Brief of Swann, et al., Appellees and Cross-Appellants
Public Court Documents
April 6, 1970
103 pages
Cite this item
-
Case Files, Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Hardbacks. Brief of Swann, et al., Appellees and Cross-Appellants, 1970. 6da264d6-2d34-f111-88b4-7c1e526962fd. LDF Archives, Thurgood Marshall Institute. https://ldfrecollection.org/archives/archives-search/archives-item/7671f517-64dd-4a12-abd4-e870f495fc6a/brief-of-swann-et-al-appellees-and-cross-appellants. Accessed June 02, 2026.
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Cross--Appellants,
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OF EDUCATION, et, al.
Cross-Appellees.
Pages YIl~ 7 Ton 2 de md CV La 3s x Gang Sal I Sage . "rs A
On Appeal Prom The United States District Court
For The Western District Of North Carolina
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ACK CREPENRIELG
JA 2h Fite] Noy eT {
! JAMES M. NABRI?, I1I1
ONRAD OO. PEARS
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ARGUMENT :
YT. ‘The Present Organization of the Cha
Mecklenburg School System Violate
Constitutional Bi
Under Natu V. Board of
B. Governmental Authorities Created
— ~1- 3 3 —~ bY pes, Bg A CE Ls J on Black Schools in Black Neighborhoods
By Promoting School Segregation and
Housing Segreyati FN a 6 viele te sale ee ae SHE BBE eee ee £5
Negro Children in Charlotte Are Being
Penied. an Bgual BEOUCatlion., vi vicevenine seventh)
17. “he District Court acted Within the Proper
Limits of Its Discretion in Fashioning a
Remedy Consistent with the Affirmative Duty
> 05]
Cc
to Dasegregeto the Schools eng
bevy of Preventing & Re-0Occocurxec
egregated Systen.
-t
(8
3
RR
NA. “Phe Court Ordered a Peacible Plan... v.cvees ses
. B. The Court Plen Promises to Eliminate
Segregation. «ver issttr crest snssersssecvarnves 7
U
C. he Plan: Should Be Upheld
Is Rc Rational Basi x ;
Distyict Court Might - Bave Approved It....... 60
Pe age
ww D. The "Neighborhood School' Philosophy
Cannot Justify Continusd Racial Segro-
gation®in the Chanlotre SohOOES vac vovi vbidnin. 6
E. School Buss ing Ys an Ordinary Tool of
Education Administration Which May Be
Enploved LO Degsegregate SChOOIS. civ eirsvies es BD
PP. “The Neighborl 100d School Theory Cannot Be
Supported on the Basis of History and
Tradition Because It Was Widely Di:
garded in Order to Promote Racial Segre-
GAREILON avi lev sisidmis sais dn vininn sin vEiniam els oie ne veil
G. There Are No Valid Objections to
Order Based on Federal
H. The Court Had Inherent Power to Obtain
Expert Assistance on Technical Matters.
1-
Reasonable Procedures Were Used in
Proming the DeCreS. vss sven vevivimessns einen 15
II. The Couxt Below Was Correct ln Rejecting
the Board's Various Proposals for lass
Than Complete Desegregation.
-
A. Legal Standards Applicable to the
Board's PIODOSAlS . vy vanissinsim sven viersdone sons h5
B. Racial Balance and Racial Ratios;
Plaintiffs! Pogition and the Court's
Decisions, [3 * LJ Ld LJ L e LJ [3 Ld L 3 < » v 3 © - » L - -. * . LJ LJ - L J ® L J . . » L 3 Ld 87
C. The Court's Rulings on the Board's
wk F Old Li P 7 an S -. L . LJ L J LJ . LJ L ] * [ J LJ e Ll L J > > * < - Ld Ld LJ - a e v [J . “© Ld EJ LJ ° 8 5
JV. he District Court Should Holt Have Posit-—-
ementation of the Plan
od 9 7 0 . L . * LJ L LJ * L 3 -. Ld LJ - L J LJ LJ . Ld A L . . - - [3 . . LJ . LJ © Ll LJ - : S a
OIC EE OT os tics Wien ts sien mie ins inte le oie oie a dred at Ba I 92
33
AUTHORITIES CITED
Alexander v. Billman, 295 U.S. 2
-
Balley v. Patterson, 369 U.S. 31
Bellivs iMaryland, 378 .U.8. 226 (19
School Board of rowhatan
Bo28 404 (ALN Chle: 1003) ovo thd vin sininsinitons
Bolling v. Sharpe, 347 U.S. 497
Board of Public '®
) “
1 i
|
le
b=
+
0m
Bradley v. School Board, 382 U.S
Brewer v.. SChool Board of City of Norfolk,
F.20 37 (4th Civ. OO es «na aaa
Briggs v. Elliott, 132 P. Supp.
Brown v. Ecard oF Education, 347 U.S.
Brown .v. Board of Education, 349
Buchanan v. order, 245 U.5, 60
=
Buckner v. County Schc 2d)
Va., 332 7.244.452 (4th cir. 196
Bush v. Orleans Parish School Board,
916 {E.D.La., A950), ‘stay denied,
{
lexander v. Holmes County Board Education
wgtruction of Manatee Count
Plorida v. Barvest, unreported order ‘ Cf X
X00 {SUD ree COUT EY ov ois nic JB a A
JLT) ls wo vinnie wie
OF
© & 8 @& ¢ oo FF 3 € ° oo oo ® so
p
S
Pag a
Ln
Ww
16,60 ,6]
75.81
47
70
Carter v. West Felicia
2 B28 302, ANOTOY db iid ne tien la
Continental Illinois Nai
vi. Chlcago R.1.. & P.R.
Cooper vv. Aaron, 3535 1),
Coppedge v. Franklin Cou
394 7.24 410 (4th Cir.
Corbin iv. . County School
Va. , 177 ¥.24 924 {4th
Crisp v. County. School
Va., B.D. Va. lee) 5
Dowell v. Board of Xaducs
Okla. 1955), aff'd: 375
Cort. denied, 387 U.S.
Dowell v. Board of Edu
ragon v, Buffaloes, 198
Goins v. County School
186. 2 8vpp. 753 M.D.
~—
Green v. County School §
3801 U.S. 430 Roh ERIE UR eR RR So
Griffin v. Board of Log
186 ¥. Supp. 511 W.n.RH,
va,
Nas Paris n
nty
196 O
Herd J Be a AE RY 0 A Wd
Board
nmi ya Cin
Board
cation,
¥.C.
Board
1960) ’
Be2@ 383 lath Cir. LOGO Yi. oy on Ph iiss hah arm aia an
Board
C.
School Bc
Pule as sk 1
County Vv.
1958)
Pulaski Cow
I.. Rep.
956. 11.8, 269
152 S.%.
Grayson County
1 Mn 2 pid
stay geni \
pea
New Kent
20). or ee
& e006.
N
/
S
a
”
7C
70
SH
"e
d -~
Haney v. County Board
Ark., 410. 2.28 920 (BLY
Henry v. Clarksdale Municipal
District, 409 P.2& 632
Bolland v. Board of Public
Beach County, 258 7.249
In the Matter of Peterson, 2!
=
Jones v. School Board
$.2¢ 72, 75 (4th Cir.
Katzenbach v. Morgan,
Kemp v. Beasley, Bth Cir.,
CD vis ie By el Ts UR a
Keyes v. School District
303-7. “Supp. 27% {Iy. Colo.
A, U.5. 12 5 (1269)
louisiana v, United States,
jonroe v. Board of Commi
Moore v. Tangipahoa Pari
)
/ 244 (B.D.1a. 1959
NLRB v. Newport News Shiphu
308: U.S. 2 i i a ei
Noxrthoross v. Board of
is 3B UU. 8.5L, Heck 421]
Phillips v. Wearn, 22¢
Raney v. Board of Educat
Fogers v. Hill, 289 UO
PY ee N%
Eaucation,
{5th 'Cix
xandria,
OOD) oooh vs sn vin sie oie airy ae one
384 U.S
Sevier County,
Be Manila UE
Separate School
1859 Y olecenlnioiss haters
Instruction of Palm
{Sth Cle A088) dives vi cviad
300 £1920)...
Va., 278
Board, 304 F. Sup
9 B® @ 4 5 6 EC. 0 CO 8 NE CO 9 Se. 0s
¥lding & Dry Dook Co.
¢ -et@ 9. 9 6s 8 gisele we 9 eee
NV. amy 1 or I N Memphis, g.s
3070) i vc ee
~
~
5,41,64,
a
RA
N bi
Scott fv. Spanjexr Br
(20@ Civ. =3962Y. 5...
Shapiro v. Thompson
Shelley v. Kraemer,
Standard 011 - Co. vv.
” TN a nat
1 nour wann v. Charlotte~-Me S Sv
243 P. Bug 3. 667 {Z. D.C, [4
i
Z2 2 9 ( 3 th c 1 4 . 1 9 5 G ) Ld e - - Ld v Ld . LJ + * Ld LJ . Ld
Swift & Co. Vv. Wickwar
Thom
166
pson v. County
1 »
1
{
Turner v. Memphis,
United States v. Bal
Supp. 529, 533
United States v. Corrick,
United States v. Crescent
1713 ~2 . . LJ LJ . » > ° . . Ld Ld * - LJ a. ‘s
United Stat
! District,
p
o
United &
School District, 410
United
Education,
United Stat
County,
Pr.24
United Stat
Valley v.
No. 29,237
Vernon v.
2d 5 S. 1,
Walker v.
(W.D.Va,
112541
BR.J.
1.0
County
0), 166
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8. iy 0)
5 Race
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oon ofa -
NCgon
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Parish §
1270)
oay
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(1969) * ¢ © @ © © 0 ¢ oo © ow
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1968 Civil Rights Act,
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¥ ROE el 1 LC i NSA Ey MoCormick, “YSome Oheervaeti
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IN THE
UNITED STATES COURT. OF APPEALS
FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
Nos. 14,517, 14,518
JAMES E. SWANN, et al.,
Appellees and Cross-
Appellants,
CHARLOTTE-~MECKLENBURG BOARD
OF EDUCATION, et a&l.,
Appellants and Cross-
Appellees.
On Appeal From The United States District Court
For The Western District Of North Carolina
BRIEF OF SWANN, ET AL.
APPELLEES AND CROSS— AE PPEL LANTS
Co een Gn Sm ——
ISSUES PRESENTED ON APPEAL
I. Whether the present organization of the Charlotte-
Mecklenburg school system violates the constitutional rights
of Negro children to attend ~Aptalty nondiscriminatory public
schools under Brown v. Board of Education, 3470.5. L883 {1onl).,
349 U.S. 291 £1955), and: Green v. County School Board, 391 U.S,
430 (1968).
