Gordon v. The State Court Opinion

    SUPREMD O0Lrtt.l,

[(]ordon u. Stntc.l

of his |acilic dis;rosition tnd urr$,illitllfrrtss 1(, {'rr{ilg(r ltI 
-a 

mor-
tal ,,,,rit,,st. Y,,t, rv,t cantlot kn,rrv ilr,Lt l.lr" r'r'irlrltt'''' did not

111;11r.r.i;tll.y;rlli,,.t, tlrq vprrli,.t 6f llr,, jrrr'.r;:'r,,1 1lr1 jrlrlgtritrlrb

ntufil Ilr,'.tl,.l',,t',, l,,l rt,vt'tlt,ltl,:rtrrl 1.1," ('itll'r't'r'lttlt:rrlrrl'
'l'1r,, rlc[r'trrlltttt Il]uJt rr:rirlrin itttti l'": li','l lrr ''rrs!'r'ly rtttLil

rlisrrlrrgr-rrl by tlue coutse oI larv.

Gordon o. The Strr.te.

Indictmertl. frn' lllrrlrl li,r itr,1

At't'tt,\t, flt,rn Circtrit Cotrrt of 
.ll''irt'r'.

'-l\'itd bc['rrrr IIrlx' J' I\{r:(]'\l'titr \\'tt t:r"
Tlrr> opini<.lu stttes thc ctst'.

.J. II. ('r,rr,tN, fol alrlltllant' - II' 'tr,'st igtt'rr:tltt:'' of faet'

*,itlr.ut f,,,tlt ,,rr tlefeir,irtrrt's lrltrt. r'iiI r'\t'rr''] rvlrrrt rvc ultl

,,t1,,,r'.ri*,, lrc ittr offt'tttltl. Ib lrtglrtir,', it ' titititl:tl irrtent' 2

Iiislr. ()r'iur. L:nv, $ 27ti.

.lr,ltx W. A. SlNronD, Attorrrt'y (lttrcrrtl, cotttra, citt'J

t\lchrtstt,r v. Thc,s'tale, 48 Ala. 1Llll.

IlltICliDLL, C. J.-This inrlit'trneDt is f"rtnrlt:tl on tlre
f,rti,.tli set:tion of the stirtute, aPlir'-,r'c'l ,\l,r'i[ 92, 1.873, tn-
tit,l,.,l " Atr aot to t'r'grr'lirttr trlc<ltiolts itt llrtr St:rt'r r'I Alirlritlnt]'

iui,i,.t, ,1",,1,r,tes: (t'lilirrt 1r,y p{,r's()tr r',rtittrl rn,r(! 1,ltltll once at

a,rv ..l,,"tioD Lt,Ll in this Siatr,. r.rr rlepositirr( lilorc. than otte

buil,,t f,rr tlre sitttte ol[ir:e tt such llr'r:ti,rtt.,,r is grrillv-ot ttlty
otlr|r liirrrl o[ illegrrl or ft'a,urlttlctrt votitlg, s]r:rll l"t rlt'r:rrt0d gutltv
ui ,, f"l,,nv." .t:c.'l't6trp[. Acts 1t<?j-:i, p. :li. 'l'lr,'lirst cotttrt

r:lrirrrr,:s tli,it thc:tppell.rnt, not bt:irrg t'I ilr'' rt{{) of trvr:ttty-one

y,,,,,*, u,,t,,d rtt tlic liust grl*or*l trli'''li'rtr i, tlrifi Stirto' l llt'
V(|r,. l,ll.

