) has knowledge
a t the moment he f i r e s t h a t the f l e e i n g su sp ec t has
committed a crime of v io len ce such as murder, rape , armed
robbery and o th e r l e s s e r o f f e n s e s , e . g . , k idnapping ,
aggrava ted a s s a u l t w ith s e r io u s i n j u r y . However, an
o f f i c e r may f i r e only a f t e r a l l o th e r a l t e r n a t i v e s of
apprehens ion have been exhaus ted .
d . To k i l l a dangerous animal or to k i l l an anim.al so bad ly
i n j u r e d t h a t i t should be des t royed to p reven t f u r t h e r
s u f f e r i n g .
3. O f f i c e r s a re p r o h i b i t e d from d is c h a rg in g f i r ea rm s in the
fo l lowing in s t a n c e s :
a . To e f f e c t the a r r e s t of a person who has committed l e s s
than a fe lony .
b. When i t appears l i k e l y t h a t an innocen t pe rson w i l l be h i t .
o
o o l ) . ? ; - ; ;
-4-
t / c At anyone whom he b e l i e v e s may be a j u v e n i l e un less the
a c t i o n s of the ju v e n i l e suspec t r e p r e s e n t a d i r e c t t h r e a t
to the l i f e of the o f f i c e r or o the r innocen t p e r so n s , and
only then as a l a s t r e s o r t . The o f f i c e r w i l l be r e q u i r e d
to prove t h a t h i s judgement in the m a t t e r of age was
r ea so n ab le . I f t h e re i s any doubt as to the age of the
s u b j e c t , the o f f i c e r should not shoo t . A j u v e n i l e i s
de f ined as a youth s ix t e e n (16) years of age or younger.
d. At a moving automobile or from a moving automobile i s
p r o h ib i t e d un le ss the occupant(s ) o f the automooi le or
a s u s p e c t ( s ) r e p r e s e n t s a d i r e c t t h r e a t to the l i f e and /o r
s a f e t y o f the o f f i c e r or o th e r innocen t pe rsons , and then
only as a l a s t r e s o r t ,
e . At a crowd.
f . Warning sho ts a re p r o h i b i t e d .
g. At a s u s p e c t ( s ) who i s ho ld ing an innocen t person as a
hos tage when f i r i n g would endanger the hos tage or any
o th e r innocent pe rson , except in cases of an 'Opera t ion 10
when au th o r i z ed by a T a c t i c a l Unit c a p t a i n or an o f f i c e r
of h ig h e r rank.
4. The fo l lowing g u id e l in e s a re provided to a id o f f i c e r s who a re
re q u i r e d to d ischa rge f i rea rm s a t a f e lo n .
a . TTie d i scha rge of a f i r ea rm i s an i r r e v e r s i b l e a c t i o n and i f
p o s s i b l e , an o f f i c e r should, p r i o r to f i r i n g , e v a lu a te the
fo l lowing :
( 1) Other methods of e f f e c t i n g the a r r e s t and /o r apprehens ion .
(2) Age of the s u s p e c t ( s ) and the c f f e n s e ( s ) committed.
(3) D i r e c t io n the f i r ea rm i s to be d i sch a rg ed .
(4) Is the f l e e i n g suspec t in p l a i n view? Extreme c au t io n
must be used a t n ig h t as darkness may obscure the
o f f i c e r ' s v i s i o n .
(5) The danger of f i r i n g the f i r ea rm while running or
jumping due to the p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t o th e r persons or
p ro p e r ty may be s t ru c k by the p r o i e c t i l e ( s ) .
b. I f p o s s i b l e , and i f time and c o n d i t io n s p e rm i t , an o f f i c e r
should assume a department approved p o s i t i o n , fo r which
he has been t r a i n e d , p r i o r to the d i sch a rg e of h i s f i r ea rm .
OOil-i.'i;!
-5 -
c
c. An o f f i c e r should r e so lv e any doubt in h i s mind a g a i n s t
the use of f i r ea rm s p r i o r to shoo t ing .
d. In summaryj every p o s s ib l e c o n s i d e r a t i o n should be taken
p r i o r to the use of a f i r ea rm , and i f an o f f i c e r b e l i e v e s
t h a t under e x i s t i n g c o n d i t io n s he should not use a f i r ea rm
to apprehend a f e lo n , he w i l l not be c r i t i c i z e d or d i s c i p l i n e d
fo r t h i s d e c i s io n and h i s d e c i s io n to employ every o th e r
means to e f f e c t an a r r e s t .
5. The fo l lowing g u id e l in e s a re provided to a id o f f i c e r s v;ho a re
r e q u i r e d to d e s t r o y an animal.
a . An animal w i l l be des t royed only a f t e r a l l a t t em p ts to
n o t i f y an agency capable of d i sp o s in g of the anim.al
(Animal C on tro l , Wayside W'aifs, e t c . ) have been made, and
the agency w i l l not respond or has no t responded a f t e r a
r ea so n ab le l eng th of t ime.
b. I f time p e rm i t s , o f f i c e r s w i l l adhere to the fo l lowing
s t e p s ;
(1) E f f e c t s tep s to ensure the s a f e t y of a l l c i t i z e n s ,
p ro p e r ty and o th e r animals by moving the animal t h a t
i s to be des t royed to an a re a o f r e l a t i v e s a f e t y , and
out of p u b l i c view i f p o s s i b l e . This a rea may b'e a
vacant l o t . r e a r yard or a roadwav medial s t r i p . The
primary concern i s t h a t the animal should be p laced
upon the ground ( in l i e u of pavement) to decrease
the p o s s i b i l i t y of r i c o c h e t .
(2) Shoot the animal from c lo se range (5 to 15 f e e t ,
maximum, i f p o s s i b l e ) .
(3) Shoot "down” in to the animal so t h a t the p r o j e c t i l e ,
i f e x i t i n g the anim.al 's body, w i l l e n t e r the ground.
(4) Shoot the animal in the b r a i n to minimize s u f f e r i n g .
EXCEPTION: I f the p o s s i b i l i t y of r a b i e s or t h a t the
animal has b i t t e n someone e x i s t s , the animal cannot
be sho t in the b r a i n . In th e se c a se s , the animal should
be shot in the c h es t c a v i t y , d i r e c t l y behind e i t h e r
f r o n t leg .
(5) Upon d e s t r o y in g an animal. P ub l ic Works should be
n o t i f i e d wi t h o u t de lay f o r removal of the a n im a l ' s
body. EXCEPTION: I f the p o s s i b i l i t y of r a b i e s or
t h a t the animal has b i t t e n someone e x i s t s , the a n im a l ' s
' body w i l l have to be removed to Municipal Animal
C o n tro l , 861-0123.
o
- 6 -
C. DischaL'ge of Firearms I n v e s t i g a t i o n s
1. The I n t e r n a l A f f a i r s Unit w i l l i n v e s t i g a t e a l l i n c i d e n t s in
which an o f f i c e r d ischa rges a f i r ea rm , on or o f f - d u t y , except
the follov;ing:
a . Tlie d ischarge of f i r ea rm s on the department range and a l l
o th e r forms of t a r g e t p r a c t i c e .
b. Spor t ing ev en ts , to inc lude hun t ing and organized
shoo t ing matches,
c. The t e s t f i r i n g of f i r ea rm s .
A
}
The in v e s t i g a t io n conducted b_y the I n t e r n a l A f f a i r s Unit w i l l
be in a d d i t i o n to any i n v e s t i e a t i o n conducted by the I n v e s t i g a t i o n s
Bureau and those conducted by the I n v e s t i g a t i o n s Bureau w i l l
take p recedence .
Immediately fo llowing the d ischarge of a f i r e a rm a t a person,
i t w i l l be the r e s p o n s i b i l i t y of the o f f i c e r or o f f i c e r s involved
to n o t i f y the d i s p a t c h e r who w i l l n o t i f y the o f f i c e r ’ s d i v i s i o n
or bureau commander, a s s i s t a n t d i v i s i o n commander, u n i t commander
and immediate s u p e r v i so r . The immediate on duty s u p e r v i so r
v ; i l l respond to the scene. The d i s p a t c h e r w i l l a l s o immediately
n o t i f y the a p p r o p r i a t e I n t e r n a l A f f a i r s Unit i n v e s t i g a t o r s
and Tn p f* T aa ̂T nn ci Pin-rp^in i f
a. Wnen an o f f i c e r from a d i v i s i o n o th e r than p a t r o l i s involved
and h i s immediate su p e r v i so r i s unable to respond, a p a t r o l
s e c t o r s e rg ea n t v.'ill he u t i l i z e d in l i e u of the o f f i c e r ' s
immediate su p e r v i so r .
b. When an o f f i c e r i s o f f - d u t y , he w i l l n o t i f y the d i s p a t c h e r
who w i l l n o t i f y the p a t r o l s e c t o r s e r g ea n t and d i v i s i o n or
a s s i s t a n t d i v i s i o n commander r e s p o n s ib l e fo r the a rea in
which the i n c id e n t occurs and the a p p r o p r i a t e I n t e r n a l
A f f a i r s Unit i n v e s t i g a t o r ( s ) and the I n v e s t i g a t i o n s
Bureau, i f a p p l i c a b l e , and they w i l l respond.
I n c id e n t s invo lv ing the SHOOTING OF A PERSON w i l l be i n v e s t i g a t e d
by the I n v e s t i g a t i o n s Bureau and I n t e r n a l A f f a i r s U n i t . Tlie
i n v e s t i g a t i o n s w i l l be i n i t i a t e d immediately and completed as
soon as p o s s ib l e . A thorough and o b j e c t i v e i n v e s t i g a t i o n of
the f a c t s p e r t i n e n t to the in c id e n t w i l l be conducted.
a. The f i e l d s u p e r v i so r responding to the scene w i l l be
r e s p o n s ib l e fo r the fo llowing d u t i e s :
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(1) Command of the scene and p r o t e c t i o n of the scene and
evidence u n t i l a r r i v a l of the a s s i s t a n t d i v i s i o n commander.
(2) The s u p e r v i so r w i l l de termine when the o f f i c e r involved
i s no longer needed a t the scene and;
(3) Accompany the o f f i c e r d i r e c t l y to the Crimes Against
Person Unit and;
(4) Refer the o f f i c e r to the commanding o f f i c e r or the
s e rg ea n t in charge of the Crimes Agains t Person Unit .
b. Tne a s s i s t a n t d i v i s i o n commander (or u n i t commander) responding
to the scene w i l l be r e s p o n s ib le for the fo l low ing d u t i e s :
(1) Command a t the scene and p r o t e c t i o n of the scene and
evidence u n t i l the a r r i v a l of the I n v e s t i g a t i o n s Bureau
i n v e s t i g a t o r ( s ) who w i l l assume command upon a r r i v a l .
(2) The scene w i l l be p r o t e c t e d by immediate ly rop ing o f f
the immediate a rea , i f p o s s i b l e , and removing a l l
unauthori?:ed pe rsons , in c lu d in g p o l i c e o f f i c e r s not
r e q u i r e d a t the scene. The scene w i l l be p ro t e c t e d
u n t i l the comple tion of a l l i n v e s t i g a t i o n s .
<’3) The a c c l s t a n t H iv js ion commander (or u n i t comm.ander')
w i l l recTiain a t the scene u n t i l no longer needed by
the I n v e s t i g a t i o n s Bureau and I n t e r n a l A f f a i r s Unit
i n v e s t i g a t o r s .
5. In a l l o th e r i n c i d e n t s invo lv ing the d i sch a rg e of a f i r ea rm ,
( SHOOTING ^ A PERSON. DESTROYING M ANTllAL, ACCIDENTAL DISCHARGE,
ETC.), the o f f i c e r , h i s immediate s u p e r v i so r (or the a forementioned
s u b s t i t u t e s ) and the a s s i s t a n t d i v i s i o n commander w i l l remain a t
the scene u n t i l the a r r i v a l of the I n t e r n a l A f f a i r s Unit
i n v e s t i g a t o r .
6. A l l o f f i c e r s who a re w i tn e sse s to an i n c i d e n t w i l l remain a t the
scene u n t i l the a r r i v a l of the I n v e s t i g a t i o n s Bureau and /o r
I n t e r n a l A f f a i r s Unit i n v e s t i g a t o r s , so arrangements fo r necessa ry
s ta t em en ts can be made.
7. The o f f i c e r involved w i l l p r o t e c t h i s weapon f o r examinat ion by
the I n t e r n a l A f f a i r s Unit i n v e s t i g a t o r .
a . When an o f f i c e r i s i n ju r e d and has d ischa rged h i s f i r ea rm ,
the f i r e a rm w i l l be secured by h i s immediate s u p e r v i so r (or
t h e ‘aforementioned s u b s t i t u t e s ) or the a s s i s t a n t d i v i s i o n
commander, who w i l l make the f i r ea rm a v a i l a b l e fo r
e x am in a t io n .
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b. When more than one o f f i c e r has d ischa rged a f i rea rm in an
i n c i d e n t , a b a l l i s t i c s examinat ion of a l l f i r ea rm s d i s
charged w i l l be conducted.
D. Discharge of Firearm Report
1. Each time an o f f i c e r d ischa rges a f i r ea rm except those l i s t e d
in Sec t ion C-1 of t h i s o rd e r , he w i l l be r e q u i r e d to submit a
d e t a i l e d r e p o r t of the c i rcumstances on a departm.ent Form 100 P .D.,
e n t i t l e d "Discharge of F i rea rm s ." The r e p o r t w i l l be submit ted
as soon as p o s s ib le a f t e r the i n c i d e n t . The r e p o r t w i l l be
completed in the fo l lowing sequence and c o n ta in the fo l lowing
i n f o r m a t i o n :
a . Name and s e r i a l number of o f f i c e r who d ischa rged the
f i r e a r m ( s ) .
b. Date and time of occurrence .
c . Loca t ion of occurrence .
Type, c a l i b e r , and s e r i a l number of f i r e a r m ( s ) d ischa rged .
Type and c a l i b e r of ammunition f i r e d .
Number of shots f i r e d and d i r e c t i o n sho ts were f i r e d .
d.
e.
f .
8 ■ D e sc r ip t io n of o b j e c t f i r e d a t . ( I f pe rson , name, race ,
sex , DOE, e t c . , i f known; i f an animal, a b r i e f d e s c r i p t i o n ) .
Wliether or not the o b j e c t f i r e d a t was moving, s tan d in g c r
b a r r i c a d e d and d i r e c t i o n of t r a v e l i f in a v e h ic l e .
J
)
i . Wliether or not the o f f i c e r or o f f i c e r s were moving in a
v e h i c l e , s t an d in g , running, b a r r i c a d e d , e t c .
j . R esu l t s of the s h o t ( s ) f i r e d (e x te n t of wounds, e th e r
o b je c t s s t r u c k , e t c . ) .
k. Names of s u p e r v i so r , commander and i n v e s t i g a t o r s responding
to scene.
l . Other p e r t i n e n t in fo rm at ion concern ing the i n c i d e n t w r i t t e n
in n a r r a t i v e form. To be inc luded a re the reasons fo r the
use of f i r e a rm s , e t c .
E. Homicide by O f f i c e r s in the Performance of P o l ice Duty
1. When an o f f i c e r of the Kansas C i ty , Missour i Po l ice Department,
on or o f f - d u t y , k i l l s a person , a thorough and o b je c t iv e
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i n v e s t i g a t i o n of the f a c t s and c i rcum stances w i l l be i n i t i a t e d
immediate ly , and completed as soon as p o s s ib l e by the I n v e s t i g a t i o n s
Bureau.
The o f f i c e r r e s p o n s ib l e fo r a homicide s h a l l be r e l i e v e d of
duty by h i s commanding o f f i c e r , w i thout lo s s of pay or b e n e f i t s ,
pending the r e s u l t s of the i n v e s t i g a t i o n .
a. Tlie o f f i c e r s h a l l be a v a i l a b l e a t a l l t imes fo r o f f i c i a l
i n t e rv ie w s and s ta tem en ts rega rd ing the case , and s h a l l be
s u b je c t to r e c a l l to duty a t any t ime. He s h a l l n o t i f y the
Chief of P o l ice p r i o r to l e av ing the c i t y .
b. The o f f i c e r s h a l l not d i scu ss the case with any one except
the p ro s e c u t in g a t t o r n e y and depar tment pe r so n n e l . This
does not p r o h i b i t the o f f i c e r from d i s c u s s in g the case w^ith
h i s a t t o r n e y ( s ) .
The p o l i c y o u t l i n e d h e re in b e f o re i s not in tended to imply or
i n d i c a t e t h a t the o f f i c e r has ac ted improper ly .
Wlien a d e c i s io n has been made by the p ro s e c u to r or the Grand
Jury r e l a t i v e to the homicide, the Chief of P o l ice w i l l :
a . Suspend the o f f i c e r , w i thou t pay, i f the p r o s e c u to r f i l e s
c r im in a l charges or the Grand Jury r e t u r n s a " t r u e b i l l ; " or ,
b. R e i n s t a t e the o f f i c e r to a c t i v e duty i f the p ro s e c u to r
de termines the homicide to be j u s t i f i a b l e or the Grand
Ju ry r e t u r n s a "no b i l l , " except in those s i t u a t i o n s where
pending depar tment charges r e q u i r e the o f f i c e r to be under
suspens ion .
Teph D. McNamara
Chie f of P o l ice
DISTRIBUTION: All Personnel
A l l Bureaus, D iv i s io n s , and Units
To be read a t a l l r o l l c a l l s and to be pos ted on a l l b u l l e t i n
boards f o r one week.
I have read the above o rde r and f u l l y unders tand i t . _
Date
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n TrJE USE OF DIE\DLY FORCE BY
BOSTON POLICE PERSOaM£L
PxTiston P o l i c e Dcpni'ETicnt
P lann ing and Research D iv is io n
May 5, 1974
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INTRODUCTION
* {
The use of force, and specifically the use of firearms by
police officers, is an issue 1hat has evoked a considerable amount
of discussion In recent years. This dialogue has shown signs of
increasing in both freguency and intensity. Indeed, each time a
suspect is fatally wounded by a police officer, the issue comes
under the glare of close public scrutiny and questioning.
This high visibility, and the irrevocabiIIty of deadly force
make it Imperative that the Boston Police Department carefully
and objectively review the policies, rules, and regulations governing
application of such force by its members. The use of a firearm is
the ultimate force that a police officer can apply. Because of
many possible ramifications from the use of firearms the Department
should conslanTly be alert to ways in which, through proper regulation,
the use of such force can be kept to the minimum smcunt necessary.
It is important to understand, first and foremost, that society
has undergone fairly dramatic changes within the last I5 years. The
civil rights movement, the war and its resultant domestic conflicts, and
the broad dissatisfaction among students and young people, have all
been indications that our society has been involved in a significant
metairorphosIs. It is essential that the proposed changes in the De
partment’s firearm’s policy be considered in the context of an over
all change in the traditional views of the role and function of the
police, keeping In mind that these proposed changes in policing are
an outgrowfhof the broader changes in society.
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Because of the ragnitude of the problem and the many questions
that are raised, we have seen the need to discuss certain imporfant
areas under individual headings. This approach, while significantly
clarifying these areas, may also present a possible barrier to
attaining an overall perspective of the entire firearms question; we
have therefore included a section cf general considerations •. .
v/hich, while based largely upon the data contained herein, do not
lend themselves to a strictly empirical evaluation. Hopefully,
this will serve as a basis for discussing the policy options set
forfh in the final section.
it has not been cur purpose to, at any time, focus on an in
dividual case or a particular unit within the Department. In those
few instances where specific incidents are cited, they have been
mentioned as being representative of a particular issue or problem
area ihat we believe is relevant and should be dealt with as such.
The need for widespread public support of the police is clear.
This support can only be obtained if a large segment of the community
has faith in the integrity of the police. Yet overseeing the
activities of the police is almost exclusively an internal function,
with little public involvement. Clearly, the public must be con
vinced that the police are doing a thorough job cf self-regulation.
Nowhere is this more important than when the police officer uses
deadly force, particularly when he discharges a firearm.
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FIREARMS POLICIES - OTHER DEPARTMENTS
In the past several years, a signivleant number of police de
partments across the country have given consideration to the ques
tion of police use of deadly force, specifically use of service re
volvers. in many instances, departments have made revisions aimed
primarily at clarifying existing regulations. In reviewing these
policies, we found that there are several rather distinct categories
into which policies can be grouped.
The first category can be said to include those cities that
currently have in force what could be termed a "traditional" policy.
This policy has two basic points:
1. A police officer is authorized to use that force necessary to
protect himself or others frem loss of life or greai bodily
haimn at the hands of another, and
2. to effect the arrest or prevent the escape of a person whom the
officer knows, or has probable cause to believe, has commuted
a felony, when all other means fail.
These are the major points of the present policy of this De
partment. Other departments which use th'S type of policy include
Minneapolis, Newark, Cincinnati, Indianapolis, Cleveland ard Kansas
City. Obviously, the formats are different, but the basic core of
these policies is that officers are allowed to use deadly force
either to prevent death or serious injury to themselves or others,
or to apprehend a known felon. Also, these policies take a specilic
approach - that is they roly on do’s and don’ts to communicate the
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Intention of the policy. Hence, while they are somewhat more de
finitive, they are also potentially restrictive with regard to
certain situations.
The second category is the one into which the majority of large
cities in the country fall.. A typical policy in this group
would contain the two major provisions of those in the first
category, except that the part of the policy which dealt with the
apprehension of fleeing felons makes a distincrion between serious
and non-serious felonies. That is, officers are allowed to fire
iheir weapons only if the perpetrator has, in the process of com
mitting an offense, presented a threat of serious injury or deaih
to someone.
Dtirr 3cific offenses are listed for which deadly force
can be used. Indeed, there is somewhat of a distinction within
this second category, as some departments allow the use of deadly
force for a very limited number of crimes, while others authorize
its use in more frequent situations. Among the more restrictive are
Washington, D.C., San Francisco, Dallas, Phiiadelphia, Oakland, At
lanta, Ne'.' Orleans, Honolulu, and Phoenix. These departmen i s, when
they do list offenses, limit the.m to a very few, i.e., homicide, rob
bery, rape, arson and kidnapping. Post do not provide a listing,
rather they simply require an Imm.ediate, clear-cut threat to life.
Those departments which provide a list containing ^ i _ tionaj_ offenses
include Chicago, Seattle, Memphis and Buffalo. The most frequent
additional offenses for which those cities authorize the use of deadly
force include burglary, breaking and entering, and yarlc]^ ''assau 1 ts
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There are three other departments which v/e feel should be
looked at closely. V/hile their policies are somewhat different
from each other, we group them together because they are rather
unique and distinct from the previous policies discussed in the
first two categories.
Los Angeles, California
The first of these is Los Angeles. The policy is one which
sets certain limitations, but relies very heavily on each officer
to interpret the specifics. For example, relative to felony sus
pects, section 555.60 of the policy stames, in part:
"...It is not practical to enumerate specific felonies
and state with certainty that ihe escape of the perpe
trator musf be prevented at all costs, or that there
are other felonious crimes vjhere the perpei'rator must
be allowed to escape rather ihan to shoot him. Such
decisions are based on sound judgement, not arbitrary
checkli sts."
Clearly, the Department wants officers to exercise discretion
v/hen apprehending felons however, it provides little in terms of
specific guidance. The regulations for juveniles and warning shots
are similar. The degree of accountability is substantia! however;
i'here is a strong review board to oversee weapons discharges.
New York City
The second Department is New York City. New York handles both 1 be
questions of protection of lives and apprehension of felons by
stating that, "In all cases, only the minimum amount of force will
be used which is consistent with the accomplishment of a mission.
Every otiicr reasonable means will be utilized for arresting, pre
venting or terminating a felony or for the defense of oneself or *
another before a police officer resorts to the use of his firearm.''
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Hence, this policy does not mention specific crimes, indeed it
does not even make a distinction between serious and non-serious
felonies, however, it does make clear the serious nature of a
firearm discharge. Additionally, it sets down certain prohibitions,
such as warning shots, and shots from or at a moving vehicle.
San Dicco, Cali fornia
The final policy is that of the San Diego Police Department.
It allows the firing of a gun in the following situations:
1. To protect the 1i:e of an ofiicer or another person or to
prevent serious injury when ihere is no aiiernative.
2. To apprehend a violent person wl-.o is known to be armcd_a_!̂ _
dangerous and who cannot be apprehended witnouf risking
loss of life or serious injury.
This policy is certainly more restrictive than most, however,
it is relatively concise and definitive. Similar to Hew York’s,
there is also a listing of situations In which firearms are not to
be used.