77.,° Whether the dlstrict court acted within on
proper limits of its equitable discretion in fashioning a
remedy consistent with the affirmative duty to degapreate
the schools and to prevent a re-occurrence of the segregated
system.
IIT. Whether the district court was correct in rejecting
the school board's various desegregation proposals for less
than complete desegregation.
ISSUES PRESENTED ON PLAINTIFFS' CROSS-APPEAL
IV. Whether the district court erred in postponing
implementation of the plan until September 1970.
Preliminary Statement
This brief is submitted by the plaintiffs below, Negro
school children in the Charlotte-Mecklenburg public schools,
who are appellees on the school board's appeal from an order
of Pebruary 5,/1970., requiring implementation of a desegrega-
tion plan in the district. The board also zppeals several
earlier rulings dating back to Pe 1969 in which the district
court held that the system was racially discriminatory and
rejected various school board proposals. This brief is also
submitted in support of plaintiffs' cross-appeal from the dis-
trict court order of March 25, 1970, postponing implementation
of the plan until September 1970.
STATEMENT OF THE C
Black parents and children filed
11965 seeking the desegregation of the
consolidated school system. : The firs
was issued in July 1965 (2113 ¥P. Supp.
taken by the plaintiffs and this Cour
F.26,.297.
The plaintiffs reopened the case
The subsequent proceedings ending to
extensive. The court has entered mor
and orders. The case has been fully
the district court.
We have organized our discussion
into eight parts, each involving a so
in the case.’ The dlstrict court ind
of March 21, 1970 (Appendix II, Item
extremely useful summary of the case.
lows is set out in more detail.
I. Yitigetion in 1965 and 1966
The city and county systems had
administrative units prior to 1961.
established in 1965 for all schools,
for the 1965-66 school year. At the
1/ Citations to matters found in the
are designated "IA" followed by "a pag
ASE
this action in January of
Charlotte-Mecklenburg
t district court decision
667). An appeal was
t affirmed in 1966 (369
in September of 1968.
this appeal have been
e than a dozen opinions
tried and considered by
of the proceedings below
mewhat separate episcde
ts Supplemental Memorandum
Y/
43) has provided an
Our statement which fol-
operated as separate
Attendance zocnes were
except 10 all-Negro schcols,
same time the board extended
volume captioned Appendix I
e number. B.g., April 23,
1969 Order, IA la. Matters printed i
"IIA" followed by an item number, E,
Rellef, filed September 6, 1968, IIA
Wo
n Appendix II are designated
+, Motion for Purther
Item 1.
an unrestricted right to transfer to all students subject only
to space tnttahn oF Thus, the assignment plan instituted
in 1965 is essentially a zoning plan with freedom of choice.
This plan approved by the district court in 1965 and by this
Court in 1966 has continued through the present (1969-70)
school year. ’
When the case came to trial in the summer of 1965, the
plaintiffs! complaints centered upon four issues: ten inferior
schools serving, 4,000 black sEOdents still having dual zones ;
gerrymandering; faculty integration; and the free transfer
policy (343 ¥. Supp. 687).
The district court accepted the board's assurance that the
ten schools would be phased out within two years and probably
within one year and found such a timetable to be acceptable.
As to gerrymandering, the court held that the plaintiffs had
failed in their proof. The court modified the board's policy
looking toward "ultimate" nonracial faculty assignments by HR
stituting "immediate" for "ultimate." The court found nothing
wrong with the transfer policies which had resulted in the
transfer of all the white children living in Negro attendance
zones to white schools. |
Plaintiffs appealed. This Ce, in a decision rendered in
October 1966, affirmed, noting that all of the ten black schools
had beer. closed (369 F.2d 29). The essence of the holdings of
2/ For several years prior to 1965, the beard had operated under
a minority race to majority race transfer policy for zoned
schools.
idl
the dlstrlcet court and the court of appeals was that the board
had no affirmative duty to desegregate.
IX. The Green and Brewer Motions and the April
1969 Order. (September 1968 - April 1969)
Following the Supreme Court's decisions in Green v. County
School Board of New Kent County, 391 U.S. #30 (1968); Monroe v.
Board of Commissioners, 391 U.S. 450 (1968); and Raney v. Board
of Education, 391 U.S. Bki3 (1968), and this Court's decision in
Brewey v. School Board of City of Norfolk, 397 P.,24 37 (1968),
the plaintiffs filed a motion in September 1968 praying the
court to direct lmmediate affirmative steps to eliminate all
present racial discrimination and all vestiges of past discrim-
ination (IIA Item 1Y. The plaintiffs engaged in extensive dis-
covery. (See docket entries 28-46.) The court heard testimony
for six days in March 1969 and received into evidence numerous
exhibits.
On April 23, 1969, the court entered its first opinion and
order (300.2, Supp. 1358: IA 1a), The court made detailed and
extensive findings and conclusions. The court found that the
system remalned segregated both as tc pupils and faculty.
In its recent Supplemental Memorandum the court summarized
the April Order as follows:
However, certain significant findings and conclu-
slons were made which have been of record without
appeal for eleven months. .These include the folloving: —-
1, The schools were found to be unconstitutionally
segregated.
2. Freedom of choice had failed; no white child
had chosen to attend any black school, and freedom
of choice promoted rather than reduced segregation.
-5—
S«% The concentration of black population
in northwest Charlotte and the school segre-
gation which accompanied it were primarily
the result of discriminatory laws and govern-
mental practices rather tran of natural
"neighborhood" forces. (This finding was
re-affirmed in the order of November 7, 1969.)
i. The board had located and controlled
the size and population of schools so as to
maintain segregation.
5. The plan approved and put into effect
in 1965 had not eliminated unlawful segrega-
tion, :
6. The defendants operate a sizeable fleet
Of busses, serving over 23,000 children al an
average annual cost (to state and local govern-
ments combined) of not more than $40 per year
pey pupil.z/
7. Transportation by bus is a legitimate
tool for school boards to use to desegregate
schools,
8. Faculties were segregated, and should
be desegregated.
9. Under Green v. New Kent County School
Board, 391 U.S. 430 (1968), there was now an
active duty to eliminate segregation. (IIA
Item 43, pp. 2-3.)
The court directed the board to submit plans for laculty
and student desegregation by May 15, 1969. What was required
for Taculty desegregation was "a plan for the active and complete
desegregation of the teachers in the Charlotte-Mecklenburg school
system, to be effective with the 1969-70 school year" by "seeking
to apportion teachers to each school on substantially the same
‘
3/ In response to defendants' motion to ‘amend the supplemental
findings, the court has re-examined the evidence and found that
the total figure is closer to $20.00 rather than $40.00,
lm
ratio (about three to one) as the ratio of white teachers and
black teachers in the system at large" (300 F. Supp. at 1373).
As to students, the board was "directed to submit ... a plan
and a timetable for the active desegregation of the pupils, to
be prado nately effective in the fall of 1969 and to be com-
Pleted by the fall of 1970" .(ig.).
III. The May Plan and the June 1969 Order.
On Het 14, 1969, upon application by defendants the court
granted a two week extension of time Tor Filing the plans,
The next day, plaintiffs sought restraint of 211 school con-
struction contending that actions taken by the board demon-
strated that the plan to be filed would not approach constitu-
tional standards and that further construction would reinforce
the dual system for years to come.
The defendants! first desegregation plan was submitted on
May 28, 1968 (IIA Item 6). On June 4, 1969, the court added
the individual members of the board as defendants and directed
the board to answer certain questions (IA 32a, 35a).
The plaintiffs filed objections to the plan and moved for
contempt citations of the defendants claiming that members of
the board had deliberately violated the requirements of the-
April 23.order {IIA Item 10).
The court held hearings on the board's plan on June 0 17
and 18 (IIA Item 11). In an Opinion and Order entered June 20.
—]
1969, ih court Cound the plan lacking in every respect (300 PF.
Supp. 138]; TA 38a). The court noted that the superintendent
had developed ¢nd proposed a plan to the board which would have
desegregated the faculty as ordered and would have produced
some further student desegregation for the 1969-70 school year
(Superintendent's Plan, IIA Item 12). The court noted that
"[t lhe Board then met, struck out virtually all the effective
provisions of the superintendent's plan, and asked for more time
from the. court ..." (300:7. Supp: at Y3533). The court addressed
the issue of gerrymandering which had been passed over in the
April Order and found that the board had controlled zones of
black schools to keep the schools all-black (300 F. Supp. at
1385). A new plan was required by August 4, 1969.
IV. The July Plan and the August 1969 Orders
(June, July and August, 1969)
The board filed its second plan on July 29, 1969 (IIA Item
17). The plan was reviewed by the court on August 5, 1969 (IIA
Item 19). The plan provided for the transportation of 4,245
inner-city black students to outlying white schools. Of these
children, 3,000 would come from 7 schools which were belng closed
and 1,245 would come from overcrowded black schools. The board
proposed some further faculty desegregation for the Fall) and
complete facully desegregation for 1970-71. ‘The board would
retain all other racially discriminatory features of the school
system. It did propose, however, to study its building programs
and such measures as altering attendance lines, pairing,
ne,
clustering and other techniques. in order to develop a compre-
% hensive desegregation proposal.
The plaintiffs objected tO the plan on the grounds that it
left many schools segregated for yell another year and placed the
full burden of desegregation upon black chlldren.
The court, in an order entered on August 15, 1969 (IA,
25a) approved the proposed pupil reassignments for the 1969-70
sclinol year "only (1) with great reluctance, (2) as a one year
Sormorary: arranuening and (3) with the distinct reservation
that 'one-way bussing' plans for the years after 1969-70 will
not be acceptable." The board was ordered to file a third
plan by November 17, 1969, "making full use of zoning, pairing,
grouping, clustering, transportation and other techniques ...
having in mind as its goal for 1970-71 the complete desegregation
of the entire system to the maximum extent possible.” |
Upon applica 1tion of defendants, the court modified the.
August 15 order on August 29 to allow for fhe reopening of a
black inner-city school to serve up to 600 inner-city children
who chose not to be transported to suburban white schools (IA
V. Motions by the Plaintiffs tor Contempt and Immediate
Desegregation and by the School Beard for Delay and
the October and November , 1969 Orders.
(September — November, 1969)
Shortly following the beginning of the school year, the
plaintiffs, on September 2, 1969, asiced the court for the second
% time to find the defendants in conte pt for falling to implement
W : On
its July plan as ordered by the court. The plaintiffs further
requested that the schools be completely desegregated imme-
dlately (ITA Item 21).
On October 2, 1969, the defendants moved for a three-
month extenslon of time to file its plan. They claimed that
they had employed a computer expert to assist them in restruc-
turing attendance lines and that it would require additional
time to prepare a plan. The plaintiffs objected, pointing
out that the board proposed to affect only a few schools, and
had rejected such necessary methods as pairing and clustering
and had already demonstrated in its previous submissions that
it was unwilling to do what he necessary to desegregate the
schools. |
The court, having before it the motions of plaintiffs
alleging non-compliance and of the defendants seeking delay,
entered an order on October 10, 1969, requiring the board to
submit specific information concerning the implementation of
the July plan and the board's request for an extension of time
(IA 59a).
