Memorandum from Richardson to Guinier; Legal Research on Elective Franchise, Public Health & Welfare; 2 Alabama Rights Workers Are Jailed for Voting Fraud News Clipping

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To

From

Subj ect

Date

Memorandum

Lani Gulnier

Tony Richardson

1980 Changes In Alabana Absentee Votlng Laws

JuLy 22, L982

Today, I spoke over the phone with Jack Venabl-e, State Representative
of Alabana from Elmore County. Mr. VenabLe is Chairman of the Alabama
House Conmittee on the Constitution and Elections. In this capacity
he sponsored amendments whlch substantlally changed the Alabama l-aws
relatlng to absentee ballots.

The most slgnlflcant changes for the purposes of the Bozeman/Wilder
issues can be found ln the 1980 amendments to the Code of Alabama in
S 17-10-6, S 17-10-7; S 17-10-8, and S l-7-10-9. Mr. Venabl-e stated
that the "primary lntent" of the Alabama legisLature was to guarantee
and safeguard the secreey of votes cast in absentee ballets. This
shouldconform to the S 17-8-l-1 which caLl-s for a secret bal-l-ot.

I,lr. Venable stated that ln dlscussions with Don Siegelrnan, Secretary
of State of Alabama, and other members of his cormittee, lt was
acknowledged that absentee bal-Lots were not accorded the same treat-
ment of secrecy as were regular ballots. Therefore, the 1980 amendmenLs
were passed to recti-fy that problem. When asked if these changes were
motivated by voter lnsistence, his qsmmitteefs activism or other
factors, he replled that this probl-em had existed for some time and the
corrmittee real-ized something had to be done to correct it.

TR/r



T.'AITE ch. 20

r{,glEtrnrs r,oulrl nn\ o.tl
rl,l)ll(Anti tor y0ler roxl.trr

roltraod tr) (lr)Bllticrilr,n ot
'n(l lf the), ll,ere raax0DlbL
irle(l 0n xDeclllc set of rlux( le8al rerlltlrcmeDtH, Lui tt, tr, A(loDt & s),Htern f,,? F
I lons nD(l for ,(ratllnx rrsorrlrl be falr nnd rrlr!r,,rr
ll aD(l to koelt recor(tE r,t !rr oske(l nrrl &nsrverr sirn,,", C.A.Ala.l0B, B:ll F.:t(t ;Jl
'rd of regtstrars $,hlclt u.rl
rtlon aplrltIailon ln(.,rrt,,rtrt
'lrrt tl,Ie s t,art rerlItrtot

rltstr.cr rlrrtxilong on rut,l frolD s(r.il0n ol fodrral
ilnd wrlte or (.opJ, eri1,rnt.

''Jo.'te(l appllcnnrs to tc,.hrl
to rvhlch s'lllte flpplk.rDtr

i(l not heen strl)Jected, th"ts.
thl$ 8ecil(rn nnd ti.s.(:..1.(. l{ en(l 15. Il. S. v. I,rr

ttll, 230 l'.SrrDp. 5ll.
rrbllnhcrl that vollnB re(1..
r(ed lD rnclally (tli(.rlnrtor
Dractleex ln appl).lDg te{rr.nia more rtrlcily to.\r*r,r
tr to u'hlte al,Dllcanlr, nrd
rEslstance to s.hltr, al,l,I
lt. S. v. Cartwrlght, l) C.
:lu pp, ti7g.

'rrlng lDterpretailon tert or: ax rlevlco to dlaerlntln!t.
s ln mntter of rerllEirrt i.,a
i0lattve 0f thle xga.ftol 666
Arnen(lx. t{ nn(t li. t.. !.
.(:.l,s.l00t, 2ll0 [..Supp. S1
:tO I,'.R.I). I ?,1, reverNrd ,,r
fi8 l'.3d tU. See, rllo, t

I).C.1.tr.toGr, !3t !..Su1,1,
ierl 30 l'.R.D. l?.1, rever,cJ
ln 3&8 F.3d t$.

ico of Io(lltlrlng No8rr) il)
wltlto It,l)llctrntE tr) rcrd
ot appllc&iloD fornl, toi'r oD the appllcailDn fo?nr

flDe wordE ou appllcsilu!
lconlpute thel? ages afta?
'd them correefly \vri to
s.C.A.Coust. An)endr. tt
seetlon, U, g, v. \\'iltlar.

I".Supp.7{0.

x, thrGltr or cocrclon
r thlx reciloD maktDB tt
rnldate or coerce perroo
nterferlDg \r'lth hls rlXhr
,&y choose eHseDilally re_
ts,o ultlmate f&ct8: th!rirnldttlo[, tbreat or c()er.
rpt to latlmldate. ilrre!t.
ntl that tho tDilmtdatlo.

(l. 20 DI,IiC'I'I VD I.'IIA N( ] II ISI.]

I rtt?ntIt \rrt\ for lrrlrllr)s{' r'f itttlrf"rirtK
titb tlfLt l,r r''rlr'. l'. S, r' llIl'r"rrl, ('

lll..l0B?, ilqi'r l'.:,lrl iil'1.

fropcrty r)\rlrrrr (trllltl tt0t l('xrrll) itr

r"lc llSht l(' I'rt'ltl'l(' N|Nrr) llrsrlrrllt( r'

oilc{trrr, nlto lttttl lrrovloltrlt' ltt't'tt givttt

tlta tr,r'esr l,' I'rr,I(.rl]', Ils lllrl'lll or

ttDi of ('r,tr|l,rll for ptlrpost'of itttIr
tirtDS nlth lrls rlxlrt rrr riglrl of rrtltt'rs

tiom he relrro\olll('(l ln t'xt'rtlslttg llrIir

tllbt to rot.lrlt'r llIId i'{rlt'. [: S r"

lr$e. C..{.Alrl.l1)(t1, 3iril l"'!rl 'l? 1'

Tblr tt|tirtn ( relllts ('llllso ltl I rlil|rl
&tler f"r [)r{'1't'lll lvt rtrll{'l l\'lr('Il t'('rsoIl
Lt lDtlllli(lslcrl or lllls Ili{'lrll)l('(l tr} lll

ttnLlnte tnrrllret 111 1'11'1r'isl of rl*lrt to

tot! io tlrIl ltrllrrtlrllllrrtt lrrll't l'{'Jll(ll
rtlly fecognizIll filr l,llrl'1r\(' r'f l'sttlr

!.!lDB ertultrrl,lrr'r'ttttst' of rtt lirrll' t S'

t. \\'orrrl, ('..\ lli.. lltlll. ili)i l'lltl 7?"1, t't'r

tl,rrrl rl(,nt,,l s..l S.('t. 1r3ll, 3{il) l'S. \i{1. S

Llid lltl lr'

Erldtntt xlll,lr0rlIrt l llli!rr llrlll |r'rlrrtlr

rlltQ lto(tl,ll' l,llllllllrl lo itttltrllrlrtlr' \t'(r"
lotali ll!' lrttvittg tltt'ttt {'vl( lt'rl fr0tll lllll{l
ril(h tho)' oIr ttlrlt',1 ts lr'Ilrtltli l: l\ \"

