Gordon v. The State Court Opinion

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January 1, 1875 - January 1, 1875

Gordon v. The State Court Opinion preview

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  • Case Files, Bozeman v. Pickens County Board of Education. Gordon v. The State Court Opinion, 1875. 9111843f-f192-ee11-be37-6045bdeb8873. LDF Archives, Thurgood Marshall Institute. https://ldfrecollection.org/archives/archives-search/archives-item/b1623477-28f3-42fd-a389-3f6afce01d98/gordon-v-the-state-court-opinion. Accessed July 11, 2025.

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    SUPREMD O0Lrtt.l,

[(]ordon u. Stntc.l

of his |acilic dis;rosition tnd urr$,illitllfrrtss 1(, {'rr{ilg(r ltI 
-a 

mor-
tal ,,,,rit,,st. Y,,t, rv,t cantlot kn,rrv ilr,Lt l.lr" r'r'irlrltt'''' did not

111;11r.r.i;tll.y;rlli,,.t, tlrq vprrli,.t 6f llr,, jrrr'.r;:'r,,1 1lr1 jrlrlgtritrlrb

ntufil Ilr,'.tl,.l',,t',, l,,l rt,vt'tlt,ltl,:rtrrl 1.1," ('itll'r't'r'lttlt:rrlrrl'
'l'1r,, rlc[r'trrlltttt Il]uJt rr:rirlrin itttti l'": li','l lrr ''rrs!'r'ly rtttLil

rlisrrlrrgr-rrl by tlue coutse oI larv.

Gordon o. The Strr.te.

Indictmertl. frn' lllrrlrl li,r itr,1

At't'tt,\t, flt,rn Circtrit Cotrrt of 
.ll''irt'r'.

'-l\'itd bc['rrrr IIrlx' J' I\{r:(]'\l'titr \\'tt t:r"
Tlrr> opini<.lu stttes thc ctst'.

.J. II. ('r,rr,tN, fol alrlltllant' - II' 'tr,'st igtt'rr:tltt:'' of faet'

*,itlr.ut f,,,tlt ,,rr tlefeir,irtrrt's lrltrt. r'iiI r'\t'rr''] rvlrrrt rvc ultl

,,t1,,,r'.ri*,, lrc ittr offt'tttltl. Ib lrtglrtir,', it ' titititl:tl irrtent' 2

Iiislr. ()r'iur. L:nv, $ 27ti.

.lr,ltx W. A. SlNronD, Attorrrt'y (lttrcrrtl, cotttra, citt'J

t\lchrtstt,r v. Thc,s'tale, 48 Ala. 1Llll.

IlltICliDLL, C. J.-This inrlit'trneDt is f"rtnrlt:tl on tlre
f,rti,.tli set:tion of the stirtute, aPlir'-,r'c'l ,\l,r'i[ 92, 1.873, tn-
tit,l,.,l " Atr aot to t'r'grr'lirttr trlc<ltiolts itt llrtr St:rt'r r'I Alirlritlnt]'

iui,i,.t, ,1",,1,r,tes: (t'lilirrt 1r,y p{,r's()tr r',rtittrl rn,r(! 1,ltltll once at

a,rv ..l,,"tioD Lt,Ll in this Siatr,. r.rr rlepositirr( lilorc. than otte

buil,,t f,rr tlre sitttte ol[ir:e tt such llr'r:ti,rtt.,,r is grrillv-ot ttlty
otlr|r liirrrl o[ illegrrl or ft'a,urlttlctrt votitlg, s]r:rll l"t rlt'r:rrt0d gutltv
ui ,, f"l,,nv." .t:c.'l't6trp[. Acts 1t<?j-:i, p. :li. 'l'lr,'lirst cotttrt

r:lrirrrr,:s tli,it thc:tppell.rnt, not bt:irrg t'I ilr'' rt{{) of trvr:ttty-one

y,,,,,*, u,,t,,d rtt tlic liust grl*or*l trli'''li'rtr i, tlrifi Stirto' l llt'
V(|r,. l,ll.