Aside from the question of apprehension of a felon which, as
we have shown, departments have confronted in different ways, there
are other issues which are often dealt with in firearms policies.
The most conmon of these is the use of wau-ning shots. Of the nine
teen departments.we surveyed, sixteen strictly forbade such a dis
charge, two cautioned against it and one had no policy. (It should
be noted that the concept of a discharge "for assistance" was
rarely encountered and never permitted.)
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Another frequently mentioned problem was the firing at or
from a moving vehicle. There was no consensus found, as two de-
pai-fments strictly prohibited i1, eight limited it to the most
serious circumstances, and nine had no restrictions.
Finally, the question of firing at juveniles was seldom con
fronted. Only a very few departments advised officers with regard
to i-his subject, with the general philosophy being to refrain
from shooting unless there was an immediate threat to life.
REVIEW POLICIES - OTHER DEPARTMENTS
Viashington D.C.
Among the most notable review procedures is +he Washington,
D.C. Police Department's Use of Service Weapon Review E3oard 'which
was established approximately three years ago. With the exception
of adequately safeguarded target practice, ail firearms discharges
as may be referred for consideration by the Chief of Police are
reviewed by this board. Included as members of the board are the
General Counsel, acting as chairman; the Commander of the Patrol
Division, and the Commander of the Criminal Investigation Division.
Looking at the actual duties of the Board, it can be best
characterized as an advisory arm of the Chief's Cffice. ihis is
in no v/ay intended to de-ernphasize the authority of the Board since,
in virtually all cases, their recom.mendat i ons were accepted by the
Chief. These recorr.mondations ranged from exoneration, to filing
the case with prejudice, to the termination of the officer. A 0n{)'l<1‘)
comprehensive picture of the duties and scope of the Board can be
gained by referring to the summary of cases before the Pxaard during
a recent year, (see Appendix A)
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In many of the instances, the suspect was not armed. In
fact, in 41 out of 44 "for assistance" discharge incidents, a
fleeing suspect vias involved. It seems quite possible:: then, that
police officers were using ihis type of discharge as a warning
shot, something that is simply not allowed under present De
partmental policy. But we can never be sure, since as we mentioned,
the allowance of such a discharge provides for a significant lack
of accountabiIiIy, Aside from the dangers inherent in such a dis
charge, this lack of accountability alone is. In our opinion, a
strong reason to remove such a discharge from the acceptable
category.
There are other reasons to prohibit such a discharge. The
San frerGisco Police Department makes the following points about
warning shots in its Patrol Officer's Manual: "For every suspect
who surrenders upon hearing 'warning shots, there are others who
flee that much faster. The danger of injuring an innocent by
stander or of a ricochet are always present and it should also be
noted that officers other than the one who discharged a v/arning
shot may easily be decoyed into' killing a suspect by believing
that the officer's shot was indeed offered to kill, not to v/arn."
If those points are valid for warning shots, ihey must certainly be
valid for shots for assistance.
As a final point in this area, we must question the effectiveness
of such discharges, even if they were restricted to those situations
in which an officer needed tielp. While the sound of a gunshot is
certainly loud enough to be heard over a fairly wide distance,
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exercising restraint in this situation.
Perhaps the most important consideration is the fact that in
our criminal justice system, with the exception of extrem.e cases
involving a hcmocide or other crime involving potential deadly
force, juveniles are never convicted of any crim.e. Rather, their
cases are adjudicated. Upon reaching adulthood, juveniles' re
cords are expunged. Obviously if they have been fatally wounded,
they do not have the second chance, the chance to start with a
clean record, for which our system of justice provides. Indeed
anytime an officer fires his weapon at a suspect he may be bringing
to an end the criminal justice process with a degree of finality
that has no equal.
Addilionally, the shooting of a juvenile by the police,
whether or not it is legally justifiable, inevitably provokes
cries of brutality from large segments of the community.
The adverse effects on police-community relations mandaie
considerable restraint in all those cases that do not involve an
im.mcdlatc and clear-cut threat to a human life.
It is essential that sericus consideration be given to modi
fying the Department's procedures for investigating firearms dis-
chargos. As presently s-^ructured, a follow-up investigation depends
totally upon the personal initiation of such an inquiry by a respon
sible official who at some point in time questions The accurai^y of
a discharge report or the propriety of the discharge itself.
: f I .'2 L t 1; i 1̂ 1 Kif '..V - I ■ ' •• ; ' ! ru c r ;■ r p
V. 1. " „ • I i. 1. v.,.' 1, •;
ALL PERSONNEL FROM: CHJEF H. E. LUX
DA'PE: OCTOBER 23, 1969
SinMECT: Arrest Procedures
A.
In' Service Training Bulletin on Arrest Procedures
Reviewed and authorized by
The Director of Fire - Police
and
Chief of Police
Issued
October 23, 1959
' '-'OlO'v--i7 a
S j . / / ' C r1,0 ̂ j I
l \ l -J Ij
Efforts to dostrC'.v govcrr.ir.Giits have started with the neutrali7ation
of law Gnforcer::2nt and thus naking law enforcement ineffective.
This technique has been used many times. We must give no one nor
any organization any basis for legitimate attacks on this Depart
ment. The reputation of this Department as the nation's f inest
has been made by the dedication, competence and e ff ic iency of
i t s personnel: individually and c o l lec t iv e ly . There has been
considerable publicity recently in the newspapers regarding
alleged "police brutality." We have publicly stated that brutality
will not be condoned or permitted in the Memphis Police Depart
ment and we believe we were speaking for every member of this De
partment. At the same time, we have and wil l back each n̂ ember of
the Department who acts within the law and performs in a pro
fessional m.anner. We will not be stampeded by rash, irresponsible
charges of any person or group. We will be influenced only by the
facts as they exist .
The s ta te laws concerning making arrests are:
40.808. RESISTA’ICE TO OFFICER.-If, after notice of
the intention to arrest the defendant, he either f lee
or forcible r e s i s t , the o f f ice r may use all the necessary
means to e f fe c t the arrest. [Code 1858, 5̂040, Shan.,
#7000; Code 1932,- ir'11539.]
The Tennessee Supreme Court has held:
"As regards the means to which an o f f ice r may resort to
make an arrest , the law sharply distinguishes between felonies and
misdemeanors. While an o f f icer may shoot or even k i l l a f e lo n ,
i f that is ttie on!}' roans of taking him on preventing his escape;
3'Ct in doing so tl;e o f f icer acts at iiis p e r i l , for a jury r.av
lind tnat tnere was no reasonable necessity for the l: il l ing and
thao iie is gu’. l ty or at least ranslaocnter. But an o f f icer has
no right to siioot at one guilty of only a nisdereanor to stop
his f l igh t or prevent his escape.
"If v.'ith diligence and caution the prisoner might
otherwise be taken or held, the o f f ice r wi l l not be ju s t i f i e d for
the ki l l i ng, even though the prisoner may have coromitted a felony."
The above law and State Supreme Court decisions are set out as a l l
of us should be constantly reminded of rights and obligations
as police o f f icers . Although force is necessary and required in
appropriate instances to e f fe c t an arrest , defend ourselves and
fellow o f f icers , and prevent the escape of f lee ing f e lo n s , we
all realize that only that force which is necessary is permitted
by law and no more, and none of us v/ish to use any more force than
i s necessary.
\
The Memphis Police Hepartment at the present time enjoys the respect
and support of the law abiding c it izens of Memphis. Let us con
tinue prove to all MempJiians that that respect is not misplaced.
The future of this community depends upon i t .
We know that we can count on every member of the Memphis Police De
partment to discharge his duties fa ir ly but firmly without regard
to race, creed or economic sta tus , and without fear of favor. Crime
and lawlessness in Memphis wi l l be reduced as we all continue to
dil igently discharge our duties despite the e fforts of some to
harass us and reduce our effect iveness .
o n o - K t i
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■ 1974
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Sad a Darhlo 9-15-74
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Cellovuo & Dovorooa 9-19-74
n . E. Garnor D3 15
720 V ollon tino 3.0-3-74
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Year F .P . D.D.
1C 33 <n.
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Viol ' 3 m
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IG30 1 1
1070 C l•J G
1071 40 «0
1072 5 r »<>
iC73 C» G
1074 A 3
Votai"" '̂U
0
J '
These statistics are compiled from the Memphis
Police Department's arrest statistics. Crimes are compiled
into the following categories:
Violent Crimes: Murder and Non-negligent Manslaughter
Manslaughter
Forcible Rape
Robbery
Aggrevated Assault
Property Crimes: Burglary - Break!
Larceny - Theft
Auto Theft
ng and Entering
Other Crimes: All Others
Arrests of persons for the years 1970 -1974.
Juveniles
(Under 18)
Adults Total
(Juveniles & Ad
Total Arrests 34,177 161,736 195,913
Blacks 22,075 92,366 114,441
Whites 12,078 69,083 81,161
Others 24 287* 311
% Black 64% 57% 58%
Violent Crimes 763 2,710 3,473
Blacks 686 2,196 2,882
VThites 7 7 511 588
Others 0 3 3
% Black 89% 81% 82%
Property Crimes 13,998 12,666 26,664
Blacks 10,242 8,569 18,811
Whites 3,753 4,080 7,833
Others 3 17 20
% Black 73% 67% 70%
Other Crimes 19,416 146,360 165,776
Blacks 11,147 81,601 92,748
Whites 8,248 64,492 72,740
Others 21 267 288
% Black 57% 55% 55%
*168 Others from
1971 not included
herein. See MPD
statistics for
1971.
6 : I ’D / /■
- ' f 6 A -
T h e s e s t a t i s t i c s a r e c o m p i l e d f r o m t h e Memphis
P o l i c e D e p a r t m e n t ' s a r r e s t s t a t i s t i c s . C r i m e s a r e c o m p i l e d
i n t o t h e f o l l o w i n g c a t e g o r i e s :
V i o l e n t C r i m e s Murder and Non-negligent Manslaughter
Manslaughter
Forcible Rape
Robbery
Aggrevated Assault
P r o p e r t y C r i m e s : B u r g l a r y - B r e a k i n g a n d E n t e r i n g
L a r c e n y - T h e f t
A u t o T h e f t
A r r e s t s o f p e r s o n s f o r t h e y e a r s 1969 - 7 1 .
J u v e n i l e s A d u l t s T o t a l
(U n d e r 18) ( J u v e n i l e s & Ad
•nt C r i m e s 364 1 , 3 7 5 1 , 7 3 9
B l a c k s 3 30 1 , 1 2 7 1 , 4 5 7
W h i t e s 26 248 274
% B l a c k 90% 82% 84%
; r t y C r i m e s 7 , 5 0 6 6 , 9 6 0 1 4 , 4 6 6
B l a c k s 5 , 8 5 5 4 , 7 6 4 1 0 , 6 1 9
vN’h i t e s 1 , 6 5 1 2 , 1 9 6 3 , 8 4 7
% B l a c k 78% 68% 73%
- s )
Statistical Analysis
for
UJiley vs. (lilemphis Police Department
Submitted by:
Dr. Charles T. Kenny
Psychologi st
President, Criterion Development Associates, Inc,
White Station Toiuer Suite 1625
5050 Poplar Avenue
(Tlemphis, Tennessee 38157
(901) 682-8569
Criterion Development Associates, Inc. has conducted
statistical analyses on data submitted by the rflemphis Police
Department to Ratner, Sugarmon, Lucas and Salky in connection
ujith UJiley vs. (Ylemphis Police Department. The statistical
analysis consisted of a series of z-tests. These tests compared
the percentage of blacks arrested for certain categories of
crimes luith the percentage of black suspects shot at by police
in connection luith the same categories of crimes. These tests
reveal luhich comparisons shorn differences large enough to be
statistically significant at a level of confidence greater than
u/ould be expected by chance. In this report, where statistically
significant differences are reported, the result indicates a
disparate effect on bJ.acks.
Data was available separately for the numbers of blacks
and whites arrested as suspects in connection with violent crimes
(murder, rape, robbery and aggravated assault) and in connection
with property crimes (Burglary, larceny, theft and auto theft).
Data was also available separately for the numbers of blacks and
whites shot at in connection with both violent and property crimes.
See Table 1 for the statistics.
Table 2 shows the percentages of blacks arrested and shot
at for both categories of crimes. While there is a slightly larger
percentage of blacks shot at in the midst of violent crimes than
the percentage of blacks arrested for these crimes, the difference
is not large enough to be statistically significant. The percentage
of blacks shot at in the midst of property crimes is clearly much
higher than the percentage of blacks arrested for these crimes.
The difference is almost eighteen percentage points. It is
statistically significant at the .0001 level, which means that
there is only one chance in ten thousand that the difference is
n o f ; l . S H
due to change. Ttie implication of this finding is that race has
definitely been a factor in the police shootings in the [\1emphis
Police Department, and that the race factor has operated in a way
that has had a disparate effect on blacks.
0 f ) 0
TABLE 1
t
NUMBER OF BLACKS AND TOTAL OF
BLACKS AND UIHITES ARRESTED AND SHOT AT
FOR PROPERTY AND VIOLENT CRIHflES
• Arrests Police Shootings
Blacks Total Blacks Total
Property
Crimes 18,811 26,544
. > '
84 95
Violent
Crimes
>
2,882 3,470 53 62
nOf) l i ; ( }
TABLE 2
PERCENTAGES OF BLACKS
ARRESTED AND SHOT AT
FOR PROPERTY AND UIOLENT CRIlFiES
Arrested Shot At
Property Crimes 70.6^ 88.4%***
l/iolent Crimes 83.1% 85.4%
* * *
p < . DODl
0 0 0 If, I
X TH B I T
Addendum to
Statistical Arialysis
f o r
Uliley us. lYlemphis Police Department
Statistics for 1969-1971 Only
Submitted b y :
Dr. Charles T. Kenny
Psychologist
President, Criterion Deuelopment Associates, Inc
liJhite Station Tomer Suite 1525
5050 Poplar Auenue
fiflemphis, Tennessee 38157
(901) 682-8569
o n. ( '•< ' i ? \ i 5 ? . :
Based on 1959-1971 data only, the percentage of blacks
shot at in the midst of property crimes is much higher than the
percentage of blacks arrested for these crimes. The difference
is more than thirteen percentage points. It is statistically
sign!, ficant at the .02 leuel, uuhich means that there are less
than tiuo chances in one hundred that the difference is due to
chance. It can be concluded that the difference is statistically
reliable. The implication of this finding is that race has
definitely been a factor in the police shootinos in the lYleriphis
Police Department, and that the race factor hi as operated in a
may that has had a disparate effect on blacks.
NUmBER OF BLACKS AND TOTAL OF
BLACKS AND IL'HITES ARRESTED AND SHOT AT
FOR PROPERTY AND UlOLENT CRIIYIES
TABLE I
Arrests
B l a c k s Total
Police Shootings
Blacks Total
P r o p e r t y
Crimes 10,619 14,456 4 5 53
l / i o l e n t
C r i m e s 1,457 1,739 18 23
f M . M M j , - !
* * p<. D2
PERCENTAGES GF BLACKS
ARRESTED AND SHOT AT
TABLE 2
Arrested Shot at
Property Crime:
Violent Crimes
7 3 . 4 ^
B3.
8 8 . 8 ' ^ '
78.3^
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U P J iu >-/ y
r C R RELEASE
T’JESD A Y A.M ., A l!3UST 29, 1972
PRINTED ANNUALLY
.RT
CRIME INDEX TOTALS
The Uniform ( ’rime Keportin;.' Program utilizes
seven crime classifications to establish an index to
measure the trend and distribution of crime in the
United States. These crinie>—murder, forcible
rape, robbery, aggravated assault,, burglary, lur-
cciyy S50 and over in value, and auto theft—are
counted by law enforcement agencies as tlie crimes
become known to them. Tliesc crimes were selected
for use in the Oime Index because, as a group,
they represent the most common local crime
problem. They arc all serious crimes, cither by
their veiy nature or due to tlie volume in which
they occur. Ofi'enses of murder, forcible rap,e,
robbery, and aggravated assault are categorized as
violent crimes. Offenses of burglaiu', larceny S50
and over in value, and auto iheft are classed as
crimes against property.
It is believed de.'irable to point out tiiat there
is no way of deteimining the total number of
crimes wlrich arc committed. Many criminal acts
occur which are not reported to oflicial sources.
Estimates as to the level of unrejiorted crime can be
developed through costly victim interview survec's,
but this, or course, does not remedy the reluctance
of victims and/or other members of societv to re
port all crimes to law enforcement agencies.
In light of this situation, lire best source for
obtaining a count of crime is the next logical
universe, namely, crimes which come to police
attention. The crimes used in the Crime Index are
those considered to be most comistently reported
to police and the computations of crime trends and
crime rates are prepared using this universe—•
offenses known to police.
The crime counts set forth in (his publication
arc actual offenses established by police investiga
tion. When police receive a complaint of crime and
the follow-up investigation discloses no crime
occurred it is “unfounded.” On a national average,
police investigations “unfound” 4 percent of the
citizen complaints concerning (’rime Index of
fenses ranging from 3 percent in the larceny
classification to IS percent in forcible rape
complaints. Unfounded complaints arc eliminated
from these crime counts.
In calendar year 1971 an estimated 5,995,200
Index offenses were rejiorted to law enforcement
agencies, a 7 j êrcent increase over 1970. The vio
lent crimes as a grouj) made up 14 percent of the
Crime Index total and rose 11 percent, with
muidcr, forcible ra]>e, and robber}- each uii 11
jierccnl and aggravated assault u|) 10 jtercent.
E'v-h of the voluminous iirojiert}- crimes lecorded
an increase, which comrilnitcd to tlie 7 percent
rise in liiis group of offenses reiu'csenting SG jiercent
of the Crime Inde.x total. Individualb-, burglary
was up 9 iicrcent, larceny S50 and over in value
increased 7 percent, and auto theft was up 2 jicr-
cent. Since 19C6, the violent crimes as a group have
increased 90 iierceiit, property crimes 82 percent,
and the combined Crime Index 83 percent in
volume.
As in ju'ior j-ears, the suburban areas continued
to show an above average rise in the volume of
crime with an 11 percent increase over 1970. The
large core cities having poinilations in excess of
250,000 were up 2 }>ercent in volume anti the rural
areas registered a. 6 percent upswing. The largest
American cities over one million population i-egis-
tered an average increase of 3 percent. It should
be noted that while the suburban .areas continue to
record sharp percentage uirswings in tire volume of
crime, a much higher level of crime occurs in the
large cities.
Crime increases were noted in each crim.e classifi
cation and each gcograjrhic region in 1971 crith the
Northeastern and Vvestern states eacir up y per
cent and the Southern and North Cetrtral States
eaeh up G percent.
Estimated 1971 crime figures for the United
States are set forth in the following table.
CRIME AND POPULATION
Crime rates relate the incidence of crime to
population. A crime rate should be considered a
victim risk rate in that it demonstrates the risk of
becoming a victim of crime.
The Crime Index rate for the United States in
1971 was 2,907 per 100,000 inhabitants. This was
a G jtercent increase in tlie victim rate over 1970. The
national crime rate, or tire risk of being a victim
of one of these crimes, has increased 74 jiercent
since 196G. Many factors influence the nature and
extent of crime in a particular community. A
number of these factors are shown on jiage vii of
this jniblication. A crime rate takes into considera
tion only the numerical factor of iiojndation and
does not incorjioratc any of the other elements
which contribute to the amount of crime in a given
area. The statistical tables in this jiublication
disclose that the varying crime exiiericnces.
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1
B K .
Ii; THF UNITED GTATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE UESTERI'l DISTRICT 0? TEMTESSEE
VJESTERII Drv^ISION
MARTHA WILEY, ETC.,
Plaintiff,
V S .
liEMPHIS POLICE DEPARTl'IENT,
Def endant.
)
)
) CIVIL ACTION NO. C-73-8
)
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The Discovery Deposition of JAI-IES K. RICHARDS,
III, taken on behalf of the Plaintiff, pursuant to consent,
on this, the 7th day of February, 197'ij beginning at
approximately k:30 o'clock p. m., in the offices of the City
Attorney, 125 North Main, Memphis, Tennessee.
This deposition is taken pursuant to the terms
and provisions of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.
All forms and formalities are vraived, including
the signature of the witness, and objections alone as to
matters of Incompetency, irrelevancy, and immateriality of the
testimony, are v;aived, to be presented and disposed of at or
before the hearing.
SX & c /f iL 6 .0 c ia t f L ±
C O U R T R E .^ 'O R T tR S
S L ' I T e 4 > 0 , r i R S T A M C R I C A N B A N K B L D G .
M E M P H I S , T E N N E S B E E 3 0 1 0 3
T E L E P H O N E 8 * 6 - 1 2 3 8 O H B 2 6 - 1 2 3 3
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J/J-IES iC. RICHARDS, III,
the witness, being first duly svrorn, was examined and
testified as follovjs :
DIRECT E:-L7uMINATI0N
BY MR. CALDT-.TILL:
Q. Mr. Richards, my name is Caldv;ell. V̂ e have kept you
longer than we intended and v;e apologize foi* that. We will
try to get through as quickly as possible.
Would you state your name, please?
A. James K. Richards, III.
Q. What is your present position with the Memphis Police
Department?
A. Patrolman.
Q.. On January 8, 1972, you had the same position of
patrolman?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. Were you assigned at that time to the South Precinct?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. You were riding in a car on that night with Patrolman
Cox, is that correct?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. Was he driving the car or v/ere you driving the car?
A. He was driving.
Q. Do you recall getting a call to the South Bellevue
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Marine Conpany?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. Would you take it from there and just fill me in as
much detail as you can remember vihat happened after you
received the call to the South Bellevue Marine Compan^d’
A. The v;hole thing?
Q. Yes.
A. The call came out as a proviler inside call to the South
Belle\ue Marine, It's at the corner of Bellevue and Ferguson.
Cox and I were north on Bellevue. I believe v e were
right along the expressway just north of Brocks a short
distance there. Another car got on the scene with Callinem
and Roleson in the car. They came back on and said t h e y do
hav'e prowlers inside.
Q. This v;as back on the radio?
A. Right, Tliey said they had prowlers inside. Okay. Well
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they said it took us, I guess, about 30 seconds to get there.
\;e pulled along to the front and I believe it was Mike or
Dave said, "There's three inside."
Q. This vrould be Mike Calliham or Dave Roleson?
A. Right. We pulled alongside -- pulled down Ferguson
about even v;ith the rear of the building, jumped out and two
male blacks come out the back door right as we were getting
out standing right next to the fence. There's a fence all the
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1 A. Self-defense or if all knov.’n ways to catch a fleeing
felon failed or he camiot be ajjprehended;, to fire.
Q. I guess you were given the same instructions with
.regard to both the use of the shotgun and the pistol?
A. Right.
Q. Were you also instructed to use the pistol when
another citizen's life vias in danger, for example?
A. Right,
Q. SOj either In self-defense or when another citizen's
life v;as in danger or a fleeing felon which you cannot
othen-’ise catch?
A. Right.
Q. vrnat v;ere you instructed with regard to misdemeanors
committed either in your presence or people you vjere attempt
ing to arrest for misdemeanors who fled?
A. You are hanging yourself.
Q. I'm S.OYT-/?
A. You are hanging yourself if you do that. That's not
policy.
Q. Were you Instructed — let's say, for example, on the
use of the shotgun. Were you instructed — well, my
general understanding about the pistol Is that the instruc
tion is that if you are going to use the pistol you don't
try to 'wound or cripple. You shoot to kill v.'hen you use the
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pistol?
A. The san'.e ns with the shotgun,
Q. The same as v;ith the shotgun?
A. Rifsht.
Q. So, if you are shooting at a fleeing felon with a
shotgun the same policy applies that you shoot to kill him?
A, Right,
Q. Is the only reason you have the shotgun on the night
of January 8th the fact that j'-ou vrero the shotgun man tliat
night?
A, Right.
Q. You werenM', c’riving, I take it?
A. No, sir. I ,1ust got the shotgun out.
Q. You didn't have the shotgun beceuse of the distances
involved or anything like that? You just automatically as
a part of standard procedure took the shotgun with you v;hen
you got out of the car?
A. Right.
Q. Does the shotgun have a shorter effective range than
the ,38 special?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. Are there situations then in v/hlch even if you had
the shotgun you v;ould lay it aside and use the pistol?
A. I don't understand your question.
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A. I 5ueas 260 or 300 foot,
Q. If it -'/'.so a {^roatcr distance than that v:ould you use
your pistcj. rather than use your shot{;un?