Ilrly, (.'..1.'l't'trtr l!xll, '.)\\ lr.'jrl (l''il'

lO clttEq tlt l li,tl Iltttrgitrg I'r'rYllsiI. t ll'

drl dlucritrrlrrrrti,,ll lr)' r'()rllrl) t'lIr'tirrtr "l
tklrtr lrr Ittttltttl'r rtl lrrtttlttctlttg gItrIrrtl

aLc(lon thur lrl\'trll(lttltlt{ ('ntlr(' {'lr'r'lr'trrl

tmas8, ledPrtrl 0lrscrlr'rs' r{'lrr)rti ir Ir(l

dbcr credl!rll r'\'l(ll'tl({! sltl)p(,rl('(l (lrllllrrl

oocluslon tlrrrt \r.ltil{t olfir'ittls, rulrilt' r' tt

&rlng uusislrttrce ttt ltollr, tllrl ttot trris'

larl, lntirrlirtrtlr', r,r ('o{'rr'{' 1'1""1i 115ri'lIrl
rcterr ('otltrtrr-\' trr tlltir tvlsltt's. .lttlttt's r"

HrtIphrels ('trrttrl.v lld. "l l'llrtti0tt
Com'rr.. I).('.fllss.lllil, lixl lr.SrrIlr' I I l'

I'utpose of llrir hr't'llr)ll ls t'r l'r{'\'t'tll
nrltl rllr|rltrrltlrltl,,ll,ll lrr'll:. trtr'l tlri'
Gtlon tIl,lllr trtll\ \\lrr'rr' \r'lt'r illllltri
drllon li rxt lrrll.l trr.l l\ rlllrl. llr"{'ks \ '

;\-r(rtlll, t).(',1'rt.lllil, il3l l'.Srrl'l'. l:l'''(). rrf
nrmP(l .li:l t,'.:l(l lla^-).

8ul,6oc. (l|) of tltls stt'tlon trl)l'li('s trr

Ddrate pors0ns lirl(l illrlrllt's trI llll('rfrriIlN
Itth rlEht t', r('l(lHt('r fllrrl pri't(\'lx Ntxrrr
cltkenr a{tlllxl locrclrttt, lttt ltrrlrltrl lrrtr

lDd rloltlr('('. l. S lrl l(trlzltrl'lr('lr \"
OrtFlBat lini(lrl. ilf Iirt l(lrrr l(lrrrr, lr'("
h.l00ir. ll.-lt l:.SrrpI. ilii(1.

The rttllt'rs,rr ftllttrr' ol ltllillll(lrllioll,
lhr"it.. rrr r rx'rr'l,rIl is itlltlrlllr'rllll ltlt'll'r
tlili ir, tlon. slll( r' rttt('tlllrli tlr(' ''(llllrll)'
Dror(rll,o(1. l . S. \'. ('lrtrk, l' ('..\lrr'tlrlli,

3{0 l'.Supt,. 7:llt.

a!. Abranlc€ rotlnr

Clerk of dl\trl( t ('ollrt of l.ottlnltrnr ttlt'l
daDut)'('lcrks of t'ottrt lrlrl tlttly tttt'l"r

t'S ('..\.(',ro.l. .\INt!,1. li ltlr,l llri\ slll'
Ilurplt'r, It,,l t0 r'Ilr]ltAI ill lrllY lt('ls ('r

I'rr( li' r,s ill trlrst'ttl|t' 1'tlittg lrto(I'st
\\'lri('lr \\''rtt lrl ltlr\'1' ('f l'r'r'l',f rlisr'rilllilllll itlrl
rrrrr,rtt( rlrrrtlili(rl IolIrr i,1 1'11'1 1i'r1ts of
rrtt.r' I'ltt,l rttrrl sttclt illlty ilr( lllrlt'(l rl'frttitt'
itr}] froilr rIl)' (,,I1(ltl, l rrlriIlr r0sttltt'rl ln
rrllorvin( \\'lril(' \'i,ll'rs ol,lrrtrlttttitler lo
v,'l(, \\'itlr0lrl rlff('r'liltg rlltllt' ol)l)'rrlllnl-
lits t0 NIl:rr, \'()l('rs. llril\\'Il \'. l'rrst, l)'
l'. [,t.llr(is, :.];ll IJ.Srrt,lr. llo.

l,S,\-lt.S. ltrll)so r|,lrrirltr( llrltl lellors
l,(, writlr.D l0 lri,rsblr' 11 1111 1'olIrl "lll)' ltl,-
ir,nl(,r. Ir)r' I \Yr, !'1'llrs lllld lllltt rtIlstrllr
lrrr\'(, \'r,li'r\ stll,lrril ill \\'rilillg r('tlsi'Ils fr)r
i[( h lrl'\{'tll|r' \'rrtillX \\'lt\ ttol ltt Iotlfllct
rlltlt llris lr'r'lirlll: llttts, rt'Nislrttr rrf v'rl'
(,rs (,,'il1(l lrr. r'r'trp,'tlr',1 l.' t (tllll'l)' \r'ltll
\trlltll(. rlt':lrill' L'Illr'ltli.'tl llrlll lt(' (r'lllrl

lli't ('rptltlXe Illl,-t' rr'(iill rr'rl !olIrs frr'ttt
rolls lrr ttrllllrl{ r lrrol irl('rl tltlrl('r slllltllr'
r|lrt'lt I lr|t lrllrt I'r'r'll lrttt|r'rl olt rolls lr1'

fr.rlr.rll r.rrrtrritrIr\ rrllrl llrtll l" lrl'lrl\ \lltl

Ilr, ,rlll] rrgltitr.l I lro\r' rr'(i'lIrl rl l'\ slltlr'
tr'(lstrrtr u,rttlrl rlIttr |rlrDrl lt|ilt|r'llr'll
llilrrssr.llr, r'. l,t0tt., l,| .\1,t, llril, ltlll So lltl
[-,0

lll. ( lrirll.rrg0r rrlrtl ri'lllr,\ltl of \r'|tl'ri
frorrr roll

('liritrr Il';tt trroltrl,r'r" ',f rttlr' 1"'lltlttrl
l)rlrf\' \\'t'lI trllIXt'rlll lrllr|{i'll fr')lIl Yr)ter'5
r|gl.lrirli,'Il li.l lll sigllirl(rltltll lllglt('r
rltlr, I llrut Iil,!lttl.rs .,f ,rnol llr.r lrrlrt]' \\'trs

l,rill,r'rl) lt!s('ltr'(l tltlrlIr llrir sr'r'tiotl I)ro'
lrilrillrtX lllllizrrlir'll tttl(lt'r {'i)lor i'f stnle
l!r\r (,1 rtlll ttrllllilt. ill tllt('rtlrltlllllotr i)f
rilttr Ilixilrllil\' \\lri.lr rlilfi'r fr"rtr tlr"'e
rl'l'li{'rl 1,, {,llrt'r irr,liri,lrrrrl' \\illritl Hrlllro

r',irtul)'. liliIr L l,rr(r'r, II t l'rr l1)ili, ilirl
lr.Sut,l'.:il:i.

l)r lrlItr|r. r'.lrrlrlt'lrt rl llrrll frrlltrr0 r'l
trolrr,l ,,1 t, (i\lrrrls lo rlril.r' Ir0tll Ir|
Iittr'l trr,,rL tltttttIs ,rl \olIrs t'lllt'rIrl ltl
purgI l,r,{'li \\'lrn llill t'lll't of lrllt't!lltl lr}

lrrrllri/.r' \rlrit(' \'rrlI ttttrl tttittlttrlzr' Nt'grrr

\'')te. (:rrl\ \', )lrllll. l).('..\lrl'll){i'rt, :(X) l"

Sut,tr.'l{)i.