stx'ontl count is a general &errusrlt iorr <,f ill,,g,rl roting, uot Bpcci-
fvirrg irr rvhat the illeglulity lxrrrsiistetl, u'lrt'tlrcr in a wirnt of
lrgrrl r;rrnlili,'iit,ion, or in voting moLe tlrrrr oll('e, or in deposit-
itr11 tr,,,r',. I'lril,rls l,ltrttt ttttrrr:ltrrl is trol rirrlli,'i,,ttt, to sttlrlr,rt't, :l
r',,rrvir.l.i,rrr. t ltirlr. (lr. I'r. { 37i 'l'lrr, r,virlr.rrr:rr, us rlisr:l,rrrrrl
irr ilrc bill oI ()xceptions, tcnrlerl onl.)'tr) <rrpport the chu,rgtr
contrrirrrrd in thr: first corurt. 'fs,o rvitnoss{,s w(,r'c extlmined on
1hr: lrr,lrrrlf of defcrtrlantI otre, lris nrotlr,,r',:rrr,l tlte otlter iltt ac-
rpuiufance who luxl known him frorn his lrilth, itnrl l:sirled in
the srtme neiglrlrorlrood, anrl for ir, lonq i,irrre il urembt'r of thr:
s:Lrrrr' [,rrrrily rvillr rkrfcnrlant, &n(l tlrey l,'slili,,,l tlro tleft'ttrlrrttl,
wir,rJ rrf l,lrr: rr,gc ,rI trvttttt.l'-ono \'(rirrs, itt llr,r Arrgrrst lrlt:,:,',Iirrg
tlur r,lr,r'tiott. 'I'lrat tlrey hlul frerlrtrrrrtly l,rlrl ,1,'[t'nrltttt Ite tvortkl
l,,r,rf frrll ltgc irr I.lrn,t, inotrl,lr, lttrl sttl,s,,,prr'rrtl.y rtrrrl lrtf,rt'r'tlt,'
r'lr'r't.i,rtr t,rl,l lrirrr lrr: rvtrs of :rg,'. 'l'ltrr,',,ttt'1. rlrftrsr,rl t,o rrltlt,rgtr
tlr"-irrl' thut if tlro rlofenrl:rrrt, in ri,lilrn,,c on thcso Btlttements,
Ir.rrr,sll.r, lrt'liovcrl hc tvas of lnll :rr1,-'rt'lr,.rr ho vot.r:,1, ltrt slt,rrtl,l
rro{, 1,,. r',rnvit'[r'rl, if t,lrt: ovirlt:ll(](. cnnvirr('i,,I tlrtr jrrry ltt: rvrls ttoL
ol' :tg,,.

" ,\ ll crirnr. ,'xists, p'itrrlrilr-. ilt llt,' 'rrir,l." A rvr,-rnrfrrl rrcb

;tttrI lr rrrorrglrrl itti.rtl. tttttst, ', rt, lrr, {rr.trrlitrttt'rvlrltl; llrtt lilrv
rl'r.rrrs:r. crirr,r. \\ rr,n ilrr ir( ,11,'1qr,t1t1r',, t,r'the lirrv is 1,t',tvr,rl
l,r lr:rr,, lu't'tt r,otntrrilt,.rl. irr rlr,' :rli..,'tr,, ,,1 ,,rtltttotvltilirtg ,'r'i-
,1,'tr, , . l lrrr ,'r'itrrirt:rl irtlrrrrl; is irrl', r r', ,I i t,,trt 1 lt1' 1'1;111111;.q5,1,r11 ,I
tlr,' :r.i. 'l'1r,, irtf,,tr:trct: lrt:r1' 1,,', rtttrl ,r[],'tt i'i l'{'ttt()\'{j(l lry llrrt
irlt, tr,litr{I r'it'r'utrtst:ltttcs, slr,r'r'r'ittg llr{' rl,ir{ rl('{f of ;r rrrirnirraI in-
l.rrl. lg[orirtt,'rr of litrv is tt,.r'.^r;ul ('\r'usr', rt'ltlLltcr tr,1l:trlt'
is ,'lt:tt'rcrl civilly or crinrinlrllt'. lgttrtt'rttt,:,' r,I f:tcl, ntilv oftelt
1,. tt,r'r:i vrxl to tbsolvt: 1r ])lu't.\' Ir,rrrr cir i] .t' ('t'ir]lirttll resport-si-
l,ilitl'. On tho l)rcsllmpii()ll tlutt r'r','r'i ('1ri'.'ltt)itl)le of act.irrg
f,,r'Iritrrsclf lirr,rrvs tlrr.l:trv, r'otrt'ls ru. r',,rrrir,'llr:tl to 1tt'ottt't'tl.
II it slr,,uld l,t; lrlrtnrlonurl, tlrc :trlrrtiri.tlrrl r,,rr ,rf iustitto would
lrt' irrtl,,,ssilrL', rts t'r.cr.y ciltrstl rr,,ttl,l l,(' r'rrli,rrrl'itssrtd tvitlr thg
r.,llirt.,ir';tl in,lrrirv of LIr,, r,rl.trt ,,l l,':{:,1 1. 11,,11'li'r196. oI tlre