After receiving defendants' report (IIA Item 23) and
plaintiffs’ POSTE. the court entered an order denying the
extension. (Memorandum Opinion and Order, November 7, 1969,
IA 7la, 73a.) The court held that further extension of time
was precluded by Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education,
396 U.S. 19, decided the week before. Moreover, the court found
the answers to the questions posed in the October 10 order highly
Yn
unsatisfactory. "By the responses to the October 10 questions,
‘the board has indicated that its members do not accept the duty
to desegregate the schools at any ascertainable time; and they
have indicated that they intend not to do if effective in the
fall or 1970."
The court also reviewed the progress under the July plan.
The defendants' report showed that "only 1.315 instead of the
pronounced 4,245 black pupils" had been assigned to white
schools. (The court noted in its Supplemental Memorandum (IIA
Item 43) that even this figure appeared to be high. The defend-
ants! March. 13, 1970, response to plaintiffs' request for
admissions showed only 767 black students being {transported (TIA
Item 38).) The court commented: "The 'performance' gap is
wide."
VI. The November Plan and the December Orders
Be tt e———— f
(November - December, 1969)
The defendants filed their third plan on November 17, 1969
(IA 8la). The plaintiffs promptly objected (IIA Item 21). + The
court issued an Opinion and Order on December 1, 1968, reject-
ing the plan (IA 195a). The November submission was a description
of method rather than a plan. The board proposed to alter attend-
ance lines to attempt to produce desegregation of some schools,
but limited the schools to which whites would attend to those
. where the white enrollment would be at least 60%. It rejected
further consideration of other methods such zs pairing grouping £5 £> I os
“li
and clustering. There was no assurance of how much, if any
desegregation would result. No timetable was proposed for
3
further student or faculty desegregation. Even as to what was
proposed, the board stated:
It is important that the Court does not
construe the information submitted in the
plan relating to racial ratios of elementary
students as being in the nature of a guaran-
tee by the board since 1t is anticipated the
results of restructuring the attendance
lines may produce a greater or lesser degree
of desegregation, the extent of which cannot
be determined at this time.
(See pages 662-673 of "Report of School Board Submitted in
Connection with Amendment to Plan" in original record on appeal.)
Faced with the board's acknowledged refusal to produce a
plan which would comply with the orders of the court and with
the Supreme Court's decision in Alexander v. Holmes County
Board of Education, 396 U.S, 19, the distriet court was
tutionally obligated to devise a plan. On December 2s1960., the
court appointed Dr. John A, Finger, Jr. of Rhode Island Colle
to assist the court in preparing a plan for desegregation of
the schools, (IA, 195a, 118a.) ‘The board was directed
cooperate with Dr. Finger and to provide him with a place to
work, all necessary data, information and assistance.
court again, however, invited the board to bring in a plan.
consti-
to
The
or
oO
e
Vil. Yotlon Tor Immediate Desegregatlion, the February
: Board Plan, the Finger Plan and the February
1676 Order.
(January - February, 1970)
On January 20,
of September 1968 and September 1969 for
gation of the schools (IIA Item 25
that under recent
+
they were entitled to immediate relief.
Glrect Dr. Pinger
The court held
2 5s sang 1970.
on February 2 (IA 119a).
ing attendance
prepar
representatives of the
plemental Findings,
other methods such
28 well as altering
On February 5,
plan for elementary
senior high schools
both the board's plan of February 2
my (IA 143a). The
produced desegregation and,
stituted provisions
decisions
to file his
The boa
lines.
ed by the school
as. pairing,
‘by May 4,
court: accepied the
1970, the plaintiffs renewed thelr motions
the immediate desegre-
Y. The plaintiffs asserted
of the Supreme Court and this Court
They asked the court to
plan for implementation at once.
hearings on plaintiffs! motion on February
oe]
rd presented its fourth and final plan
again limited 10 alter Its plan was
The iinger Plan, in its final form, "was
staff and was Tiled with the court by
school board on February 2, 1970" (Sup-
IIA Item 42). The Finger Plan utilized
4/
satellite
323
and Zones clustering
attendance lines.
1970, the court directed implementation of a
1870 and
which
schools by Aprii-l, and for junior
1970, incorporated parts of
s 1970, ond the Finger Plan
board's plan so fay as it
where it fell short, the court sub-
of the Yinger Plan. "Thus, with respect 0
4/ Non-adjacent school zones.
the elementary schools, the court ordered implementation of
the Finger Plan which desegregated all of the elementary
schools. The court accepted part of the board's plan for the
Junior and senior high schools but directed that the board
add the satellite provisions of the Finger Plan.
The order further required the board to offer transporta-
tion to children "whose attendance in any school is necessary
to bring about the reduction of segregation and who live farther
from the school to which they are assigned than the board
determines to be walking distance.”
With respect to all provisions of the order, however, the
court stated:
The duty imposed by the law and by this
order 1s the desegregation of schools and
the maintenance of that condition. The
plans discussed in this order, whether
prepared by Board and staff or by outside
consultants, such as computer expert,
Mr. John WM. Weil, or Dr. John A. Pinger,
Jr., are illustrations of means or partial
means to that end. The defendants are
encouraged to use their full "know-how"
and resources to attain the results above
described, and thus to achieve the consti-
tutional end by any means at their disposal.
The test is not the method or plan, but the
results, (14 143a, 1l47a.) (Emphasis. in
original.)
5/ The order was subsequently clarified by deleting the words
"attendance in any school” and inserting the words "reassignment
0 to any school (Opdey of March 3, 1970, IA 1627).
—-]4
-
VIIY, Appeals, Stays and Purther Findings
(¥ebruary - March, 1970)
The school board and 7 of its 9 members gave notice of
appeal on February 25, 1970, from the order entered on
February 5, and ten of the prior orders (IA 164a). On March
1970, the board applled to Circuit Judge J. Braxton Craven
for a stay of the district court order. The plaintiffs
responded on March 3, 1970,
Judge Craven referred the matter to the full court and
on March 5, 1970, the court stayed the portions of the order
requiring cross-busing of elementary students to the paired
schools, ordered the remaining provisions of the order imple-
mented according to the timetable established by the district
court, directed the district court to make supplemental find-
ings with respect to transportation and expedited the appeals
After receiving additional evidence from the parties,
the district court filed a Supplemental Memorandum and Supple
mental Findings on March 21, 1970 (IIA Items 42, 43).
The following day the defendants renewed their application ; Mb
for a stay with the Court of Appeals. However, before this
Court acted upon defendants' application, the district cours,
on March 25, 1970, stayed all further desegregation, sua sponte Lo
until September 1, 1970. The court acted on what appeared to
to be a change in the requirements of immediacy since its
February 5 decision.
On March 26, 1970, the plaintiffs filed notice of appeal
“From: the district court order of March 25, responded in oppo-
sition to the defendants’ application for stay in the Court of
Appeals and moved the Court of Appeals to vacate the stay
issued by the district court and for an order directing imme-
diate Gesenvenation. The ‘defendants’ motion for a stay and
plaintiffs’ motion to vacate the district court stay are now
pending. |
the plaintiffs filed another motion in the Court of
Appeals on March 27, 1970, seeking dismissal of the appeals
from the orders entered prior to February 5, 1970. This
motion is also pending. |
The activities and obstructive and evasive efforts of
the school board, state officials and some private citizens
throughout this 140 Hnak ton are quite reminiscent of the early
efforts of some states to avoid compliance with Brown. See,
e.2., Note, The Pederanl Courts and Integration of Southern
Schools: Troubled Status of the Pupil Placement Acts, 62 Colum.
L. Rev. 1448, 1450-59 (1962).
Pollowing the April 23 order of the district court ro0al
and state officials and some prLvnGe citizens initiated con-
ceérted efforts to preserve the .slatus quo. In response Yio
the hue and cry which had been raised zbout 'bussing' Mecklenburg
representatives in the General Assembly of North Carolina sought
«16.
x and procured passage of the so-called 'anti-bussing' statute,
* N.C. C.8, Ji5~-376, 3 (ITA Item 43 pp. X.Y Although state
and local ofTiolinls round no objections to the board's plan
in July 1969 to bus 4,245 black stulents io white schools,
violent objections were ralsed to any assignment and transporta-
tion of white students to previously all-black schools. Some
local citizens organized the Concerned Parents. Association with
the avowed purpose of protecting the "neighborhood" schools and
preventing "bussing." They obtained 3 state court injunctions
(January 30, February 12, and on a Sunday night, February 22,
1970) to thwart or prevent: desegregation of the schools and
the implémentation of the district court orders. The Governor
of the State and the State Superintendent issued orders and
dire @fives seeking to prevent any state funding for transporta-
tion of students to desegregate the schools.
In seeking to protect the authority and orders of the
district court, plaintiffs moved on July 22, 1969, for leave
to file a supplemental complaint to challenge the new anti-busing
statute and to add the State Superintendent and State Board of
Education as parties defendants. The court allowed the motion:
on the same date (IIA Items 14, 15, 16). No Phen prosreds
ings were held on this matter until after the Pebruary 5 order,
since not until then did anyone contend that the anti-busing
statute would inhibit the school board from desegregating the
schools.’ Thus, on Pebruary 20, 1970, the dlstrict court
requested designation of a three-judge court to determine the
“37
constitutionality of the statute (IIA Item 29). Such designa-
fion was made on February £3, 1970,
On Pebruary 27, 1870, even prior to the partial siay
granted by this Court, the school board announced shat 1% had
ceased all preparation to comply with the district court's
order and would follow the third state court restraining order
(February 22) since he board preferred the state court order
toithat of the district court. The school board further con-
sented to an indefinite continuance of the second state court
order enjoining the board from purchasing or operatines school
buses (February 12). The first order, as modified, restricting
payment to Dr. Finger remains in effect; he has not yet been
fully paid.
On February 25, 1970, the district court, on motion of
the plaintiffs (IIA Item 28) added as parties defendant the
Governor of the State, the Controller for the State Board,
the state judge who issued the February 12, 1970, restraining
order, and several private eet Bens who initiated the state
court proceedings (IIA Item 31). By order dated March 6, 1970,
‘the district court suspended the third state court order of
Pebruary 22, 1970, and referred the matter to the three-judge
court (IIA Item 383,
After defendants secured a continuance of the three-judge
court hearing and after repeated efforts by the State Attorney
General and counsel for the additional parties-defendant to
disanailty Sha district judge had falled, the three-judge court
heard arguments on March 24, 1970,
-n
Over the course of the li ation below, the District
Court made extensive findings of fact. Each succeeding order
reflects a comprehensive analysis of new submissions of evi-
~3
dence by the parties and the cumulative evidence already before
the court.