\\.lrerr. r.lrrrllt,rrgr.s l(, r{.gislrltiolt rtf Nt-

Ffr, \'ol ('rs \\'trfl' Iltlllli' it! r i"ltl iDll lrf l"
S.('r\ ('orrrl. ,\trrr',lrl. l:'r tlrtl lllls st't'liott,
cltullt'ngt's \1'er(' I ltftrls('l\'('s ttttll ttttd vrtlrl

rtllrl illt'fft'('ti\'{' [(rr llll] l)llrl'{'sr', rtttrl l'ot
rrs lrli('!l ofl rt'xlstrrrtirrtl rr)lls lls roslllt
of Ilttllt'ttl{r's rltr| lllt'gtttl.r' r|tttovt'rl, not-
\litllilrlllrlillg lrtIt llrttl \"lrrt {r tll ol tlr"
(l('f|r'15 lttlrl rlt'lir lIllt ir'' r'r 'rrrl ts l'rlsls
frrr Iltltllt'trX|s trril:l!l itl 1." r rtst, tttrrl if
tr{,ll(lisrrltlllltltlr)rll.v I lll',1, (rrlllrl (('ustl-

tlltc l('Nlll Xrolllt(li frtr rllllollll rtf t'ott'rs
frrrttt rolls. I'. S. v flIlllVten, l) C'['t'
101(). ltsl, lr.Sllplr. tll, rffirlrtIrl ln part 8l'

s.('1. lll::.311:,1 t'.s. f'ri, I l,.lirl.'.,lrl iil5.

42 S 1971
Notc 40

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99



or lt(lntissii,ils .rn llI.ir ltlrlrli(,Ilirln l,(rrllls\yltlle rcgist(,ring wltile Ilrl)li(trnts lvll()Itrtd rtrnrlc airniltr orr0rs 0r lr(lntissit)ns onthclr &pt)lir.&tir)ns ll,8s in r.iolntion of ilrissectlon lrn(l Ii.S.C..t.Consl. r\lr()rr(lN. lJtrnd 15. II. S. v. \\'ll(li,r, t).(:.l,rr.l{)01J, 2?l|
If.S1ll)l). i.I0. Srrr, llro, U. S. y. (jl{,Ironl,
D.C.1,tr.10(tl, 2lll l'.Su1r1r. 0lll, rrrolion rlt-

r'. Dle(l ll[ l.'.It.l). l?.1, rcl,ors{,rl orr otlrcrgrouu(ls lll'rq 1r.2,1 gg,.

In tr.tlon l,y Ilnlto(l Sttrt0s tr, 0nJoin
per$ons ongflgod In r)r al)oltt to ongltge ln
deJ)rlYlng l)(,rsr)ns of ritsltt to vole, evi_
denee (lis(:lose(l ilt8t clllrllr,rrgos lry lnrlt,yl{.llttl dofcn(lrnts wlll(,lt hnrl i lre r(,sull. (,1
rertrovlng rlII)st till of tlre Nr,,jro Yoterslronr tlre r0ll nnrl leuylng rvlrite y0ters
Irructl(:ally llntou(,llcd, ev(,n I lr()ltAll l)()
Jrorcent of wlllto registrslirrn (,lIr(ts he(ltlre snrne (lefe(,ts an(l rlefir.lent,its ns tlirl
cllalleDged Nogro t,arrls, \\,cre, rlillollgh
Dot J)IltentJy (lis{.rirlinator), (,n llrc fr(.(,,
8(.tually lrinsslyel.v (lisi,ritDinfll(,r1, in llur-
Jrose antl effe(.t, sn(l &s su(,ll ltn(:onstitll-
tl{)nal. tJ. S. v. IIcI.)lveen, I).C.1,n.1g00,
Itrt0 F.Supp. 10, frffirrr)(}(l ln part ttO S.Ct.
012, 36? u.s. 5ri, 4 r,.r,d.2d 535.

f"? f t97I punr.rc rrr,rAr.rrr & rvnr.l.^ru,r ch r

Gen.Lsws f050, $ l?-14_A, requlring ev-
ery voter Hlgning a nornlnoti(,n I)&lrer to
8lgn hls Dante as lt rl)pearB on roilng llstand provl(llng for lhc lllltcr[to v(,ter I)v
BllowlnS lrlln to nruke his nnrk In pre"-
eDce of twrr wltnesses ryho worrlrl then
riul)scrlt)e thelr n&rnes os trttesilng u,it_
uesses (lld not vlr)lrt() sul)se(.. (t) r)f thls
8ectlon I)rovirllng ilrrt Do I,(rrs(,n ll(.ilnraunder cOlor of lr\y sllall rleny rlglrt 0f
any lndlvldual to vote in any oloetion bc_
cauge of error or onrlsslon on &ny recorrl
or paper relailng to any sftpllctrtion, reg-Istretton, or oilter oct rerluisllc to voilng.
Ilallnou v. IJoard of .Dle(jilons, lgi}, 271
A.zd 70lt, I08 It.L l:J0, appent tltsrnlssed 0l
S.Ct. 123.1, {0I U.S. 0S0, 23 L.[)rt.2tt I37.

{6. fnte"Dret8ilon or lltorlcy teitr
Provlxlons of Louisitrn{ Constitllilon

and statutes rvlllch re(lulrc(l \,()ters to
Batlsfy reglstrBrH i,f ilroir xt,illty to un.
deretaDd and glve rensr)nlll,lo lnterl)reta-
tlon of any Becilot! of fe(lersl or strlte
CoDstltutlonB rpeclftcnlly coilflicted rylthprohlbltlons agalnst dlscrinlintrtiotr tn
votlng because of rtce foun(l l)oth ln t).
S.C.A.Con8t. Atnend. t5 trn(l ln this se(i-
tloD. Loultstono v. tL S., Ltr.10(!5, Bir S.Ct.
8l7, 3ti0 U.S. 1.15, tg I..Irid.?(t ?0,).

Evldence ln clvll contentpt case (lis-
closed that reglBtrar hatl vlolotetl orr!ors
of court of appeslB lu Nexro v,,ling
rlghts cetse ln thnt regi8trur lrrrl usetl
double standard In grntling unswers and
had not efforded assl8tance tr) opl)llc&nts.
U. S. v. Lynd, C.A.Mt8s.t065, B4g i.:,t ZOO.,, 

98

llrr1111l of lr,Xislr.rrr: (,rrul(l l.\ rtlttr,sliolrs of rrplrlir.ruls for t,s11a rur,.,.alir)rl i, {lle.t,rrlll{,(l l.r rtutlili(,nlt,,t r
rtpIlir.rrnt.s ltDtl if llri,y \,(,r(r rr1r,,il:.
nr(l if il rl0r,irlcrl rrrr sDt,r,ifiI srl ol 1aliorrs 111r,1,1y11g lr,(Il rtrlllrctrtIrttr, t,l: f\r'lrs r{,rluir{,rl l0 Irlolrl tr s.t,slcrrr f,,: rIr.r,liIg ,r,,,,.,,,rrrs rrrrrl f.rr grttlinX rts\\r.r\ \t,lti(,lt ryrrrrlrl lrr.fltir lud \t.lt, r
tlis|riruirrrrliorr ltIrl l0 k{1,1, r(,(.orrli ,,1 rrlr('l illt{,stil)[s lslir.rl rtrrrt ltus\\.ors li]ritll. S. r'. r\iliiDs, C.A...ilrr.llXti|, lllS F..:trl iI

('0trrrt1' lrolrrl of rr,tslstrrlrs n,hlr,h r*ivol(.r r(,1.Jislrtrlion IDplir.llli0n ineor1,,.:1
ittg for Ilt(,lirsl Iill0 [ IItrt rerlt)l?lta
Il,l,lir.lrIls to ltnsu..,r tluosti0ns on l.rornntent, rtrtrl lrorrr s(:(.tion {rf ,rrlt!u(:onslil lti.i0n, llnd wrile or (,olrJi er(.itr.r
tlrorCfrorrr srrbjor.t.rtrl Il,Jrli(rnts to trrL!,t'rrl strrnrlrlrrls to rlhit.lr u,ltite trptrllr.!!,,
ln th0 pust lrrrrl not l,(\,n sul)jecte(I. il..rl)l' Yit,llltinIj tltis s(,(.tir)n rn(l t..S(.t(:i,nst. lItonrls. I.l lrrrl lir. I'. S. v. t,rr
kcr, l).('.itu.l9(I, lllllt t...Slrl)p. 11l.

