Attorney Notes Pages 1325-1326, 1332-1333, 1335

    4..n l'*
I The House veralon of e€ctlon 2 wlsely dlsclalms any intentlon to

enact a reglme of ethnlc or raclal proportlonallty 1n officeholdlng.
But lf the',effects'. standard is i,ported lnto Bectlon 2, thl' nay be
lmpoeelble to avoid. As we have seen, the effecte etandard under sec_
t10n 5 lnptles 60Ee concept of "dllutlon" of ninorlty votlng strength.
Where, as in aection 5 casee, there is a change in electoral arrange_
nents, lt i6 at lea6t po.srbre to gauge wtrether a,.dilutlon,,will
occur by forecaetlng the llkely lnpact of the electoral change and
conparing lt to the atatua quo ante. If there are oore Dlnorlty of_
ficeholders before the change than are forecast for after, then a
dllutlon can be found. Sectlon 2, however, appliee to existlng
arrangeDenta as well as to changea. Wlthout a before and an after to
coEpare, the neaning of a discrlnlnatory result 1e inpoasible to
gauge, unlese lt neans repreaentatlon below the level nlnorlElea
"ought to trave.'' And if one adn,te that such an obJectlve standard of

repreBentetron exlat6 , deapt te
16 a 6hort Etep to ethnlc and

of et hnl c proport ionaJ I ty In
to nought .6 i

t326

the ebsence of a before_and_after, l!
raclaJ proportlonallty. The dlsclalmer

the House emendDent mav u]tlnatelv come

I

/z tisz-}rf Yr,,s/ri,?
O-Nondiscrimination is an important principle and nondiscrimina-
tion. as I hope to show, means intent, volition A subs."antive effe.cts
standard must imply either no theory at all or en underlying

1333

tl-y.:{ pme 1$qative, racsbased entitlements. In my opinion
!l:1"_.1.r" been,,no principled.oppg.ition to the intent staniard; th;oppo.ltron really come8 on the basis of pragmatism, that id tlieproblem of prooi.o

4 ) J f- - |('' n)fYt' '1

O Basically, in conclusion it soems to me that the policy of f'ocusing
on results assumes that racial bloc voting is an antidote to oldtime
race discrimination. T?re assumption is that black districts will vote
for blacks. I treat this as a cynical view. It perpetuates racial
voting...It promotes the notion-of "fair share,n "a piece of the
action." It reduces the incentives for interracial coalition forma-
tion. I would commend to the members of the subcommittee the
quo[e !n-_my statement from Justice Douglas's opinion in Wright v.
Rockefelle,r.. _ rl^__^.:^^r :,.-+;G^orinn for a deviation