A. Probably.
Q. That is cssential.ly v;hat I v.-as trying to get at.
In your Criminal Lav course did you receive any kind
of instraclions as a part of that coxxrse vhich had to do
with the use of firearms?
A. Criuiaal Lav; on the fe.bon, fleeinv felon.
Q. In other vords_, you learned come of the defj.niticns
of felory ;ind .ais demean or la that course?
P j - p n t .
Q. Since you’ve been on the force -- and that vas in
1968 if I recall correctly other than the nifht of
January oth have you diochar^yed your firearm in clrcum-
stsinces other than practice at the firirig range or training;!t
!
A. Yes, cir.
Q. ’Jhat v;ac the first circumstance that you recall
discharging either your pistol or your shotgun after you
came on the force?
A. It v;as in I9S9 .
Q. Tell me v.'hat the circurastanccs were at that time.
A. Hoeing felon, and burglary.
Q. V/here did tills occur?
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MR. TTIcrMPROR: We are Goinc to object this time
for the record that he can contJ.nue to anevrcr as to
all Incidents that are not relevant to this specific
/
incident. P. continuing objection.
MR. CALDirELL; I vd.ll accjuiecce in your continu
ing objection to all instances other than the
January -̂th incident.
MR. THCMPSO!!: I'm talkinr about as far as,
you hncv, instances pertainirT"-, to uhat you are asking
abo'at.
MR. C/.IRWRLL; I just didn't v:ant you to net
rne to acreo bo the word irreleva.nt.
MR. TIICMPfON: Go ahead ond ansv.̂ er.
yi;» (By the witness) September 11th, 19^9. I believe
that''s the correct date.
Q. Was that at night or day?
A. That was about 2:00 o'clock in the morning, at ni
Q. 2 a, rn.?
A. Right.
Q. Where \:ere you?
A. I believe the correct addre ss vras University and
Hunter. It was at University and Hunter.
Q. Is that in Kortli Memnhis?
A. Yes, sir.
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1 Q. By North Memphis I mean that part of North Memphis
south of the Wolf River?
A. Right.
Q. Tell me -- Just briefly run through uhat happened
that night or that morning rather?
A. Well, I arrived on the scene of another call similar
to the one we are talking about. Prowlers insidei tv:o
male blacks inside. Police officers got around to the side
and saw them come out the back of the building.
I talked to the policeman that had seen them and he
gave me the description. They started to xiiing back
toward he rati. Tney vj'ent down that way searching for hiiii
and the next thing I Icnew I was still standing right
beside the store and the son of a gun Just doubled around
and started running back toward wher^e I was s t a n d i n n . They i-jarc
still shooting and bullets were Just whiszing right on
past me and cutting through the trees and everything.
Q. In other vrords, the officers that had run down vrere
shooting back toward you at this point?
A. Yes. He came back toward m:9 and he started running,
you know, back over toward University. I believe it was
University Lhat is east - viest. I*m not sure. Yes,
University.
Q. Mad you fired any shots up to this point?
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Q. Did the
A. No, S ilT
Q. How far
A. Ko, sir. Ev'erybody v;as hollering halt. They had been
hollering halt the whole time. He ran between a couple of -■
there v;as about tv;o houses difference^ about seventy-five
hundred feet and I ran out to the street and he come out
between the house. I kept on hollering halt. He just kept
on running. He started running back east av;ay from me and I
fired three times with iny service revolver. He fell dead in
front of 1125 University. The third shot hit him right in
the back of the head.
Did the first tvio shots hit him?
Koj sir. He was 51 yards av;ay from me when he fell, |
How far were you from where you had initially been
beside the building?
A. I v/ould say 50 to 75 feet.
Q. Has this a black adult male?
A. Yes^ sir.
Q. Did he have a record that you know of?
A. Yes,, a lengthy record.
Q. A lengthy record?
A. Yes, sir.
Q, Was he armed?
A. No, sir.
Q. There vjere two of them,, is that correct?
A. Yes.
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Q, There v;ere two burglars inside the building?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. Was the other one apprehended?
A. The other one v/e Just never knev? what happened to him,
just gone.
Q, kThat kind of business establishment was it?
A. A Chinaman's grocery. I think j.t's T-u-n-g, Tung Wong,
Vl-o-n-g. Tung Wong Grocery, I believe.
0. As a result of that was your one bullet the only shot
that hit this guy?
A. No, sir. A pel.let from the shotgun that one of the
other fellows fj.red stim-ick him in the leg, calf of his leg.
Just a minor injury.
Q. Was this before or after he .started running? I mean
was this before or after you had hit him?
A. This was before I hit him because I was the only one
firing at him at the time.
Q. At that time?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. Tell me v;hat kind of investigation the Police Departmen
conducted with regard to that incident? What did you have to
do and what kind of investigation did you have to submit to?
A. A statement to homicide.
Q. Did homicide come to the scone?
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A. Right. Tiiat’.s what they did.
Q. Was any disciplinary action taken against you in this
matter?
A. No, sir.
Q. Has there been any other instance since that 1 9 6 9
incident in which you discharged a firearm and Mr. Thompson
has a continuing objection to this?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. Would you tc3.1 us what that is?
A. I shot a fellow back in July of 1973»
Q. All right. This would have been after the Fred Lee
Berry incident?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. Between the September 11, 19^9 shooting at University
and Hunter and .Tanuary 3, 197'2, you had not discharged
either your shotgun or your pistol?
A. No.
Q. All right. April of *737
A. No, July.
Q. I'm sorry. July of '73* What were the circumstances
of that?
A. My partner and I answered a disturbance call and we
got out on the scene. There was a male black had his left
hand full of butcher knives and paring Icnives and such and
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had a long butcher knife in his right hand.
Q. iJhere was this?
A. This vfas on Tulane, ^739 Tulane, Apartment TJumber --
I just really don•t remember the apartment number.
Q. ifliat kind of call have you received?
A. Just s. disturbance call.
Q. Were you the first car to arrive a.t that scene?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. Who was your partner at that time?
A. Patro'iman G. J. Blum.
Q. Inciuontallyj was your partner in the 1999
incident? Bo you recall?
A. There was so dadgum many of thera. That’s vmen we
were riding tactical units.
Q. Back to the July incident. You arrived on the scene
and there v;as a guy v;ho had both hands full of knives or
something?
A. Well, he had his left hand full of knives and he had
a big butcher knife in his right hand.
Q. V/as he drunk?
A. Wellj we don’t really luiow. Kis v;ife was on the
porch saying;, ’’He’s crazy. He’s acting crazy. Get him out.'
His statements — he ms-de quite a few threats and
everything.
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1 We opened the foyer door to the apartments and saw him
standing in there. He had all oi" his children lined up on
the couch threatening to cut thej.r throats and quite a fevi
obscenities. "You come on in here and I ’ll cut your throat
you such and such, you know.
So, my partner and I v;ere standing there. Kept begging j
with him to drop the knife, drop the luilfe. He o^st chunked
the butcher knife and the butt of it hit my partner and threw
him back. He reached in his hand and started to lunge at
me and I fired one time.
Q.
A.
Did you kill him?
Kc. sir.
Did your partner fire any shots?
Wo, sir. He vms sort of stunned, let's say that.
Where did your bullet hit hiiu?
Oh, about tx40 inches below the heart.
VTere any other units on the scene at that time?
No, sir.
How far away v/as he away from you v;hen you fired?
A. Well, sir, he v;as about, I vxould say, ten to tv/elve
feet.
Q. How large a man was this?
A. A pretty good sized fellow. He was about five, eight
to five, ten. Weighed 190 to 200 pounds.
Q.
A.
Q.
A.
A.
Q.
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Q. Hov; old VJ3S he approxims.tely?
A. In his thirties. I don’t reiTiemher his age. That trial
is still pending by the way.
Q. The charges against him?
A. Right.
Q. The trial is still pending?
A. He is under Indictment fcr assault to murder.
Q. Was he indicted for anything else? I take it the
assault to murder vras against you?
A. Right.
Q. VJas he indicted for anything else that you kno''7 of?
A. No. sir. That’s it.
Q. The September 11, 19^9 incident xfould fall in the
category of shooting to prevent the escape of a fleeing
felon?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. A.nd this July, 1973 incident v/ould fall into the
category of ze.
A. Oh, yes,
Q. Have 5''OU
A. No, sir.
Q. Either y
A. No.
Q. Tulane,
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1 Q. le that crino a crime in which if you v;ere tr^^ing to
arrest the person for receiving stolen property and they
fled, that you would use either the shotgun or the pistol?
MR. TJTOMPSOn; Me arc going to object to that.
I think it's too broad. He has stated on what
occasions he v;ou?.d use deadly force and I think jt‘s
so broad thet it poses such a h^'pcthetlcal situation
tho-t he couldn't possibly a.nswer it as responsive to
Just that ouestion. I think you can be a little bit
mere ' . p v . c i f l c abo’ut it,
VJi. CILPMILL; I don't see how I can be niorc-
SPCCX.
MR. SHEA: To-kin;;:, a for instance: That I ’m
handing or maybe I'lu participating in a burglary but
I am receiving a television set o\:t the window. Am I
receiving stolen property then?
MR. CAI.DMELL: I'm not asking about whether or
not ho would use deadly force in this circumstance.
I'm asking him if that is a crime for vrhich he would
feel authorised to use deadly force in any circujiv-
stances. you know, aside from self-defense or attempt
ing to harm, someone else, to stop the felon from
getti.ng av:ay.
(By Mr. Caldwell) In other v/ordfj, if you v;ere
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atttririptiaG to arrest somebody for receiving stolen property
and they ran and ■'jo'Ji felt like they v;cre going to get o,v.'ay,
would you use deadly force or would you feel authorized
under Police Department policy and guide lines in vjhich
you've been instructed to use deadly force?
THE VJITIIEGS: VJhat do you think, Mr„ Thompson?
MR, THOMPSON: Go ahead and answer.
A. (By the witness) I'd have to take that personally.
No, I vfouldn't. I can't say vdiat any other joker vrould do.
Q. VlTiy is that?
A. To me as long as y o u ' v e got the property, that's the
major thing, if the decision is left up to the officer.
Q. But you wouldn't -- do you consider that crime a
felony?
A. It's a definite felony. I vjouldn't go along with
that.
Q. But if he got away he \fOuld just get av;ay and you
would catch him some other v:ay?
A. Right.
Q. Vlhat is the difference in your mind betvreen a person
who is fleeing from an attempted arrest for receiving
stolen property as compared to a person who is fleeing from
an attempted arrest for the charge of burglary?
A. It's a whole lot greater to me. Offense is offense.
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So what? It's nothing. You can get hiin sooner or later
anyx-;ay. A person that's conmittod a burglary, if you can't
catch him any other vray, then you have to. You have got to
stop him. I might add this --
THE WITNESS: Should I go into the previous
experience I've had with South Belle’n^e Marine?
(Whereupon, Mr. Thompson and the witness had a
discussion off the record.)
Q. (By Mr. Caldv;ell) Are you going to tell me about
your experience?
A. Yes. I've been down there tv;o other times myself in
the past talking to Don Hoffman In taking burglar^^ reports.
I've been dov/n there before and I've taken two other theft
reports from him v/here j;)eople come up through the rear and
j cut the fence and go up and sneak motors off. Tliat man has
lost quite a bit. He really has. That's just tvro times me
personally and I didn’t even run that \-;ard.
Q. Was that prior to January 8th?
A. Oh, yes,
Q. You had been on two burglar^’’ calls dovm there before?
A. Right, just myself and I had heard about previous
others.
Q. The other two v;ere after the fact sort of things?
A. Right.
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don't believe I would.
Q. That's youi’ own personal exercise of discretion? You
haven't been given any instructions in that regard?
A. Well;, you are suppose to.. Any of fleeing felon.
Your feeling is that you wou"' i!’Q.
A.
Q.
A.
Not novn
I'm sorry?
Hot now’.
MR. THOMPSON: He said not nov?,
do that nov.’.
He V70uldn't
MR. /JLLISCN: He '/rould not shoot a fleeing
embezzler no’'̂. .
MR. THOMPSON; That's right.
Q. (By Mr. Caldv;ell) Would you consider that a violaticni?
!
A. It would be a violation of departmental rules. I
v:ould probably get canned for it,
Q. Would you have done it prior to this lawsuit?
A. Man, you are really hitting on a subject that is
really something else.
MR, THOMPSON: Let me m9,ke this observation.
V7e want to object to the form of the question and
make this observation in the objection. I think if
you would ask him v/hat the rules and regulations or
general policies or his orders are as pertaining to
e x ,
THE UHITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE UESTERIT DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE
^̂ ESTERIJ DIVISION
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Cr/IL ACTION NO. C-73-8
MARTHA Wn.EY, ETC.,
Plaintiff,
VS.
MEMPHIS POLICE DEPARTI-IENT,
Defendant.
The Discover^'' Deposition of B. G. COX, taken
on ‘behalf of the Plaintiff, pursuant to consent, on this,
the 7th day of February, 197^j beginiiins at approxiniately
11:30 o ’clock a. ra,, in the offices of the City Attorney,
125 North Main, Meniphis, Termcssee,
This deposition is taken pursuant to the terms
and provisions of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.
All forms and formalities are waived, including
the signature of the v/itness, and objections alone as to
matters of inconipetency, irrelevancy, and immateriality of
the testimony, are waived, to be presented and disposed of
at or before the hearing.
z z &
C O UR T R rP O H T E R B
SUITE 410. FIRBT A M E R I C A N B A N K BUDG.
MEMPHIS, TENNCeSEF. 3BI03
TELEPHONE BC8-1£32 OR SaO-lSOS
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1 B. G,. COX,
2 the witness. being first duly sworn, was examined and
3 testified as folio',7s ;
DIRECT EXTim'I/iTIOR
5 ■ m m , .ALLISON:
6 Q. Mr. Cox, my name is Jim /J.lison and I am the attorney |
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for the plaintiff 3jr. this case, Martha V.’iley. I will take |
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your deposition about an incident tlmt occurred on Janujiry
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1972 involving a burglary at 2533 Elvis Presley Boulevard j
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x/rdch I believe is called South Memphis Marine, |
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Any questions that I ask you that you don’t ujuderstand |
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or I don’t make clear, you just ask me to make it. clear and |
1 wJ.ll try to.
Would you state your name, please?
A. Sergeant B, G, Cox.
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Q. Where do you live, Mr. Cox? j
THE urrhESS; Vlhat does he v;ant to know that for?
tJhat difference does it make?
MR. SHEA: Just go ahead on.d ansv:or the question,
It can’t be anything detrimental to us.
A. (By the viitness) 4190 A.rrowood.
Q. That’s here in Men̂ sliis?
A. Yes.
Q. l*Jhat does the B. G. staind for?
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A. Billy Gene.
Q. How old are you?
A. Thi.rty-one.
Q. I'Jhere were you born?
A. Stantonvil3-e, Tennessee,
Q. You attended AdanisviD-le High School in Adamcville,
Tennessee?
A. Yes,
Q. Graduated in i960?
A. Yes.
Q. rdd you grow up in Adamsville?
A. Just outside of A.darasville,
Q. W ien did you corae to MeiriphlsY
A. '60, I guess. \Jhen 1 got riiarrled, ’6I, I don‘t
remember exactly,
Q. t/hat Jobs did you hold before you Joined the police
force?
A. I've had several. I don't Itnov.r,
Q. Think back new and tell me vrhat they v^ero,
A. I v/orked for Memphis Stone and Gravel once, I v/orked
for a private contractor once.
Q. An^’-body else?
A, I v/orked for a parid.ng lot company.
Q. Fnen did you apply to Join the police force?
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A. ’63 I believe.
Q. You cane to Mcirphic here tri i960 and vrorked for these
people you Just told me about and then In I963 you applied
to Join the Metrrohis Police Force, is that correct?
A. ’62 or *63. It was approximately a year or two years I
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before I came on after I put In an application,
Q. Did you go through the Police Academy here?
R i g h t .
How long did it last?
Four months correction. ITiree monthso
Did the Police Academy give you training in the use
A.
Q.
A.
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o f f i r e a r m s ?
A. T h e y d i d ,
Q. D i d y o u h a v e b o t h t r a i n i n g i n t h e u s e o f f i r e a r m s a n d
t h e n a c t u a l t i m e s p e n t o n t h e r a n g e f i r i n g f i r e e n m e ?
A. We d i d ,
Q. H ow l o n g v ; a s e a c h o n e o f t h o s e , i f y o u r e m e m b e r ?
A. We h a d a w e e k o n t h e r a n g e o f t r a i n i n g t o f i r e , I
d o n ’ t r e m e m b e r h o w m u c h t i m e w a s s p e n t i n t h e c l a s s r c o m .
Q. b T ie n y o u s p e n t a w e e k o n t h e r a r i g e w h a t t j ’p e o f
f i r e a r m s d i d y o u f i r e o n t h i s r a n g e ?
A. ,38 S p e c i a l S m i t h a n d W e s s o n ,
Q. I s t l 'x a t t h e s t a n d a r d p o l i c e r e v o l v e r u s e d h e r e i n
M eiT tp h is?
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would have.
Q. I'Jhat instructions did you receive about the use of
firearms in apprehandins a person v;ho had coiamitted a felon^f
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A. Said to shoot as a last resort to stop a fleeing felon;
froin escaping or in self-defense.
Q. yJhat about a person vino has committed a misdemeanor?
A. Do not shoot, I
Q. tlhat is your understanding of the difference betvieen l
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a misdemeanor and a felony? j
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SHEA: I*m going to object to that. You ;
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can go aliead and ans\/er it. i
Thi.s man . is not a lavryer. The Supreme Court on i
mariy occasions has trouble distinguishing about the |
different types of crimes arid things of that nature. |
ItR, ALLISON: Maybe I can ask another question |
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to lay a jpredicate that vrculd be more acceptable to '
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you. ‘
Q. (By Hr. Allison) During the time you were in Police
Academy training were you given any instructions in Criminal
Lai-/?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. As part of tha,t instruction were you instructed as to
the various crimes that could be committed?
A. Yes, sir.
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I guess v;hen Fred Berry vras shot.
to attempt to stop a fleeing felon?
A.
Q. Tliat Has January of 1972, is that right?
A. I rhinlc so.
Q. You don't remember doing it since then?
A. No.
Q. Hax^e you used the shotgun since that tine to attempt
to stop a fleeing felon?
A. No.
Q. './hen v.nas the la.st tiir.e that you did use a shotgun
bo attempt to ctox) a fleeing felon?
A. I don't think I ever have.
Q. Did you ever have occs.sion to discharge your pistol
to attempt to stop a fleeing felon before the tiiae of Fred
Berry?
A. Yes.
Q. i/hen v;as that? Just the best you remember?
A. I don't remember the date,
Q. Just make it as approximate as you can.
A. I coul.dn't even tell you the year,
Q. A.11 right, sir. Tell me the derails of it then.
A. I don't know if that was the last time before that
or not but it was one time. It vras shooting at a stolen
car that vras fleeing from us.
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Q.
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Q.
A.
Q.
A.
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A.
Q.
A.
O.
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A.
'•rnero v:ar; that?
In South Me'iiphis oxi Wollincton or Trice*
Ivere you in your car shooting or on foot shooting?
In the squad car 'cho.sing thoin.
t’O.s the squad car moving?
Yes.
rid you hit anybody in the car?
r i o .
Did you hit the car?
Yes^ sir.
iho V as driving the car?
■ I don’t rcmc’.ribcr. The squad car or -- j
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(Interposing) sir, the car you vxere shooting at? |
I don’t remember his name. 1
i.liite or black?
Male black.
Mere you able to appreliend this male black?
After he finally v;recked vxe apprehended him.
IToir hew do you knov; this car v;as stolen?
The ce.r earlier had took a report on it from the
ov.-ner, lire owner had called and turned his car in as stoleni
and it vxas verified.
Q. Did you have the licence?
A. The dissatciier nut out a broadcast on it. Another
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car (jot after it ana he started running..
Hov: far did you have fco chase him before he v.'reched?
We chased, him approxinately tcro to three miles«
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Another car chased him before tha,t,
Was that at nia;ht or daring the daytime?
A. Kiyht.
Q. Defore tliat or after that •..'hen v;as another time timat
you discharged your pistol to apprehend a fleeing felon?
A. 1 don't remember►
tp Have there been other occasions?
It may have but I don't remember for sure.
0. -Are you. telling- ne 3"ou ;]ust don't rcmer.fuer?
I don' t j'jsov; if’ there ‘ o been argynore or net.
Q. Wouldn’t you rem,omber if you shot at somebody, just
i-'emember the i.ncident itself?
A. I don't knovr if I uouj.d or not.
So the best you can do is that there could have been
other occasions but you just don't remember them.
A. That's v:hat I stated a minute ago.
Q. VJiien you shot at this stolen car that eventualD.y
ureched driven by a male blacl:, did you arrive on the scene
right after the accident? Were you right behind him
A. YeSj sir.
p. V.'as the driver injured in the accident?
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A. I don't thirds so*
Q. Were you participating in the arrest of this driver?
A. Yes, sir»
Q. Was he armed?
A. I don't think he v:as.
Q. Was there aii;̂/’Doay else in the car besides the driver?
A. No, by himself 0
Q. Novi, how old was he if you remember?
A. I w"ould say approximately twenty or In his early
tv^enties.
Q. Do you remember ever discliarging your pistol to attompi
to stop a fleeing f=:lon who turned ou.t to be a Juvenile?
A. IIo.
Q. You don't think you ever have?
A. Oh, viait a mljoute. I have.
Q. Tell me about that.
A. VJhen Fred Berry shot.
Q. I mean other than Fred Berry.
A. I don't think so.
Q. Novr, the night tha.t Fred B e r v y vfas shot you v:ere driv
ing what numbered car?
A. I don't remember.
Q. If I suggest to you Charlie l4, would that be right?
A. Yes, sir.
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Q- LT'iat were come of the advantages or disadvantages of
the shotgun?
A. It*s got a v>̂ ider shot pattern. You have a better chance
of hitting v;hat you are shooting at for close range.
Q. Ifnat would be the distance tliat the shotgun wo'old be
better at?
A. 1 thinlc about 30 or 40 yards. 50 yards maybe,
Q. Those shotguns liave open barrels? They don't have ar)j
kind of choke on them, do they?
A. K o .
A
A.
Q.
Where is the safety locoted on the shotgur;?
On the trigger guard.
Tne t;iT?c of safety you mash with your thumb in and out?
Right.
Did you receive any training either at the Po3,ice
Academy or after that that \rhcn you are using a firearm you
are supposed to shoot to kill or shoot to vround or shoot to
cripple?
A. We were tauglit to shoot to kill if you have to shoot.
Q. Wacn you pulled the trigger on that gun you shoot to
kill?
A. Riglit.
Q. Vlere you taught to shoot to kill against people who were
fleeing if that v;as the only v;ay to stop them?
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I
e t . ¥ ‘>c
Hi THE IHilTED STA'TES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE U'SSTERN DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE
IffiSTERli Br/I3ICN
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MARTH/'i W IL E Y , E T C . ,
Plaintiff,
V S .
MEMPHIS POLICE DSPARTl-TEIiT,
Def endant,
)
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) CIVIL ACTION NO. C-73-8
)
)
The Discevery Deposition of R, D. ROLESON, taken
on Dehalf of the Plaintiff, pursuant to consent, on this,
the 7th day of February, 1974, heginning at approx.ii^ately
3:00 o'clock p. ni., in the offices of the City Attorney,
125 North Main, Meirrohis, Temiessce.
This deposition is taken pursuant to the terms
and provisions of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.
All forms and formalities are waived, including
the signature of the witness, ar>.d ohjections alone as to
matters of incompetency, irrelevancy, and immateriality of
the testimony, are waived, to be presented and disposed of
at or before the hearing,
^ 'V e X s.% & c :r J - i. i.o c ia iE t
C O U R T REPORTERS
SUITE 410, FIRST A M E RICAN B A N K BLUG.
MEMPHIS, TENNESSEE S8103
TELEPHONE B 2 e . l P 3 2 O R BSS-ISSS
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1
R . D . R C L E S O y ,
the witnesE., being first duly sworn, vi’a.B examined £ind
testified as follow’̂s:
DIRECT EX/iimiATIOK
BY MR. ALLISOE;
Would you state your name, please, sir?
R. D. Roleson.
Q.
A,
Q.
A.
A.
Q.
A.
Where do you live, Mr. Roleson?
1033 Gary,
C a i g ’-?
Right.
How long have you lived in Memphis?
Oh, I guess about 15 or 16 years, ever since I was in
the third grade. I was born here In MenplJ.s.
Q. Did you attend iMgh school here in Memphis?
Yes, sir.