Ii)vi(len(.e o\tsl)lislle{l tlrrt voting rt1t.
trtrrs lrrd engrg0rl in re(fielly dls(,rlilrlulor),tr(,ts an(l l)rocti(.es in appll,lng ttrrrrtnrl rorlrrirerrrents lIr)re strlcily ti, )..rIn
nl)l)liurnts tlttrn tr) whlte applicilots,...t
ln exten(ling ttssis(trI(.e tr) \,llltc s!,!,t('rrnts ltlr)ne. Il. S. v. CurtwriXI)t, I,C
r\le.l0(i+, 2lj() t..SuI)l). ti?3,

l)rnt,tir:e of rrsing tnterl)retation tcit c.llIl.y ()l lr(,r lOst fls ilr,\,i(,o to disflrintl0r!,
lgrtirrst Nt,grrrgs iI lllrilor 0f regisft!tl,r
for yotirrg is yiolrtir.r, (,f ilrls secil,ro r(
U.S.('..,\.('r)n.t. ..\nrenrts. l{ nnd 15. t. tv. (lr0tvfor(1, l).(:.1,tr.1lXH, 22g l..Supp. 91nlotion (lcnie(l B(, lr.It.t). l?.1, reverrcd .r
other grorrnds i}in I,..?(l $. Sec, nls,r t.S. v. CloIrcnt, I).O. t,r.10(H, ll3l t.Su1,1
913, rnotirrn (lenie(l J(, Ir.Il.l).1?.1, rever*,t
on otlrer grounds 35ti I,'.ld 90.

,Ii{)rnter l)rtrcti(:e of requlrltrg Negro rD
l)li('ltnts l,It n0t rvlrite npplltTnts to rrrjnloltd p1)rtions of npJrlit.auou forru, te
I,ronollllre ryrlrrls 0n the trpplicaflotr lrrE(:()rrc(.tly, to definc w(,rds on appllrstl aforrrr, anrl to recontlrute thelr ageH aria!
lr&vlng (.r,rnl)lrted ilrcrll corrcctty wai ltvir)lation of U.S.C.A.Const. AnreDdi. lland l.l trn(l this section. U. S. v. \\,lld.r.
I ).C.Le. lt){}lt, 2:ll I,..Sut)p. Z.tg.

47. tntlnrldaflon, th"eatr or eoorclon
Sul)se(!. (1,) of tlris str tirrrl lrtr!lnt( tfllnlt\yful to intitrrlrlltr .,r (,{,crle Irt,rs,,rfor Irlrgr0sg of iuturfrrirrg \vitlt llls rl|(l.ltr) vote Bs he lrrry r.lro,rst, essenilalll.rr

rluires Jlr0of of t$,o ultintate f&cts: tl[l
tlrcre uos rn intirrrldation, threRt ot erfi
cr'rnr (,r an trtten)l,t tr) loilntidete, thrert
eu ()r co{}rce; anrl urut the inilmldEtlor

|,

*
5(
$

cL 30

r, ltl.tIl'i rltts fttf ttttflltt'
trql tlglri I't Yr)t(" l' S

l. lt lgrii. iI\5 t".:!d ?3'l'

?t.rlErl t- ,,1YaP1s gttltlrt

r'rlr rlllrt lt, ('xclurl{l:
rlb !rtt. $'lto ltttd Prevl''
tt- l.r'txa I rl llfrlU('rl )'

otor ol l rxrrt'lt,n f(tr lr

lrtra sllh hlr rtgltt Itr
al-0 lrc ri'llr(lsonte(l lll
,ai3 lu r0xlsttr ttnd

P+'o, ('.{ .{lu.l0(5, 353 l'

tLl. itr'tlon ('relltes I

Xrla trrr l)reYentlve rt'
Lr lotlltll(l8te(l or hus

oal.lltt ln()tlitr ln ex{'l
rd. ru tlrnt lntlrtrltlll itt

rraltt tq',rlInlzo(l for l'l
lbllll trtrtltaltlc cuttse
r \t',.tl. ('A.Ilt88.l0{11' :

lb.rtl tltnle(l tt:l S Ct l)i

t.l:d :,1 $.

trrktcnee EtlPPorte(l ('l

rlltn Deoltle Pl&nne(l t0

rear?r lr)'llnvlng tllcttl '

tLlrh thfY r)(:(:utlled os

thl r. ('.A.Tonn.l0(tl, lst

lr clrrt sctlon (:llor!
drt rllrcrltrrltrntlon bY '
tlrtelr ltl tllBtrne! 0f ("

.ld,lon tlluB lnvalldatit
lffi"rt, (tdersl ol)8('r\

.al.t ertdll,le cvlden('t
arxlurlotr tltnt *'lllte t'

..rtol niElrtance at lr'
)r.t. lrttlrlrldate' 0r ('('t

Fa.tl c(ttltrtrY t() tlr('il
llroghttYr CourltY
fro'tr., l)'C.lttcs'197'l'

l'ltp,rtl of thlr xot'

ra"lrl (llrrrltrtinrll0ll
rxllun tlrl'lld8 t)lrl \

&tlrto ls rtcltlll trr"

t..rlll, l).(:.I'o lt)il, :;

lltEal {;3 }'.!rt 0frr'

lst'rh" (b) of this
,dtalo l)erEols aod ol
rllh tlSht to reglBtcr
?llla"ai iBAlnBt crxrl

aart rl,rleoce. U. S'

o?lalorl KnlShtE of li
b leil1, :.1o l'.SuPP' :l:tl

Thc rrtccotx or tilll'
llrtalt. or toerclon i

lll. ra'llun' Elnce dl

;ara'rllrttl. tl S. v

lI D'.SuPP. ?20'

L Altr.ntcG votlna

Clcrk tr! dlEtrlct co'

&Dutf clerkt of ('or



ttD ch. 2t

rtlon
irnpoverlxhed elententrry
rexldlng more thatr 1.5

'ole to whlch they were
dese8legstton plan dld

rstltutlonal rlght to fre€
i')n where Buch studeDtr
irrg aDy greater burdeDr
. <leeegregatlon plau l)e.
where bu8lng had nerer
' the school board, ln r
,)ue rvlth clty Ilmlts, and
.r'hool plan was effected
ond no Student wea f,s-

Irool outelde contlguour
, rerlded. Sutton v, elt.r
).C.M18r.1tr73, 36i F.Sunp.

,'rme to Pltteburgh tn
rer hugband's attendance
,l and ln June, I0?l she
ier8lty aDd from Aprll,
;2, !he held s sertes of
llh, after reglsterlng to
rnla ln August. 1970. ahe
'sident tultloD rates ln
ithBtaDdllgi an unfortu-
from her husband ln

ing ln her returtrlDs, to
ruly, 1972 aDtl rematnlng
clllatloD wlth her hur-

'(!. Samuel v. Unlverslty
'.A.Pa.r070, 63t| !'.2d 001.