stx'ontl count is a general &errusrlt iorr <,f ill,,g,rl roting, uot Bpcci-
fvirrg irr rvhat the illeglulity lxrrrsiistetl, u'lrt'tlrcr in a wirnt of
lrgrrl r;rrnlili,'iit,ion, or in voting moLe tlrrrr oll('e, or in deposit-
itr11 tr,,,r',. I'lril,rls l,ltrttt ttttrrr:ltrrl is trol rirrlli,'i,,ttt, to sttlrlr,rt't, :l
r',,rrvir.l.i,rrr. t ltirlr. (lr. I'r. { 37i 'l'lrr, r,virlr.rrr:rr, us rlisr:l,rrrrrl
irr ilrc bill oI ()xceptions, tcnrlerl onl.)'tr) <rrpport the chu,rgtr
contrrirrrrd in thr: first corurt. 'fs,o rvitnoss{,s w(,r'c extlmined on
1hr: lrr,lrrrlf of defcrtrlantI otre, lris nrotlr,,r',:rrr,l tlte otlter iltt ac-
rpuiufance who luxl known him frorn his lrilth, itnrl l:sirled in
the srtme neiglrlrorlrood, anrl for ir, lonq i,irrre il urembt'r of thr:
s:Lrrrr' [,rrrrily rvillr rkrfcnrlant, &n(l tlrey l,'slili,,,l tlro tleft'ttrlrrttl,
wir,rJ rrf l,lrr: rr,gc ,rI trvttttt.l'-ono \'(rirrs, itt llr,r Arrgrrst lrlt:,:,',Iirrg
tlur r,lr,r'tiott. 'I'lrat tlrey hlul frerlrtrrrrtly l,rlrl ,1,'[t'nrltttt Ite tvortkl
l,,r,rf frrll ltgc irr I.lrn,t, inotrl,lr, lttrl sttl,s,,,prr'rrtl.y rtrrrl lrtf,rt'r'tlt,'
r'lr'r't.i,rtr t,rl,l lrirrr lrr: rvtrs of :rg,'. 'l'ltrr,',,ttt'1. rlrftrsr,rl t,o rrltlt,rgtr
tlr"-irrl' thut if tlro rlofenrl:rrrt, in ri,lilrn,,c on thcso Btlttements,
Ir.rrr,sll.r, lrt'liovcrl hc tvas of lnll :rr1,-'rt'lr,.rr ho vot.r:,1, ltrt slt,rrtl,l
rro{, 1,,. r',rnvit'[r'rl, if t,lrt: ovirlt:ll(](. cnnvirr('i,,I tlrtr jrrry ltt: rvrls ttoL
ol' :tg,,.