Inhere did you go to high school?
Kingsbury,
Before you .joined the police force did you vrork anywhere
A.
Q.
A.
Q.
here in Memphis?
A. Yes, sir,
Q. Where did you v/ork?
A. I v;orked at RCA.
Q. Did you v;ork any place else?
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A. Holiday Inns.
Q. IVhat did you do for RCA and Holiday Inns?
A. At Holiday Ini4C I was Assistant Innkeeper, At RCA. I
loaded freight,
Q. Are those the only tv;o Jobs you held after getti.ng out
of high school before joining the police force?
A. I v;as in the Marine Reserve.
Q. Were you ever on act.ivo duty in the Marine Corps?
A, Si-v monthsj eighteen days.
Q. You went to boot camp where?
A. Paris Island,
Q.
A.
And then where viere you stationed?
Jacksonvi3-le, Florida,
Q. What type of unit v:ere you in in the Marine Coi’ps?
A. Aviation.
Q. VTnen v;ere you accepted to start the Police Academy and
join the police force?
A. In January of ‘70.
Q. Did I ask ycu hovi old you were?
A. No.
Q. How old are you?
A. T w e n . y -• s ev e n ,
Q. 1-Tnen you went through the Police Academy what type of
instructions did they give ycu generally?
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1 important. That*B all riplit.
2 VJhat did you hear Richards yell?
A. He was yelling, "Halt."
Q. Did you hear Cox yelling?
A. I can’t remember, AJLl I could hear was 1. K.'s voice.5
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Q..
A.
Q.
A.
Q.
A.
IJhat?
All I could hear was Richards’ voice.
You heard him yelling, "Halt"?
Yes, sir.
How many times? Did he yell it more than once?
'll;o or three times.
Q. Novr do you I'nov; where he ŵ as vrhen he was yelling halt?
At that time did you Icnov; where he was?
A. No^ sir.
Q. Did you eventually as you continued on east, come upon
him?
A, Yes.
Q. iJliCre was he then?
A. He was standing at the fence over the drainage dibch.
Q. Had he already fired the shots or had shots already
been fired?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. Hov; 170 re you running?
A. Yes, sir,
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1
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE
WESTERN DIVISION
MARTHA WILEY, ETC.,
Plaintiff,
VS.
ME.IPHIS POLICE DEPARTMENT,
Defendant.
)
)
) CIVIL ACTION NO. C-73-8
)
)
)
)
The Discovery Deposition of MICHAEL JAMES
CALLIHAM taken on behalf of the Plaintiff, pursiiant to
consent, on this, the 7th day of Febniary, 1974,
beginning at approximately 10:30 o'clock a. m., in the
offices of the City Attorney, 125 North Main, Men^his,
Tennessee.
This deposition is taken pursuant to the terms
and provisions of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.
All forms and formalities are waived, including
the signature of the witness, and objections alone as to
matters of inconqpetency, irrelevancy, and immateriality of
the testimony, are waived, to be presented and disposed of
at or before the hearing.
S ’
C O U R T R E PO R T E R S
S U IT E 4 1 0 , F IR S T AM ERICAN BANK BUDS.
M EM PH IS. T E N N E S S E E 3 8 1 0 3
T E L E PH O N E B S S - 1 S 3 2 OR S S S - t a s s
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1 MICHAEL JAMES CALLIHAM,
the witness, being first duly sworn, was examined and
testified as follows: ^
DIRECT EXAMINATION
BY MR‘. CALDWELL:
Q. Would you state your name, please?
A, Michael James Calliham.
Q, Is that C-a-l-l-i-h-a-n?
A. M as in Mary.
Q. What is your present position with the Memphis Police
Department?
A. I am a patrolman,
Q. Are you a native of Menphis?
A. No, sir. I was born in Fulton, Kentucky and attended
high school there.
Q. Did you attend Carr Elementary School and Pulton High
School in Pulton, Kentucky?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. You graduated in 19^1 from high school?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. What did you do after you graduated from high school?
A. I came to Memphis State University.
Q. How long did you attend Memphis State?
A. I attended three years.
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■when the call came out.
Q. Which is about how far?
A. About a mile I guess.
Q. Tell me what happened from that point on, from the
time you received the call.
A. Well, the call came out. We put ourselves on the
call.
Q. What does that mean?
A. The dispatcher came out — he came out with prowlers
on the inside of the boat shop at such and such address.
We said — I believe we were in Car l6. '‘This is l6. Show
us on that call,” and I gave our location. We were the
first car to arrive and pulled up to the front.
My partner got out. He was riding and I was driving.
He got out and went to the right side toward theiear and I
went to the front,
Q. Who was your partner?
A. R. D. Roleson, Patrolman R. D. Roleson.
Q. You say he went to the right side and you went to
the rear?
A. No, sir. He went to the right side. There*s a
little — it looks like a separation between two buildings
there and he went toward that to go to the rear. X went
to the front.
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Q. Were you driving or was he driving?
A. I was driving.
Q. So he had the shotgun?
A. I don*t know whether he got it out or not to tell
you the truth. So, I went to the front and saw that the
glass in the front door was knocked out. I looked in and
I could see three hlack males at the drink machine. I ran
hack to the car and told the dispatcher that we had three
hlack males inside.
Q. Were they working on the drink machine trying to
break into iti
A. Yes. So, I went hack to the front and on my way
back to the front another car with Patrolmen Cox and
Richards was Just pulling off of Bellevue. I was running
hack to the front door and I told them to go to the hack.
Then I went to the front and hollered at the hoys to come
on out. They looked up and saw me and took off every
direction.
Q. Inside the building?
A. Yes. I tried to follow them hut they disappeared in
there and that*s the last I saw of them except the one
•vrho — a dog car was called. He went in and found him
hiding in the southeast comer of the building.
does that have two patrolmen in it?
-I
Q. A dog ear.
e x . ¥ 7 ^
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IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF TENNESSEi
WESTERN DIVISION
MARTHA WILEYj et al, )
Plaintiff^ )
)
v s . )
)
IffiMPHIS POLICE DEPAR.TMENTj )
NIJ
Defendant. )
CIVIL ACTION
NO. c-73-8
The discovery deposition or MAYOR WYETH CHANDLER,,
taken on this, the l6th day of Janua.ry, 1975 ̂ on tehalf of
the plaintiff, pursuant to notice, at the office of the
witness, 125 North Main, City Hall, Memphis, Tennessee, and
pursuant to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.
All forms and formalities are waived, and
objections alone as to matters of incompetence, irrelevancy
and immateriality of the testimony are reserved, to be
presented and disposed of at or before the hearing.
The signature pf the witness is waived.
24 0 0 ( ) 5 0 ^ i
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MAYOR WYETH CHANDLER^
having first been duly sworn, was examined and testified as
follows:
DIRECT EXAMINATION
BY tiR. CALDWELL:
Q. Mayor, we are not going to take up much of your
time. You are Wyeth Chandler, Mayor of Mem.phis, is that
correct;
A. That's correct.
Q. How long have you been Mayor?
A'. Since January the 1st, 1972.
Q. So you v;ere elected in Novem.ber of '71j is tha1
correct?
A. That's correct.
Q. Prior to becoming Mayor, being elected to Mayor,
you were a City Councilman, is that correct?
A. I was a City Councilman and a practicing attorney.
How long had you been a member of the City Council
Four years. \;
Elected in '68 or took office in '68?
Right, took office in '68. , ̂ ̂ •
And your term as Mayor began on January the 1st,
is that correct?
A. That's correct.
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Q .
A.
Q .
A.
Q .
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Q- Prior to becoming Mayor^ had you^ as a City
Councilman^ had any influence or been active in any way in
connection with the policy of fire arms use that were
adopted or had been utilized by the Memphis Police Departmen;?
A. No.
Or* Did the City Council ever get involved in any v/ay
in that?
A. I don't recall any time that they ever got
involved in it.
Q* After becoming Mayor did you in any way get
involved in it? , . ,
A- I got involved about a mxonth after. I was in office
and after this occurred. I recall I brought out some
statement about the fire arms, you know, that — I wish I
had that statement, I have been trying to locate it, but it
was certainly not before the date, as I understand, early
in January, certainly not within a month. It may have been
two months after I took office.
Q* When, you said after this, you mean after this
event that led to this particular case?
A . Right.
I didn’t understand about the statement, where did
it come from?
j-A.eWe had a situation, I have forgotten, seems li
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1 after about two months^ as you recall^ we had a number of
such incidents.
Q, Three or four during a certain period of time.
During a short period of time I think there were
four shootings^ three resultang in death_j and one just a
wounding^ and as a result of thatj and because I was called
out to the meeting with the NAACP people and other leaders
in the city^ seems like we formulated some kind of statemen
that made national headlines. I know they came in here
from Atlanta to tape it on CBS. I can't recall exactly what
the statem.ent was aboutj it's been so. long agOj I would
like to know what it was.
Q. It was a statement issued by you or by your
administration?
By me. Of course^ I think at that time I was
Director, o f s o to speak, of police, since we had no
director. Chief Price was Chief of Police. We had no
director because we had not appointed somebody to that
position.
Q. That position had been open since in the middle
of the previous administration, is that correct?
A. Well, not the middle, but I would say the last
three or four months, Holloman resigned scm;
like in the fall of '71, and there was no need, of course,
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1 A. I was serving as that In January because we had0
no other, and any office that was not filled would be my
responsibility until it was filled. In essence, in January
of 1 9 7 2 I v;as the director of the Police Department and
served as such until Hubbard came in.
Q .
A.
Do you recall v;hen that is roughly?
THE WITNESS: Art, do you rem.ember when —
several months later?
MR. SHEA: We are taking his deposition at
1 1 : 0 0 .
(Continuing) Perhaps as late as June or July,
some'ching like that.
MR. SHEA: I was thinking in the summer.
A. (Continuing) It may have been as long as a year.
It seems like, I can’t remember, I wish I had gotten all
of this information.
Q. Anyway, you were —
A. . I was the Mayor.
Q. You were, in effect. Director of Police?
A. That’s right, in January of 1972.
Q. When you took office did you do anything to try
to ascertain what Police Department policies were?
A. Well, frankly, not right away. I really left
that up to Chief Price primarily. I knew, of course, I
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1 have been on the Council, I have ridden with police, I
have talked to police, I have been a lawyer here for l8
years. I knew generally what their policies were, and I
made no move to change one way or the other.
Q. All right. You were aware, for example, that the
policy that the department had had for a number of years was
that, with respect to what is properly called the fleeing
felons, I'm assuming they are alleged felons at that point,
fleeing felons.
A. That's right, fleeing felons, I knew that policy
and did nothing to change it.
Q. Describe the policy as you understand it?
A. Well, basically as I understand it, if you have a
fleeing felon and you ascertain that you can't stop him by
Just grabbing him, and, you know. Just whatever method that
you try to first get him any way you can without resulting
to any type of firearm activities, but if you can't and he
is going to escape, that you use whatever force is necessary
to apprehend him or to stop him. That is my, that is
basically, it was my belief then as my belief now.
Q. . That policy, as it was being implemented, and as
it is implemented, makes no distinction between persons
w*̂ o might have been Juveiiiles as coposod to aciuirsv
A. Well, I would think that if they were known to oe
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posed a threat to the police officer?
A, I think whether he's armed^ I think any of them
pose a threat. Today's burglar that escapes is tomorrov/s
burglar that cuts somebody's ohroat^ tnau is my tnought«
Just because a guy goes into a house^ if he's willing^ if
he's a guy that would go into a house to burglarize it todaj
3.nd tomorrow he goes xnto another house^ because you leo
him. escape j well^ you know I'mi not going to apprehend him.̂
next month down the line he's in somebody's house and a
young lady walks in^ the young lady of the house walxo in
and he cuts her throat,, I don't go for that no matter what
the situation is. I believe that felons,, people that
burglarize^ and armed robbers,, and people of that nature
are such that you have got to get them,, you have got to
apprehend them because^ even though they may not nave done
X today^ they are the type of people who will eventually
commit murder or mayhem or hurt somebody badly unless they
are apprehended^ I think that is basic common sense. I
think they ought to be caught the best way we can catch themi
if we can try to catch them by running them down or we kno/
who they are^ can reasonably be anticipated to get them,
that is one thing. If we know this is John Henry Smith
wno car burglar and we know he hangs around Bxi~'s 3a
all the time and he's so forth and so on^ that is one thirig.
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1 But if in the policeman's judgement he doesn't know who this
D'u.y iSj he knows he's a felon and he's et^caping and gives
him every chance to stop^ but he sees that ne is going oo
get away^ then he can use v^hatever force is necessary to
bring him to bay as far as I'm concerned.
Q. Which includes killing him?
A. If it is necessary^ I mean̂ , you've got to shoot
him to try and stop and if you kill him unintentiona-i-ly^
well^ that is that.
Q. There is not any policy of shooting to wound?
A. Wellj there can't be.
Q. Or cripple? , •
A. That is FBI^ you knov;^that is stuff you-hear
about on television. When you shoot you shoot^ and nobody
in our police department that I know of could, pick a
running person off and say I wxll get him in the left Knee.
You shoot and you try to stop them. You maybe try to shoot
lowj you know^ if that kills him^ you know^ that is what
happens.
Q, As I understood at one time when firearms
policies were the subject of controversy^ I don't recall
whether it was you or whether it was the chief or who^
- - - '-k ̂ma.de the statement that when a polxco off:
his firearm, he should be shooting to kill, if it is a
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looked into it, all I l?novr that as I checked the law and
the law said, you know, the fleeing felon siouation is sti^^
in being, unchanged by the legislature, and, therefore, ohej
had not violated what I considered the state law to be,
we then did some things v'ith a policy tnat made our policy
perhaps a little lighter than the state law. For example,
we had a situation that grew out of some'deal where we had
a stolen car situation in which a child ran out of a siolen
car and I think the child ended up m.entally off or somethin;
I don't know what, gotten in a car with some otner people
and they bailed out and left him holding the bag and he ran
and so forth.
Q •
A.
Q .
time?
And was shot.
And was shot.
This is about the same, along the same period oi
Along the same time, and the question there was,
was that a proper use where we had a stolen car wnich was
a felony, and under the law —
MR. SHEA: Excuse me, is there a lawsuit
pending on that particular incident, is that one
of your other lawsuits?
MR. CALD'.'/lil: Of course, I haven't done
any discovery in the other lawsuii. That sounds
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MR. SHEA: I woxild rather not get into that.
I object to any question about a situation that
might be involved in another lawsuit.
Q, (By Mr. Caldwell) He was just using that as an
examplej a change in policy.
Jim not saying that they did wrong because we
defended the police in that matterj but I'm saying that,, you
knov/'j you can have laws that are stringent and tnen you cai...
have a kind of be sure that you don't you don't have to
go to the end of the laws in all cases^ even though you m.ay
be legalj maybe you are doing rights I think that is what
brought on^ maybe the policy statement that was made in
some regard.
Q. Now,, you indicated that this order,, this car case
resulted in a change of policy or modification in policy.
I*m not surSj I would like to see that thing. ±'m
sure that I have got it around here.
Q, At your convenience after the deposition if you
could find it —
MR. SHEA: I will read it and if it looks
like something that^ as you knowj vje have got a
cretrial conference on the 2 ’--th, that if you want :
to go into it at that' time before Judge wellfora
like that is —
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MR. CALDWELL: I’m not sure what your —
MR. SHEA: The policy that the Mayor is
talking about after January the 8th, 1972^ if
that has any relevancy at all v/e can discuss it
with the Judge and let him rule as to whether it
will be competent.
MR. CALDWELL: You will object to furnishing
it?
MR. SHEA: Yes.
MR. CALDWELL: But you will try to locate it?
MR. SHEA: Oh^ yes, there is no question
about it.
THE WITNESS: I'm sure we can locate it
because it was printed and put inthe paper and
everything else, it was a big deal in the paper,
you can read it in the paper, it is printed rignt
there in the Commercial Appeal, front page, wasn’>
any big deal, let's use some common sense, boys,
and even though you are within the law let's just
not go berserk. I remember this case, it seems
like this is the first of the cases, as I say,
t'̂ êre were x'our, and three of them. J. nad no
qualms about them frankly, this is one of them
■that is fine.
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1 that I had no qualms about. I felt that our
people had acted X'̂ ithin reason. I had got the
facts, I had the files brought into me and I
investigated them and this was within m:y understar
of the state policy and of the police policy in
this case, even though I had not promiUlgated or
started it, it was part of the' policy and followed
the state law, that they tried to apprehend the
man, that they 7;arned him and then they shot him.
because they couldn't apprehend or felt they
couldn't v;ithout using firearms, and I still feel
that way about it, I feel that way about it today
and probably will always.
Q, (By Mr. Caldwell) Is it a fair statement that
the police department historically has not had and does not
have the same confidence in the black community or the same
respect in the black community as it does in the white
community? ^
A. Is that the same —
Q. Whether valid or not?
A. That's right.
Q. Or regardless of the validity of that perception?
dins
A . The black commu.aity, soeakiCir generally and in .a
broad sense, perceives the police department as having ^
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1 consistantly brutalized then, alnost their enemy instead of
their friend. I think we have gone a. long ways to alleviate
that. As a matter of fact, we have about 250 black
preachers down here the other day pledging to support the
police in every way .just the other night down here. We
tried our best to alleviate that. I think we have.
Obviously it has got a long way to sirnm.er down to^he
bottom.. There is a feeling in the black community that
we not, are not their enemy I think am̂ ong the leadership.
We..get statements from Maxine Smith who meets with the
police departm.ent over a long period of time, and Rev.
Kyle who makes statements at these meetings, understanding
and we buy it, and then they go on television and they
say something else, buz I still say to you that the black
community, the leadership of the black community has com.e
a, long way to feel that the police are doing their best
to do their job and they are not antiblack. 0bz’'iously
about the recruitment programs, by having black captains,
people in the hierarchy that are black, the feeling is
som.ewhat changed. But, now, you are talking about in 1972,
what you say is absolutely true and I would say almost
across the board.
■s/Zw.k '»■ •-•ixC*.'-* i.1, Cw O ^ ̂ ̂ ^ ... w A X •.>
black faces in she hierarchy in the Police Deparzmenz?
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out and stashing it xiext zo the T:ree —
MR. SH2A: Which included shotguns.
Q. (By Mr. Caldwell) Yeahj I said which included a
couple of shotguns.
A. Yeah.
Q. You indicated that you thought things about
changing in terms of the perception of the black community^
this vrculd be the police department?
A.
Q .
efforts?
I think so.
That was in part because of a lot of community
A. A number of things,, community relations —
Q. Black employment and promotions?
A. Promotionsj the black service centers that have
been established have had some im.pactj you got blacks being
coached by white policemen in football leagues and boxing
leagues and there are just generally^ you know, just a
different treatment insteadof the, "hey, boy, come over
here." You know, it is, "sir, step over here a minute,
I want to talk to you." Just, little things that have added
up and it gets around, but I don't believe in my judgment
that that has nothing really to do with what we are talking
aoout that ic true, and _ dor ! J- i- s -f.-'-, --•..> Vi-.— - V
maybe a l6 ' year old will say, if we are talking about l6
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year olds maybe less inclined to run away from a policeman.
A felon who has got prison staring him in the face, vrhether
he’s white or black, is going to run. The question is, does
he think that he's going to mxake it or not, I don’t believ^e
this guy was sitting there thinking if I’m caught I’m going
to be brutalized, I don’t believe that. I believe if I’m
caught, I’m going to jail, I think going to jail is a lot
worse than being beat up, for example.
Q, Sometimes for kids their parents finding ouz is
c-oing to be worse?
A. Back in the old days that is true, but nowadays
the parents are in suing somebody. When they spank them at
school they have got to fi.le a lawsuit. Obviously that is
not a deterent. I think it is just a matter of whether you,
as a criminal, figure you are going to get away or not. If
a guy says stop, I think anybody that, white or black,
knows that the next step is to shoot you, I think thar is
the warning that they hear and they know that, and I think
they ought to stop and come back. Now, as I say, maybe I
would be afraid if I was a black youngster that I would be
beat up or something, I don’t know, but that wouldn’o be
going through my mind. What would be going .tnrougn my mind
would be v:hether ̂v;as goLn„ to be pu" '1
to try and get away^ and I just say if you have got a felon,
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1 he may have been in the Marine place stealing guns today.
What was he going to do with those guns, you know, you let
him get away, tomorrow he's in another place stealing guns
and maybe the next week he's in the 7 - H blowing somebody's
brains out. I'm just a strong man on feeling that a felon
is a felon and if you commit a burglary you will step up
gradually to soxiething else. And if we let everybody go
that robs a 7 - 1 1 today and just says, well, we shouldn't
shoot him or try to apprehend him, we are endangering ■ the
lives, in fact, I just read the other day this fellow Karris
was jumped behind the counter. I don't know the facts of
it, but I know the man that he was supposed to have
apprehended, two hours later shot somebody to death, that
is the way it goes. I think that the policy is good, maybe
there ought to be changes in certain elements of it, if you
know this or know that or know that the guy is not armed
and he's 1 2 years old, common sense would dictate and you
would use every possible way to get him without shooting
him. If you don't know what those things are, what his
condition is or whether he's armed or what he's doing or
what his background is, I say use a firearm if you have to
to apprehend, whatever force is necessary, as a last resort
Q . Do you think the policy acts as a deterent —
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A. That is the purpose. -Let me say this_, I tnink,
for examole, we have had a policy around here from time to
time^ perhaps it's given too m.uch publicity and results in
too little effectiveness of the stake-outs of where you put
people armed in the buildings.
Q. Still watches?
A. Still watches, I'm for that. The trouble is that
the neople that 7 “H who maybe complain tne most aoout
being held up all the time, and ask you and beg you for more
police protection^ O.K., we will put a stake-out, wexl, they
say don't do that, they are afraid, especially if they are
in a black neighborhood if a black comes in to rob them and
you hit him with a double ought buckshot andoit him in
half right there in the store, they are afraid that will
end their trade with the community because then they say
that you are in cahoots with the police, you set up old
Henry, who may be a robber, but he's one of us, and they
think in those terms. I, frankly, think,, yes, if you did
in the matter of deterent, you can't let a felon just roam
the streets, you have got to get him, you have got to put
him in jail because, as I say to you, the house burglar
today who goes in there today, the cat burglar is not in
there to irgiit arî /bodj or ro j anyî 'Od̂ .-, ---
confronted with the lady who returned early, the next thing
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you know he’s cut her. throat. I think ii ne' s a i-elon^
if he's willing to pull a gun to rob a bank, he’s willing
someday to shoot somebody when he takes off and runs out onat
door and he's going to escape. And tne policeman thinks
he's going to escape, h e ’s got to bring him. to bay, he will'
be back tomorrow perhaps doing the same tning to somebody
else. It is a judgment, you have got the safety of the
citizens, get this man and apprehend him one way or another,
hopefully without firearms, or let this m.an continue to run.
Eventually he does kill somebody and tney will, and tney
do. You hardly ever catch a murderer that is his first time
out on the street. Usually the guy that shoots somebody at
the 7-11, this is not his first go around, but finally one
day somebody reached for the gun and he kills them, out h e ’s
already robbed two people and got away. I think if you need
firearms to apprehend on the first go around or third before
he gets to that point, then you use them, that applies to
all felons. As I say, I think the one thing we did move in
this thing, you will see, is the car thief, tnat Just the
car thief alone not connected to anything else, but Just the
car thief, you run him down, you get in the car and he Jumps
out of the car and runs, you can’t connect him to burglaries
cr .robberies, ne ‘ s nomir.g ov.̂u r. e c ar thief, vfnich is a
Just never strikes me like a ourglar or roober,. a murderc;!,
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4- ^ ^ Tr-M' "'-r^/^T.r ̂ *c f i.*t i ii'v O wins,--*a rapistj or et cei;era, you r̂nc-/;, auc;^-
category with me, that is my owm personal opinion. I thiri
it is in that area that I found some reason,to relax it,
that is because,, you know, so many bids joy ride I hate to
see them put in the same category with the burglar and
robber and rapist and murderer, that type of guy, but tnar
is just my own personal opinion. I think that he»s — I
don't thirJc there has been anybody shot as a result of just
. a mere car thief, you know, just that alone. I don'i. xnov̂ ̂
what the situation would be if he got up to a high speed
and was running amuck down the street.and driving people
off the road and it was a matter of shooting him or having
him crash head-on into some innocent folks, that would maybs
be a different story, but just the car thief alone, pull nxm
off to the side, he runs, that has never really sent me into
feeling that maybe he's the same type oi guy --hat maybe
should be treated the same as the others, that didn't come
up with me, and I think legally it could have all during
this early time. I think it, actually occurred I relaxed
that somewhat or expressed m:,- opinion that it should ce
relaxed.