.,sl(leney tultloD at state
concerDed xrlth one of

,tB 80 aB to be teste(l
rg rtate lnterest Btand-
'lxon, C.A.Ohto 1gZA, 473

'i .chool lctlvltlar
,. uulverelty to experl-
'r to eDdor8e lt dld trot
tloD under thlR sectlon.

'rerlcaD Medlcal Aee,n,
?d O{1, eertlorarl deDled
.s. rus, 10 L.Ed.2d 831r,
!i8 s.ct. t02?, 300 u.s.

i.

.rd tsacher'r lequest to
xtrlbute eopler of a tot-
t guardlane wlth reepect
lme avallable for par-
'eEeea war not, glveu
of connunlcatlons fr-
rblllty of alternattve
ioD, vlolatlvo of teach-
U.S.C.A.Conat. Amen(I.

Lt, D.c.N.J.1079, 40? r..rt 816 F.2d 1354.

hool actlvlties assocta.
roolr fo! rpeech acilvt-
ntollneut denled equsl
y lt apDllcatlon rulo

dcaled stttdcnts lrr strrrrllor rr.lrools olrlror-
lrIlty fi)r entrtrn('e lnto lrlllorrrl dr.lrrrlirrg
aomFtltlolr crlttnl to tlrttt lrrovlrl0rl frrr
dodcnts ln ltrgor schools. lltrlll(. II(lc-
l.ldant School l)ist. No. 115 of )linnelrn.
Lr County, South I)&k()trr v. Sorrtlr l)nko-
tl lllgh Scho0l Actlvltir,s Ass'rr, I).O.S.I).
l9i!. 30ll l'.Srrpp. 780.

llefural of erlu<.atlonal offir.irrls nnrl
p6bllc aislstfln(.e r)ffi(.isls to frrrnislr fer.s
lor ertra grarllration a(.tivltles,,t'errtrook
lld elsss rilrbon for stlt(lenti in ftrnilics
t?Qlylng asslsttrnce unrler flrrrilits willr
d?pau(lent chilrlren Frogranr lr'trs not yi{,-
latlte of U.S.C.A.Const. Atnen(I. 1{ or oth-
atrlre yiolatiye r)f le(lorrl (:onstitlttii)n.
lllllhms v. I'trgo, !).C.ltl.l07(1,3(X) Ir.
Iu1rp,81.1.

?
IT'I. I}I'PIIIVATIoN OT CoNHTtTU-

TtoNAr, oB STATUT()tay trt(;IlTs-
l'oTtN(; ANr) r,:r,t:ctoNs

S tthil it, isitnL I rtd r',r
(icncnlly lMl
Ab..nl.6 ballotB lO49
Apportlonment l0'I3
Crmptlgn contrlbutloni l(X4
Countlnt ol l,ullotr lo{5
lllxcllaneoui vloltrtlon$ l05jt
:{omlnatlonr 104?

Oac pcroon, one vote rule l0{0
PL.crn€nt of nanre on hallot lM8
Ftlmarlci l04O

Qorlltlcetlonr 105()

Bralitratlon lOil
laldcncy requlrements 105'J

ttottln! ol l)allot box l05S
Totlna d.vlcer 1064

loll. (lcnerully

ln lllaht of un(.hnllengort flndlngs thnt
Do one rv&d denlorl rlght to r{)t(: ln Nttrto
clectlotr an(l thllt yotes r:rallrred to llsv(f
baeE wronffully obtalned would not h0.ve
chtDsed electlon, sult seeklng to aDnul
itlte electlon, whlch siillply tll<l not in.
yolve serlou8 votlng vlol&tlons or [ggra-
tEtloS factors such as raclsl dlscrlrnina-
lloo or lraudrrlent condu(:t, (tl(l not Justl-
ly federal lnterventlon. Snxon v. f'leld-
lda, C.A.A1a.1080, 014 f,'.2(l 78.

\\'ltcrt' trrr violttliott of volt.rs' (ottilill
llonlrl riglrls. lrririlr,gr,s 0r itrrtrrtt0ilit's
wrs slilr\\'n itr |onrra liiln \yill' r,lr,( lit,I
ertrrr, tlris s(\'tiotr l,t'orirlr.'l [,r r'(.r[rrl.\'.
l"'\\'{.ll \'. I'orrer, ('..\.:...\'.l1li(1, l;lll ll.!rl
ri l.

Ilt'l'orr. fi.tlt,r'tl tourl r.rrrrlrl r{'sl)oIIsilrl}.
orrl0r rr D{,w l,rtsi(lr.nlirrl (,lrtlir)n in Nr.ry
I'orl<, r'lrritrtlttls s{{'l(irr,.. (.\lrlorrlinrrr) r{,
lit,f Irtd to r.r,ltc forrvrrrrl tvll Ir cltrrr ttlrl
<onvirrcirrg {,\'i(lcr(.(, llutl slll{, offir.ittls or
pIt'sr,ns ir(.liur{ ur(lr.r (,01r)r of stlll(,lll\1'.
I'y itrl(,Irtii)nlrllY rl{'l)riYirrA r;rrllificrl yot.
ors of riglrl t,r t,rlr,, lllr.rr,rl otttcotttt, of
olr,('ll()n. J)()nolnto \', Br)rrtl of l)lutti0ns
of Strttl of N.\'., I).(1.N.'l .ll)i{i, .l3ir lr.
Slrlll,. l);7.

III tltion unrl('r (olslilllionrrl rttrrenrl.
l[(lnls, tlris s(! li0n, oYlrl('rI('r. ts ('ollnl(,(l
s'llh (.)ntrollirtg ltru,, $,lrir.lr rr,rlrrlrt,rl r.on.
sirl(,rlttirrll of lrollr prirltrly ttrrrl r.rrlrtrrrr.ilrA
ftl lors, (,st,tlrlislr('rl I lrlt Il llrl.r' (.oInl.\.-
rvirl0 t,lt,t l iott rrf sr.lrool ( "tIItissir)n(,Is irl
llrrlrlle ('oturty, Allllurut, irulrr,rrrrissilrll'
riolrttr.rl ('r,nsiitrti()IttI riglrls of Dlrrirrtiffs
lr1 irrrproperll r{,stri(.ling llr(,ir l(1.oss to
tlra political pt rx.css. Ilrt)\\'n v. \lr)tlrt.,
| ).(i.Aln.l{)7(i, l2ll lr.Srrlryr. I l'..1:1, rrffirnre(l
irTii I.'.'.,lrl !{)l(, lrrolrrrlrlr. jlris(li(.ti,,n note(l
tlr S.('r. ll{)?,.139 t'.S. l)!i, irH t,.llrl.2rl ill?.

\\'lrilc tll procerlrrres llse(l l)J'strtte rs
fln intogrtrl lrrrt of t lre 0lt,r.tiolr |lrrx,ess
[ilrst l,ilss nlilsl(!r llr{trinst ('ltnrr]r's r)f dis-
('riurinrrtir)ll or alrrirlgeIrt'nt (rf llle rirallt
to I'i,lo, it is I(,t evor),lirnittrtion or irrci-
tlettttl burrlon r)n tlr('e\ercist, of voting
rlgllts l,llt is srrlrjfl:1. lo lr stri(.t sttrIdard
rlf rof ie$'. l'islr rrrtrr r. S(.lr&ffer. I ).(:-
('orrrr. l{)?(i, .lll{ I,'.Srr gr1r. tilil.