The Charlotte-Mecklenburg School System: 1969
the MD Qs
MN
|,
® mn
2 Vd
A
J
=
e
C c
r
|S
0)
\v
/ =
fy The first opinion gave a detail
school system, the community which it serves and the extent
of racial segregation within the schools. (IA 1, 8-11, 14-21.)
We only summarize here some of the salient facts contained
in the April opinion.
The Charlotte-Mecklenburg School System serves more than
82,000 pupils residing in the City of Charlotte and Mecklenburg
County. In:April, 1969, there were 107 schools, including 76
elementary schools (grades 1-6), 20 junior igh schools (grades
7-9) and 11 senior high schools (grades 18-12). The system
employed approximately 4,000 teachers and nearly 2,000 other Pp PE p!
6/ Significant findings are contained in eight of the orders
Ieading to this appeal: Opinion and Order, April 23, 1969,
(ZA 1); Opinion and Order, June 20, 1969 GA 36); Order, June
24,1960 {TA 444A); Order, August 15, 1969 {IA 45 ) i Memorandum
Opinion, November 7, 1969 (IA 73); Opinion and Order,
December (1, 1969 (1A 105); Order, February 5, ira (IA -143);
and Supplemental Findings of Fact, March 21, 1970 (11a, Item
42).
employees. The racial composition of the students in the
system was approximately 71% white and 29% black. The
residential patterns of the.county were sufficiently integrated
so that most of the county school zones included both black
and white students. No all-black schools remained in the County.
In the city, however, the residential areas were and are gen-
1/
erally segregated by race, and most schools were racially
identifiable.
The court .found that 14,000 of the 24,000 black students
in the system were attending schools which were at least 399%
black. (IA 15.) The court further found that most of the
desegregated city schools were in Lyannition from a previously
all-white enrollement to all-black.
The school system had been growing at approximately 3,000
students per year, requiring an on-going school construction
Ld
program. With few exceptions, the size and placement of the
7/ Most of the evidence cancerning resid ential sec gregation
was produced at the March 1969 hea wings. -The April order
describes the housing patterns and some of the forces which
created them. The matter is examined again in subsequent
orders, particularly the Order of Ncvembex 7, 1969. (1A 73.)
The court's conclusion was that housing seg gregation in Charlotte
has been substantially determined by govern nmental action. We
describe the underlying facts in a subsequent section.
8/7: In June, after Further analysis of the data, the court con-
cluded .that approximately 21,000 of the 24,000 black students
in the system lived within the city of Charlotte and that nearly
17,000 of them were attending black or nearly all-black schools.
The figure is even greater 1f the black gruasnte attending
schools which are rapidly becoming all-black are included.
(Supplemental Findings of Tact, June 24, 19569; oh 44-2) (See
also Chart at IA 104 (Footnote continued on next page.)
—-20-
— 3
recently constructed new schools produced gither all-white or
S/
all-black new schools. {TA 17.)
~~
The court found faculties segregated. The great majority
of the 900 black teachers were teaching in black schools.
There was less than one white teacher per black elementary
school. The two black high schools had teaching staffs more
than 90% black.
The court concluded that the board's policies of zoning,
free transfer and its school placement had contributed to and
continued an unlawfully segregated public school system. It
also concluded that the faculties had not been desegregated as
required by the 1965 order. The board was directed to produce
plans for. the active desegregation of the pupils and faculties
by May '15,.1968%.
Gerrymandering
In the april opinion the court passed over plaintiffs’
-
assertions that school zone lines had been drawn and maintained
NM
8/ (Continued) which lists 11 schools which served 5,502
. white pupils and no black pupils in 1954, which served 5,010
vupils of vhich 35% weve black in 13565 and which in 1968
served 5,757 students, 81% of whom were black.) The court also
found that nearly 19,000 of the more than 31,000 white elemen-
tary students attended schools which were nearly all-white.
(There are only 150 black students attending these schools.)
More than one half of the 14,741 white junior high school stu-
=
dents attended schools with a total black population of 193.
9/ The new black schools were generally "walk-in" schools
S while the white schools were placed some distance from the
areas which they serve. (IIA, Item 42.)
a he
to foster segregation because the court had assumed that the
board would develop a comprehensive desegregation program.
After the board filed its May Plan which included no proposals
for rezoning or for altering basic assignment patterns, the
court specifically found a pattern of gerrymandering.
"[I]t may be timely to observe and the court finds as
a fact that no zones have apparently been created or
. maintained for the purpose of promoting desegregation;
that the whole plan of 'building schools where the
pupils are' without further control promotes segregation;
and that certain schools, for example Billingsville,
Second Ward, Bruns Avenue and Amay James, obviously
sexve school zones which were either created or which
have been controlled so as to surround pockets of
black students and that the result of these actions is
discriminatory. These are not named as an exclusive
list ‘of suchi.situations, but as illustrations of a
long-standing policy of control over the make-up of
schocl population which scarcely fits any true 'neigh-
borhood school’ philosophy." (Opinion and Order,
June 20, 196%," IA 36, 42.)
The Impact of Segregation on Black: Students
The court found that the impact of segregation on black
students in the system had resulted in the denial of equal
educational opportunities. Comparative test results showed a
wide disparity in achievement between students attending all-
black schools and students attending white and integrated
schools. (Order, August 15, 1869, IA 45,52; Opinion and
Order, December 1, 1969, 1A 105, 10%; SBupplemental Findings
of Pact, March 21, 1870, 311A, Item 42, D9}.
The Schools Today
In the November Memorandum Opinion the court set out in
detail the racial characteristics
the 1269-70
mental
(IIA Item 43, pp
no real
previous
BOF the 24
8,500 are
readily id
evey , are
black
in Charlot
decision.
The
{TA"73,
Analyzing the
pointed out that
Black “Ors:
still attend
Order, Dec
The Court
in the board's plan negat
school year.
Memoxrandun,
improvement from the
school
wiously
sch
are consid
sch
dual! rath
‘white!
ember 1,
of the school system during
{IA 73, 7571.)
the court 0
quoted these November findings
7-9.) “The court concludsd th
segregated situation
rear.
. 714 Negroes in the schools, something above
ttending 'white' schools or a Mi not
ntilifiable by race. More than 16,000, how-
gtill in-all-black or atoms inantly
. Hihe 9 216 7an 100% black situations
bly more than the number of black students
in 1954 at the time of the first Brown
black school problem has not been solved.
ls are still in major part segregated or
>» than desegregated or 'unitary'."
same figures in a later order, the court
"Nine-tenths of the faculties are
Over 45,000 of the 59,000 white students
schools which are obviously white." (Opinion and
1958, TA 103,108.) :
also determined that the free transfer provision
ed any progress which the July plan
hg ol
In its recent Supple-
1at there had been
gtill obvious
found during the
ly
: . 10 /
might have produced. It also found that attempts to desegre-
gate the schools by altering attendance lines would cont inue to
as long as students could exercise a freedom of choice.
774)
Residential Segregation
In the Findings of Pact of April 23, 1969, chariot
Mecklenburg County were described as follows:
"The central city may be likened to an avtomobile
hub cap, the perimeter area to a wheel, and the
county area t0.the rubber tire. Tryon Street and
the Southern Railroad run generally through the
county and the city from northeast to southwest.
Trade Street runs generally AorElrent to southeast
and crosses Tryon Street at the center of town
at Independence Square. Charlotte originally grew
along the Southern railroad tracks. Textile mills
with mill villages, once almost entirely white,
were built. Business and other industry followed
the highways and the railroad. The railroad and
parallel highways and business and industrial
development formed something of a barrier between
east and west.
By the end of World War II many Negro families
lived in the center of Charlotte just east of
10/
The court had made similar findings in June: ot
"Preedom of transfer increases rather than decreas
segregation. The School Superintendent testified
there would be, net, more than 1,200 additional wh
students going to predominantly black schools if f
dom of transfer were abolished.” . (IA 36, 40.)
Moreover, during the choice period prior to the 1969-70
year,
+0 bl
chose
two white students out of 59,000 elected to trans
ack schools and only 330 black students out of 24,0
tO transfer to white schools. {I4.)
EF
te and
es
that
ite
ree-
4 Independence Square in what is known as the Fir
Ward-Second Cr SEY Soon area. However,
the bulk of Charlotte's black population lived
west Of the railroad and Tryon Street, and north
Of Trade Street, in the northwest part of town.
The high priced, almost exclusively white, country
was east of Sk Street and south of Trade in the
Myers Park-Providence-Sharon-—-Eastover areas.
Charlotte this had a very high degree of segrega-
tion of housing before the first Brown decision." 1
rn
Ve
Today the degree of segregation in housing is even more
pronounced.
There are approximately 365,000 citizens in the County;
approximately 270,000 reside within the central city.
Approximately 90,000 of the inhabitants in the city are
black and 98% of the black inhabitants regide west of the
Tryon Street-Southern Railroad dividing line. (11a, od
=
§) ve
= Ln
~
pn. a1 ~TE, 717-83; See also. Plaintiffs’ Pyhibits 4 and 36 in
Box 1 of Original Record on Appeal.) As found by the District
Court, several factors have- contributed to the city's segre-
gated housing patterns.
l. City. Zoning. City zoning practices have played a
pervasive role in creating and perpetuating the separation of po]
- . . . 7 . —~ y . .
the races. ‘Beginning in 1957, with the first zoning ordinance,
the SLY clearly delineated the black and white residential
areas. All white rv
with restricted lan
were zoned industri
industry, multi-fam
Item 4, pp. 578-581,
YY of Original Recor
zoning practices foi
been carried forwar
of the zoning oxrdin:
continued to be res
Additionally, what
ized for the black
zones, R~6 and R-©.
today has a higher
811 white residenti
Bxhibits JO dn Bos 1
2. Clty Plann
esldential areas were zoned residential
d usage. All black residential areas
al with multi-land us sage, including heavy
ily homes and high density areas. (TIA
657-678; Plaintiffs' Exhibit 9 in Box
d on Appeal.) This difference in the
r black and white reni@alitlial areas has
d to the present
-
day in the major revision
ance in 1962. Industrial zones have
tricted to black residential areas.
residential zoning that has been author-
areas has been limited to high density
1
=
No black residential area in e city
lensity zone than R~9, while principally
al areas have restricted zoning of R-12,
R-15 ox above. {ITA, Ttem 4, pp. 582-586; ‘Plaintiffs’
of Original Record on Appeal.)
ing. City planning has further enforced
segregation in hous
entitled "The Next
in Box ll of ‘the Or
ing. In a comprehensive proposal in 1260
Twenty Years," (Plaintiffs Exhibit 12
iginal Record on Appeal) the City Planning
-2 6+
Commission proposed the continuation of basically the same
discriminatory zoning practices with high density zoning and
~3 multi—~land usage in black residential areas and restricted
zoning in the white residential areas. This proposal was
largely enacted by the City Council in the revised zoning
cO8e of 15962. (IIA, Item 4, pp. 562-572; Plaintiffs’ Exhibit
10 in Box 1 of the Original Record on Ap 5] LK le
! 3. Urban Re newal. Urban renewal has contri ibuted to. ‘the
residential segregation by relocating black families from
urban renewal areas to black residential areas. Principall v,
os &. jn Pe
all of the black citizens who are relocated by the city urban
Yyenewal program have been relocated in black residential areas
-r
and the few white families who have been relocated, have been 7
relocated in white residential areas. A similar practice has
prevailed in the relocation of families uprooted by new stree! &
and highways. The District Court characterizes this practice
as follows:
"Under the urban renewal program thousands of
Negroes were moved out of their shotgun houses
in the center of town and have relocated in the
low rent areas to the west. This relocation of
course involve many ad hoc decisions by individuals
and by ci unty, state and federal governments.