" ,\ ll crirnr. ,'xists, p'itrrlrilr-. ilt llt,' 'rrir,l." A rvr,-rnrfrrl rrcb

;tttrI lr rrrorrglrrl itti.rtl. tttttst, ', rt, lrr, {rr.trrlitrttt'rvlrltl; llrtt lilrv
rl'r.rrrs:r. crirr,r. \\ rr,n ilrr ir( ,11,'1qr,t1t1r',, t,r'the lirrv is 1,t',tvr,rl
l,r lr:rr,, lu't'tt r,otntrrilt,.rl. irr rlr,' :rli..,'tr,, ,,1 ,,rtltttotvltilirtg ,'r'i-
,1,'tr, , . l lrrr ,'r'itrrirt:rl irtlrrrrl; is irrl', r r', ,I i t,,trt 1 lt1' 1'1;111111;.q5,1,r11 ,I
tlr,' :r.i. 'l'1r,, irtf,,tr:trct: lrt:r1' 1,,', rtttrl ,r[],'tt i'i l'{'ttt()\'{j(l lry llrrt
irlt, tr,litr{I r'it'r'utrtst:ltttcs, slr,r'r'r'ittg llr{' rl,ir{ rl('{f of ;r rrrirnirraI in-
l.rrl. lg[orirtt,'rr of litrv is tt,.r'.^r;ul ('\r'usr', rt'ltlLltcr tr,1l:trlt'
is ,'lt:tt'rcrl civilly or crinrinlrllt'. lgttrtt'rttt,:,' r,I f:tcl, ntilv oftelt
1,. tt,r'r:i vrxl to tbsolvt: 1r ])lu't.\' Ir,rrrr cir i] .t' ('t'ir]lirttll resport-si-
l,ilitl'. On tho l)rcsllmpii()ll tlutt r'r','r'i ('1ri'.'ltt)itl)le of act.irrg
f,,r'Iritrrsclf lirr,rrvs tlrr.l:trv, r'otrt'ls ru. r',,rrrir,'llr:tl to 1tt'ottt't'tl.
II it slr,,uld l,t; lrlrtnrlonurl, tlrc :trlrrtiri.tlrrl r,,rr ,rf iustitto would
lrt' irrtl,,,ssilrL', rts t'r.cr.y ciltrstl rr,,ttl,l l,(' r'rrli,rrrl'itssrtd tvitlr thg
r.,llirt.,ir';tl in,lrrirv of LIr,, r,rl.trt ,,l l,':{:,1 1. 11,,11'li'r196. oI tlre

I)tu't.ics srtckirrg 1.o ctrforcc or ltvoi,I lilrl,ilill';111r1 1'r's[.)r)rlsibility.- 'l'lre <'r'irninrrl irrtentiou lrtilrg,rf lltr: ('ssi'tr'o r'[ crimi, if the
irrti-rit- irr rl< ir,'llr!r'li ()n rl 

'li!lo',,, 
11',!{,' ,,i 1r:rlti, rtl:tt' fitcts, .,r' want

oI srrrlt li.rroivlerlgri, not tlre ttsttlt,,I r'rrt,'1, -.1i,'ss rrr l]('[]litlr'll('('.
rcliolr's the tct rf crirninalitv. -\rr ilIrr-tr',r: i,r11 111111' l.-r+r forrn<l in
tlrc r.t,rr,ling o[ oltst'ettc t,r irrinror',,1 Irrtlrli, :rl i'rtrs' )\ lirrorl-I,:dge
oI tlrr' ,'ltitril,'l:t'r ,,f sttrllr lrttlrlitr:Lt,irrrrs i I r,r, irr,lisP''trsitlrlr' l11l]1'1'-

r.lierrt r,i tltt: olI,'tt,ro, l'r,itr tlrc r','tr,litrt{ it rr',,rrlrl lrc inftrirl,lo I

|rrt if it ilppt'ar,'tl tlte ven{rrr rvas hlirr,l.:rtr,l ilr tlrc eourst.r rlf his
trurL.lr:lpilr.1,,,,,l illlloctrtltly to rtrltli,'llr,'.rrlr'. lt \\'ttllt of l<rrorr'l-
r,rlq,, r,I t,lir: r,hrtrrt,,l,'r of tirr, lrrrlrli,:rti,,tr rt,,tr],1 t','li,'l','ltiltt frt,lrt
<'r'irnitrrr.l resllonsit)ility. A rrtittt lrrrvitrg irr lris P,,ss<'ssiolr ctnttt-
tt,rft,it, (:oin;or forgeil bitnk bills, rrith irrtlrrt to put tlreur irr

IJurre Term, r 87 5.1 Ol' ALABAI\{r\.

[Gordon r. Stnte.]