)lr,t'e octtrsiolrll elo(.lir)tt ltl' vlolrttions
lr1' locnl t)ffililtls lrc D(rl ll(.tionltlrlrr rrtrrlt'r
lltls srr.tlotr. l,errgrrt of \\'oul.u Yolcrs t)f
l S. f. lfirlrls. lt.('.lll.t!t7:1,:l:):l l,'.Srr;rp.
I ( 

'53.
Altl!rtlglr l)lrrti(.ll)trtlon iD HtIte ele(.-

t ions ls not t'orrsirlergl n ferllrr ll.v pro-
tt('to(l riglrt, fOrlorul c0rrrts Irit\. Intrrvene
itr elrr.tiorr nltttors ti, llr0lr\.1 rlgltls In-
rler tl.S.(1.A.('r,nNt. AtIen(1. t. l,ilrer \'.
Srvln, I).C.'l'enn.ll)70, :rl{) lr.srrp;r. [,O8, nIr-
tion rlenierl 9l S.(lt. l ll){, -lltt ll.S. !t7t, 2l{
l,.lll .2rl l.lili.

ch. 2l cIvlr, til(;il't's 42 S 1983
Noto 104 I

I

+

i
i
I
i

I

I
a

t
I
!I
i

If the elet'tirn Jlrocess itHolf reu(hes ilro .Ni'lllltr fo(lorlll (l(rnslitlltii'lr tlor lln]'
p,lnt .f t)atent tn(l funrlnr,,rntal rrnfair- 

(ivil ri'''llts llrv Dr.ltilrits l('xililrrtltP rl(-

Deix, a vl.lailon of tlre ,L,r" ,,a,,,,f** tiYity lncluding tttrtYtssing' lr.slcr lrtntr-
clrure, U,S.C.A.rloDBt. AtIon(1. fi l't ,,r,r, ing trn'l ltoll ryttllriltg l,l' l,rrrlisrrrr ||olitl-
hc lndlcaterl and rellef ur'rrr,rr,r. ,,n.ir,a rtll I'ors.lrn('l ln ('lc('li.n slrtrkrrlllll Y'

rhtE iecil()n prrxt.rlhtng u ,i",,ii"*,r,,r, ,,r' ]::'l'ji'l']j.ti" orartnlztti,n rtf (lr,k o,trntv.
rlghte. (lrlffin v. Ilrrrns, t-..,r.ii.i.ioix, s;r I)(: tll l!N'{)' i}lo I"'srt1r,' lill)ll' revtrst'tl .It
}',r(l 1065, 

'. ,'lller Arrl,llnlls .l:15 l,..llrl !(I7, ('0rtillrltrl (le.
Irietl 0l S.(lt. 13113, .lt)g lt.S. !)()r), 2S t,.!trl.

Not every electlon lrregltltrrltl, will glit iJtl (150, ttn retttttnrl ,'15(l lr.Srrplr. l'JJl.
rlre t. a ('r,nxtltlltlr)ntrl clrltn trttl ttn rr'- llyrlarl rtrn(lorn hunuln tnd rr(](.lnrniclrl
lkrn lln(ler lltls section. llonnlngs \'. rrrorr rvlrlr.lr or.<.rrr ln(,\,it{l,ly ln lul olr(.-
0rrfton, c.A.I11.1075,523 t".2rl 80r. ti0n 0r trny lrrrgrritrrrl0 (10 ni,t 0c({)ssrrll}.

349



42 $iol983 r,rnn,ro ur,rAr.,r,n & ryrrr.r,,^rtu ch. 2l
(ollHllllrlr, "r','rrlrr{l rrlrlrlr lx rllHr.rltrlLt l,,IIl ll[tl \,,trr.,1.(,InIN\,,r! \.(,li,rr ir,Itrrr'lrI r.n\r!ll "r its ('lli'r'l 

')r l^lri'rr'rrr sr,rr. sr.aatr.lrrrrl lr.r,rr ar.\.r.(l frr, r.vp!.lllllrtrr"'llll(l rl'r llrtl, ill ttttrt,f llrcrrrr.lv.s, lrrilrl,r,rr'(l rlislri.l l, .rlrl-rrtrrrrtrr,rerl rlll.(lvo rlst' tr) ll.lllilrr ttltrlt'r llris sttl,r'lrrrl,' lri.t s,r ilrrrr, rrrtrlr,r rt sttrKxcrr.rl cltcllotlr,r. Sttrl(, (,r r(.1, llill r,. ,l,rrrr.r.rx, .\1,,. 1,lrrrr, tlr.v rr.rrrrlrt lt,t ..,,,,..?,1. sr.nrfor lotApp.lut(), {l{.):.1 s.\\'.:.}il tii{i. u,,,,ti,,,. l\t.r, J.(,rrrs, rllrl rrrrt r(,n(ler tha

ro,!. .u,ienrrr. r,or,rrr l','l::,,.1:;i;:,,;i,:il.,i,i,l,iill,J,,,,,]l,lji,l 
\'. (.ro$eil.

l,|rilrlrfi0rl t,,tIrs \\ lrrr Yotr,rl lr\. trl,q(,I1..,!or xlrrt-ln lrlllols, lutr.r,1,.r,,r,,,iu,.,;;,;";,. .t)"t't' t'trIiill rlis(rlrrrirrntory cvll hrr
Irllorr.nlrlr, (,Dl\. ln *,,,,,..,,f ..i,,,.i,,,,," ,,, l,r'r'n r..ttrl,li\lrr,rl, rlilutirrrr of Yoting rlghtt
l)r,Irr)(.r[ll(. l'ltrl.], t)rirrilrJ. f,,a ,,,,.,,rri ', ir'r' 

ilr'rllsit'lIi!(l l)J lrlllinrrtlr(,r llt-lllrg0 elec.('rt,tr.ll sotrt in flrt, lttflr ir,,r,l ,,i-,i,,. ,'.i,i. lliltI.rorlltirr,! rlixtstrrlrllshrrrr,rrt of mulil.
r,f l,r0r.irlr,rr|c \t'(,r(,rtr,lrrivi.rl t,v nfufu,,i 

lrr('llrlr('r fll-ltrrgr. {.ltr.li(rIl, tnrt 0brlout
fir.lats ol r r.onstitrrlioru,t .t*1,r.,,;.;i;;;ri,;,. rr.Irr,rt). is to Isrrlrlt"h Ningto-rr(,Irl,(,r dh.
tru(l{'r tlris sr.(.tiotr, *irr,.,, il,,1 -;;,;;.',,;;,- ::1.{- Ilr(,r|l} r'. .\loDrr', I).('.:llrr.l{)irt, {5('itlli hrrl, ln lfrc(.r, l)rr,\orr(,{l i,u,ir,iiit 

l srrl).1) l llll, rlfirrrutl 57; Ir.:.t't :,{rB, l)rob.(.r,,sn rr.iilr ,,iilrrinr rrrrr.r,rr., ,,,,,i-i-,,,,,, ii,l:.,,i::;l'l:.!i;1.,i,;l;:, {n s.(,r. i}0i, {3g
rr.frrsr,rl to (.{rtrot ilti,ir \,(,tcs, In(t tsln(.{,plnlItiffs, rlBht to yr)to 11,IH tlilts (,1(,rrl], ,l,lrtrt (.orttrln (lislri(,ts t.orrtninert rrlrltInfrlrrgorl. (;riffiu y. ltrtrns, l).(..ll.l..trlii, .,,,i,,a* a,,tai*t,,rr,rl rr rrreurSers.t,ne.rl'llllrJr.SrrDgr. tiIit, rrfflrrrrrrl l-,;rr 1'..3,g 11rri' ,,,,,i,,i,,,,,,,,,.,,, lrrrrtir.* ilrrrr \r.fro re*l..