Federal nite 8s (which hold the strings to large
federal purses) reportedly disclaim any responsi-
bility for the direction of the migrati
<
0
—
2
0
&
reportedly say that the selection of urban renewal
sites and the relocation of displaced persons are
® matters of decision ("freedom of choice"?) by local
individuals and governments. This may be correct;
the clear fact however is that the displacement
occurred with heavy federal financing and with active
participation by local governments, and it has fur-
ther concentrated Negroes until 95% or so of the
city's Negroes live west of the Tryon-railroad area,
or on its immediate eastern fringes. (IA, p. 11;
ITA, Item 4, pp. 587-598; Plaintiffs’ Exhibits 13,
14, 19 and 42 in Box 1 of Original Record on Appeal.)
4..Public Housing. Consistent with the city's zoning
practice of providing for low-income housing in black
residential areas, all public housing, now principally
occupied by blacks, has been located in black residential
areas. (ITA, Item 4, pp. 588, 594-598; Plaintiffs' Exhibits
34, 19, 3% and 42 dn Box 1 of Original Record on Appeal.)
5. Streets and Public Highways. Streets and public
highways have further perpetuated the barriers between the
races. Streets have been designed to provide ease of communi-
-
cation only within the white or black residential areas with
little measure of communication between them. Additionally,
one of the major interstate routes now being constructed
through the city, the North-South Expressway, further marks,
isan Bad ¥ rt 2
along with Tryon Street-Southern Railroad, the division be-
tween the racially separate residential areas. (TIA, Ttem 4
Original Record on Appeal. )
5. Pri
=
vate Discrimination. Private discr
wv
mination has
played a pervasive xole in establishing the racially segre-
gated housing
denied acces
dential areca
~3 3 planned and
or developments have been located west of Tryon Sireet-
Southern Rai
east side of
bound by their cod
discriminati
Exhibits 33,
Appeal.)
in the
its previous
segregation
- po
concluded
shaping thes
pe
SS. Oori.the x3
s. Construction firms and real estate age
developed racially segregated areas. Black
lroad dividing line and white developments
the dividing line.
on. (11a, Item 4, pp. 41-77, 657-5678;
34, 35, 36 in Box 1 of the Original Record
a
November
pattern in the city. Blacks simply have been
ht to purchase or rent in white resi-
nts have
on the
42 U.S.C. §§3601, et.seq., real estate agents were
e¢ of ethics to perpetuate the policy of
Plaintiffs!
on
eclalon the District Court. put together
findings on forces contributing to residential
in the City of Charlotte and th
gerrymandering by the school board. The co
"There is so much State action imbedded in
.
e events that the resulting segregation is
~2 Ge
and
not
innocent
unitary’
The
or desegregated." (IA 73, 76-77.)
Transportation
court first considered the matter of the transporta
system operated by the defendants in the April 1969 order.
-Mecklenburg School Board today for example is trans- "Charlotte
porting 22,000 students on school buses. First graders may be
the largest group 80 transported. (IA 1, 17.) . The court also
considered the cost of transportation.
"The present cost of ‘school busing is about $19
for bus operation plus the adult os the bus which
at $4,500 per bus should not exceed $20 per pupil
a year. In other words, it costs about $40 a year
per pupil to provide school bus transportation,
out of total per pupll operating conte of about
$540.2 {18 1, 17-18.)
This figure first determined in April of 19569 and repeated in
several subsequent orders was not challenged by the defendants
unEldl Maren 25, 1970. (IIA, Item 44.) The defendant then
. claimed that the figure was too high. Apparently, the Court's
calculations overestimated the replacement cost of a bus per
pupil and overlooked the fact that new buses are inititally
purchased by the local board but replaced by the State.
The court also observed that buses had been used for many
Years to segregate schools and that there 1s "no reason except
30
or ‘de facto', and the
ti on
on this subject
why school busses
£1 an I TLV and economy necessary to des
Busses are cheayg
keep proper
Facts relating
court in the
the transportation of 4,200 black
lying white
Port of itm
the board
3,000 black
tion (and I confes
Can nox
2\/
ty taxes
suburban
July plan
children
Ri: The school board
bilities of
hostility To
In reviewing
"In a county and city criss-—crossed by school bus
more than 20,000
of whose
school busses,
routes
most from
undoubtedly go
petitions
The frenzy of
televised
Order,
he Board!
affluent
to having felt
in all the years before I
be us
001s
(IIA Item 18.)
Full
Wii Xm
all as
Fiy
+000 pupils,
suburbi
school on
involuntary
parents
meetings of
of emotion
sed by the board to provide the
schools,”
buildings;
nsidered by the
appeared
inner-city
The Hehrd reg
included a statement
1sportation reguiz
which would schools
the emotion
and encouraged Gini
April order.
observed: «play {he
children
students.
tein and
J "But what are the implications of the plan from the
standpoint of the cost? The Board intends to offer
the transferred students transportation. This will
cost money- both to buy the equipment and to operate
this equipment. The Business Service Department
estimates that we would need *o spend an additional
$98,000 for the extra vehicles needed and that the
operating cost would be about $30 per pupil ox
about $90,000. By comparison, commercial transpor-
tation costs are estimated at $45 per pupil or
$135,000 per year. A maximum estimate of transpor-
tation costs for the 3,000 pupils from the seven
closed schools using our own department would be
about $188,000. "137
The report went On. to explain that $330,000 worth of
mobile units and eguipment would be necessary at the schools
receiving the black students. The board theu indicated that
money was available.
"There are, however, some figures which might be
examined on the other side of the ledger. The
$383,000 slated for purchase of a few additional
acres for the Metropolitan High School site could
be used for other purposes. The $100,000 used to
add to the Zeb Vance property could be reclaimed
through sale. Bond monies tentatively allocated
to some of these schools could be restudied. Much
Of the property could be declared surplus and sold.”
These "maximum" figures of transportation costs for a plan
which the board wanted to defend became relevant for the court
when it considered transportation needs and costs for the
February 5 plan. $98,000 produces 18 busses at $5,400 a bus.
18 busses transporting 3,000 students is an average of 1lll stu-
~
st
dents per bus. The supplemental findings of costs made by the
Court on March 31, 1970 were entirely consistent with the
estimates made by the board in June of 1969.
Thus, the board indicated in June of 196% where money could be
ht } !
found for the costs of desegregation, including transportatior
should be remembered that less than d
e
le
] In this connection,
one-quarter of the children scheduled to be assigned to white
schools were in fact ever so assigned and therefore most of
the money avallable in July of 1969 has not been spent. In
addition, the board owns quite a few abandoned schools, in-
cluding the seven closed in the summer of 1969 as part of its
desegregation plan having a value in excess of $3,000,000,
which "could be declared surplus and sold."
When the court entered its order on February 5, 1970,
requiring mid-year desegregation, the matter of transportation
was again reviewed:
"IT 18 ORDERED:
7. That transportation be offered on a uniform
non-racial basis to all children whose [reassignment
to any school] is necessary to bring about the reduc-
tion Of segregation and who live farther from the
school to which they are assigned than the oard
determines to be walking distance. Estimates of the
nuinber of children who may have to be transported.
have run as high as 10,000 or.more. Since the cost
to the local system is about $18 or $20 a year per
pupll, and the cost to the State in those areas where
the State provides transportation funds is about
another $18 or $20 a year per Joel oh average cost
for transportation is apparently less than $40 per
|
=
pupil per year. The toma’ school budget is about
. $45,000,000 a year. It would appe
ting 10,000 additional children, 1
ary, and if the defendants had to
add less than 1% he local cost
schools. : The significant point, bh
the cost is not a valid legal reas
denial of constitutional rights."
pursuant to the directive of this
findings with respect to transportation
February 5 plan, the court held hearing
1970 and received into evidence 31
plaintiffs and 15 exhibits offered by
The supplemental findings were entered on March 21,
The findings were addressed to several issues
determined how many children would require transpo:
under the several aspects of the plan; how far the
would be and how long they would take; the number
required to transport the children involved; the c
purchasing the busses; the availability busses
for their purchase; and the annual cost for the ope
the additional transpor
re BON. 5 AN Original R
aces of Index OF Reco
D. Morgan.
tation.
ecord on Appeal;
rd on Appeal; and
ik: 11, 08
ay
Lf
Pa
of
OW
on
cou
re
8 0
the
1Y
ever,
it aly,
operati
is
For cont
Si; x
for YY: a
Maxch
defen
that transpoxr-
that is necess-
the
that
inued
45-146.)
ng
WE
additional
guired by the
ang. 17, 16
exhibits offered by the
14/
1970.
The
N
raj tio1
bus trips
of busses
OSE OF
and funds
on last
court
three
Deposition
These findings are fully supported by the record. The
Court had before it the detailed Principals’ Transportation rr
] 1 Reports required by the State for the transportation already
&
existing within the system, evidence showing the extent and
- +
cost of transportation within the State, the maps from which
could be determined the distance of any bussing which might
be required, the board's statement from the summer of 1969
| as To transpoxr tation requirements for 3,000 black inner-city
children to outlying white schools (IIA Item 18); the affi-
davits and testimony of State and local officials; and a
15/
variety of other informa rion concerning 'bussing The J )
¢ourt found that the plan would require substantially less
transportation than the board had claimed. However, the court
would have been remiss had it accepted at face value, without
an examination of the underlying facts, the assertions of thes
defendants who have sought at evexy turn, for over a year, to
pes? 4
avoid the desegregation of the Charlotte schools, The court ) 9)
3id not do this. After receiving the voluminous evidence, it
undertook the laborious task of making an independent and
1s/ The relevant evidence supporting the Court's Findings are
founds in Plaintiffet'Behibites 1,2.3,4,5,6,7,8,9,11{a) h),12,
13, 15, 37, 38,20, 2%, 22 +24 ;2 5,26 27, 28,2 o, 31 and Defendants }
Exhibits 1-15 in Box 5; and Volume MIITl and Folder in Box 1
of Original Record on Appeal. ;
-35--
4
informed judgment (IIA ITtem 42, p. 18.) The court did, how-
. ever, accept the basic facts offered by the board:
"The court accepts at face value, for the most
part, the defendants' evidence of matters of
independent fact, ok 1s unable to agree with
the opinions or factual conclusions urged by
counsel as to the numbers of additional children
to be transported, and as to the cost and diffi-
culty of school bus transportation." (IIA, Item
42: Pp. 17.)