30930i1

I



jl10 SUI'ITEME C()I:II'I' [.Iun.: Term, r 87 5.1 OF' AI,AI}AMA. 3il

'ir.r.rrlrrri,rrr, 
r.r,rrlrl ,,,r, trr: Ifl,ll",i:;1",],.,,,,,,, ii. rr,. rr:rs igrroranr,of ilr,,ir. s;rru.i,rrrsrr.ss. .r\ st:rtrrt,,, i,,,1,, ...i :r 1,,,1111t,,1,,-t ii,,,t)\\llr'l',.,t ,';rl,t.:rilt ol' :ttt1'.slr,:ur;1r,,;11 rr.,.,.i,i,,. ,,,,,1 t;;111.1,,r1.1i1111

:rtt.\, 'r,l,l,rl 1,,.p.1i,,11. r'itlr.rrt. lr:rrir,q 1r:rrlr,.rrl.r, ,.ri,l,.r,,.,.tlt,it
sttt'11 1't'ssrrpl ry;rs fr.,,r,. 'l'lr,.P,.rt,rltr.,.,',rrl,l l,,.irrll,,.l,,,l ,,1111, sy11
Lltr' ,':r1,1:ritt (,t' r,\r'tt,,l. rr'1t,, lirr,,ryir,,_,1.t ll;1r l, ,,,,.,1 ..,rli, 1,,.;., 

"
fl 1l1r. 1rr.r':;,rr ,rf r:,,l,rr', rvillr,r,l llr,lli'r,,,r,1,,1,,,. ,,r. ,,,rr.,,.r,t ,,[ tlr,,crrl,l;rirr i)r'(,\t'lr'r.. r.tttlt'r.rl {.lrt, l,,r:ulr (,,ru(.r,:rlirr:1. lrrrrrs,,ll.. :rtt,l \y:rsllrits ,rrlli,,rl ;rrr.:r,\.. llrt P,,11;1111. \1.;rs li,t. irr,.rrr.r,., l. l),r,,,,,t.tt, t..,\r,rr,.,7 llrrrrrJ,lr. l lx.- .ill,,;lrri v,,lirr- rrl,, rr ir i .r,1,1,,,r,,,1 1,,
;rrrsr' lr'"lrr llr'. rrlrrrl.rr[.lr.g:rl rlrr:rlili,.;rli,rrr.,. i..i,.1, ,,,1,:,,t ,,rr tlr,.volr.r''s l<rr.ul.rlgc,rf tlrc ;r:rr.ii,.rrl,rr. l:r,.ls ul,i, li r,r,rli,, ,,1, ti,,,tII:rlilir':rli,rt' Jiv.r'r' rrr:rrr'is lrrrrtr,i r,r lirr,rrr. i rrr, l:r*. ,,,,i,,i,.,,*tlt:tl r,i'r,ry r,rttr. slrirll lxr:r rr;rtir.c lr,r.n ,,r. n;rlrn.:rliz,,,l ,.iLizt,rr,,l tlrr. Ijriitrxl Shrtt.s.,,f tl,.r,r!,r,rf ,rr,],,,r1-,,,,,, ,,,;u.s. iur,l havr)
l',..i,1,.r1 irr tlrrr St:rtc six ,,r,,,ii1,*. rrrr,l 11,,. ,.,.rr',i\ i,;,rl,i,.i;'"i,,,,ll''.r'. 1,, \',,1,., tlrlt,rr rrt.trllrs trr,rl 1,r.,.,.,,,1ir,:g ,l . ,.1,.,;i;;;;,",r;;'l
tttttsl ttol, lrirv,: lrrrott t:rlnvi,.torl,,f tli,r,,ll,.n,,,,r rrr,,rrri,,rr,,,I itt tlte(l,rrtslilttl.i,rrr lrs t.lrrr rlisrlrr:rlilir.tti,rlr,,f,,,, ,11,,,.1,,,.. lt,,is l,r,rrrr,.llo t,\t.t'r.isc l.,,ltsotr;ll,lr: rlilig,,tr,:,r lo :rsr.r.r.i;rirr Ilr,. l.;rr.ls 11,1,;,.1,.ttt,'r ittt,r itrrrl f,rrrrr tlrrrsc rlir,lifir:ilti,,rrs. il:rvirr1,.r,.,.,,ir,,.[-thi*
rlilig,'11,;,1, iI lr,: r,:sirlrrl n,,irr.tlr,, b,-rrrrr,l:tr.r lir,,.,i,r,.,,,,,,t.,,,,,i,i
slr,,rrl,l lr,, irrl rrrrr,,rl lr.y ttrosc htving llr,, rrr,,,rri. ,,1 llr,,ri.l,rri!.!,,rtlrtl. lris rcsirkrrrcr: u.iis u,itlrin tlre',:,,rrrrtr.. :trr,l 1r,,. rritt,,r,,it,r,
k,ttorr l,,rlgl of tlrc rt':rl fa.ets, lr,rrrtstlt ir,.rirr,j ,,rr tlris irr[,,r.rrrirtiorr
slt,ttltl 