I)tu't.ics srtckirrg 1.o ctrforcc or ltvoi,I lilrl,ilill';111r1 1'r's[.)r)rlsibility.- 'l'lre <'r'irninrrl irrtentiou lrtilrg,rf lltr: ('ssi'tr'o r'[ crimi, if the
irrti-rit- irr rl< ir,'llr!r'li ()n rl 

'li!lo',,, 
11',!{,' ,,i 1r:rlti, rtl:tt' fitcts, .,r' want

oI srrrlt li.rroivlerlgri, not tlre ttsttlt,,I r'rrt,'1, -.1i,'ss rrr l]('[]litlr'll('('.
rcliolr's the tct rf crirninalitv. -\rr ilIrr-tr',r: i,r11 111111' l.-r+r forrn<l in
tlrc r.t,rr,ling o[ oltst'ettc t,r irrinror',,1 Irrtlrli, :rl i'rtrs' )\ lirrorl-I,:dge
oI tlrr' ,'ltitril,'l:t'r ,,f sttrllr lrttlrlitr:Lt,irrrrs i I r,r, irr,lisP''trsitlrlr' l11l]1'1'-

r.lierrt r,i tltt: olI,'tt,ro, l'r,itr tlrc r','tr,litrt{ it rr',,rrlrl lrc inftrirl,lo I

|rrt if it ilppt'ar,'tl tlte ven{rrr rvas hlirr,l.:rtr,l ilr tlrc eourst.r rlf his
trurL.lr:lpilr.1,,,,,l illlloctrtltly to rtrltli,'llr,'.rrlr'. lt \\'ttllt of l<rrorr'l-
r,rlq,, r,I t,lir: r,hrtrrt,,l,'r of tirr, lrrrlrli,:rti,,tr rt,,tr],1 t','li,'l','ltiltt frt,lrt
<'r'irnitrrr.l resllonsit)ility. A rrtittt lrrrvitrg irr lris P,,ss<'ssiolr ctnttt-
tt,rft,it, (:oin;or forgeil bitnk bills, rrith irrtlrrt to put tlreur irr

IJurre Term, r 87 5.1 Ol' ALABAI\{r\.

[Gordon r. Stnte.]

30930i1

I



jl10 SUI'ITEME C()I:II'I' [.Iun.: Term, r 87 5.1 OF' AI,AI}AMA. 3il

'ir.r.rrlrrri,rrr, 
r.r,rrlrl ,,,r, trr: Ifl,ll",i:;1",],.,,,,,,, ii. rr,. rr:rs igrroranr,of ilr,,ir. s;rru.i,rrrsrr.ss. .r\ st:rtrrt,,, i,,,1,, ...i :r 1,,,1111t,,1,,-t ii,,,t)\\llr'l',.,t ,';rl,t.:rilt ol' :ttt1'.slr,:ur;1r,,;11 rr.,.,.i,i,,. ,,,,,1 t;;111.1,,r1.1i1111

:rtt.\, 'r,l,l,rl 1,,.p.1i,,11. r'itlr.rrt. lr:rrir,q 1r:rrlr,.rrl.r, ,.ri,l,.r,,.,.tlt,it
sttt'11 1't'ssrrpl ry;rs fr.,,r,. 'l'lr,.P,.rt,rltr.,.,',rrl,l l,,.irrll,,.l,,,l ,,1111, sy11
Lltr' ,':r1,1:ritt (,t' r,\r'tt,,l. rr'1t,, lirr,,ryir,,_,1.t ll;1r l, ,,,,.,1 ..,rli, 1,,.;., 