The court found the additional transportation required by the
plan to be as follows:
1
Transport aay. oa Nee de 12 ed — Cc oS gl ——
Net Additional, i / Number of Busses,,
Senior High },500 20 S$ 60,000
Junior High 2,500 28 fe 15300, 000
O
Zoned Elementary 1,300 19/ 10 52 000
Paired and Grouped
Elementary “08,000 80 320,000
13,300 138 $532,000
16/
reer! As to the number of students for whom busses will be needed
see "Discount Fa ctors. (LIA, Ytem 42, p. 17.) See, also, the
findings concerning the discrepancies between the number of stu-
-. dents eligible for transportation and those who choose to ride the
bus. Estimates run as hich as 50%. (114A, Item 42, pp. 5, 6).
It is unlikely that the number of students will be as high as the
court found.
l72/
+ — The number of busses required is arrived at by determining
distances and probable routes. The totals thus achieved are con-
sistent with the average within the system (IIA, Ttem 42, vp. 2,3
and 7) and the projections of the board for the 3,000 black stu-
® dents under the July, 1959 plan. (ITA, Item 18: see also ITA,
Item 42, p. 8.) Most Of the bussing is Yshorti range" with
; "oapacilty loads, (IIA, Titewm 42, pi2}t.)
»* 2
LT
paired or grouped schools which the court found to be 8,000.
The board's plan of February 2, 1970, would have reguired
transportation for at least 5,000 students in addition to those
now being transported. (13a, Ttenm 42, p+. 12.) The essential
difference between the two plans in terms of the amount of
transportation required is the transportation needed for the
20/
-
The bussina for the paired elementary schools could be most
J
efficiently accomplished by running an express bus between the
18 :
5/ The cost figures ryeDx assent an annual cost ©
We would submit that the boar
5 y
>O 18 projection of $30 per child
for the 3,000 black students last summer would be the maximum
needed. {TTA, Ttem 18.) ‘In Hi evant, ‘the total 1s a frac-
tion of 1%. of the local budget of sone $57, 000,000. (IA, Item
po PP... 20.)
Z2/ hese figures are the result of detalle examination ang
measurement of each ar Zone and the a supplied by the
school board. Most of the reassigned children who live more
than a mile and a half.From Ag ive less ‘than two miles from
school and many are likely not to ride the school bus even though
eligible
28/ The transportation required for high school students under
the Finger plan is approximately 300 more than under the board
plan, the 300 being the black students in the satellite zone
assigned to Independence High School. As the court points out
and the ten tinony of the Superintendent shows the number of
3 2 } 1
junior high school students to be transported unas the Finger
plan is about the same as under the board plan but the trans-
portation under the board plan would be considerably more Qiffi-
cult and expensive. IIA, Item 42, p. 7. There is less bussing
a 4 / »
in the zoned elementary schools under the Finger plan than under
the board plan because the "Finger" zones are more compact.
on 3 7 i
city to suburban schools for the present scho
el 23/ paired schools which would allow for at least two runs per bus.—
The court also examined the present transportation system
~ operated by the defendants and the extent of transportation within
the State. In this context, additional transportation resuliing
from the Februayxy 5 order is put in perspective, Examples of
the conclusions which can thus be drawn are:
l. There is nothing novel about transporting ¢ity children.
Under Noxth Carolina law, children living within the 1857 city
limits are not provided transportation at State expense. How-
ever, children living within present city limits but outside
of the 1957 city limits and residing more than a mile and a half
from school are eligible for transportation. Also, children
vithin the city but assigned to sc
-
1001s outside of the to
t
‘
d
e
J < e
t
e
= ~ \®,
= t
e
-1 (] 1857 city limits axe provided transportation. (IIA, Item 42,
p.:17.) An examination of ths Principals’ Transportation Reports
reveals that a great many city children are in fact riding school
busses every day. (Plaintiffs' Exhibit 27 in Box 5 of Original
Record on Appeal.) It should also be remembered that the board
itself proposed to transport 4,200 black children from the inner wn
\
Item 42, p. 8.) + And the board's February 2 plan requires addi-
tional transportation for approximately 5,000 children. A large
portion of this transportation would take place within the
city, (171A, Ttem 42, PD. 17.)
A 1 3 - 4 o] ~ of SRE oo nd : he ih, TREES, CE ~ 4 5
21/ Ses Pinger deposition, Plaintiffs) Exhibit 20 In Box 5 of
Original Record on Appeal. The busses in the system today
average 1.8 one-way
pu 4
trips. (ITA, dfem 42, PD. 3.)
md ya rr
na ent of Public
lecagsascor and the prestigious 1969 Report
of ithe Covey nox. 3 Study. Commi ssion on the Publ 3 * School System
of North Carolina have 211 recommended that transportation be
provided for all children, city as well as rural, on an equal
basis. (Supplemental Pindings, 1IA Item 42, p. 4.)
2. 54.9% of the children in the State ride school busses
to and from school daily. (L1a, Titem 42, Pp. 2.) At present
3]. J. 1 the children in the Charlotte—Mecklenburg system ow
Ad about 30% of
ride school busses. When the Feb: ruary 5 oxrder-is implemented,
less than 45% of the children will ride busses.
3. The bus trips between the paired schools are shorter
and will take less time than the average bus trip:
| 1
nN
cn
Ai
r
e
d
\ t
n
U or
Cc
t
ents now being transported in the system and in the State.
(ITA, Jtew 42, pp i247 ,:8; Plaintiffs’ Exhibit 31 in Pox"s
of Original Record on Appeal.)
4. The additional transportation costs required by the
r
court order are a tiny fraction of
(11a, Item 42; pD.74, 20.)
5. Resources to purchase and operate the busses are at
hand. (11a, Item 42, D. 8; and see, IIA, Yten 18.) Except
for the busses required for a few hundred students, State law
provides that the State rather than the local system pay almost
all of the operational costs and all of the rep
for the busses." The court also found that the necessary
equipment was at all times available from the State and from
the manufacturers. {I12, Item 42, Pp. 21-22. No orders
have been placed.
6. Extensive bussing has been a method for segregation
and racial discrimination for years.
P) als
2.1
The board has submitted four plans to the court, each of
which has been uns ,atisfactory. The court &1s0 had before it
the plans submitted by Dr. Pinger. The plans have been des-
cribed fully in the Supplemental Findings (ITA, Item 42), in
our Statement of the Case and are analyzed in detail in our
{ {r
T
2 . :
Argument. == We would consider it unduly xepetdi:
the plans another time here.
22/
pa (ITA, Ttem 42, p. 19.) State officials are now wirtl holding
funds for transportation under the plan because of the N
Carolina Anti-Bussing law, G.8. l115-176.1. The constitu
and applicability of that law to the situation in Charlo
is under consideration by a three-judge court.
23/
~~! . Argument IIA treats the plan which has been ordered; Arc
ment IIT discusses each of the plans offered by the board.
ive to describe
by vy
The
court be
record
1- KX
tion p
+ « 4 « - d= substanti
Court an
391. 1.3,
\ 1 vive 3% 3 rw Memphis,
the cour
cept and
The
The
Mecklenb
Under
P I 2 2S
Constitut
Bro
The Schools
Race.
Charlot
3 OV
d found
450 (1¢
0
30 H.S
{ below
f'redom
jon” (
cons of
"hye
decree
tender
more t¥
going
Frecdo
SUPD .
to be
1.
4 Noa or A YA) ’ or ent Gopanpbbion
No EE ig! TY :
UIE, aon
ional
x7
'n Vis
Arve 3411)
te-NMecklenbur
meconstitutionally racially seg
ports that finding and conclusion
ne n 5
5 outside their zones
in pd mer a a 2
Vanoing 1n Lonros
£5 VA 7 \T " 6); and Northcros
concluded that: "The
ra ead E
Ol istered
doy
Cnac: cund
oy ) ata ~ LV 7 = A ws rte re . A rs
edom of transfer rnc recoses Ss Lner
4
ses segregation, ne schogl supe
t testifled that there would be,
han 1,200 zdditional white studen
to predominately black scho By
m of transfer were sbolishe (30
nt 1384: ZA 40a).
a. € iS ad
held
of
4-
Lu he
by
pupil
u
t
Supreme
that the "rural schools are largely desegregated” but that
the HCity schoo)
24,000 black students, over 14,000 attended virtually all-
¥
black schools. It was found that "most of the fully desegre-
gated city schools are not stable in that situation, but are
PEP " PP on 5 Ilia Se RF Ss vA Y Yer oo re ou rapidly moving (through a temporary desegregation) from an
5ll-white to an all-black condition” (id4.).
There has been virtual
A
- ps p
Lw;
3 YY
bh)
6)
wm
wn
Is in pupil desegre
tion during the past year. The current situation is described
in the November 7, 1969 order (IA 76a)
mental Memorandum of March 21, 1870 (IIA Item 43): Ww
io
ro
t (
Vp
et
/
6)
Of the 24,714 Negroes in the schools, some-
thing above 8,500 are attending "white" schools
or Schools ot ey identifiable by race.
Mores Than Soo0, however
: LEE y Fs * 3 YI oy Tn
or gs No do; Llc ’
The | Shee JO nis ck situations are consider-
ably more the he number of black students in
Charlotte in 1951 i. at oho tine of thei Tirst
Brown decision. The black school problem has
not been solved,
The Behools are 143 2 J OF
syd 3 % & 1 NP ME VR en } Avr ven gated Ox "dual rather than desegr
“unitary. i
A measure of progress was promised by the board's July
26/
ni Q
cy,
1969, plan which was approved for one year only. but even-
tually the court concluded that there had been a wide "gap
4 between the board's
.
pronise arg
I's a dd yi Y - yy. 03. 1° -
25/7: 5¢ce also 300:4F, Supp. at 1386: 14 48a.
26/ Order of August 15, 1969
-
were transferred
TA Tha). Even worse, the manner in whi
plan was administered threatened to tran
schools into all-black
Irom white to black,
ois da)., pupil plan vould .be nearly zero’ (i Zend
The court also found,
there were available education
sform some
schools threatening
[80 that] the net res:
pairing, clustering ang providing transpor
it feasible. to desegregate the sysien
I4:-18a),
These findi
viously segregated
district court
tion and that the bozrd had an affir:
the Green Yoo
430 (1968); NX
segregated ‘system, County S
Kent County o S2VLHU.S
U gsioners, 301 U.S. 450 (1968): Raney v.