',1.e, lrc c,u[,t trr,t frrirlv llo i,lr:rr.g,.,[ *.itlr ill,,g:rl ,.,,tirrg.
tllorrglt,on a srrbst,rlrront snrvt,:t,r ot ou l,,rrr,, ,,1 1,,,,. ,,r;,1,,,1",,, ?tslr()lll(l lr. :rst:ertlrirr.tl lris rcsirlrrn('(t \y:ls rr,,t *illrirr tlrr, (.r)llrrt.y.
'l'lt,,Pr',.,.i5ir1 t,itrrrr rr.11,.1, ir, tl:ln;rt.r.iv,.s rrt llr,,:r11.,,i,1. lu.,.rrly-,rit,,
.y,':rt's is iI l';rr:t, litr,,rvlt:rlgrr of u,lri,:lr 1r,.,1,.r.ir,."",,,.,.,...,,,.i1r.''t,,,r,r,
lris 1r;111,111s. .r' .tlrr.r..r.t,i:itiv,.* ,,r. :rr.r1rr:rirrt;rrr1.i'f,,,ri,,* i,,rl,,.i_
c,lg,',,[ llrr: tirrrt:,r[ lris lrirtlr. II ir,,ti,,1 irr g.,,,,1 l:rillr.,',rr irrf,rr-
t,t:tl i,,, l';Lirlv ,,l,t,iri,.rl fr.,rrrr tlr"rrt rrr,,l,lr. rLrr lr,,rr,.rl l,r.li,.I tlurtIt': lr:r'l r',,:r,,lr,',I tlrrr 11og. lre v,rtes, r*,,:iug'trr,, ,,rrrr.r. ll*r.g5;si11y
rlrritlilit'lrti,rrs, 

.ill,,g;rl votirrg slrorrltl u,b lr,, irrr1r1111,1l t,,- Irirri,.'llt. irrt.rrI rvlri,'lr rrrirkcs rill th. t:l'irrr,r ,.:rrrr,,l' lr. rrrlir.rnetl,
Wlrr:tlrr.r' lrc lr:r,,1 tlrc lrclir,rI ilrtt lrt, u.;Ls lr,1rr;rlilir,rl v.tr,r.r turrltltc itr[,,r'rrur,tiorr rvirs frr,irl.y obtrrirretl. slr,rrrl,l i,,, r.,.1',,r.r.,,r1 t,,. :urtl
rL'lr.t trritrr,,l lrv llrr, jrrr-v. "l'lrt, rylt,rl,, irr,lrrir.r -lr,,rrl,l l,,. ,lir.r,ctotl
t, Ilrr'r,,t,'r"s lirr,*'l,,rlgt,-.f firr.ts. lrrrrl t,i rri- ,lili,:,.rr,.,, i11 ;1,,,1rrir,-
ittg tlr,'.r,.rltrisit,'lirr,,rvli,rl-c. lI lre r.ot,.s r.,.,.lil,.r-1, ,,r.,..,,,r,1,risIv,
ultr'tr tlrr: lrr.ls rrre d,lubtltrl or urrt:r'r.trrirr. tri- i(rr,rr.rrr,..,, 