"
fl 1l1r. 1rr.r':;,rr ,rf r:,,l,rr', rvillr,r,l llr,lli'r,,,r,1,,1,,,. ,,r. ,,,rr.,,.r,t ,,[ tlr,,crrl,l;rirr i)r'(,\t'lr'r.. r.tttlt'r.rl {.lrt, l,,r:ulr (,,ru(.r,:rlirr:1. lrrrrrs,,ll.. :rtt,l \y:rsllrits ,rrlli,,rl ;rrr.:r,\.. llrt P,,11;1111. \1.;rs li,t. irr,.rrr.r,., l. l),r,,,,,t.tt, t..,\r,rr,.,7 llrrrrrJ,lr. l lx.- .ill,,;lrri v,,lirr- rrl,, rr ir i .r,1,1,,,r,,,1 1,,
;rrrsr' lr'"lrr llr'. rrlrrrl.rr[.lr.g:rl rlrr:rlili,.;rli,rrr.,. i..i,.1, ,,,1,:,,t ,,rr tlr,.volr.r''s l<rr.ul.rlgc,rf tlrc ;r:rr.ii,.rrl,rr. l:r,.ls ul,i, li r,r,rli,, ,,1, ti,,,tII:rlilir':rli,rt' Jiv.r'r' rrr:rrr'is lrrrrtr,i r,r lirr,rrr. i rrr, l:r*. ,,,,i,,i,.,,*tlt:tl r,i'r,ry r,rttr. slrirll lxr:r rr;rtir.c lr,r.n ,,r. n;rlrn.:rliz,,,l ,.iLizt,rr,,l tlrr. Ijriitrxl Shrtt.s.,,f tl,.r,r!,r,rf ,rr,],,,r1-,,,,,, ,,,;u.s. iur,l havr)
l',..i,1,.r1 irr tlrrr St:rtc six ,,r,,,ii1,*. rrrr,l 11,,. ,.,.rr',i\ i,;,rl,i,.i;'"i,,,,ll''.r'. 1,, \',,1,., tlrlt,rr rrt.trllrs trr,rl 1,r.,.,.,,,1ir,:g ,l . ,.1,.,;i;;;;,",r;;'l
tttttsl ttol, lrirv,: lrrrott t:rlnvi,.torl,,f tli,r,,ll,.n,,,,r rrr,,rrri,,rr,,,I itt tlte(l,rrtslilttl.i,rrr lrs t.lrrr rlisrlrr:rlilir.tti,rlr,,f,,,, ,11,,,.1,,,.. lt,,is l,r,rrrr,.llo t,\t.t'r.isc l.,,ltsotr;ll,lr: rlilig,,tr,:,r lo :rsr.r.r.i;rirr Ilr,. l.;rr.ls 11,1,;,.1,.ttt,'r ittt,r itrrrl f,rrrrr tlrrrsc rlir,lifir:ilti,,rrs. il:rvirr1,.r,.,.,,ir,,.[-thi*
rlilig,'11,;,1, iI lr,: r,:sirlrrl n,,irr.tlr,, b,-rrrrr,l:tr.r lir,,.,i,r,.,,,,,,t.,,,,,i,i
slr,,rrl,l lr,, irrl rrrrr,,rl lr.y ttrosc htving llr,, rrr,,,rri. ,,1 llr,,ri.l,rri!.!,,rtlrtl. lris rcsirkrrrcr: u.iis u,itlrin tlre',:,,rrrrtr.. :trr,l 1r,,. rritt,,r,,it,r,
k,ttorr l,,rlgl of tlrc rt':rl fa.ets, lr,rrrtstlt ir,.rirr,j ,,rr tlris irr[,,r.rrrirtiorr
slt,ttltl 

',1.e, lrc c,u[,t trr,t frrirlv llo i,lr:rr.g,.,[ *.itlr ill,,g:rl ,.,,tirrg.
tllorrglt,on a srrbst,rlrront snrvt,:t,r ot ou l,,rrr,, ,,1 1,,,,. ,,r;,1,,,1",,, ?tslr()lll(l lr. :rst:ertlrirr.tl lris rcsirlrrn('(t \y:ls rr,,t *illrirr tlrr, (.r)llrrt.y.
'l'lt,,Pr',.,.i5ir1 t,itrrrr rr.11,.1, ir, tl:ln;rt.r.iv,.s rrt llr,,:r11.,,i,1. lu.,.rrly-,rit,,
.y,':rt's is iI l';rr:t, litr,,rvlt:rlgrr of u,lri,:lr 1r,.,1,.r.ir,."",,,.,.,...,,,.i1r.''t,,,r,r,
lris 1r;111,111s. .r' .tlrr.r..r.t,i:itiv,.* ,,r. :rr.r1rr:rirrt;rrr1.i'f,,,ri,,* i,,rl,,.i_
c,lg,',,[ llrr: tirrrt:,r[ lris lrirtlr. II ir,,ti,,1 irr g.,,,,1 l:rillr.,',rr irrf,rr-
t,t:tl i,,, l';Lirlv ,,l,t,iri,.rl fr.,rrrr tlr"rrt rrr,,l,lr. rLrr lr,,rr,.rl l,r.li,.I tlurtIt': lr:r'l r',,:r,,lr,',I tlrrr 11og. lre v,rtes, r*,,:iug'trr,, ,,rrrr.r. ll*r.g5;si11y
rlrritlilit'lrti,rrs, 