Q. The policy ao
shoot err.'Siizloos, cv
A man fleeing across a st
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hat time- v;ould have allowed, you to
ate line, r think io
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would allow, I don't rhinl that has been considered, I don'
think the embezzlers have ever been considered the felons
of the type that you bring down, you knov;, on the streets.
To be honest with you, you know, I don't think — I think
we are talking about crimes of potential violence or
danger to property or persons directly, bank robbers down
to, you know, people running am.uck. I agree it m.ay be a
felony to steal a car that you don't own, but I never put
them in the same category because they haven't, there is
no danger to life or limb inthat. There is danger to life
or limb in burglary because of the element of the possibilitjy,
we have had them all over, and you know, there is no
question about it, you know we have had many, many burglars
surprised, how many murders were a result of the burglars
being caught we don't know. We found a body in a house the
other night, we had a man JO or 82 years old or somethin-g
apparently killed as a result of the burglary, whether the
guy went in there and hoped that he could do it while the
guy was asleep and get away and the guy roused up and he
clobbered him with a board, I don't know, but burglars are
potentially very dangerous persons, as are robbers and
rapists.
Q. You are. making a. connection —
MR. SHEA: Are we testifying, is this a
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1 is not as detrimental tn society as the burglar^ robber and
so forth, that is vrhat I'm saying.
Q. Yes. So, from your point of view, as you support-:
the policy, the purpose, it is the prevention of future
crimes that might be v;orse than third degree burglary?
A. Apprehension of any man who commits a felony
because that kind of man should be brought to the bar of
justice now and punished rather than allowing him to continu
on his merry way that something can happen which could be
much ^̂ ôrse.
Q. Have you dore anything.on has the police department
under your direction undertook any kind of studies to
ascertain, for example, the liklihood that a kid who
burglarizes a business establishment will more likely end
up in more serious crimes as opposed to a kid who steals
a car, for example?
A. No, I haven't done any research on that. I just
feel that if a man who goes into a place not his own, that
is a home or a building, especially at night, it isn't a
matter of really whether he goes up to any other crime
except if he's caught in that place at that time T say,
anybody who pulls a gun in a robbery is a potential murderer
and eventually if he.does it enough will murder somebody in
my Judgment. You don't need to have statistics on it, it
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e K -
IN THE UraTSD STATES DISTRICT COUR.T
FOR THE NSSTSRN DISTRICT OF TEIDTESSEE
VffiSTERN DIVISION
IDARTHA WILEY^ et al^
Plaintiff,
vs.
Cr/IL ACTIOI
NO. c -7 3 -8
MEIvIFHIS POLICE DEPAP.TI'HNT,
Defendant.
The discovery deposition of J. W. HUBBARD,
talcen on this, the l6th day of January, 1975j on behalf of
the plaintiff, pursuant to notice, in the conference room
of the Director of the Memphis Police Department, 12o Adams
Avenue, Memphis, Tennessee, and pursuant to the Federal
Rules of Civil Procedure:. .
All forms and formalities are waived, and
objections alone as to matters of incompfetency, irreievc^ncy
and immateriality of the testimony are reserved, to be
oresented and disposed of at or before the hearing.
The signature of the' witness is v/aived.
o o o o 2 r >
1 J. ¥. HUBBARD,
2 having first been duly sworn, was examined and testified as
3. follov/s:
DIRECT EmilHATICN
BY MR. ARNOLD:
6 Q. Director Hubbard, for the record, state your name
7 and hov; long you have been in your current position, and
8 v/hat is it, please, sir?
9 A. It is J. W. Hubbard, Director of Police, City of
10 Memphis, since 1 December, '72.
11 Q. We specifically wish to talk to you concerning
12 the deadly force policy now in effect with the police
13 department, the most current policy that has been femulated.
14 Did you fomulate that policy?
15 A. No, exclusively, no. The police policy has been
16 sort of evolutionary, I would say. I was briefed on our
17 policy when I first Joined the departm.ent. From m.y limited
18 experience with the police problem I felt that it had good
19 afeguards in it. It is a matter of whether or not it was
20 practiced more than the instructions themselves. Our legal
21 advisor, Mr. Krelstein, raised the question he felt that therje
22 were some areas that v;eren't clear enough in it, and he
23 proposed a draft revision. We had some consultation and I
24 couldn't recite exactly what all it amounted to except it was
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Q. (By Mr. Arnold) I vrill be happy to try and s'
over. Director Hubbard^ you ha\^e got police community
relations centers?
A.
Q .
Yes.
Are most of these intended to be located in black
communities?
A. These are situated,, and this was done before I
arrived, and I found nothing to quarrel wi-ch in the 7iay of
their location, but they are situated according to the
area of apparent need. Now, the need that was perceived
when the so-called store front police service center system
was adopted here, was in emulating what had been done
elsewhere and was found to have som.e amount of success in
trying to soften the image of the police, in the neighborhoojds
where policing had to be the hardest because that is where
most of the vandalism is,-because that is where most of the
<
felons seem to reside and where a great n\miber of the
felonies occurred, and, therefore, the police were not
welcome. And the intent there was, it is hoped, that by
seeing the police as humans, see that they have interests
beyond just enforcing this law or that ordinance or whatever
finding out that they do have a heart, and that they do want
to help the . neighbor'nood underst.and tlie departrrier'it a.;id
the department's needs, that this might keep some indetermi:
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1 number of youngprimarily black people^ but not necessarij-j
always blacky from just labeling police as being unfriendlyj
hostile and theaiemy. We only expected limited success, but
a little bit of return is worth the investment. We put
these centers v/here they appear to be desired. First of
all, if they are not welcome we v/ouldn't put one in. There
has to be som.e expression from that neighborhood that they
v;ould like to have one, in their v;ays of letting us know,
and they have done that. We must feel that it is a
worthvrhile investment in terms of the time and the
resources that are represented there, and from time to time
we look to see if it shouldte relocated to a more — to an
area of greater need where it would be welcome. That, in
a nutshell is our view of our service centers and their
purpose. They are not a substitute for social services.
There is a, there is a frequent -- they have had to fill
gaps because there are gaps in the social service spectrum
of service, but that is not their purpose.
Q. Aren't the oven^helming majority of the people
in Memphis at these service centers in Memphis black?
A. At the service centers?
Q. Yes?
4-Vle r^ajority are. r, “ 3. P
communities in white communities and had them manned with
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1 white officers and blach officers. Usually/’ there are tv/o
2 officers assigned to each center and ordinarily we try to
3 have one black and one v;hite officer^ but it isn’t arways
4 possible. Right now we are operating some centers with Just
5 one because we can't spare the manpower.
S Q. You mentioned a part of the purpose was to deal
7 with the image of being viewed as the enemy and being hostiltj
8 to the people in that community. Isn't it a reasonaole
9 conclusion then that the centers primarily deal with the
10 hostile attitudes and perceptions in the black comm.unity?
11 A. Well, the centers don’t encounter only hostile
12 attitudes, they encounter a great deal of warm reception
13 and there is a great deal of warm expression from parts of
14 the black community to the effect that we should, that
15 nolicing should be harder, for example, that they approve
16 of our — of our enforcement effort, so, you know, I can’t
17 say that we Just automatically or since we are not totally
18 rejected by the entire black community, that sim.plyisn't
19 so, we are accepted by a great amount of the black
20 community. It depends on what generation, and it also
21 depends on what kind of respect for law or institution you
22 find in a given group. Before you start deciding on whether
23 t h e y I M . : t h e p o l i c e o r w h e t h e r t h e y r e g a r d t h e m a s t h e
24 enemy, it is pretty fundamental, anyone that doesn’t know
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1 that, you know, I can't recite it for the record, it is
pretty obvious —
Q. That is basically what we want to know.
A. I don't think black men who prefer to steal as
opposed to taking a job don't like the police naturally,
and the police don't like them, but it doesn't mean that,
you know, that it goes beyond that. ¥e, simply -when we
can apprehend, if we can deter them we do, if v;e have to
apprehend them v/e do.
Q. Yes, sir, I don't think I'm trying to draw out
any hidden conclusions or unknown facts here, we are m.aking
these for the record and that basically is the purpose of
this deposition.
A. Yeah.
Q. Isn't it a fair assum.ption to say then that this
type of image problem and rejection of the police is much
stronger in the black community than in the white community
A. Yes, it is for the reason that that is where 85
per cent of your criminal activity occurs.
Q. In the black community? .
A. That's right.
Q. All right, sir. Based on some of those statemxsnts
that you have just made concerning uhe nign r>'.rr\ •.'•n ■
the black community, the young, you mentioned generation
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1 and you mentioned youn5 _j_ you said it is different uith
different generations, is uhat you are saying that you v70Ui.d
have more of this type of police relations problem v/ith
young black than v/ith older blacKS?
. The 1 5 j l^j 1 5 year on up into mid 20's is the
age group where most of your encounters are that are
unpleasant, and so I assume that that is xihere the principal
lack of harmony resides in the black community with respect
to the oolice.
Q .
A.
Q-
A.
1 5 through —
25. 26.
2 5 ) y s s j s i r .
This is a national phenomenon, too, that has been
well reported from the FBI and other groups that, have
chosen to investigate the problem.
Q. You are using the 85 per cent figure turn to 85
ner cent criminal activity of the youngsters that■the
police encounter in the 15 "to 25 year age group, is it fair,
too, that approximately 85 per cent of those are black in
Memphis ?
A. Close to it, I would say, yes.
Q. Further, based on.these facts, would you have any
con.'^lusio'"or oninions as to whether, and maybe based on
siaiistics or other factual information, this age of oiaj„
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Q. (By Mr. Araola) The basic thing we are dealing
with is what familiarity you had with the deadly force
policies in other citiesj whatever, at the time that this
new policy was being formiUlated. And X might say this,
in the way of saving time, we received as a part of discover
in the case from Mr. Krelstein, copies of letters, or from
Mr. Dailey, excuse m.e, Mr. Dailey, I believe copies of
letters that Mr. Krelstein had received when he was
formulating these policies, and I'm wondering if you are
familiar with all of that packet of material generally when
you were' formulating the policy, did you discuss these with
Mr. Krelstein, how involved you were at that time?
A. I did my own research along with, as I undertook
some self-education by visiting other departments, talking
with other administrators at workshops, seminars, on this
and a number of other subjects, and I concluded just from
discussions that we were all in the same general ball park
with respect to the application of deadly force. Every
department has its own way of saying it. I believe that thi^
would'have to be confirmed by Mr. Krelstein, but I believe
that his primary concern, as I recall, was the lack of a
definition in ours. The policy approved the use of deadly
;e arainst a -''1 ing f.rlcn_5 and I belies- .3 T h Q ■
Krelstein wanted to give our officers the benefit of a more
00053;
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1 claar soecific guidancBj which L think that this instruction
2 does. It got very specific about what kinds of ferons^ and^
3 sOj if anything^. I would say that this policy is a lioole
4 bit more restrictive. His research was more thorough than
5 mine. He v;as a member of my staff that is supposed to
6 draft proposals and keep us within the law and our own
7 consciencej and I reviewed what he had. I had my ovm
9 conclusions drawn in conversations and some reading^ and I
9 feel that we improved the policy by puDlishing this order
10 in '74.
jj Q. You used the word restrictive^ that means in the
12 sense of restricting the officers’ use of force?
13 A. Yes. Well, I think — I think anything dealing
14 with the application of deadly force has to be regarded as
15 in the -- as in the restrictive sense. An officer with a
16 firearm, we don’t restrict him in carrying the thing, we
17 restrict him when he can use it, but we encourage him to
18 carry it at all times, so we must be suggesting that there
19 are times that he should use it, otherwise why armi him.
20 Q. Then the basic policy restriction confines him?
21 A. You restrict the policy to when he can unholster
22 that thing and you must be fairly specific. He has enough
23 I serious .judgments to mo.ke and it is good for him to have
24 some clear guidance, and we tried to improve this guidance
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1 in this.
Q, Are you av;are of^ and did you find at this
particular time^ at the time of lormulating of this policy,,
of policies in other departments that viere more restrictive
than the policy which you eventually came up with?
A. Yes .
Por instance^ do you remember some of the places
that had more restrictive —
A. No,, I couldn't tell you which department has a
more restrictive policy. With a little time tor research I
could reconstruct it.
Q. Would this knowledge be primarily based upon the
research that you and Mr. Krelstein were doing at this time
in tetmis of formulating your policy, or have you since done
further investigation, I'm Just vrondering?
A. It is a matter of continuing interest. I have
never lost interest in the subject, but neither have I
specialized a great deal on it except to satisfy myself that
we had a fair policy if it is properly applied, but I don't
feel Just in a general statement I feel that we are well
within the bounds of what is expected nationally by,
presumably, com.petent authorities, state, local government.
■ ;hen vou would s: would it be a lair
statement some are more restrictive and some are less
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restrictive than the policies of the police department in
the use of deadly force?
A. Yes.
Q. And you found examples of that. You usedj as we
were talking earlier^ a. statement when we first started
talking about the modeled penal code^ you said you had lookec^
at that but you were dealing with the real v;orld, I wonder
if. you would elaborate on that? Specifically I'm wondering
why you chose a policy less restrictive than the most
restrictive policy that you encountered during that time?
A. Because our officers need to be equipped with
prerogatives.that allow them to deal electively with
criminals under a wide range of circumstances^ and that the
net produce of their effort and their equipment and our
policies all within the law should be to deter, and if
necessary apprehend, that is our object, a serious criminal.
Q. Do you think then that the more restrictive
policies that are in';effect in other cities cause those
cities to do a less capable job than your police department
does here in that respect?
A. There is no way for you to quantify who is doing
the best and who is doing the worst because if there is anytlirn
;hat is characteristic of police statistics ■j , -1 Q X' — "L
24 statistics is that the guy that is doing well today may oe
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1 right on his ear tomorrow^ so to try and correlate those
would be^ in my opinion^ an exercise in futility.
Q. I gather you have seen plenty of such attem.pts
to correlate the success^ if you will?
A. Everyone is trying to discover the other guy^s
magic ingredient when he's riding the crest of success and
deterent in keeping part one crimes surpressed, but success
is only transient. It appears Kansas City v/as a moael for
a while. It is not a model now. San Francisco is the m.odel
at the moment.
Q. Is San Francisco's policy more or less restrictive
on the deadly force issue?
A. I have no idea.
Q. All right. Do you, in addition to using deadly
force for the purpose of making an arrest,, do you think it
has other' values as well?
A. I ’m not sure I know what you mean.
Q. I believe I have heard you state that you think
that it is a deterent to crime^ is that a fair statement of
your belief in that regard?
A. We don’t apply deadly force as a deterent. My
own personal belief is. that capital punishment is a deterent
Vjy o’.'.'n 'i''6rson.ai belief is that the threat of deadLv fors'"'
has to constitute some kind of deterent. By inverse logic,,
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1 if th.6 absence of the threat oi deadly lorce^ gj_ven the
same community of crime prone individuals^ v/ould just tarce
one more restrainment off of their activity^ so in that
sense I would say that the threat of deadly force^ the
knowledge in this city that under certain specific
circumstances officers will draw their weapon and fire it,
I feel has to be regarded as some kind of deterent to seriou
c r i i n 6 •
Q. If the deadly force policy of this departm.ent
were a self defense policy alone, that includes defense of
others, in self defense or in defense of another person,
what do you think would be the effect of that in terms of
crime in Memxphis.
MR. SHEA: I'm going to object. Really, I
think we are m.oralizing or dealing, getting
certainly far afield from discovery. The general
has stated his reasons for the firearms policy.
I think, I just think that we are just trying
to elaborate too much.
Q. (By Mr. Arnold) The general has a very strong
feeling on this, on that particular question. Ha did not
adopt such a policy. You know, I can rephrase it and say
whv didn't you adopt that O I 1 ' '-uCi
some more, some less restrictive —
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MR. SHEA: I thinic that v;ould be more in
keeping with discovery.
Q. (By Mr. Arnold) Wny did you not adopt a policy
of self defense or defense of others of deadly force on the
part of an officer?
A. Because you would thereby offer the full option •
of escapej too, and I feel that that would give unwarranted
advantage to serious — to the commission of serious crimes
Q. Serious being the ones that you have elaborated -■
A. Serious —
Q. (continuing) In the deadly force policy?
A. That's right, the ones primarily where you have
a victim. ' ■ ' , ’
Q. Did the deadly force policy include burglary,
could include burglary, I believe it does include burglary
of a business. That doesn't seem to fall in that category
to me?
A.
Q-
A.
It certainly does.
Would you elaborate on that.
Sure, be glad to. You arrive at a burglary scene.
you know that a burglary has occurred or it has been
reported or it is suspected, whatever, the police arrive at
to stop and they.don't comply. Now, right here, if for
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1 that instant we could freeze everyone, have that, just stay
right where we are, we are not going to touch you, vie are
not going to do anything, just freeze while we go in and
inspect the premises and once we are sure there is no
victim, that your only crime has been against property, then
we will say, O.K., continue running and we will try to get
you some other way, but you can’t get that freeze to take
place, you have no idea what is in that scene. How, if we
had a situation where you apprehended them inside the
premises, you had them basically in custody and you satisfiec
yourself that it was only against property and not against
any person, and then in the process of their trying to, they
caught an ungarded moment and took off, I would say that the
use of deadly force might be questionable there for a burgla:|-,
but you have first ascertained to your ovizi satisfaction that
this is all that it was, nothing more.
Q. In that specific example that you gave, your
policy does or does not allow deadly force to apprehend the
person? ' ■
A. Our officers can, would be permitted to use deadly
force if that burglar took off and they had no other way
to capture them. I'm trying to — I'm trying to think of
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if they chose to,, to fire and technically they would be
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1 correct with respect to our policy^ but I thinlc i see the
2 point of the question, the seriousness of the offense and
3 the primary thing to defend is against crimes against peopl
4 Property crimes are serious, but when you have a victim you
5 are more intent on getting the person responsible and
6 bringing them to justice. So a burglary scene, you have no
7 idea whether you have a victim inside or not, whether it is
8 a business or a hom.e, ^whether it is day or night.
9 Q. Would you describe briefly the bullets used by the
10 officers now in the police department?
11 A. I thinlc you would have to have our ordinance
12 people come in and they could tell you how m*any grains and
13 how many characteristics —
14 Q. All right. If I can be less specific than I might
15 need from those people at this time, there are basically
16 hollow point bullets, are they not?
17 A. Yes.
18 Q. Which have more stopping power than a solid nose
19 or brass shield or something, I have forgot some of the
20 terms, they have more stopping power and that is why they
21 are used, is that right?
22 A. They are used, the selection of both the caliber
23 of v/eapon and she type of weapon and zl'.o am.’.uimticn nas t;
24 do with two things; the first is the ability to use the
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1
IN IKE Ui'IITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE Î ÊSTERN DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE
VffiSTER̂ I DIVISION
MARTHA WILEY, et al. )
)Plaintiff, )
) CIVIL ACTION :
vs. )
) NO. c-73-8
MEMPHIS POLICE DEPART^^ENT, )
)
)Defendant.
The discovery deposition of BILL PRICE, taken
on this, the l6th day of January, 1975^ on behalf of the
plaintiff, pursuant to notice, in the conference room of
the Director of the Memphis Police Department, 128 Adams
Avenue, Memphis, Tennessee, and pursuant to the Federal
Rules of Civil Procedure.
All forms and formalities are waived, and
objections alone as to matters of incompetency, irrelevancy
and immateriality of the testimony are reserved, to be
presented and disposed of at or before the hearing.
The signature of the v/itness is waived.
000.542
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-BILL PRICEj
having first been duly sworn^ was examined and testified as
follows:
DIRECT EXAl-HNATION
BY MR. CALDWELL;
Q, For the record^ would you state your full name
and your former occupation is Chief of Police of Memphis?
A. Bill Price^ I'm retired Chief of Police of the
Memphis Police Department.
Q. What date did you retire?
A. July the lst_, 197^.
Q. And as I understand it you were appointed by
Mayor Chandler effective the first of January^ 1972^ is that
correct^ as Chief of Police?
A. That's correct.
Q. And prior to that time you were an officer of ths
Memphis Police Departm.ent^ is that correct?
A. YeSj sir.
Q. Could you briefly tell me how long you have been
with the Department and the various ranhs that you held?
A. I came on the department Aug^ust the 22ndj 19^1 ̂
and I moved up to lieutenant in 1950* I made a
car c am in 1961j inspector in '6E, assistant chief in
chief in '72, a total of a little over 33 years.
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1 were you primarily responsible for it?
2 A. Part of it, yes, sir.
3 Q. Well, that is —
4 MR. SHEA: '72.
5 Q. (By Mr. Caldwell) It is that one right there, and
6 I think it was adopted in February of >72, but that wouldn't
7 have been long after you became chief, right after you were
8 in charge you indicated that you did work on part of that.
9 If you want to take a second to review that.
10 A. Yes, I did part of it.
11 Q. Well, for example, we know from the other document
12 and information that has been gathered in the case that some
13 cities have policies which limited the use of deadly force
14 to self defense situations or situations in which the life
15 of another citizen, or the health and safety of another
16 citizen is in jeopardy, and prohibit the use of deadly force
17 for the sole purpose of stopping an escape, and obviously
18 you rejected that narrow policy?
19 A. That's correct.
20 Q . • Why did you reject it for Mem.phis, for examiple?
21 A. Well, you put a gun on a man, you train him, you
22 train him, you train him, you figure he knows when to shoot
23 and when not to sr'.oot, and if you see a. man come out of your
24 house and he's a burglar and you know he has no right, if you
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1 can't outrun this itian or force him to stop some way^ you
don’t know if he's killed somebody in tnat house or not^ an^
I think in m.y judgment the best thing to do is try to stop
Q .
A.
Q-
O.K. But that is a situation —
As a last resort, if there is no,other way.
O.K. And that is even if you don't knov;, if it
is obvious that the man is not armed or at least he's not
wielding a weapon?
It is hard to tell, of course, you can’t see, you
can’t tell if he’s armed or not running down a dark alley
or not.
Q. There is a close situation under any policy and
you are going to have those borderline situations where
somebody's judgment has to be exercised and you can't really
say it is unreasonable. There are also clear cut situations
a guy coming at you with a gun pointed at you and that is
a, clearly, a self defense situation.- ' •
A. That's correct.
Q. And other situations where it is equally clear tha
the guy is not armed, you know that he's not, or they are
kids or whatever, you know, they are just all kind of varying
3icua t lo '■ but your policy doesn'i attempt, or th.
that is adopted doesn't really attempt to deal with that.
-17- 000545
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1 when they are trying to shoot you or threatening harm to
someone else?
A. He's a grown man;, he knows he's done wrong or
attemnting to do v/ronĝ I think there is a difference there.
I think there is a difference^ and I think that the public's
idea of why they have the policemen on the street 'is to
stop this sort of things stop a man from comrflitting a felony
I don't say kill him^ out it is hard to ni.t where you are
aiming;, you have been running or he's been runningj I don't
think there is a man in the worlds or to my knowledge^ on
this police department;, that wants to kill another human
being. I went 33 years and never fired my gun in the line
of duty^ and could have killed a dozen legally. I never
fired my gun.
Q, But you also have officers^ do you not, who appear
to be more trigger happy than others? There are differences
in human beings?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. And do have those problems. During your time as
an officer in the department, do you knov; of anybody who was
disciplined or called down, or did you ever do it yourself,
somebody who you knov; who had a pattern of either being
I
happy
A. No,
-19-
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1
IN THE UillTED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE WESTERN DISTRICT CF TEIEIESSEE
V7ESTERN DP7ISI0N
MARTHA WILEY, et al, )
) ^
Plaintiff, )
) Cr/IL ACTION
vs. )
)
MEMPHIS POLICE DEPART-^SNT, )
)
Defendant. )
NO. C-73-8
The discovery deposition of JEWSIJL C-. RAY^ taken
on T:his, the l6th day of January, 1975, on behalf of the
plaintiff, pursuant to notice, in the conference room of
the Director of the Memphis Police Department, 128 Adams
Avenue, Memphis, Tennessee, and pursuant to the Federal
Rules of Civil Procedure.
All forms and formalities are waived, and
objections alone as to matters of incompetency, irrelevancy
and immateriality of the testimony are reserved, to be
presented and disposed of at or before the hearing.
The signature of the witness is waived.