l.)vlrlr.nr.r. rrtr issut. tvlil.lll{,r trr,rre fllrrr,n- lr,rIrl rrs rDt.tIlrr,rs rrf illlrr,r Irfl.,r,r l,t,llll(!ltc0 lrtrll()lr rllticlr trrlglrl l{, xrt|r,r,rsfrrllt. I,llllr rr0ul(t Irill, tittlrcltl trrorr,, lnr.allrlrlrIltnllIttAt'rl I'l,t fr)r slrrl(,H llrrrltrrti,,rr* rrrr,l IIgi.lttliIr i'rl,p,,rtr,rlItotrt lrlrrn. \l.qll.t"rtttlillrtttx (,tr rigltt to r.llrllr,rrlie rrt,scnl(\,s silI Y t..(,rtriura, l).(..lJlfi.l{}??, :Ht, }..Supp.\\'or(' (.trat l,rr (,lnrli(lrrl(,s rr,t of ;rlnlltiffs, illlt.
Irolitlr.rrl l,Irt\' \\.ls lrrsrrfflr.ir.rrl fr] (,stxl,-
Ilsll llurl I'ltrtlliffs *,,r,, ,1,,r,1,.,1 ,,,,,,,,t ^, 

(lklttl,rttttr Slrrlr. llrrrqr, r,f llol)rcseDta.
I'rttl|r'tloIr l'l llle (.1[rll,.rrgr,,l trr,r,.r.rlrrr0 

Iltt'x '\lrlttrrliotrttrIttt ,\( t of llr?1, whlch
lixrrrfrlln r'. ()sNer, lr.('.1,,r.1r;1. l:ll l,, l'lrlin.tlffs nIr(l lttlr.rlrnors r.lalrrrerl r.l'lat.
s': 1r1r ,:ri 

;;:i,,''ili:,,:i;,'ll'i' ,illill,,ll,, ':,"-,[i;ll:;,,*
I(I13. ,llrtrortl()nrrrent t t'rttrltt lrlttt'k t.llizrlrs lnrl electorN of

,\ ,.r,rir. ,,,i ,r stur, _,1::::j".llf:.,:::, ",i lllil:ili,,i:,,.illll,,.,l,,l];.,;,,",fiiJ1,:.;ll,,i:;
ll'li:l'l;,.,,li:11,,1"1: l';;,']'1""' 

;rrnirr.rrrrx 'r i,,'.,,'', r",,,, (r r, rrrr,,rr rauo rx,purarr,,!,,t 1..s..,1.(.,,rr.t. ,\,,,,.u,1 l) 
l.Ir.r'l"lrrtl"lr ;r.r rllstrl.t trrr(l wni r,,r,,irrintJ' wr1,,,ut

rr,rt rr fr,rlr,rrrl r.rrnrtlrrrU,rl 
II rllrl It.t ltx rrs..f

Ettrn.r, ,,,,,r rriy,,r,,,,s, l::l 
,lllil,,ll;;::; ;i' J;li;,1',;;:l:ill,l1l:j' lli',;ll;],1,:,1;1"'.;:

rlctr,rrrrinlng Jrrrtsrlir,ri,rrr ,,r ';;;;' :,;;,.,::; IItJ. ('fi{lelr(e lhrt rDy leglslrrtors coorkl.
Ilrltttr. ltflkIr \'. r.,,a.. tr:,,,,.;r,,a 

".,1'"' "n'rl rll('t trs ll frt('tor ln rlrrwlng (tlxtrlct
('r. ,r, a.r) r.r{. rs0, ? r..r,:,r :1,i ;;s:',,;,-,;. jill;];,,iJll,',i1, 

,';lli,,:'J':;,,,1",11;}l;l;lill;.j.rr,trn(l !o(l r.srrpD. i|{1. l)llnn y. Strto 0f ()k1., I).C.okt.lg?1, 3{SI'r0p0x0tl (li) clrrrtor trDlrn(lrr(,nt r(.llit, I,..SullJ). lrt().
lnN to t'rrrrncllllulnt(. rllstrl(.ts wlr r)rirrr{rr-ly cnJoint'rl rvtrere lt rvorrlrl lrrr,,lrrrr,trn. \\'lrilc rvolgltlr.rl rotlug ntlght not t,.cotlxtlltttlrrlrrl Irrlanr.e lr0lw(Tn rllstrlIts tlr'slrllrlo ltrr.llrorl for grorrrtanont rellppo!.llllrlsllrtll on lrnsis of lotnl Jr,1r1;lxllotr, rl- tirrllltli'ltt of lrtrlslt slltool llonrrl, to lou3tllr)llKll dlstrlcts ln rlIcstiort rr,,rtttrl lrtvr lls I,lnn lvts ltot s]lo\t,tr to lntgrrlrt ltr owolrfen xuffit'ltutl,v crlrrrl lf rrreasrrrorl lry dlscrltDlntrtlon it r\'.ul(t l)e an acceptal)lG
ft'glrtt'rtrl r'otori trnrl tr'fo ll rxlstinir Irelliatlve llntll perrlanrnt nlrn could ba('llarter r€rlulre(l al,lt(,rti0r)rr.,nt ltr.orrtiu( r(,rttltllato(1. Ilntrrtron v. Tanglpahor
t0 roglrtrtrcrl \'otrrs. Ellls v. lfrl.or anri I-'nrlrh I'ollce Jrtr),, I).C.l,a.lgio, glI f.('1t.1' (lr)lrn(.ll 0f ItIlilnrrrr,, (',A.it(l.lfxti, Srrl,l'. l3?.
ii-rlj l.'.2r1 llll, on rcrrrrrrrl llrl? l.,.SrrID. 2tIt

.r^rrr.rrs r'r. rrr.rrxrrr ,,,.,,,,;;";;,,,;;; ,,,,i,i,l,,il:,,,ilfl-'l,i"",,,llli,ll"ili lllfl t;;
lltlr x.r'tlort nll''glIlrI ttrllt rlt'lrrrl{{: rroih(,rt r'[ty rvrx not (\ulsiltrril(]ntrlly DermlsHlble.of tloctlnra ('ltl' (llro(,t,rs *ffr,t.tlrr.ly, rll- u.,ore xrrc's(,lro,te r(,s.ltod ln one wtrdLltrl v()tlng D,*'or .f l,rfl('kB an(r (,x- hrvlrB-10..r{} J,.r,r.nt frwer poi",,n*,noo.ltl(lorl tll('lll frrrltt ltlr'flnlnlfrul Dsrtlrl- Irlorl r!rrrl lrtrsr.rl rl)(,rr tr)tul pr)t)!lltril,r!r,rtl.n ln 0rfl'tlon,f .rt-r'ttire.t.rs nnrr rn .f .rty anrl rn,,r0r \!.Br(r hayrox ?I).rlll0llli('el pr0r{,ises trn(l Xo\,rrrIrrI,nt (,f Itor{, I)ers()ne ilurn iltt l(loal, fln(l Eueht'liy r1'cre nrlt on0tt(,rl tr) rolir.f,,,r,l(.r any 

",,,,,1,nr1*rn" l,ore n.t lsoletod verlancerllre{rr}', Letrltrslrip Ilounrlttl 1,. v. Clty fr,,rrr ttr0 l(lofil l,ut nrerl,ly llte extr€rnes.,f Llttlo Iti)(.k, 1,.(..Ark.l0sll,.l{11t I,..Srr,1i. I,rrlslrr y. .\lry,r.f .lty,f St. L.ulr,5?l)' .It(r., l).c.yr).llr0g, .10r, rr.s*rlp. 1071.