"1,<rui,ittot. r'\r'usr: lrirrr, if tlrrr rerrI flrets sh,rrv lr,r s.irs rr,,t ,lrr:rlili,.,l. II
igtrr,t',trt,,I tlrr: rlisrlrrrr,lifying ftct, rr,rrrl u.irlr,rrt :t rv,rrrl,,,f rlili-
gctrco, rrrrlcl'an lroucsi belit,f of lris rig.lrt Io r.o(r.. lrc slr,,rrltl b,:('\r'tls(xl. tlrorrglr Ire Iuul nr,t tlre ri11l'rt. J Iiirlr ('r. [,:nv. $$:.f7{;-1?1, i ;\:l,ttr v. ll,rqr:tt, 10 lrr:d. il;iri ; ,l/,,tlttit.t, t. ,\it,rt',t,"i

vrrt. t.tr.

[Ex partc Chnmpion.]

llrrrrrlrlr. lt4 ; (..',,mtttt)nutalllL t. Ilrtd.li,rrl. 1'l lltrt. 2tl8 ; (.'rrlr-
ttt,Itu'rtrll.lt y. .,1tflttr. I'hitt,:lrt'r"s ()r'. Clrrs,rs, [12.

'l'1r,,,'lriLrg,.giv,,tt l,y llrc r'irr'rtit r'r,ttt't.:rttd 8ov{'r,II of thc rr'-
ftts:rls l,r,'lrrrtg,'. \\'r:lc:tr'('ot'rlittg l.o l,lr,'r'ricrl'$ r't't'olltlotts':ttttl
tlr,' .irr,lgtrrlrtt, tnrtst [lt: rtlvlt'sr:,1, rrttrl tlrr' ,':tttsc t't:trtlttttltrtl. 'l']r,,
:rlrpr.lllrtrt, trrrtsl, rctn&itt itt r:trrt,rxlt' rrrrt.il ,lis,'lr;rt'g,trl bv r]uc
( oll t's{, ,,1' l;t rV.

Iir, yturte Oltitrrrpi,rn.

Ayplication .for jlfttillt t trt tt s.

ll,tl,,r. 7o7pa3: petitionlor, what sr.llirint -A prtiti,,:r lirr lrr&'a.s corl,us con-
titirrilr{ tltt"tirtcnttrhts prcsi'ribcrl h.v seiili,,rt'l:lti2 r't tlrt li, vi.r''l (lodc. anrl verifitrl
it-r',,lrri11'l lr.1'stction',1201,ii noi rlcmttrrnblc lx',ntr., it [ril1 lo slltgothetth('
rrtit:,,r1 r i. illct:rllv rqstnritrcrl rrf his lilx.rtr' .\.,,,., r ,t y ,t,'.1'ttLlLor;t.q r'l' lxlnlt i',,t:i - r\ 1, i.,,r1 r, n.,t rltltl(:r irrdictrntnt,
,'r,rrlr;r, :irju.tiec of tlrc 1r'rcc al!r'r;,rllirrrir';ur i r\('-ti*rlir)n, nrny tlrply to
rlrr',,. n,lg| lir[aNIitof hql*osroilnrs,rrrr,l ii i. llr,''lul.vofthejrrdgoto
Ir,''rri rrlrrtt llrc r:r'irlr'ttt'c l,u(ltirtl tlrr' 1,ri-,,r,, r' :riiil, rnrl to- tlisclrnrge
lri' rr:tlr:ttrrrofl't'ttrr:lrtslrt:ttil,rtltrtll,',1'r:lr,tIi,l|(,lpfolrablccausc
'. ',, l,riionr'r rvith il.