.ill,,g;rl votirrg slrorrltl u,b lr,, irrr1r1111,1l t,,- Irirri,.'llt. irrt.rrI rvlri,'lr rrrirkcs rill th. t:l'irrr,r ,.:rrrr,,l' lr. rrrlir.rnetl,
Wlrr:tlrr.r' lrc lr:r,,1 tlrc lrclir,rI ilrtt lrt, u.;Ls lr,1rr;rlilir,rl v.tr,r.r turrltltc itr[,,r'rrur,tiorr rvirs frr,irl.y obtrrirretl. slr,rrrl,l i,,, r.,.1',,r.r.,,r1 t,,. :urtl
rL'lr.t trritrr,,l lrv llrr, jrrr-v. "l'lrt, rylt,rl,, irr,lrrir.r -lr,,rrl,l l,,. ,lir.r,ctotl
t, Ilrr'r,,t,'r"s lirr,*'l,,rlgt,-.f firr.ts. lrrrrl t,i rri- ,lili,:,.rr,.,, i11 ;1,,,1rrir,-
ittg tlr,'.r,.rltrisit,'lirr,,rvli,rl-c. lI lre r.ot,.s r.,.,.lil,.r-1, ,,r.,..,,,r,1,risIv,
ultr'tr tlrr: lrr.ls rrre d,lubtltrl or urrt:r'r.trrirr. tri- i(rr,rr.rrr,..,, 

"1,<rui,ittot. r'\r'usr: lrirrr, if tlrrr rerrI flrets sh,rrv lr,r s.irs rr,,t ,lrr:rlili,.,l. II
igtrr,t',trt,,I tlrr: rlisrlrrrr,lifying ftct, rr,rrrl u.irlr,rrt :t rv,rrrl,,,f rlili-
gctrco, rrrrlcl'an lroucsi belit,f of lris rig.lrt Io r.o(r.. lrc slr,,rrltl b,:('\r'tls(xl. tlrorrglr Ire Iuul nr,t tlre ri11l'rt. J Iiirlr ('r. [,:nv. $$:.f7{;-1?1, i ;\:l,ttr v. ll,rqr:tt, 10 lrr:d. il;iri ; ,l/,,tlttit.t, t. ,\it,rt',t,"i

vrrt. t.tr.

[Ex partc Chnmpion.]

llrrrrrlrlr. lt4 ; (..',,mtttt)nutalllL t. Ilrtd.li,rrl. 1'l lltrt. 2tl8 ; (.'rrlr-
ttt,Itu'rtrll.lt y. .,1tflttr. I'hitt,:lrt'r"s ()r'. Clrrs,rs, [12.

'l'1r,,,'lriLrg,.giv,,tt l,y llrc r'irr'rtit r'r,ttt't.:rttd 8ov{'r,II of thc rr'-
ftts:rls l,r,'lrrrtg,'. \\'r:lc:tr'('ot'rlittg l.o l,lr,'r'ricrl'$ r't't'olltlotts':ttttl
tlr,' .irr,lgtrrlrtt, tnrtst [lt: rtlvlt'sr:,1, rrttrl tlrr' ,':tttsc t't:trtlttttltrtl. 'l']r,,
:rlrpr.lllrtrt, trrrtsl, rctn&itt itt r:trrt,rxlt' rrrrt.il ,lis,'lr;rt'g,trl bv r]uc
( oll t's{, ,,1' l;t rV.

Iir, yturte Oltitrrrpi,rn.