U.S. 443 (1968),
mous ly
substituting its own finding that
gm ide vis ha y WEY ND 1 En SN school system in Memphis where the trial
system had not been the dual 5)
Northcross i Vi. Bo fg J stantial evidence.
(360
native
e
o
B
E
ONrog. Yr
reversed an opinion of the. Sixth Cir
do Mo Te en
Le Ire Wa:
oF Ry 166 NT 7% mo go
Cr Smanvactiiyue re
imony,
al techniques such as re
4 de «3 Pg. 4
’
’ 3 Ol 3 W 1d. toil
I +
duty to
g indi
~~ fy trod
paucat: 1. Lon,
tha
ngs that
t
Hayirnimnm rd eo x supported by
12 pupl is?
ordsyr,
transfer
sub--
ated
Week 4219 (maven 0. 1870), Northcross is particularly pert
RN inent here, for the Sixth Circuit accepted, but the reversal
repudiates, the argument that Hemphis had converted to a
unitary. system with. only so-called de facto or "lawful" segre-
gation. Monroe, supra, and Northcross are a sufficient answer
to the Charlotte board's claim that the system already is a
unitary system in compliance with Brown.
Notwithstanding that the plan in effect in Charlotte
Mecklenburg wa s (and basically still is) the plan approved by
: wil uy 5 TR an Zr AR re Cire
Judge Craven as District Judge in 19565 (243 F. Supp. 667),
~~ ry ® . re KR) " Lh, oie -~ “1 ~ ~~ - FY
and affirmed by this Court in 1966 (369 F.2d 229), Judge
McMillan correctly held that it does not meet current stand-
the impact of Green v. County School Board, 391
U.S. 430 (1568), the court concluded that the board has "a duty
to act positively to fashion affirmatively a school system as
free as possibile fron the lasting effects of such hlastorical
apartheid.” (IA 0
27/ Judge Mclill reen to repudiate prior holdings
by the former district Judge that the board and court have no
duty to deliberately change zone lines "in order to increase
mixing of the races.” 243 Po Bupp. BL-670. >Tnig Court had
affirmed, the majority opinion stating that there ls no icon-
tht oonl requirement thet .... ithe board ac wit
if
the school population." Ve understand t
Schools 3
ol Sen reo ra . LL on
and io dedaneon | or.
The detalled findings of the court below about the manner
in which the segregated situation was created in the Chariloite
schools are pertinent on considering the remedies necessary
system. Judge McMillan found that the black
schools in black neighborhoods in Charlotte were basically the
result of governmental action, and hence constituted "state
action" subject to the Fourteenth Amendment. Judge McMillan
found:
vies LDC court finds as
have apparcntly been creat
the purpose fe promoting des
the whole plan of "bulldin:
pupils are” without furthe
scgregat! yo and that cert
CRAIG Billingsville, Sec
Y Avenue and Amay James, obv:
ac riminatory.
“3 I 7} yd YY ~~ rr + + 4- named 8 an excl 18%
]
i o}
Usive. 1:
:
(& J 4
3
n
but as Illustrations of a
of control over the makeup ]
tion which scarcely fits an:
school" philosophy. 300
IA:42a.)
‘ 1 sty 1 LIA re hoa “tv en Py rv ey yard rovevmaidoneld cre The court made findings that the board gerrymandered school
attendanc oO
- ~~ Cr 4- ~y FTN 4. carrie nt 3 A >» « ~ mn 4 5 3 4) oOo « 324. - ras v0 pI Onouve SEE < E ati Orl 5 Se leo cLed cng sives and
sizes of schools to promote segregation, and used the school
- + 1.3 ov ~ «= ry - ~ 3 7 So oN TL I El J, 1h 2 , ME po tran Sportation system to promote s cgregactlion. "he court also
c l «4 ~ 1 Aeowvy 4-1 « sro era 3d y Tr y on vy Y y - 3 ~~ v3 7} held that residential segregation was promoted by "public author
cd h ain 3 Siipon ide sve yearn roo thy rh porinantty aes el ‘ 1- ties, nciuding the school Practlces which encouraged such
»
Oo WLR Lea + tn we i BTN EL i : ow ow Ee Bo ai PRE ak JR os ry Xe » S 2 Ere za C00 s as we 11] as Ne rs cLI1CCs of one pub 3% ¢ a Ze nel es.,
Judge McMillan summarized the extensive evidence in these
words:
The bl
black re
not make i
benign. In pr
previous opinions the facts respect-
ing thelr locations, their controlled size and
thelr population have already been found.
Briefly summarized, these fscts are that the
tior white schools in white areas present location c
and of black schoo 8 din black areas ‘is the
result of a varied group of elements of public
and private action, all deriving their basic
strength originally from public law or state
or local governmental action. These elements
include among others the legal separation of
the races in scheols, school busses, public
accommodations and hous ing: racial rest ri ctl loons
ances: city plan- in deeds to land: zoning ordi
tion of public low ning; urban renewal
rent hous: ng; and t ; ] 3 sent
School Bo arg and others, before and since 1954,
in 1 OAL ng and controlling the capacity of
schools so that there would usually be black
schools handy to black neighborhoods end white
schools for white neighborhoods. There is so
much state acti ded in and shaping £
events that the resul
3 r, rH ry - a Ta i 4 Vow y " 1 # innocent or "de 1 acto” and the
are. not
There can be little legitimate debate gbout the governmen
F = responsibility for creating residential segregatior he
tt re
53
> [@)
o
ity where racial regtrictive covenants on real property are
commonplace (as they are in Charlotte-Meckl enburg), and where
the state! s judlcliary enforced such covenants (as the Nort
i 2 J
Carolina courts did), until the Supreme Court held that this
TENE
ey
ta.
1
{
| Ran) , 3D ENT eynolds Realty Co., e228 N.L
supra,
lenburg County.
Q
significance of the sta
gstrictlive covenants is that ' this
nd practical equivalent of reside
oo Shelley vas argued
-.'}
the Solicitor General
described:
‘this type of agrse;
ont alienation of pro
tuity., which, if valld
equivalent of and had
municipal zoning laws
L
3 . d= py I -
ad a Shatuke
I
had passe
object C mp
WEE £5 ncilleyvid, |, = IA Te ME United States Commiss]
—!
enforcemen
functional
Justice
ct
n
r
wn
~
~
ind: of yacial Qiscriming
Si He
oh
3idential the Supreme Court outl
1917 (Buchanan v. Warley,
4
continued to enforce such
the racial restrictive
Isolat Yona ¥n the Public.
on {ivil Rishta (1967),
residentle
COI
’
roborative of Judge McMillan'!s findings of governmenta
involvenent:
Housing
Tne
£3
{ Administration in the 1930's and 1940's was a Yprinci-
5. ‘Within cities, as within metropolitan
a here 19 areas, there 1s a high degree of reslidentlal
segregation—-~refleceted in the schools—--—-for
which responsibllity 1s shared by both the
private housing industry and government.
(a) The discriminatory practices by city
landlords, lending insti
estate brokers have contrit
dential confinement of £
(b) State and local governments have con-
tributed 0 the pattern of increasing residential
segregation through such pas
practices as
raclally re
11al enforce {
matters as che loca Lon of
0J¢
“
y
P
o
d
nm
(2
& 4%
arge ae of low-income nonvhite families
h :
9
rough local improvement programs also are
1 1 Lene ving 1d nal cogramnrat
LIE inl Jon ilE, res se 8 8 UN of 0 SE Bi Tavion.
# Xs re A rt ES TN vr rg re rd Re BY Le Rr 4 (¢) Federal housing programs and policies
4. a ¥ “fry . br nz re le " *.
Oadincensiily Vf 4
e; lov and
moderate-income housing programs such as low-
rent public housing and PHA 2271 {dX{3) "do not
promot{e the location of housing outside areas
of intense racial concentration. Federal urban
C 1 th renewal policy is insufficiently concerned wi
the Lapact of ‘relocation on racial I
Liong within cities,
6. Individual choice contributes to the
malntenance of residentlal segregation, although
the impact of such choice is difficult to asness
since the housing market has been restricted.
i Isolation in the Publle Schools, supra
CREAT
Commission also reported that the policy of the Pedzr al
impetus fo housing discrimination (id. at 25%). The Federal
3 : Housing Authori
PO covenants, but even
mission reports, ithe
in housing as 2a rcason
(Xa. ar 2H4; citing
7 O
a . z x § Tre 4 die ry - r GE. AT J ¥ xe "Y ol
and Weaver, The Negro Ghetto, 71-73 (1948).) Judge Mchillan's
+
findings. about the. Chrlotte experience, based on the evidenc 0 ©
2
adduced at trial, are entirely corroborated by the national
experience as reported by the Civil Rights Commission.
that a school board could not confine a Negro pupil in an all-
black school zone where a reslider
had confined Negroes To that are
v.: Board of Public 1} ns t ruct i} on
compulsory residential segregation of the races by clty ordinance,
nA IE A x . wi ey: w= - OO CrcY Tv TT Yr my oy oy 4 5 7 ys ry pean on iol it is wholly unrealistic to assume that the complete segregation
“ <1 v4 3 4 3 ~ 14 1 + 3 L) + nh g ‘ 1 * y 3 “hon ~ Mm eva 3 - hh bY 1m ne existing in the public schools 1s elther voluntary or the imme.
dilate yesult of valid rules not based on race.,V ‘Accora
Dowell v. Board of Education, 244 F, Supp. 971, 975-77 (M.D.
. Okla. 1965 p
g
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387: 0:8. 931 {1967)., At doew not matter that agencies of the
tate other than the school bozrd compelled the residential
n tures pn »; pL + 1-3} \ ~ Tr NTA OS Yi ny pny de wry rl 7 i EE
SERYeLEaLLOon. For, as. che SUpPI eme Court made plain in
sO oy oO AT Gr 5 wry) Yi rn rs nmi en th rdian ME Sn Al
Aar Ol EH i, 35 GC U 1). 1 s 16-- 1 { ( 19 5 ) ) s OS CRO0 i DOG %e rail Bt hed C rs O agent 0)
SRR TER) TR SR ON ST ey rh rR Yan er : Vey 1 2% fens ays Ean
® Ol the S ave 22nd wll i 1 noo b CX cusedc rom nels so aun y LO. guaran
ible by , on ad
PY (®
i
1MPOS
POVED
»
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ay
AC
J! four or
DD x
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pa he
$= Lng Lous
3
T
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100
i"
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wi vV.
Db Cannov
,
YOST k
.
apo i §
~~ b
,
io YY
> pd ( i
1669); Henry v. Clarksdale
409 F.2d 6
irene de ART Yt pal Separate School Dist.,
V. Hapides Parish School Board, 5
7) ¥7 \ - i.