ri,i: ir,,lir,tt,d, - Il'rlrr' lrri-onor lrr. i,,','n , r1111i111r1 aftat inveedga'
rtlr ttttlltrrrizcd otlirll. lr,' 'lt',rtl'l tli '" , ",rr1'''l unless thewit-
lrjt'xltnttttcrl :tgirttr'r lriltr, rl rtrir ri\ ir . .": r rIr;rl'i'', ili-i' 1ri'iili:i "l'lf rtry tnttrtri:tl rvittt,''., lltrt tr:<tiil I "r, rir'' ':itrttittrrti'rtt, is rth

rring, tlIc prisoncr shortl,l llrrt be rlirrlrrtr'.:"1, lrrrt tho.&lIlollI)t ()l

casi lrc bailable, tnrl lhc prisotler rh:t.rittt'rl until it is givcn.

an npplication llY IIenrr nl. ()lr:lrnpi,r\fot mand(t'
,t.l tlrc Jrrollttc irr,l11e ,if lrili. r:ottltty to }ear anrl
irlcnctt in n'grrr,l t, tIttr r':ttts,' ,,l tlr,r irtrlrt'isr-rttltt.ttt

s'lto ltirtl lr,','tt lrt'ortgltl lrr'l'rrtc lrittt ,'tt htl,,"t*
qrotttttlu oI tlrtr ttroLi,rlt ltr',' l'rrllv sr,l folth irr tlrtr

t)l

Jr.rtr- riDNItIt, for pctitioner. - 
'llrt' petition could !rr,t

lr,r rl,,nru^ ; it was prripcrlv terifi,'rl ittt,l cotttoined all tlre
rtllcgrrlirrtrs. ir,',I lry ti,,,h,ri,'. Jl[t,niltt)iltttt is the prop('r
rr,rri ',1.r'. :t0 , r. .16f. .Fb partr l[,tlt,,tr,' ( :]l) '\la. -'19) slrorvs

llrrrl t'lro prollnte jrr{gr lrrrtl ' jrryisrlit'ti,,rt. rrtr,l tlr:rt he rvill }rr:

,',,rn1,,'llt,rl t,r t'xr'rcisc it by rnorr,l,tiritr"'

,l \r,. \V. A, S.rsFrlttll. Attornt't' G,'tr''tr,l- t'ttttti'd.

IIi\NNI\(i, .f .- Tlttr prisonet' ('lrrrtrr1,i"tt, bv petition to
tlr,r .lrr,lg0 r,[ l,tolxtttl rrf I'ik,t r.r,ttttl.r. tlr',rr,"l tlr:rt lro wlts I'('-
str:ri'ir,',i.<,I lrii lilx'rty in tlrr: j;ril of tlrrLt ('r)rrlrlv lrytht: kcr:1xrr

tlrr,r.r,l, ulx)rl ll. c()tnnlitm('nt r,f lt ittsti,:r',,f tltrr Pl'ac() charging
lrirrr rviLlt'lruvitrg'('ottrrrtittt'(l l':tl)(',-itrr,l l,t',ty,rtl thllb by thc

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© NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Inc.

This collection and the tools to navigate it (the “Collection”) are available to the public for general educational and research purposes, as well as to preserve and contextualize the history of the content and materials it contains (the “Materials”). Like other archival collections, such as those found in libraries, LDF owns the physical source Materials that have been digitized for the Collection; however, LDF does not own the underlying copyright or other rights in all items and there are limits on how you can use the Materials. By accessing and using the Material, you acknowledge your agreement to the Terms. If you do not agree, please do not use the Materials.


Additional info

To the extent that LDF includes information about the Materials’ origins or ownership or provides summaries or transcripts of original source Materials, LDF does not warrant or guarantee the accuracy of such information, transcripts or summaries, and shall not be responsible for any inaccuracies.

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