0 0 0 5 4 7 I
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TSVTSLij G • RAY ̂
having first been duly sworn, was examined and testified as
follows:,
DIRECT EXAMINATION
BY .MR. CALDWELL:
Would you state and spell your name for the
record?
O.K. It is Jewell, J-e-w-e-l-l> G. Ray, R-a-y.
pjid you are presently an inspector v/itn ohe Mem^n.
Police Department, is that correct?
A, Right.
Q. And on January — well, how long have you been
with the Memphis Police Department?
A. ̂ I'm going on my 20th — 19 years some months.
I would have to count on my fingers for the months.
Q. Are you a native Memphian?
A. Since six years old.
Q. That's as close as you can get I guess.
A. I was born in Moscow 39 miles out here.
Q. A Memphis suburb?
A. Right.
Q .
Q.
Did you start out as a patrolman?
Started out as a patroTm^c
And could you give me the dates of your increa^co
-4- 01) 05.18
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1 9 ̂ February 1964^ until some time in 196?.
Q, Did. they investigate these kind of things at that
timOj or did they in January of ' /2? I noticed a copy Oj.
those two letters went to Internal Security and Homocids?
Homocide did the investigation. Internal
Affairs monitored. Internal Affairs up until recently
didn't have enough personnel to do that type of invesoigatio
plus the complaints investigation. Tne comp-̂ ai-nus j.nvssoj.̂ =.
is heavy enough.
Q. Chief Price said he made it 33 years without firm
his pistolj I don't guess you have been that lucky, have you?
MR. DAILEY: I don't know what relevance
that would have to this case. .1 object to it on
those grounds.
MR. CALDWELL;' Your objection is noted. You
can answer the question.
THE WITNESS: Can I?
MR. DAILEY: Go ahead and answer it.
llhave fired my pistol, in nineteen and a half
years, twice, and in both times it was self defense. Cnee,
goodness gracious, in around 1957 at a burglar who pulled
a shotgun on me and was pointing a shotgun at me, I fired
x Tl 2 .P d T n.iSH .)’d -'li.iid ■XOVIl\ Oi : c ilO V11. tijTi p
up his hands, and i was very rhankful.
-27-
l i e o m e r on^j '.'.'a.
000541
1 19^3 when I was a lieutenant we had a :nan_, a black man who
2 had shot two people^, pistol whipped a bunch of others, killec.
3 one and we had hin trapped in a truck. As I approached the
4 truck he fired one shot at me and I fired six at nim,
5 striking him in the head and chest, and he lived, thank
6 goodness. I have no desire to kill anyone, and this is the
7 only two times that I ever recall that I used my pistol in
8 the line of duty.
9 Q. I'm sure you have had a lot of experiences with
10 the department and there are situations where you could
11 have used it under the rules and regulations of which you
12 were operating?
13 A. Yes. - '
14 Q. Fleeing felons, for example, I assume some people
15 have ran from you and escaped?
16 A. Very few.- I use to pride myself, before I got
17 this gut, on being able to run them down. It was kind of a
18 thing with me, when I run a ward, that I wouldn't let him
19 outrun me, and I have had a few, yes, but most of them I
20 could, I know the secret.
21 Q. How to outrun them and how to head them off and
22 whatever?
23 !: A
24 Q, That was your personal goal then to catch them or
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outrun them or catch them some way, you didn't resort to your
pistol to stop them?
j_n self defense. Nov/, let me puu iu tnis x/aj .
to be perfectly honest with ypu, at the time I was a
patrolman, had I had one that I thought had committed a
violent crime and running from me and I didn't think that
I could have caught him, I may have shot him because I had
been trained, and the state law says I could do io, and I
would have felt that I could have done it.
Based on your experience in law enforcement, how
many of those kinds of people, a violent crim.e, you know,
I don't think there can be much quarrel with you on that,
but how many fleeing burglars, for example, trying to roo
a business establishment, or what have you, actually get awa
permanently if you don't catch them at the scene, how many
of them actually never get caught?
MR. DAILEY: I don't understand your question
MR. SHEA: Now, have you qualified him to see
whether or not, you are saying based on your
experience as a police officer, which was as a
ward car officer, a lieutenant, you are asking nim
if he has any expertise in the field of criminal
P.. P r o n r'T,* o u r ^ ’-i.a
not apprehended at the time, if they ge^ away, ina
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1 I N T H E U N I T E D S T A T E S D I S T R I C T C O U R T Q x / i i J p I t
F O R T H E W E S T E R N D I S T R I C T O F T E N N E S S E E
V 7ES TE R N D I V I S I O N
M A R T H A W I L E Y , E T C . ,
P l a i n t i f f ,
v e r s u s
M E M P H I S P O L I C E D E P A R T M E N T
D e f e n d a n t .
C I V I L A C T I O N
N O . C - 7 3 - 8
T h e d e p o s i t i o n o f B E N D . H A L E w a s t a k e n o n
t h i s 2 8 t h d a y o f J a n u a r y , 1 9 7 5 , u p o n n o t i c e , i n t h e
l a w o f f i c e s o f R a t n e r , S u g a r m o n a n d L u c a s , S u i t e 5 2 5 ,
C o m m e r c e T i t l e B u i l d i n g , M e m p h i s , S h e l b y C o u n t y ,
T e n n e s s e e , p u r s u a n t t o t h e F e d e r a l R u l e s o f C i v i l P r o
c e d u r e .
A l l f o r m s a n d f o r m a l i t i e s , i n c l u d i n g t h e
s i g n a t u r e o f t h e w i t n e s s , a r e w a i v e d .
O b j e c t i o n s a n d e x c e p t i o n s a l o n e a s t o c o m p e t e n '
c y , r e l e v a n c y a n d m a t e r i a l i t y , a r e r e s e r v e d , s a m e t o
b e p r e s e n t e d a n d d i s p o s e d o f a t o r b e f o r e t h e h e a r i n g .
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B E N D . H A L E
T h e s a i d w i t n e s s , b e i n g f i r s t d u l y s w o r n ,
t e s t i f i e d a s f o l l o w s , t o - w i t :
D I R E C T E X A M I N A T I O N
B Y M R . A R N O L D ;
Q F o r t h e r e c o r d , p l e a s e s t a t e y o u r n a m e a n d
o c c u p a t i o n ?
A B e n D . H a l e , S p e c i a l A g e n t , F e d e r a l B u r e a u
o f I n v e s t i g a t i o n .
Q A n d h o w l o n g h a v e y o u b e e n e m p l o y e d a s S p e c i a l
A g e n t ?
A A b o u t t h i r t e e n a n d a h a l f y e a r s .
Q Y o u h a v e b e e n a S p e c i a l A g e n t f o r t h a t e n t i r e
t i m e ?
A T h a t i s c o r r e c t .
Q A n d d i d y o u h a v e o t h e r p o s t s i n t h e F B I p r i o r
t o t h a t ?
A N o .
Q S o t h a t I m i g h t u n d e r s t a n d , w e h a d s u b p o e n a e d
M r . G u n d e r s o n , w h o i s t h e A g e n t i n c h a r g e ; i s t h a t
c o r r e c t ?
A T h a t ' s c o r r e c t .
Q H o w d o y o u r e l a t e t o M r . G u n d e r s o n i n a c h a i n
o f c o m m a n d t y p e o f s i t u a t i o n ?
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A V 7 e l l , h e i s m y s u p e r i o r .
Q A l l r i g h t . D o y o u h a v e o t h e r s u p e r i o r s h e r e
i n M e m p h i s o r n o t ?
A Y e s , I d o .
Q W h o a r e t h e y ?
A W e l l , t h e A s s i s t a n t A g e n t i n C h a r g e i s a l s o
m y s u p e r i o r .
Q A n d t h e n y o u w o u l d c o m e u n d e r h i m ?
A We h a v e f i e l d s u p e r v i s o r s a l s o w h o r a n k o v e r
m e .
Q
A
Q
A
A r e t h e y a s s i g n e d t o t h e M e m p h i s O f f i c e ?
Y e s .
D o y o u s u p e r v i s e a n y o n e y o u r s e l f ?
N o .
Q H o w m a n y s p e c i a l a g e n t s a r e t h e r e i n t h e
M e m p h i s o f f i c e ?
A A p p r o x i m a t e l y t h i r t y .
Q A n d a p p r o x i m a t e l y h o w m a n y s u p e r v i s o r y p e r s o n r J ^
o f t h e t y p e y o u p r e v i o u s l y m e n t i o n e d ?
A T h e r e w o u l d b e f o u r .
Q H a v e y o u e v e r h a d a n y r e s p o n s i b i l i t y i n t e r m s
o f t r a i n i n g S p e c i a l A g e n t s ?
A Y e s , I h a v e .
Q W h a t w a s t h a t ?
1 A As the P r i n c i p a l F i r e a r m s Instr u c t o r .
2 Q Is that --
3 A F o r the M e m p h i s Div i s i o n , of the FBI,
4 Q All right. Is this t r a i n i n g the o t her
5 thi r t y s p e c i a l agents or does that i n c l u d e a b r o a d e r
6 a r e a than that?
7 A W e ll, it w o u l d i n c l u d e any agents a s s i g n e d
8 to r e c e i v e training, and w i t h i n the M e m p h i s d i v i s i o n
9 there w o u l d be more than, say, t h i r t y agents in the
10 M e m p h i s di v i s i o n , b u t only a p p r o x i m a t e l y thirty, thirty-
11 one or t h i r t y - t w o a s s i g n e d to h e a d q u a r t e r s .
12 My t r a i n i n g r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s w o u l d e n c o m p a s s
13 all the agents in the M e mphis division,
14 Q Yes, sir. A p p r o x i m a t e l y h o w m a n y s p e c i a l
15 agents w o u l d be in the M e mphis d i v i s i o n ?
16 A Oh, a p p r o x i m a t e l y sixty.
17 Q Does t h a t cov e r a T e n n e s s e e a r e a or a radius
18 of M e m p h i s ?
19 A It covers p r i m a r i l y W e s t T e n n e s s e e , Middle
20 a n d W e s t T e n n e s s e e .
21 Q Is the t r a i n i n g y o u are t a l k i n g abo u t o n g o i n g
22 t r a i n i n g or is this i n itial t r a i n i n g ?
23 A N o . I t ’ s a c o n t i n u o u s t r a i n i n g .
24 Q I n t h i s c a p a c i t y a r e y o u f a m i l i a r w i t h t h e
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f i r e a r m s p o l i c i e s o f t h e F B I ?
A Y e s , I a m .
Q D o y o u h a v e a n y r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s f o r t e a c h i n g
o f t h o s e p o l i c i e s o r r e m i n d i n g a g e n t s o f t h o s e
p o l i c i e s ?
A Y e s . T h a t w o u l d b e b r o u g h t u p i n t h e t r a i n i n g ,
Q I n e f f e c t t h e n , i n t h e t r a i n i n g p e r i o d y o u
w o u l d d o m o r e t h a n s i m p l y d e a l w i t h m a r k s m a n s h i p ; i s
t h a t a f a i r s t a t e m v e n t ?
A Y e s . T r a i n i n g i s r a t h e r a l l - e n c o m p a s s i n g .
T h e r e a r e m a n y a r e a s t h a t w e t o u c h o n i n o u r t r a i n i n g
n o t r e s t r i c t e d t o f i r e a r m s . I t m a y b e o t h e r s x i b j e c t
m a t t e r .
Q W h a t a r e t h o s e a r e a s ?
A W e l l , o n e w o u l d b e d e f e n s i v e t a c t i c s , a n o t h e r
m i g h t b e t e c h n i q u e s a n d m e c h a n i c s o f a r r e s t s , c r i m e
s c e n e s e a r c h e s .
Q A n d y o u w o u l d b e r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e t r a i n i n g
i n t h i s a r e a f r o m t i m e t o t i m e ?
A W e l l , p a r t i a l l y . T h e r e w o u l d b e o t h e r s i n
v o l v e d i n t h e t r a i n i n g b u t I a m o n e o f t h e m .
Q H o w o f t e n d o e s t h i s o n g o i n g t r a i n i n g t a k e
p l a c e ?
A W e l l , i t d e p e n d s o n t h e t y p e o f t r a i n i n g y o u
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1 a r e t a l k i n g a b o u t . V7e h a v e p e r i o d i c t r a i n i n g y e a r
r o u n d . C e r t a i n p h a s e s o f t h e t r a i n i n g o c c u r m o r e o f t e n
t h a n o t h e r p h a s e s d o .
I t d e p e n d s o n w h a t y o u a r e t a l k i n g a b o u t .
Q W h e r e i s a l l t h e i n i t i a l t r a i n i n g c o n d u c t e d ?
A A t t h e F B I A c a d e m y a t Q u a n t i c o , V i r g i n i a .
Q H a v e y o u e v e r h a d a n y t r a i n i n g r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s ;
t h e r e ?
A I l o .
Q S p e c i f i c a l l y , a n d I b e l i e v e y o u h a v e b r o u g h t
w i t h y o u a d o c u m e n t o r i n f o r m a t i o n b u l l e t i n e n t i t l e d ,
" N i n e t y - n i n e F a c t s A b o u t T h e F B I " ?
A T h a t ' s c o r r e c t .
Q C o u l d y o u i d e n t i f y f o r m e f r o m t h i s b u l l e t i n
w h e r e a s t a t e m e n t c o n c e r n i n g t h e u s e o f d e a d l y f o r c e
i s f o u n d ?
A O n p a g e 1 6 o f t h e p a m p h l e t u n d e r Q u e s t i o n
N o . 5 8 , t h e q u e s t i o n s t a t e s , " W h a t i s t h e p o l i c y o f t h e
F B I c o n c e r n i n g t h e u s e o f f i r e a r m s ? " A n d t h e s t a t e m e n t
o f p o l i c y s t a t e s t h a t , " A n F B I A g e n t i s t r a i n e d t o u s e
f i r e a r m s o n l y i n s e l f - d e f e n s e o r t o s a f e g u a r d t h e l i v e s
o f o t h e r p e r s o n s . "
M R . A R N O L D : W e w o u l d l i k e t o m a k e
t h i s b o o k l e t a n e x h i b i t t o y o u r d e p o s i t i o n
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Q W h a t a b o u t s o m e - - i s t h e t e n m o s t w a n t e d
l i s t , i s t h a t a t e l e v i s i o n p r o g r a m o r i s t h a t a n
a c t u a l i t y ?
A T h a t i s a n a c t u a l i t y .
M R . M C T I G H E : Y o u s e e i t i n t h e
P o s t ' O f f i c e , M r . A r n o l d .
M R . A R 2 I O L D : R i g h t . I h a v e s e e n
s o r a e o f t h e s i g n s t h e r e , M r . I l C T i g h e ,
o f t h e m .
B Y M R . A R N O L D ;
Q I f y o u k n o w s o m e o n e i s o n t h e t e n m o s t w a n t e d
l i s t , c a n y o u s h o o t t h a t p e r s o n a n d k i l l t h e m j u s t t o
c a t c h t h e m ? I s t h a t w i t h i n t h e p o l i c y ?
A Y o u m e a n d o w e h a v e a w a n t e d d e a d o r a l i v e
p o l i c y ?
Q Y e s .
A N o . We h a v e n ' t g o n e b a c k t o t h o s e d a y s y e t .
Q S o , e v e n i n t h a t s i t u a t i o n , t h e r e w o u l d h a v e
t o b e t h e r e a s o n a b l e b e l i e f t h a t f o r c e w o u l d b e u s e d
a g a i n s t y o u o r s o m e o n e e l s e t o d i s c h a r g e y o u r f i r e a r m
a b a i n s t t h o s e p e r s o n s t o o ?
A T h a t ' s c o r r e c t .
M R . A R N O L D : T h a t i s a l l I h a v e , M r .
S h e a a n d M r . M c T i g h e .
e x . ¥ 9
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1 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE
WESTERN DIVISION
MARTHA WILEY, )
Plaintiff, )
versus )
MEMPHIS POLICE DEPARTMENT, ET AL,)
Defendants. )
CIVIL ACTION
NO. C-73-8
The deposition of DON T. KRAG was taken on
this 31st day of March, 1975, by agreement of counsel,
at the residence of the witness, 1311 Ferguson Road,
Memphis, Shelby County, Tennessee, pursuant to the
Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, on behalf of the
defendants.
All forms and formalities, including the
signature of the witness, are waived.
Objections and exceptions alone as to
competency, relevancy and materiality are reserved,
same to be presented and disposed of at or before the
hearing.
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DON T. KRAG
The said witness, being first duly sworn,
testified as follows, to-wit:
DIRECT EXAMINATION
3Y MR. SHEA:
Q
A
Q
A
Q
A
Please state your name?
Don T, Krag.
Where do you live, Mr. Krag?
1311 Ferguson.
And how old are you, sir?
I am 65 now.
Q What is your occupation?
A Public Contracting, own and operate the
Edgewood Mobile Homes. I am not in the plumbing businejss
at this time, though.
Q I see. All right. How long have you lived
at this address?
A All ray life except for thfe time I was born ant
raised on the hill up there in this two story house.
I have been on this street all ray life.
Q All right. And you were living here, of
course, on January 8, 1972?
A Yes, sir.
Q All right. Just tell us what took place arounjt
8:00 on the evening as best as you can recall.
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and just finished eating, no noise in the house at all,
like T.V.'s or radios, and all of a sudden we heard,
■Halt, halt, halt“, and by that time the guns blasted
a loose. It really kind of scared us at the time
because of the window there.
Q Did you go outside after that?
A Yes, sir.
Q Tell us what you found?
A I went outside and the Police had done come
from the front up here at the street and was trying to
get across a six-foot fence out there and I saw they
couldn't make it. So I told them, "Just a moment, I
will get you a key. I have got a gate back there. I
will unlock the gate." So they said, all right. And
I unlocked the gate and we went in and walked back —
they had flashlights — walked back some 20 or 30 feet
from where the gate is and they located one of these
men that got shot down in approximately the center of
the ditch.
Q All right. Now, when you were out at the
ditch — oh, when you first became aware of the shoot
ing, I believe you said that you went outside after
you heard the Police in the back? ̂s - . ..
A Yes, sir. My wife and myself just had dinner
8
o vhe one that got hit?„ BOW big a person was the
^ H I could see laying down.Well, f̂ com what IA wexi, I under-
stood later he was a teenager.
° e at that time I didn't know whether
A I understood!«-r -̂ ust a kid burglar, he was a grown man or j
,snroka in the man's Place over there.
All right. But it wasn't a tinv tot.
Oh, no , no , 3 -
any time. ' shooting
All right. 1« yo" ^ ,
° s it from the time you first hear
incident, how long was it
A -Half until the tiring began.,ne word ̂ ther
^ When I he ^„„nded so close and it
,iud of dumbfounded because it
uasn't but moments later before X h ^
A*- that time I come out thloose. At tha "Halt, halt,hear the police, yell. Halt,But you di- neax
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Yes, sir.
ynere were three distincts halts.
iuculd say it was every bit of three, yes.
P v ifG L
J ' j / -
' j r ^ - ^ - F f t ^ o C » C r Q j ^ R /
- a r f j X
x ^̂ t c h c o l i y P . c . C A t ^ s * ^
I Cit/ft t' i ̂ t’Vtf J O . B B L i^ s y u e
s\3
THE CHALLENGE
OF CRIME
IN A FREE SOCIETY
A REPORT BY TH E PRESIDENTS COMMISSION ON LAW ENFORCEMENT
AND ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE
United States Government Printing Office
Washington, D.C.
» February 1967
o o o s e i
FOREWORD
On July 23, 1965, recognizing the urgency of the Nation’s crime problem and the
depth of ignorance about it. President Johnson established this-Commission on Law
Enforcement and Administration of Justice, through Executive Order 11236.
This general report— “The ChaUenge of Crime in a Free Society”— embodies
all the major hndings we have drawn from our examination of every facet of crime
and law enforcement in America. These are summarized in an opening section, and
our reconmendations are cataloged in a table following chapter 13. In addition,
we are finishing the work on a series of volumes reflecting the detailed and extensive
r^earch and ̂analysis underlying this report. These volumes, each dealing with a
t^ eren t major segment of the field of crime and law enforcement, will be issued
shortly, as they are completed.
We have described, in appendix A, how the Commission went about its work.
But one aspect deserves particular note. Our work was, as indeed it should and had
to bCj in the fullest sense, a joint undertaking.
We received A e unstinting assistance of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the
U.S. Bureau of Prisons, the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, and every
other Federal agency we called on.
We had the invaluable assistance of many State, local, and private agencies and
groups m this field.
We had at our service the special talent and knowledge of hundreds of expert
consultants and advisers who contributed to our work.
And, most important, the foundation to our work came from a staff whose
energy and endurance was exceeded only by its brilliance and imagination. Every
m em ^r of this Commission joins me in expressing the warmest gratitude and admira
tion for James Vorenberg, profesror at the Harvard Law School, the Executive
D ir^ o r of the Commission, who directed this extraordinary staff effort, and for each
of his colleagues.
€ I C
Nicholas deB. Katzenbach
C h a i r m a n
0 0 0 5 ^ : )
th e com m ission
Nicholas deB, Katzenbach, Chairman
Genevieve Blatt <•
Charles D. Breitel
Kingman Brewster
Garrett H. Byrne
Thomas J . Cahill
Otis Chandler
Leon Jaworski
Thomas C. Lynch
Ross L. Malone
James B. Parsons
Lewis F. Powell, Jr.
William P. Rogers
Robert G. Storey
Julia D, Stuart
Robert F. Wagner
Herbert Wechsler
Whitney M. Young, Jr.
Luther W. Youngdahl
THE STAFF
Executive Director
James Vorenberg
Deputy Director
Henry S. Ruth, Jr.
Associate Directors:
Gene S. Muehleisen
Elmer K. Nelson, Jr.
Lloyd E. Ohlin
Arthur Rosett
Assistant Directors:
David B. Burnham
Bruce J. Terris
Samuel G. Chapman {Police)
Howard Okmart {Corrections)
Vincent O’Leary {Corrections)
Charles H. Rogovin {Organized Crime)
Director of Science and Technology
Alfred Blumstein
William Caldwell
Weston R. Campbell, Jr.
Gerald M. Caplan
Roland Chilton
Joseph G. J. Connolly
Virginia N. Crawford
Elizabeth Bartholet DuBois
Paul B. Duruz
Robert L. Emrich
Floyd Feeney
Victor Giosda
Sheldon Krantz
Anthony Lapham
John L. McCausland
Sheila Ann Mulvihill
Albert W. Overby, Jr.
Nick Pappas
John F. Quinn
Robert Rice
Gordon D. Rowe
Susan Freeman Schapiro
Gerald Stem
Keith Stubblefield
Thelma C. Stevens
Martin Timin
G. Joseph Vining
Richardson White, Jr.
0 0 0 5 8 G
99
housing, and com m ercial developm ents, and as to the
effects on the com m unity of urban ren ew d and the relo
cation o f population— neighborhood conditions to which
m unicipal attention shoxild be directed.
The Commission recommends:
T he police should form ally participate in com m unity
planning in all cities.
T H E P O L IC E IN T H E C O M M U N IT Y
Carrying out w ith proper efficiency and discretion A e
com plicated law enforcem ent and cor^ u n ity -serv ice
taeVs the police are expected to perform is a form idable
assignment under the best of circum stances: W hen the
public sympathizes and cooperates w t h the police.
Those circum stances do exist to a considerable extent in
most rural, sm alltown and suburban communitiM , ^ d
in m any big-city neighborhoods. T h e ch ief limitations
on police work in those places are the talents and skills
of policem en and police admimstrators, and the funds,
equipm ent, and facilities available to them . In city slums
and ghettos, the very neighborhoods that n e ^ and want
effective policing the most, the situation is quite different.
There is m uch distrust o f the police, especially am ong
boys and young m en, am ong the people the police most
often deal w ith. I t is conunon in those neighborhoods
for citizens to fail to report crimes or refuse to cooperate
in investigations. O ften policem en are sneered at or in
sulted o n the street. Som etim es they are violently as
saulted. Indeed , everyday police encounters in such
neighborhoods can set off riots, as m any police depart
ments have learned.
T his is the problem that is usually— and pohtely—
referred to as “police-com m unity relations.” I t is over
whelm ingly a problem of the relations betw een the police
and the m inority-group com m unity, betw een the ^ l i c e
and Negroes, Puerto R icans, and M exican-Am ericans.