Ayplication .for jlfttillt t trt tt s.

ll,tl,,r. 7o7pa3: petitionlor, what sr.llirint -A prtiti,,:r lirr lrr&'a.s corl,us con-
titirrilr{ tltt"tirtcnttrhts prcsi'ribcrl h.v seiili,,rt'l:lti2 r't tlrt li, vi.r''l (lodc. anrl verifitrl
it-r',,lrri11'l lr.1'stction',1201,ii noi rlcmttrrnblc lx',ntr., it [ril1 lo slltgothetth('
rrtit:,,r1 r i. illct:rllv rqstnritrcrl rrf his lilx.rtr' .\.,,,., r ,t y ,t,'.1'ttLlLor;t.q r'l' lxlnlt i',,t:i - r\ 1, i.,,r1 r, n.,t rltltl(:r irrdictrntnt,
,'r,rrlr;r, :irju.tiec of tlrc 1r'rcc al!r'r;,rllirrrir';ur i r\('-ti*rlir)n, nrny tlrply to
rlrr',,. n,lg| lir[aNIitof hql*osroilnrs,rrrr,l ii i. llr,''lul.vofthejrrdgoto
Ir,''rri rrlrrtt llrc r:r'irlr'ttt'c l,u(ltirtl tlrr' 1,ri-,,r,, r' :riiil, rnrl to- tlisclrnrge
lri' rr:tlr:ttrrrofl't'ttrr:lrtslrt:ttil,rtltrtll,',1'r:lr,tIi,l|(,lpfolrablccausc
'. ',, l,riionr'r rvith il.

ri,i: ir,,lir,tt,d, - Il'rlrr' lrri-onor lrr. i,,','n , r1111i111r1 aftat inveedga'
rtlr ttttlltrrrizcd otlirll. lr,' 'lt',rtl'l tli '" , ",rr1'''l unless thewit-
lrjt'xltnttttcrl :tgirttr'r lriltr, rl rtrir ri\ ir . .": r rIr;rl'i'', ili-i' 1ri'iili:i "l'lf rtry tnttrtri:tl rvittt,''., lltrt tr:<tiil I "r, rir'' ':itrttittrrti'rtt, is rth

rring, tlIc prisoncr shortl,l llrrt be rlirrlrrtr'.:"1, lrrrt tho.&lIlollI)t ()l

casi lrc bailable, tnrl lhc prisotler rh:t.rittt'rl until it is givcn.

an npplication llY IIenrr nl. ()lr:lrnpi,r\fot mand(t'
,t.l tlrc Jrrollttc irr,l11e ,if lrili. r:ottltty to }ear anrl
irlcnctt in n'grrr,l t, tIttr r':ttts,' ,,l tlr,r irtrlrt'isr-rttltt.ttt

s'lto ltirtl lr,','tt lrt'ortgltl lrr'l'rrtc lrittt ,'tt htl,,"t*
qrotttttlu oI tlrtr ttroLi,rlt ltr',' l'rrllv sr,l folth irr tlrtr

t)l

Jr.rtr- riDNItIt, for pctitioner. - 
'llrt' petition could !rr,t

lr,r rl,,nru^ ; it was prripcrlv terifi,'rl ittt,l cotttoined all tlre
rtllcgrrlirrtrs. ir,',I lry ti,,,h,ri,'. Jl[t,niltt)iltttt is the prop('r
rr,rri ',1.r'. :t0 , r. .16f. .Fb partr l[,tlt,,tr,' ( :]l) '\la. -'19) slrorvs

llrrrl t'lro prollnte jrr{gr lrrrtl ' jrryisrlit'ti,,rt. rrtr,l tlr:rt he rvill }rr:

,',,rn1,,'llt,rl t,r t'xr'rcisc it by rnorr,l,tiritr"'

,l \r,. \V. A, S.rsFrlttll. Attornt't' G,'tr''tr,l- t'ttttti'd.

IIi\NNI\(i, .f .- Tlttr prisonet' ('lrrrtrr1,i"tt, bv petition to
tlr,r .lrr,lg0 r,[ l,tolxtttl rrf I'ik,t r.r,ttttl.r. tlr',rr,"l tlr:rt lro wlts I'('-
str:ri'ir,',i.<,I lrii lilx'rty in tlrr: j;ril of tlrrLt ('r)rrlrlv lrytht: kcr:1xrr

tlrr,r.r,l, ulx)rl ll. c()tnnlitm('nt r,f lt ittsti,:r',,f tltrr Pl'ac() charging
lrirrr rviLlt'lruvitrg'('ottrrrtittt'(l l':tl)(',-itrr,l l,t',ty,rtl thllb by thc