1970. And sec
Pe. CX vig vrs
OULD .
Civ. 1967), cert.
"y ", | LN FT vr t ~
Board of RAucation
Judge Mcilillan has also made
the board's fallure to eliminate
schools ¥(300 'B. Sunn, at
rd ne Rok, eal . TT ry PS de Th 8 on
board did make some DYOZress 11
Sy T 4 Trin SEY Tr a a a ie
28/ lt ishould bo Fept in mind tn
Qe rvarndts DX a Me ty Eng
QeSEeEYyeracliorn oi Lea one rs ATL ohne
1 de = ) *T ) ~
SUPP . XESS TAZ 300
United
Ye acceptable only
reinfoycee
ce Schoo
27%
M8
"3 £3
Fay go
? ACRE
00
. TT] 5 "%
rey]
Lei
,
L
the
{
(Sty Ch
Pd
1 Dist.
dual
v. Greenwood
Indianola Munici-
969); Valley
Ie) the
yhoma C4
yet to ‘substantially conform to the decreed goal of desegrega-
) tion so as to. eliminate racial schools by
nty Boa; of
Fducatlioyn, 395 11.3, 224 (1969); Bradley v. School Board, 382
B.S. 03 L1385).
‘Denled i
-
1}
Judge McMillan also made findings based on local exper-
COATT TT £7 amo YH ™ Or
oC HICED LiH) Causes amnong
J ; . MA ¢ £3 dt ne hWaoaed vo ey - Bn op
Negro chi laren, Phne III NnginNg—--0asSedl On Compal A8SON-0l achilieve~
ment test scores in black, white and schools—-~1is
= - tv } f3 xr C 3 § } 2TH rye Aa > nd 0 a By «11F + 4 poo 4- 3 > 1 y 3 3 » 4 3 BPAY y that blacks in Charlotte sulfer a substantial educational
L]
YA - 3 CET: 2 N Cr . Ti} 4 WI 8 3 . as : deprivation caused by segregation. This local Tindling Is con~
1 . - wl in c - - 1 " i “Yr YIIS YY 4- ~. 1 3 TY £7) ” ~ 1 - of OY “5 \ formable to those in the government's national study called
the "Coleman
: be ur IF a rey SY NY 7 h | >< 4 ££ a \ VY -~ a3 yr 4-3 ~ YY) a 3 Seegregcatlon pr oduces inferior education and
E> & 3
< » > «3 4-3. ” 1
it ! ! h }
.
By
educe cl Ph $ aed
b
A 4 GR nd :
S 1 OC 5 sare 5%
~ i OR VR >
barrie; r of
Augus 2
i sd EG TRL Pa ) NE. EE TA ry es Yes Reve. YAniid T 3 In his December 1, 1969, opinion (IA 108a-300z), Judge HMchkillan
ders ra aY ri A 323 Lo Pol APR CN Lal Se I a 1 ; ro Hy 2
assecmb led evidence of stvancard achievemenue test S5NOWILNgE tnast
N EN 8 TI Py, i . = J J ~ I ™ - w» ma _— 4 1 4.
black sixth graders ar all-black schools stored at about zg
’ Me. br, he Foy os vr i iE Sa EL SLE fourth grade. Jevel, cas there were substantially higher
re PR EWE NASA oX : Srl cd 2 A Eel mY 1 Jevals in Iintegraied schools. and in vhive Schools,
t ~ ©) 4. rey ™ S 1 - 1 Td - 2 1 4- hh IN RY | y ~ Wg v4 « 4 “Ny Ar oN a Sh ry 2s Pr Whatever legitimate QOoubis there may be aboul standardized
MELE Se Es TE Le I Re Le SIRT WT WEN PE EB
vey an nls ageso je messood that seems to. have Prox oundly
tem dntlitels on Negro ohildyen, Of course, the case does not
legally depend upon any such local findings of harm. The
rights al stalte are constitutional rights and inherently
Sind - Win} Pt TIE RAEN SB x FR rn eo pl . ve, So fe i ; precious, The yight of a student not to be: segregated on
racial grounds in schools so malintalned is indeed
mental and pervasive tr
process of law." Cooper v. Aaron 3535 0.8. 1,09: 41088), oit~
3
ing Bolling v. 347 U.S. 497 (1954). The essential
, point is that segregation compelled by state laws and admin-
istrative practices was a massive Intentional disadvanteging
of the Negro minority by the white majority. Black, "The
Lawfulness of the Segregation Necisions’, 69 Yale LL. J. hol
(1060). That disadvantage 1s not dissipated so long as the
dual system remains intact, *1ts elimination is an urgent
task. s_County Poard of Education, 396 U.S,
4:30 (1069).
Des
CN Fh ON
Lg
ive of ll Jt
Segregalc
1 - if
Court
- - - 7%. v @ Fel wit 7 yy 1] ~% 1 yo Hrs 3 3 "50" il PA IN . 2 that no "universal answer or "one plan will do the job in
" 1 TN ~ 1 wn my pe @ 11 1 ny de ft yrs A ‘ x Ky py) WER every. cage." (reen, supra, 391 U.8, at 430. He applied con-
A SVN raya cn x vH 3 A py 2 o 4 vying ad Aan yc lide lin WES rR [EE \
SL1el) ti Os ang aed a | CJ Stl] £3 3 1080 by PR cl YI CS 3 QO ICC Ol
r x ’ A 1 de yy vy 2 = Tey ry 2 JE S TEV SY ay oy id’ aL.
an expert. consultant, to devise alternatives [ LOL
i . - x7 pa «} Tn oo ance thle an” YT proposals] which may be shown as feasible and more
in their effectiveness" (id.).
I - ~ = - b] - 4 1 - 1 « - 3% re 5%" a \ "V3 2 Ai ~ Y y 7 Phe plain truth is that Judge an has ordered a very
2.9/
id ~ 3 ¢ 7% Sy ew 2 ¥ % "rian 67 WE Milk me SIRE. A dr Ay ne: Hoh mi! feaslivle and sensible plan, The plan regulres transportation
of some puplls in order to accomplish deseg lone’ Heyes are A
the essential Pacts. The SYBLem nol Lranspores 23 ,000 pup.Lis,
are 4 A oe ry rd x, PP we = = ry’ rr PA 2 5 TR Ar le TR I de
The board's plan'would bus about 5,000 more children, a total
31/
i ny A Ary €) 15 gay 2 FR 3 ota Tip dE pa bai dle ols Ths pa alu ie LS mi of ‘about 28,000, but still would not desegregate the system.
The board's plar would so alter school zones by "benign
# ¢
2Y Bee our argument IIB, Infra, with respect to tho prope:
FO TR Tee Let TIENT LC TET RE I Shae ng gl ng, Whee TE ERR Bl HN standard for appellate review ol the rcasonableness of the
plan. The district court's J iggmentis on matters of Teasibillity
a os 1.2 Fan 1h OF Stee JET Pk Be An «le s Talmiuy i ry pm I ry ivy vr ae and practicality must be upheld unless they are entirely with-
\ 4 ay 4. “0 . » = ¢ oul rational basis,
3 or TVS or i y Y TA bi SF Sneak Be’ Pi rir J i ie \ , Fag BE
30/ Supp. Bindings, p. 2304 Item 42, Another 5.000 pupils
PR 5, Ahh NY my SH $y r ili} YT 3 a vid on vs ra FR rp Fo Wo 4
ride the Chavriotie (Cit y Coach Lines atv a redauced fare,
be ’ ye TO. Re : ; TT A Pods oe ys 1
31/ Supp. Pindings. pvp. ¥0: F146 Tien 42,
Ri og
Pe Sei
ge ry mande ring tha Conany f aml lies ! EXDECTALIONE AD0CLIL he Xr
ee rd Hina rs Yad] wy rn) wir In imal Yd ~ ’ " y) Lod 4
“ pUrsseny Jie Lghborhoc 4d school would not be me Uy but the zon
327
EE YI Sis A eA 3 ole Serpe gf IRE VIINT gris sas rn NE hr rag pl i HY SS nr EE SARE
ing changes would still legve ill "Negro" sehools in the system.
i) , p Vir vy «3 yy : Lae USL ESE Bae PEAT RR I. Gn I ne. coure plan, using © lustering and tra nsportation in addi-
- 4 4. ~~ “2 £\ YY" 2 en pe -~y 3 J *Y 2S Vi OY 7 Ny 1 ~ Ps ; a a £3 { § ~ ~~ 1 Fi ~3 ~~ tion to rezoning, and merely busing egbout 5,000 more children
than the board's proposal (a total ol 36,000) ,¥1lll eliminate
- r *¥:" " ~y » 17 <3 1 ~ a Bd 3 +} 4- 7} « 1 £ nN A 2N " r - 2 yn J - every all-black and majority black school and produce a
3
A pe TL mi AE. RTI Le lira ernat ere 3A vy ~ N71 3
unitaz Y 3ys3LCm. die PaLYying anc clusiterings GO nov abolish
1 3 1. ~ i p_~ nT LN \ 5) 7 v~ 1- - 3X M 2 } \ mig 3 r B] y¥ 1% ~ 4 ig neighbornodod schools: elementary school children would still
CORES. Be TH Se AMAT. LR lie TH eS Nig i 2 NY are Ty wv halt et yy
attend their ReLENDOrnNOOC: 8 chool during the years when
oh ad 3 2-Yv so cm " ro = Served thelr grade levels.
The -childyen bused under the court order "will not as a
»
group travel . 111 they experience nove
lence” than the children who are slready being bused
«XT S77 2 as Ct yy a v l- . -
SYE tem. We. present Oe Vii 3 svater
wv
8 Ny A Ec is he ass Fay Fy nals Ae relies wp. STN NU Ph, a Si os TE ad 1s one hour and fourteen minutes and 80% of the buses reguire
to
. ho
if a Ta 4} (a) SY oy Me y YY? ) 4 3 WT re we * Ts my YLT YTD ba bi Bo Ty X? more than an hour for a one-way trip. The average one-way
yr Fi ~~ ~ “vr - ~ A 3 Ta Vet EN alr 32/ ‘The board plan would produce
£0
. to 100% black serving over hal
pupils, Feby )
mont Junior
(YA 1528), 2
Supp. Findings, p. 1. Segregat
fs est ¥ Th ir We yy of r 4.1%. 4 i 4- 3 Sn r 3 oy Ad ' 33 Blacks ‘ave 21% of the student population. The ratio of
Yo ated Ril a oe > ) Es “al il {7 € . 21. SOR lm
blacks under the pl: IOMLG YaYy 1rom «3% 0. 4d Lone Seno xLs
Cay ‘oy ay rsa ¢
(IXIA Item ki: ym MDDS LN id] bot TG oy),
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