It is as serious as any problem th e police have today,
c/ O f course, to say that there is m uch distrust o f the police
am ong members of m inority groups is not to say that all
members of m inority groups distrust the police, or to
imply that only m em bers o f m inority groups distrust ^ e
police. A survey of public attitudes toward the police
conducted, a t the Com m ission’s request, by the N ational
O pinion Research Center shows, naturally enough, a
spectrum of opinion. H ow ever, the differences in atti
tude by race are striking. Tw enty-three percent o f all
white people thought that the police were doing an “ex
cellent” job of enforcing the law , w h ile only 15 percent
of nonwhites held that view . A t the opposite end o f the
scale, 7 percent o f w hites thought the police were doing a
“poor” job, as contrasted w ith 16 percent o f nonwhites.
Roughly the sam e kind of response was obtained to a
question about how w ell the police protect citizens. ̂ ^
W ith the questions, “H o w good a job do the police
do on being respectful to people like yourself?” and “D o
you tbi'nk the police around your neighborhood are al
m ost all honest, m ostly honest, w ith a few w h o are cor
rupt, or are they alm ost all corrupt? , the difference in
response by race was m ore than striking. I t was startling.
Sixty-three percent of whites and 30 percent of nonwhites
thought the police were “alm ost all honest. O ne per
cent of whites and 10 percent of nonwhites thought the
police were “alm ost all corru p t”
It may be paradoxical that the sam e people w ho ^ e ✓
most victim ized by crim e are m ost hostile to the police,
but it is not remarkable. In view o f the history o f race
relations in Am erica and of the ghetto conditions in
w hich m ost m inority-group members live, doubt about
Am erican ideals and resentm ent against authority are to
be expected am ong Negroes, Puerto R icans, and M exican-
Americans. N o doubt the police are condem ned by the
nature of their work to bear the brunt of such feelings. ̂
H owever, this is not the heart o f the police-com m um ty
relations problem . T hroughout the country m inority-
group residents have grievances not just against society
as a w hole, b u t specifically against the police. Com m is
sion observers w atched policem en work in m inority-group
neighborhoods in a num ber o f m ajor cities, and the C om
mission has studied the findings o f those who have m ade
observations in m any other cities. T hese observations
indicate that any generalization about how “policem en”
National Opinion Research Center P o ll: AHirmafive Answers
Do police do “excellent” job?
White____________ — ----------------- 23%
Non-White. .15%
Are police “almost all honest”?
White ----- -------------------------------------------
.63%
Non-White. .3 0 .%
Do police do “poor” job?
White_____ 7%
Non-White -----------------------------16%
Are police “almost all corrupt”?
W hite------ 1 %
Non-White_______ _ 10%
O O O J 5 B 7
100
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treat “m inority-group m em bers,” or vice versa, is almost
sure to be m isleading. For exam ple, one Commission
study conducted in a few cities showed that m ost police
m en treat m inority-group citizens in a nondiscriminatory
manner, and received at least as m uch cooperation and
courtesy from Negroes as from whites.
H owever, Com m ission studies also showed, and in this
finding responsible police officials concur, that too m any
policem en do m isunderstand and are indifferent to m i
nority-group aspirations, attitudes, and customs, and that
incidents involving physical or verbal mistreatm ent of
m inority-group citizens do occur and do contribute to the
resentm ent against police that som e minority-group ipem -
bers feel.
COMMUNITY RELATIONS PROGRAMS
Citizen hostility toward the police is every bit as dis
ruptive o f peace and order, o f course, as police indiffer
ence to or m istreatm ent of citizens. It is so obvious as
alm ost to be a truism that ghetto residents will not obtain
the police protection they badly w ant and need until
policem en feel that their presence is w elcom e and that
their problems are understood. H owever, in the effort
to achieve this state o f affairs, the duty of taking the
initiative clearly devolves on the police, both because they
are organized and disciplined and because they are pub
lic servants sworn to protect every part o f the com m unity.
It is an urgent duty. Social tensions are growing and
crim e rates are m ounting. Police agencies cannot pre
serve the public peace and control crime unless the public
participates m ore fully than it now does in law enforce
m ent. Bad com m unity feeling does m ore than create
tensions and engender actions against the police that in
turn m ay em bitter policem en and trigger irrational re
sponses from them . I t stim ulates crime.
T h e Commission believes that a police-com m unity rela
tions program is one of the m ost im portant functions of
any police departm ent in a com m unity with a substan
tial m inority population. I t believes further that such
programs m ust be organized and administered in accord
ance with certain principles:
□ A com m unity-relations program is not a public-
relations program to “sell the police im age” to the people.
It is not a set o f expedients whose purpose is to tranquil-
ize for a tim e an angry neighborhood by, for exam ple,
suddenly prom oting a few N egro officers in the wake
of a racial disturbance. It is a long-range, full-scale effort
to acquaint the police and the com m unity w ith each
other’s problems and to stim ulate action aimed at solv
ing those problems.
□ Com m unity relations are not the e.xclusive business
of specialized units, but the business of an entire depart
m ent from the ch ief down. Com m unity relations are
not exclusively a m atter o f special programs, but a m at
ter that touches on all aspects o f police work. T hey must
play a part in the selection, training, deploym ent, and
prom otion of personnel; in the execution of field proce
dures; in staff policym aking and planning; in the en
forcem ent o f departm ental discipline; and in the han
dling of citizens’ com plaints.
□ T h e needs of good com m unity relations and o f ef
fective law enforcem ent w ill not necessarily be identical
at all times. For exam ple, restricting the way field inter
rogations are carried out could lead, in the short run, to
apprehending fewer crim inals; im posing harsh penalties
on officers w ho verbally abuse m inority-group citizens
could tem porarily depress departm ental morale. M ore
over, professionalization of the police has m eant, to a
considerable extent, im proving efficiency by such m ethods
as decreasing the num ber of officers on foot patrol, re
ducing the num ber of precinct stations and insisting that
patrol officers spend m ore time on law enforcem ent duties
and less on m aintaining relations w ith citizens on the
street. A result o f this has been a lessening o f the in
form al contacts betw een policem en and citizens. C on
flicts o f this sort arc not easy to resolve, but the attem pt
m ust be m ade. W hile im m ediate law enforcem ent con
siderations m ay take precedence, it should be rem em
bered that sound com m unity relations are, in the long
run, essential to effective law enforcem ent.
□ Im proving com m unity relations involves n ot only
instituting programs and changing procedures and prac
tices, but re-exam iiting fundam ental attitudes. T h e po
lice w ill have to learn to listen patiently and understand-
ingly to people w ho are openly critical o f them or hostile
to them , since those people are precisely the ones w ith
w hom relations need to be im proved. Q uite evidently,
it is not easy for a m an who was brought up to obey the
law and to respect law enforcem ent officers to m aintain
his poise and equanim ity w hen he is denounced, sneered
at, or threatened. H owever, policem en m ust do just that
if police-citizen relationships on the street are to becom e
person-to-person encounters rather than the black-versus-
white, oppressed-versus-oppressor confrontations they
too often are.
□ T h e police m ust adapt themselves to the rapid
changes in patterns of behavior that are taking p lace in
Am erica. T h is is a tim e w hen traditional ideas and
institutions are being challenged with increasing insist
ence. T h e poor w ant an equal opportunity to earn a
share o f Am erica’s v/ealth. M inority groups w ant a final
end put to the discrim ination they have been subjected to
for centuries. Y oung people, the fastest grow ing seg
m ent di the population, have m ore freedom than they
ever have had. T h e police m ust be w illing and able to
deal understandingly and constructively w ith these often
unsettling, even threatening, changes.
The Commission recommends:
Police departm ents In all large com m unities should have
com m unity-relations m achinery consisting of a head
quarters u n it that p lans and supervises the departm ent’s
com m unity-relations program s. I t should also have
precinct units, responsible to the precinct com m ander,
that carry out the program s. C om m unity relations m ust
be both a staff and a line function. Such m achinery is a
OOO.’iGii
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ministered. T h e adm inistrative guidance supplem ents the
general legislative policy.
Another reason that law enforcem ent policies are sel
dom stated is that m any of them w ould turn out to be, if
clearly set forth, highly controversial. For exam ple, if the
police announced publicly that nondisorderly drunks
w ould be arrested only if they had no hom e to go to, they
m ight be accused of discriminatory treatment.
Probably the most pervasive reason that the police do
not articulate policy form ally is that they usually do not
realize that they make policy inform ally every day. T he
police are not accustom ed to thinking of themselves as
em ployees of an agency that m uch m ore often enforces
laws adm inistratively than by invoking the formal criminal
process through arrest. Y et a decision by a policem an to
order a sidewalk gathering to “break it up,” or to take a
delinquent youth hom e rather than arrest him , or to “cool
o f f ’ a drunk in a precinct lockup rather than formally
charge him , is an adm inistrative decision. N ot only
should policem en be guided by departm ental oolicy in the
m aking of such delicate decisions, but the people who will
be affected by these decisions— the public— have a right to
be apprised in advance, rather than ex post facto, what
police policy is.
ThA Commission recommends:
P olice departm ents should develop and enunciate policies
that give police personnel specific guidance for the com
m on situations requiring exercise of police discretion.
Policies should cover such m atters, am ong others, as the
issuance o f orders to citizens regarding their m ovem ents
or activities, the handling of m inor disputes, the safe
guarding of the rights o f free speech and free assembly,
the selection and use o f investigative m ethods, and the
decision w hether or n ot to arrest in specific situations
involving specific crim es.
T h e issuance o f orders to individuals regarding their
m ovem ents, activities, and whereabouts relates particu
larly to the com m on police practice of ordering m any
street gatherings to “break it up” and “m ove on .” Con
siderations that m ight govern the issuance of such orders
are the tim e of day, the am ount o f disturbance the gath
ering is causing, whether or not the members are intoxi
cated, w hether or not they are unduly obstructing traffic, ,
and whether or not they are people known to the police
as offenders or troublemakers.
Also involved are cultural considerations that are m ore
com plex. Som e people ordinarily conduct their social
lives on the street, particularly if they live in neighbor
hoods where the housing is dilapidated and overcrowded
and where there are few parks or other recreational fa
cilities. Breaking up such groups, rather than contribut
ing to public order, is likely to have the reverse effect.
M oreover, form ulating and executing policy in this field
could make the police m ore conscious of neighborhood
problems and could, therefore, m ake the police more effec
tive servants of the com m unity.
H andling m inor disputes is an activity that is regarded
as of small im portance by m ost police administrators.
Y et it occupies a great deal o f the tim e o f m any fx)lice-
m en. T o the disputants themselves, who are m ore often
than not law -abiding citizens, the m anner in w hich the
police intervene in their affairs is a m atter o f great im
portance. D isputes, particularly dom estic disputes, as
discussed earlier, are a subject about w hich it w ould be
difficult to form ulate policy w ithout first engaging in
considerable research. T h e police should seek to ac
cum ulate inform ation about fam ilies that cause repeated
disturbances, to discover whether certain kinds o f disturb
ances are m ore likely than others to lead to serious assaults
or to hom icides, to com pile statistics on the typical effects
of having one o f the pturties swear out a com plaint
against the other, to becom e fam iliar w ith the so c ia l-^ ^
service agencies, if any, to w hich troubled fam ilies can b i ^ P .
referred. For the police to m ediate, arbitrate or suppress
each dispute that they encounter as if it were unique— or
as if all disputes were alike— contributes little, in the long
run, either to law enforcem ent or to com m unity service.
Chapter 3 has discussed at some length the intim ate
street relationships between policem en and juveniles. Be
cause juveniles frequent the streets so m uch, because they
are usually in groups, because they are sensitive to real or
im agined slights, and because the line betw een natural
and relatively harmless conduct and threatening or in
jurious behavior is often hard to draw, the police must
exercise great discretion in dealing w ith them . Clear
police policies about ways of handling various juvenile
situations w ould be of great help to policem en on the
street. T h ere is a trend toward articulating policy about
this part o f police work. For exam ple, the C hicago Po
lice D epartm ent has issued a particularly lucid set of
prescriptions for dealing w ith juveniles.
Safeguarding the rights o f free speech and free assem
bly has becom e in recent years an increasingly im portant
police duty, and one that can, on occasion, divert large
numbers of police from patrol or investigative duties.
D uring 1 m onth in Philadelphia, for exam ple, there were
15 m ajor dem onstrations that needed police protection or
at least police presence. T his figure does not include
dozens o f street com er m eetings and other m inor f o r m ^ ^
of propagandizing or protest— each o f w hich require<^ ^
the continuous attention o f at least one policem an, w hile
it was underway. T hese dem onstrations w ere either for
or against police brutality, a strike of California grape
pickers, the Pennsylvania divorce laws, rock and roll
m usic, slum landlords, draft classification e.xaminations,
black power, a m ovie about the Battle o f th e Bulge, a
“rape sentencing” bill, equal rights for hom osexuals, low
wages at a convalescent hom e, m ore post office promo
tions for Negroes, and the war in V ietnam .
Policing dem onstrations is a particularly sensitive job,
not only because o f the occasional difficulty in distin
guishing betw een the legitim ate e.xercise of constitutional
rights, and trespass or incitem ent to riot, but because
policem en have views o f their own about the issues that
are being vociferously debated. W hen spontaneous or
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n^re, they w ould be greatly helped in their task of pre-
order and protecting constitutional rights if the
leaders o f protesting or dem onstrating groups discussed, in
advance with the police, the appropriate times and places
for dem onstrations and m ethods of demonstrating. On
the other hand, strong law enforcem ent responses in a
true riot situation m ust occur rapidly, on the basis of
advance planning and operational coordination.
A dvance planning is a necessity and m ust be conducted
jointly betw een the police and local. State, and Federal
governm ents. T oo few departm ents have held the drills
and rehearsals that disclose in advance deficiencies in
planning, com m unications, coordination and chain of
commrmd. Procedures for calling in the N ational Guard
and allocating com m and responsibility m ust be worked
out prior to riotous situations.
T h e tactics chosen at the beginning of disorder m ay well
be the crucial factor in controlling a riot. T h e kinds and
extent o f police force em ployed, and equipm ent involved,
m ust be thought out w ell in advance, taught to personnel
through training and constantly reassessed. Procedures
for the acquisition and channeling of intelligence m ust be
established so that inform ation is centralized and dis
sem inated to those w ho need it.
L ike any kind of crime, riots are best controlled by pre
vention. T his o f course involves m aintaining proper
police conduct, but the m ost im portant elem ent in pre-
^ ftk ition is a city governm ent’s awareness of and response
^ ro th e frustrations of the com m unity.
FIREARMS USE POLICY
In m ost cities police officers receive too little guid
ance as to w hen firearms m ay be drawn and used. R e
cruit and inservice training should keep officers con
tinually alert to the legal and moral aspects of the use
o f firearms.
The Commission recommends:
A com prehensive regulation should be form ulated by
every ch ief adm inistrator to reflect the basic policy that
firearms m ay be used only when the officer believes his
life or the life o f another is in im m inent danger, or when
other reasonable m eans of apprehension have failed to
prevent the escape of a felony suspect w hom the officer
believes presents a serious danger to others.
C O O R D IN A T IO N A N D P O O L IN G O F
PO LIC E SE R V IC E S
T h e m achinery of law enforcem ent in this country is
fragmented, com plicated and frequently overlapping.
Am erica is essentially a nation o f sm all police forces, each
operating independently within the lim its o f its jurisdic
tion. T he boundaries that define and lim it police opera
tions do not hinder the m ovem ent o f crim inals, of course.
T hey can and do take advantage o f ancient political and
geographic boundaries, which often give them sanctuary
from eff'ective police activity.
Nevertheless, coordination o f activity am ong police
agencies, even w hen the areas they work in are contiguous
or overlapping, tends to be sporadic and inform al, to the
extent that it exists at all. T his serious obstacle to law
enforcem ent is m ost apparent in the rapidly developing
urban areas of the country, where the vast m ajority of the
N ation’s population is located and where m ost crimes
occur. In 1960, alm ost 117 m illion people, about 70 per
cent of our population, resided in Am erica’s 18,000 cities.
O f these, almost 113 m illion persons, 63 percent o f our
population, resided in the 212 areas designated by the
Bureau of the Census as Standard M etropolitan Statis
tical Areas. A ccording to FBI reports, approxim ately 83
percent of the Part I crimes com m itted in the U nited
States in 1965 were com m itted in these SM SA ’s. T hese
212 sprawling, m etropolitan areas comprise 313 counties
and 4,144 cities, each o f w hich has its ow n police force.
T h e majority of these departm ents are small and have
only lim ited facilities and services. T hus, the responsi
bility for dealing w ith m ost o f the serious crime in this
country is diffused am ong a m ultitude of independent
agencies that have little contact w ith neighboring forces.
T h e Commission believes that the principal m ethod of
im proving enforcem ent outside o f the large cities is the co
ordination or pooling o f police services. Coordination
involves an agreem ent betw een tw o or m ore jurisdictions
to perform certain services jointly; usually one of the
jurisdictions w ill provide one or m ore services for the
others. Pooling occurs w hen local governm ent jurisdic
tions consolidate by m erging one jurisdiction, or a func
tion thereof, w ith another jurisdiction, or function
thereof. Coordination is the m ore feasible form o f law
enforcem ent cooperation because there are fewer political
or legal obstacles to achieving it.
In studying how coordination or pooling m ight im prove
the quality o f law enforcem ent, the Com m ission was
guided by two assum ptions. First, some pooling could
take place w ithout jeopardizing the independence of local
governm ent. Second, it is desirable to preserv'e as m uch
local governm ental control as is consistent w ith increasing
the quality and quantity o f police service. T h e C om
mission further believes that the cost o f any program
0005VO
I {
f, !
r: •
S x /n l/ 'T s 'y
TASK FORCE REPORT:
THE POLICE
Task Force on the Police
THE PRESIDENTS COMMISSION ON LAW ENFORCEMENT AND
ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE 000571
U.S. Government Printing Office, Waihington : 1967.
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402
Price: $2.85, domestic postpaid; $2.50, GPO Bookstore
Copies of the Commission’s general report, “The Challenge of Crime in a Free Society,” can be purchased from the Superintendent
of Df cuments for $2.25.
Copies of other task force reports and other supporting materials can also be purchased. , \ i
OOOo
FOREWORD
In February of this year the President’s Commission on Law E nforcem ent and
Adm inistration of Justice issued its G eneral R eport; The Challenge of Crime in a
Free Society. As noted in the Foreword to that Report, the Commissiori s work was a
joint undertaking, involving the collaboration of Federal, State, local, and private
agencies and groups, hundreds of expert consultants and advisers, and the C on m is-
sion’s ow n staff. Chapter 4 of that Report m ade findings and recom m endations
relating to the problem s facing the N ation’s police. , i j
T h is volum e, the T ask Force R eport on the Police, em bodies the research and
analysis o f the staff and consultants to the Com m ission w hich underlie those findings
and recom m endations, and in m any instances it elaborates on them . Preliminary
drafts of m ost of the m aterials in the volum e have been distnbuted to the entire C om
m ission and discussed generally at Commission meetings, although more deU iled
discussions and intensive review have been the responsibility of a panel of five C om
m ission members attached to this Task Force. W hile individual members of the
panel have reservations on some points covered m this volum e but not reflected in
the Com m ission’s General Report, this volum e as a w hole has the g ^ e r a l en d on e-
m ent of the panel. T h e organization o f the Com m ission and the Task Forces is
d escr ib ed in th eG en era lR ep o rta tp a g es3 1 1 -3 1 2 . _ i. , r.
T hree chapters o f this volum e were prepared by Com m ission consultants ^ te r
extensive consultation w ith Commission staff. Chapter 2, “L aw Enforcem ent; e
Police R ole,” was prepared by Profs. Frank Rem ington and H erm an Goldstein of the
U niversity of W isconsin C ollege of L aw at M adison. Chapter 4 “C oordination and
Consolidation of PpUce Service,” was the work of the Public Adm m istrauon Service
of C hicago, 111., and Chapter 9, “T h e Com m um ty’s R ole in Law Enforcem ent, was
w ritten by Patricia M . W ald, former Com m issioner of the President s Com m ission on
Crim e in the District of Colum bia. , , ̂ Ur.
A m ong the Research Studies to be published shortly by the Com m ission vvill be
a num ber of field studies, conducted by consultants to the Com m ission, w hich will
have bearing on various aspects o f police operations. t
T h e Com m ission is deeply grateful for the talent and dedicaUon of its s ^ and
for the unstinting assistance and advice of consultants, advisers, and collaborating
agencies whose efforts are reflected in this volum e.
Z / X M.
N ic h o l a s d e B . K a t z e n b a c h
Chairman
0 0057.1
THE COMMISSION
Nicholas deB.
Genevieve Blatt
Charles D. Breitel
Kingman Brewster
Garrett H. Byrne
Thomas J . Cahill*
Otis Chandler*
Leon Jaworski
Thomas C. Lynch
Ross L. Malone*
ELatzenbach, Chairman
Jam es B. Parsons
Lewis F. Powell, Jr .
William P. Rogers
Robert G. Storey
Julia D. Stuart
Robert F. Wagner*
Herbert Wechsler
Whitney M. Young, J r . *
Luther W, Youngdahl
♦Police Task Force panel members.
THE STAFF
Executive Director
Jam es Vorenberg
Deputy Director
H enry S. R uth , Jr .
Associate Directors:
G ene S. M uehleisenJ
Elm er K . N elson, Jr .
L loyd E . O hiin
Arthur R osett
Assistant Directors:
D avid B. Burnham
Bruce J . TcrrisJ
Sam uel G . C hapm an {Police)\
H ow ard O hm art (Corrections)
V in cen t O ’L eary (Corrections)
C harles H . R ogovin (Organized Crime)
Director of Science and Technology:
Alfred Blum stein
W illiam C aldw ell
W eston R . C am pbell, Jr .
Gerald M . C aplan
R oland Chilton
Josep h G . J . C onnolly
V irginia N . Crawford
E lizabeth B artholet D uB ois
Paul B. D uruzJ
R obert L, Em rich
Floyd Feeney
V ictor G ioscia
Sheldon K rantz^
A nthony L apham
Jo h n L. M cC ausland
Sheila A nn M ulvih ill
A lbert W . O verby, Jr.
N ick Pappas
J o h n F. Q uinnJ
R obert R ice
Gordon D . R ow eJ
Susan Freem an Schapiro
G erald Stern
T helm a C. Stevens
K eith Stubblefield
M artin T im in
G . Joseph V in ing
Richardson W hite, J r .
{Staff members devoting primary attention to the work of the Police.Task Force. OOOSV'l
IV
CONSULTANTS
Richard H . Blum , Professor, Stanford University, Stan
ford, Calif.
A llen P. Bristow, Associate Professor, D epartm ent of
Police Science and Adm inistration, California State
C ollege at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif.
W illiam P. Brown, Professor, State University of N ew
York, Albany, N .Y .
Jam es E. Carnahan, Associate Professor, Departm ent of
Police Science and Adm inistradon, California State
C ollege at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif.
Edward V . Comber, Project Director, Crim inal Justice
Inform adon Systems Design Study, California D epart
m ent o f Jusdce, Sacram ento, Calif.
J. Shane Creamer, First Assistant U .S . Attorney, Phila-
delphia,'Pa.
W illiam F. Danielson, D irector o f Personnel, City of
Berkeley, Calif.
Harry D iam ond, Associate Professor, D epartm ent of
Police Science and Adm inistradon, C ^ fo m ia State
C ollege at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif.
George D . Eastman, Headquarters Representative, Pub
lic Adm inistration Service, C hicago, 111.
John Fabbri, C hief o f Police, South San Francisco, Calif.
Edward A. Farris, Professor of Police Science, N ew
M exico State University, University Park, N . M ex.
Jam es L. Fyke, Field Representative, Public Administra
don Service, Chicago, 111. , „ i-
R aym ond Galvin, Assistant Professor, School of Police
Adm inistradon and Public Safety, M ichigan State
University, East Lansing, M ich.
A. C. G erm ann, Professor, D epartm ent of Criminology,
C alifornia State College at L ong Beach, Long Beach,
Calif.
H erm an Goldstein, P rofespr, U niversity of W isconsin
Law School, M adison, Wis.
G. D ouglas Gourley, Professor and C hairm an, Depart
m ent of Police Science and Adm inistradon, California
State College at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif.
John G uidici, Captain, O akland Police D epartm ent, O ak
land, Calif. r n 1 -
R ichard O . Hankey, Professor, D epartm ent of Police Sci
ence and Adm inistration, California State College at
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif.
W illiam H . H ew itt, Associate Professor and Chairm an,
D epartm ent of Police Science, State University of N ew
York, Farm ingdale, N .Y .
R oy E. H ollady, Chief of Police, Fort Collins, Colo.
Norm an C. Kassoff, Supervisor, Police T raining U nit, In-
tem ational Association of Chiefs of Police, W ashington,
D .C .
Joseph K im ble, C hief o f Police, San Carlos, Calif.
Richard Laskin, Associate Professor, D epartm ent of Politi
cal and Social Science, Illin ob Insdtute of T echnology,
Chicago, 111.
B. Earl Lewis, Foothill C ollege, Los Altos H ilb , Calif.
G. Stephen L loyd, F ield R epresentadve, Public Adm im s-
tration Service, C hicago, 111. _
Joseph D . Lohm an, D ean , School o f Crim inology, U n iver
sity of California, Berkeley, Calif.
Lawrence S. M argolis, Special Assistant U .S . Attorney for
the District of C olum bia, D epartm ent of Jusdce.
Gordon E. M isner, V isid n g Associate Professor, School of
Crim inology, U niversity of California, Berkeley, Calif.
Richard A. M yren, D ean , School of Crim inal Jusdce,
State U niversity o f N ew York, Albany, N .Y .
D avid L . Norrgard, F ield Representative, Public Adm m -
istradon Service, C hicago, 111.
George W . O ’C onnor, D irector, Professional Standards
Division, International Association of Chiefs o f Police,
W ashington, D .C . .
Bruce T . O lson, PoKce A dm inbtradon Specialist, Insti
tute for C om m unity D evelopm ent and Services, ^^ichi-
gan State U niversity, East Lansing, M ich.
J. K inney O ’Rourke, E xecutive Director, M assachusetts
League of C ities and T ow ns, Boston, Mass.
M argaret G. O slund, D epartm ent of Political and Social
Science, Illin ob In sdtute of T echnology, Chicago, 111.
W esley A . Pom eroy, U ndersheriff, San M ateo County
Sheriffs Police D epartm ent, San M ateo, Calif.
Norm an E. Pom renke, A ssbtant D irector, Institute of
Governm ent, U niversity of North Carolina, Chapel
H ill,N .C . , . . . .
L oub R adelet, Professor, School o f Pobce Adm m istration
and Public Safety, M ich igan S u te U niversity, East ^
Lansing, M ich.
Leonard E. R eb m an , President, John Jay C ollege of
Crim inal Justice, T h e C ity University of N ew York,
N ew York, N .Y .
Gerald R obin, O ffice o f N ational Analysts, Philadelphia,
Pa.
Jewell L . Ross, C aptain (re tired ), Berkeley Police Depart
m ent, Berkeley, C alif. .
Jam es D . Stinchcorab, Supervisor, Police Education U m t,
International Association of Chiefs o f Police, W ashing
ton, D .C . . , , o
Patricia M . W ald, Com m issioner, Presidents Com m is
sion on Crim e in the D istrict of Colum bia.
John B. W illiam s, Associate Professor, D epartm ent of
Police Science and Adm inistration, California State
College at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif.
0 0 0 o 7 T )
VI
ADVISERS
. C laude Abercrom bie, Jr., Sheriff, D ouglas County, D oug-
lasville, Ga.
Charles R . Adrian, Professor and Chairm an, Departm ent
of Political Science, U niversity o f California, R iver
side, Calif.
D ouglas \V. Ayres, City M anager, Salem , Oreg.
D avid A . Booth, Associate Professor, D ep artm ent of Po
litical Science, University of K entucky, Lexington, Ky.
C. Beverly Brily, M ayor, N ashville, Term.
T hom as Brownfield, Special A gent Supervisor, F B I, D e
partm ent o f Justice.
Robert L. Carter, G eneral Counsel, N ational Association
for the A dvancem ent o f Colored People, N ew York,
N .Y .
Joseph Casper, Assistant D irector, FB I, D epartm ent of
Justice.
George E. Causey, D eputy C hief, M etropolitan Police
D epartm ent, W ash in ^ on , D .C .
Ben Clark, Sheriff, R iverside C ounty, Calif.
D onald E. Clark, Sheriff, M ultnom ah County, Portland,
Oreg.
Jam es Cotter, Inspector in Charge, FBI N ational A cad
em y, FB I, D epartm ent o f Justice.
John Creer, C ounty Com m issioner, Salt Lake City, U tah.
T hom pson S. Crockett, Professor o f Police Science, St.
Petersburg Junior C ollege, St. Petersburg, Fla.
Louis R . D am iani, C hairm an, Legislative Com m ittee,
N ational Office o f the Fraternal O rder of Police, Phil
adelphia, Pa.
Jerom e D aunt, C hief, U niform Crim e R eporting Section,
FB I, D epartm ent o f Justice.
C. D . deLoach, Assistant to the D irector, FBI, D epart
m ent o f Justice.
Leonard J. D uhl, Special Assistant to the Secretary of
the D epartm ent o f H ousing and U rban D evelopm ent,
W ashington, D .C .
W oodrow W . D um as, M ayor, East Baton R ouge, La.
Edward L. Epting, Sergeant, San Francisco Police D epart
m ent, San Francisco, Calif.
Paul E. Estaver, D issem ination Officer, Office of Law
Enforcem ent Assistance, D epartm ent of Justice.
Rev. W alter L. Fauntroy, D irector, W ashington Bureau
Office, Southern Christian Leadership Conference,
W ashington, D .C .
T hom as F . Fitzpatrick, D irector, Bureau of Special Serv
ices and Intelligence, San Francisco Police Departm ent,
San Francisco, Calif.
Arthur Q . Funn, G eneral Counsel, N ational U rban!
League, Inc., N ew York, N .Y .
Charles R . G ain, D eputy Chief, O akland Police Depart
m ent, O akland, C alif.
Robert R . J. G allati, D irector, N ew York State Intelli
gence and Identification System, Albany, N .Y .
Bernard Garmire, C hief of Police, Tucson, Ariz,
Peter F. H agen , Inspector, Los Angeles Police D epart
m ent, Los A ngeles, Calif.
W illiam H arpole, Sheriff, O ktibbeha County, Starkvillc,
Miss.
Patrick H ealy, E xecutive Director, N ational L eague o f
Cities, W ashington, D .C .
W illu m Vy. H erm ann, Police Consultant, R and Corp.,
U niversity of Southern California, Los A ngeles, Calif.
Jam es C . H erron, C aptain , Philadelphia Police D epart
m ent, Philadelphia, Pa.
R odetic C. H ill, L ieutenant General, A djutant General,
California N ational Guard, Sacram ento, C alif.
W illiam H ollow ell, Sheriff, Sunflower County, Indianola,
Miss.
John E. Ingersoll, C hief o f Police, Charlotte, N .C .
A dolph C. Jacobsm eyer, M ajor, St. Louis Police D epart
m ent, S l Louis, M o.
John J. Jem ilo, D ep u ty Assistant Director, O ffice o f L aw
Enforcem ent Assistance, D epartm ent of Justice.
Herbert T . Jenkins, C hief o f Police, Atlanta, Ga.
M ark E. K eane, C ity M anager, Tucson, Ariz.
John T . K elly, D eputy Chief o f Police, Chicago, 111:
H ubert O . K em p, C h ief o f Police, Nashville-D avidson
County, T enn.
H arold L ight, A ssistant Special A gent in C harge at
Quamtico, V a ., F B I, W ashington, D .C .
Floyd M ann, Form er Superintendent, A labam a H ighw ay
Patrol, Cham bers C ounty Sheriff’s O ffice, L angdale,
Ala.
D aniel H . M argolis, Attorney, W ashington, D .C .
Robert E. M cC ann, D irector o f Training, C hicago Police
Departm ent, C hicago, 111.
W illiam P. M cC arthy, Inspector, N ew York Police D e
partm ent, N ew York, N .Y .
Roy M cLaren, D irector, Field Operations D ivision , In
ternational Association of Chiefs o f Police, W ashington,
D .C .
Karl A . M enninger, M .D ., C hief o f Staff, T h e M en-
ninger Foundation, Topeka, Kans.
Raym ond M . M om boisse, D eputy Attorney General,
C alifornia D epartm ent of Justice, Sacram ento, Calif.
000571;
v u
WilKam M ooney, Special A gent Supervisor, FBI, D e
partm ent of Justice.
Patrick V . M urphy, Assistant Director, Office of Law
Enforcem ent Assistance, D epartm ent of Justice. _
John F. N ichols, D istrict Inspector, Detroit Police D e
partm ent, D etroit, M ich. _
Joseph D . N icol, Superintendent, Ilhnois Bureau of
Crim inal Identification and Investigation, Joliet, 111.
Harvard Norred, C hief o f Police, Gwinnept County,
Law renceville, Ga.
Peter J. Pitchess, Sheriff, Los Angeles County, Los
Angeles, Calif. .
George H . Puddy, Executive Officer, C alifonua Police
Officers’ Standards and T raining Commission, Sacra
m ento, Calif.
T hom as R eddin, C hief, Los Angeles Police Departm ent,
Los Angeles, C alif. .
R udy Sanfillippo, Task Force Director, Jom t Commission
on Correctional M anpow er and Training, W ashington,
D C.
Lloyd G. Sealy, Assistant C hief Inspector, N ew York
Police D epartm ent, N ew York, N .Y .
Carleton F . Sharpe, C ity M anager, Kansas- City, M o.
D aniel J. Sharpe, Inspector, Rochester Police D epart
m ent, Rochester, N .Y .
Robert Sheehan, Professor, Departm ent of Law Enforce
m ent Adm inistration, Northeastern University, Boston,
Mass.
R . D ean Sm ith, D irector, Research and D evelopm ent
Division, International Association of C hiefs o f Police,
W ash in^on , D .C . , , • • e
Charles L. Southward, Brigadier General, Assistant Chief
for Army N ational Guard, U .S . N ational G uard Bu
reau, W ashington, D .C . „ r,
D aniel Stringer, Sheriff, Cherokee County, C anton, Ga.
Q uinn T am m , E xecutive D irector, International Asso
ciation o f Chiefs of Police, W ashington, D .C .
Carl C. Turner, M ajor General, Provcat M arshal Gen
eral, D epartm ent of th e Arm y, W ashington, D .C .
W illiam V eeder, City M anager, Charlotte, N .C .
N elson A. W atson, Project D irector, Research and D e
velopm ent D ivision, International Association o f Chiefs
of Police, W ashington, D .C . . , . .
Leon H . W eaver, Professor, School o f Pohce Adm inistra
tion and Public Safety, M ichigan State U niversity, East
Lansing, M ich.
James Q . W ilson, A ssociate Professor of G overnm ent, D i
rector, Joint Center for U rban Studies o f M assachusetts
Institute of T echnology and H arvard University,
Cam bridge, Mass.
M inor K eith W ilson, Assistant C hief o f Police, C hicago
Police D epartm ent, C hicago, III. .
O . W . W ilson, Superintendent, Chicago Police D epart
m ent, Chicago, III. • 1 D 1 -
Orrell A. York, ExecuUve D n ector, M unicipal Police
T rain ing Council, A lbany, N .Y .
SUPPORTING STAFF AND SERVICES
Secretarial and Clerical
Jam es A . Adkins
Doris J. Bacon
M argaret Beale
M ary G. Bergbom
M argaret R . Bickford
N ancy B. Bradley
R ita Louise Brooke
Conchita A. Brown
Scennie M . Brown
Suzanne L . Carpenter
Barbara A. Casassa
Sally M . Chopko
W illie C o p e l^ d
Catherine Cyrus
M ary Frances Factory
Doris T . Farmer
A nn Felegy
M ary Fox
Carol A. H am bleton
Rosalind M . H um phries
N ancy H unt
Betty C . Irby
Barbara J. Jones
Patricia A . Lanham
Joan E . P etenon
Evelene Richards
L ee E. Salerno
Shelia M . Sheahan
N ancy Strebc
M argaret T rip lett
SUPPORTING SERVICES
IN D E X
Edward T . Johnson & Associates, W ashington, D .C .
C O P Y E D IT IN G
K atherine M . H anna
Jam es O ’Bryan
189
interrogations each had made.'*'^ In one of those cities
a ranking officer stated:
Our first line supervisors [Sergeants] have a responsibility to
keep statistics on each officer’s production—not an average, but
his production—to find out whether a particular officer’s per
formance is consistent with what his [sjquad s average might
be. As a result, if a particular man is low, we e.xpect an
explanation.
Police work is far too com plicated and delicate a job to
judge an officer’s work or qualifications for prom otion on
the num ber o f arrests he has m ade. Furtherm ore, arrest
quotas, if they exist as either explicit requirements or
im plied expectations, can lead to improper activity by
policem en. Patrolling officers have the com plex and diffi
cult responsibility o f exercising their discretion based on
the circum stances of the particular case. N o part of this
calculation should consist o f the number of arrests the
officer has m ade in com parison to a preestablished quota
or'expectation set by the departm ent.
USE OF FIREARMS TO APPREHEND OR ARREST SUSPECTS
Police use of firearms to apprehend suspects often
strains com m unity relations or even results in serious dis
turbances. For e.xample, the San Francisco riot of 1966
started after a juvenile was shot and killed while fleeing
from a stolen car.^*® Severe tensions were aroused in Los
Angeles during M ay 1966, after an officer’s firearm acci
dentally discharged and killed a m an who had refused to
stop his autom obile until it was forced to the curb.'* '̂
In St. Louis, disturbances began in Septem ber 1966 after
police officers shot and killed a person who had his hands
handcuffed behind him in a police car located in the
courtyard of police headquarters. T h e police assert that
the suspect threatened officers in the car svith a tear gas
pistol he had in his belt behind him which the officers
had failed to find in a search earlier.’*'®
W hen studied objectively and unem otionally, particular
uses of firearms by police officers are often unwarranted.
For exam ple, an Am erican Bar Foundation study revealed
one instance where a foot patrolm an signaled a speeding
driver to stop. W hen the driver did not, the officer fired
five tim es at the speeding car."®
A study by an A m erican C ivil Liberties U n ion affiliate
in a m edium -sized city found that officers fired guns more
than 300 tim es in a 2-year period and over one-third
were during autom obile chases involving juveniles^'®®
.An average of 240 persons per year were fatally injured by
police betw een 1950 and lOfiO.-*®* T h e M ichigan State
study concluded that police officers often use guns indis
crim inately and that this was due, in large part, to over
em phasis of danger in police work.*®'- W hile the murder
of a single police officer is a tragedy, as of 1955, the rate of
total police fatalities while on duty (including accidents)
was 33 fatalities per 100,000 officers which was less than
the rate of deaths on duty in m ining (9 4 ) , agriculture
(5 5 ) , construction (7 6 ) , and transportation (4 4 ) .
It is surprising and alarm ing that few police depart
ments provide their officers with careful instruction on
the circumstances under w hich the use of a firearm
is permissible. For exam ple, a 1961 survey of M ichigan
police forces found that 27 out of 49 had no firearms
policies.■'®* A survey in 1964, o f 45 of the 51 Am erican
cities of over 250,000 population, found that 3 had no
written firearms policy,*®* and, w hile others had com
prehensive policy statem ents, m any were quite lim ited.
For exam ple, one sim ply prohibited warning shots, one
instructed its officers to “exercise the greatest possible
caution,” and 10 urged officers to use “good judg
ment.” *®“ W hile it is true that m any departm ents have
oral firearms policies, these policies have norm ally de
veloped through customary- practices that rarely are the
product of careful analysis and are usually not w ell under
stood by patrolm en.’*®®
It is essential that all departm ents form ulate written
firearms policies w hich clearly lim it their use to situations
of strong and com pelling need. A departm ent should
even place greater restrictions on their use than is legally
required. Careful review of the com prehensive firearms
use policies of several departm ents and discussions with
police administrators indicate that these guidelines should
control firearms use:
1. Deadly force should be restricted to the apprehen-
of perpetrators w ho, in the course of their crimeSion
Supra, note 22 at pp. 33S-336; supra, note 21 at ro l. I, p. 112.
Supra, note 21 at vnl. I, p. 126.
Lawrence E. Uavies. “ Calm is RestoreU in San Francisco.’* New York Times,
Sepr. 30. 1966. p. 1. col. 5.
P eter Dart. “ Inf|ue*l Tightens Tension in Walts,** New York Times. May 21,
1966, p. 13, col. 1.
Donald Janson. “ S t. Louis Orders Riot Crackdown,’* New York Times, Sept.
>9. 1966. p. 3'’', col. 3.
Supra, note 352 at p. 213.
^ ^ A m eric in Civil Liberties Union, ‘‘Police Power vs. Citizens* Rights’* (.New
York: The American Civil Liberties Union, 1966), pp. ♦-a.
Geralil D. Robin, ‘Justifiable Homicide by Police Officers,’* Journal o(
Crim inal Law. Criminology and Police Science, 54 : 228-229. Robin also notes
threatened the use of deadly force, or if the officer believes
there is a substantial risk that the person whose arrest is
sought will cause death or serious bodily harm if his
apprehension is delayed. T h e use of firearms should be
flatly prohibited in the apprehension o f m isdem eanants,
since the value of hum an life far outweighs the gravity
of a misdemeanor.*®*
2. D eadly force should never be used on m ere sus
picion that a crim e, no m atter how serious, was com
mitted or that the person being pursued com m itted the
crime. An officer should either have witnessed the crime
or should have sufficient inform ation to know, as a virtual
certainty, that the suspect com m itted an offense for which
the use of deadly force is permissible.
3. Officers should not be perm itted to fire a t felony
suspects w hen lesser force could be used; w hen the officer
believes that the suspect can be apprehended reasonably
soon thereafter w ithout the use of deadly force; or when
there is any substantial danger to innocent bystanders.
Although the requirem ent o f using lesser force, w hen pos
sible, is a legal rule, the other lim itations are based on
sound public policy. T o risk the life o f innocent persons
for the purpose o f apprehending a felon cannot be
justified.
4. Officers should never use warning shots for any
purpose. W arning shots endanger the lives of bystanders,
and in addition, m ay prom pt a suspect to return the
fire. Further, officers should never fire from a m oving
vehicle.
5. Officers should be allow ed to use any necessary- force,
including deadly force, to protect themselves or other
that ao average of 240 peraooa per year were fatally injured by police intervention
between 1950 and 1960—approxim ately six times the num ber of officers k illed by
criminals.
Supra, note 22 at pp. 344-346.
Supra, note 421 at pp . 228-231.
Samuel C . Chapman and Thompson S . Crockett, “ Cunsight D ilem m a: Police
Firearms Policy,** Police, M ay-June 1963. p . 54.
Cincinnati Police D epartm ent. “ Police Regulations Governing Use of Firearms
Survey.** .4pr. 22, 1964, p . 1.
♦2* Id. pp . 9-54.
Supra, note 424 at p. 22.
This is already prohibited in many States by statute.
0()()57a
190
r
persons from death or serious injury. In such cases, it
is immaterial whether the attacker has committed a seri
ous felony, a misdemeanor, or any crime at all.
6. In order to enforce firearms use policies, department
regulations should require a detailed written report on all
discharges of firearms. All cases should be thoroughly
investigated to determine whether the use of firearms
was justified under the circumstances.
If all departments fonnulated firearms use policies
which include the above principles and these policies
were consistently enforced, many of the tragic incidents
which had a direct bearing upon community relations
could have been avoided.
POLICE TACTICAL PROCEDURES
Police-community relations are not affected by the
actions or conduct of individual officers alone. Often,
departmental procedures which are intended to reduce
crime, quell riots, or promote efficiency have a major
effect on police-community relations. For e.xample, in
order to reduce crime in a high-crime area, a police
department may saturate it with substantially increased
numbers of police officers or decide to use trained dogs
and handlers. In order to make more efficient use of
its person.nel, a police department may use motor rather
than foot patrol or one-man rather than two-man motor
patrols, j Such practices, although often far more efficient
and economical, can sometimes antagonize the public or
at least reduce the opportunity for friendly contacts
which are the basis of good community relations.
Motorized Patrols
The Nation’s polic’ forces are increasingly patrolling
in cars rather than on foot because motor patrol is plainly
more efficient—officers can cover many times more area
in the same period of time—and police officers have more
to do.'*=’ The change to motor patrol can, however,
significantly affect police-community relations. The
University of California study found that since officers
on motor patrol in San Diego had such a heavy workload
and were without portable police radios, they rarely left
their automobiles to meet citizens in a nonenforcement
situation.*^® Similarly, a study of another western city
which almost exclusively used motor patrol found that
the omcers had “little opportunity to build up an
intimate familiarity, much less an identification, with any
neighborhood.”
On the other hand, an officer on foot has the oppor
tunity to have informal and friendly exchanges with the
people whom he quickly comes to know personally. The
public can develop a greater understanding of the officer
and his job. The officer similarly can learn the culture
and opinions of the people in the area and can learn to
appreciate them as individual human beings and not as a
nameless part of a racial, religious, or ethnic group.'*®-
As Professor Oscar Handlin has noted:
I think it is fair to say if one thinks of the large municipalities
as a whole, the links between the police and the communal orga
nizations have not been strengthened in the last quarter of a
century and in some ways have been weakened. In an earlier
period the policeman walking his beat at least had a certain
familiarity with the institutions of his own immediate district.
I’m not putting too much emphasis on that nor do I wish to
romanticize that gallant figure; but nevertheless he knew some
thing about the actual people and the actual organizations in
the district of the beat which he walked.
Similarly, the Commissioner of the London Metropoli
tan Police said:
The policeman in a car, on a motorcycle, or absent from his
beat becomes a cipher. * ♦ * fT]he greatest safeguard of public
relations, as well as the greatest preventive measure against
crime, lies in making good deficiencies on the beat.
The recent Royal Commission Report concluded
that:
In spite of heavy and conflicting demands on their limited
resources we regard it as most important that chief police officers
should bear in mind the need to allocate an adequate number
of men to beat duties, where they will be in touch with the public.
The question then is: Can the need for greater efficiency be
coupled with sufficient informal contact to improve police-
community relations?
There arc several possible patrol techniques and new
personnel assignments which can accomplish both the
objective of greater efficiency and substantial informal
contact. First, foot patrolmen or community service
officers should probably remain in high-crime, high-
tension areas where the streets are usually crowded. Sec
ond, patrolmen in other areas could ride motor scooters
which permit easier contact with residents.’*'’’’ Third,
patrolmen either on scooters or in automobiles could
park their vehicles at one end of a block (or two) and
then walk around it. If they have portable police radios,
they could still be summoned immediately to proceed to
the scene of an emergency.*’’" Alternatively, as in Phila
delphia, a two-man car can be used with one partner
\valking a beat with a portable radio to communicate
with the man in the car.*” Thus, motor patrolmen arc
in effect considered as foot patrolmen using cars to in
crease their mobility. Fourth, informal citizen contacts
by patrol officers using traditional motor patrol methods
can be increased by having them work, along with pre
cinct community relations officers, with community or
ganizations.
One-Man Patrols
Police departments arc increasingly changing from two-
man to one-man motor patrols.*’® Again, this allows
scarce personnel to cover more area at less cost.
The one-man patrol in itself has no major effect on
police-community relations unless it leads to changes in
other police procedures. It has been suggested that an
Coverom ental Research Institu te , “ One-Man Police Patrol Cer O peration,’*
and 0 . W. “ Pul the Cop Back on the Beat,** both appearing in Samuel
C. Chapman, e'^.. “ Police Patrol Readings’* (Springfield; Charles C. Thomas.
1964). pp, 129 a-.d 97.
Supra, no e 21 at vol. I. pp. lU . 161-162.
Supra, note 172 at p. 27.
Oscar H 'lndlin, ‘̂Community Organiaatton as a Solution to Police-Community
Problem s.” “'he Police Chief, March 1965, p. 22.
Supra, note 15 at p. 106.
Ibid. »
The p jlice of New York City, .New Rochelle, W ashington, D.C., .North Bergen,
N .J., and ^Newport, R .I., reported to the Commission tha t they were experimenting
»ith the use of m otor scooters in conjunction with programs to provide traos*
portation for men formerly assigned to foot patro l.
O. W. Wilson. **Put th e Cop Back on the Beat,'* and Thomas J . Rogers.
“ Review of Foot Patro l in Chicago,** both appearing in Samuel C . Chapm an, ed..
“ Police P atro l Readings** (Springfield: Charles C. Thomas, 1964), pp . 97-101;
105-110. Also, police in New York City. Oakland, Berkeley. Kalamazoo, and Me
riden, Conn., have been equipped with portable police radios. This concept is
discussed in detail in ch . 3.
Supra, note 21 a t vol. II, p. 190; and Norman L. Clowers. “ One and One-
Half Man Cars.” Police. M arch-April 1960. appearing in Sam uel C . Chapman,
ed.. “ Police Patrol Readings** (Springfield: Charles C. Thomas. 1964), pp. 102-105.
Supra, note 429 a t pp . 129-130.
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