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n^a l.tlrlittlr('
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ara. Vrlcntl \'.

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irord lo !r'l l'
olrr;rle. 1,.'1001,

f'rqo'lr tlttt t "
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lha rDd .tatutr
lht cmPloYetx

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oFllotd PoBt'
a'llt counclltrtrl
tletlr. te pres
(t tloo. DrYal,l'
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ttt.!o t' (Jnrn

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rr:rr ol cottl
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frdcrtl cottr

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42 $ 1985 puBI,rc HEALTH & wELFARn 'ch. 2l
Nole 78

Tllls suLchsJ)lcr pcil[its fr,dcrrl rcllof &cccsa to (lownto$'n, dcprlvatlon of thelr
rvhore property right h nt stttkc. Soutll clvll riglrtt nnd lnJury to tholr propelty,
Cutler Ilo)', lnc. r'. lletrr)l)olitsn I)Btle this str:tiorr dealinB lvlth consplraclee to

Count5', Irlorl(h, l).C.1.'ln.l{l?:,!,3{0 l.'.Supl). deprlvc r)thcrs of thelr clvil riShtB had

1205. llcen Yloltrte(I. Jonnlnls v. Patterson, q

sectton ll{s of ritlo :13 ,11,1 uq6 give A'Al8'107'l' 48lt F'2d 430'

dlrtrk:t r.ourt Jurlsrllt'tl()n to de('l(le lssues tf, ns purt ol rleprogratrrr)llng Inembel
roised by conlJrlllnt sllcglng (llHcrlDrlDft- of rellgious grorrp, hlr DnrcntH lnsl6ted
tlon lly llrlntaDR StIle It,'trr(l ol l)rlttrll- tlrst he returu tr) hlx honro state snd par'
zatl()n, tllrouglr uD(f(lurl trstsessnlont toxo. ents tllcn took hinl on xlotv, ruenntleriog
tlon r)f plf,lntlffs' l,roprlrty rs cotrtptrrerl drlYo (rorr Cnlifornia to IlllDols, there
*'tth otlrers of sonre class, and consl)lrtrcy rvould Irave l)oen conHI)lrtrcy to vlol0t0
to (leprlre platntlffs rrf erlrrnl Drr)te('tlou rnernlrer'r rlglrt to travel luterstate.
of the l8rvs &n(l ol e(llltrl prlvlleges llnd Cooper v. tlolko, I).C.Cnl.l08l.5l2 If.Supp.
lrlmunltleH lrD(ler tlre lnrv, sirrce tho 8('t8 ;&3.
colr)plalno(l of effect 

" nt"':::t-l.,illJ]i-:'.9 'l'rris sectron pr(rlrtt)lttDn <',naptracv to

?:,l{',Tl:ii,;lli1lrlllljl-;..J,111:l';il'^"' '" i";;;;.;; rv,th (,vi, rrsr,tB ,B svri,e,,,e to

re(lross (,nly ('('rtfllo l)'lxl8 of <'lnss-ttased
I'rol)crt.r'rlglttr nrt,not l)r()te('tc(l l)y tlls. llourworth v. Gllasou. I).C.Go.19?&

tlrls Ho(.llon. \'lrn I)^el(, v. \'ln('1, I).('.lll. .lB-r lf.Srr1r1r. l{).
l0{ltr, gH l'.SrrlrJr. ?1. 'I'ltlx tct'tlon Srrrtltllrltlng cottrpiracy lo

Tltlt sttctiotr (l(,es Il()t t'oItfi'r Jltrlstllr'- ttrterferc rvlth clvll rlghts $oul(l support
tl()rr on lo(lerIl (lltstrl('t r'oltrt ov('r lt('(l(,tl tr (:l^lrt.f rllxtrlrrrlrrntlorr oAtlnst o Der'
l)oBe(l r)n constltttti()ntrl rltltrltnttonx rtf r.u 

'a 
& rtrelrllcr 6f grlttp rvltlr t:ertalo

l)roporty rlglrtB. lloollr r'. (lonortl I)y- yrolltk,al lrr.ltefx. l'Introy v. (-lrcltcr St.

natttlcs (ltr;r., l).C.111.1007, :l{ll F.Slll,l)' LoulE Ltrl,or Collncll, A}'L-C11;, I).C.}to,
405' ro7o, 47tt l'.srrpp' &-rir.

IIen rnd tvolttcn ltnve rl8ht to [csoclate
(,r nr)t tr) afis(l('late \vlth any Eruup or

cluns of inrllvlrlualt, antl concotnltaotlr,
to lrrt frt'tt of vli)lent trcts ogulnst tllelr
bodk,s nud prol,erty bccauEo ol 8uch 8r'
8o('ltrl lon or non&ssociatlon. Scott Y'

]tooro, lr.(l.Tox.ll,i8, 40f l'.Sut)I). 22{.

'I'lrc rixltt of l)roto('tir)n ngttlnst violeoce

ulrtn not in turlorly of u lcdertl ofllcer,
the riglrt of ontltloyntent, the rlx'llt to ex'
ertlse frt'erlrtttt (,f prcNs, tlle rlght to tes'

tily lrtfrrrt tr Nrlrn(l jur)', the rlSht to

clrl,lrr]'rr(,llt l))' l)ul,lio llo(llt'8, snd the

like tre $ltlrln tllo tlottrain of stllte po\Ye!

untl ure n{)t I)rotocto(l ax fetleral clvll
rlglrtH. Ilartlyttttn v. (lollins, I).(-'Cal
l0{s, t{O !'.Sup1r. 501, reYerse(l &$ f'.2d

308, reverxe(l ?l S.('t. 03?, 3lt I;.S.'tr)1, 95

l,.l}1. l!i!j.
I'nrtor tlrlH 8o('tlon l)rorldlnx rclrred,

fr)r i'onNplrtr('lea lo (lellrlvc ('lllzonr ol

tlrolr rlglrtx ae('ltr0rl lry llrv, ltotlllttrlrtr
r.oulrl trot rc(rtver for tllegorl conrplracy
to lntIrlore sltll tltelr I)r[('tl(('of podla'

try, lrrtrxtrtrrt'lt 8s tlle rlgllt t(, l)rt('tlcc Do'

tllntry rvtts Dot tr rll.llt secttretl lry law to

flll ('illzous. ('lrtrter lledi(:al (:orp. Y.

lUIllor,'l'rx,(:lv./\t)t).ll)tt(), tl)f S.\\'.!(l H3.

t\'. ll/lliNt':t! Olt ll]:Tll()l) ()li
r N'r'!: la r !;la !:N(l l:

S ulttl i t itktn I trtlt::r'

Ahuxe of proccrx l0l
Adnrtrxlon ol evlderx'e 102

t

ch. 2r CryII,

Arsault 8nd batt rY lot
Iturlnoe, tnJurlcr to l8l
Coro and tratmGnt ot t"t'otrcE lg0

ionr-ttrn.nt 8nd treotmoDt ot mcnttl d

fdtlve$ lgg
Conlertlonr lol
Dclay ln Drormutlo[ 106

Dlrmlrrrl l0O
Dlrruptlon ol mdtlntr. rcrvlcor' ctc' I

EntrsDmcnt l6
ExemlMtlon ol wltncrror lOe

Erpulrlon o! unlon mGmbcrr ll0
Ertradltlon lll
f&lio arrort rrd lmD?tlonmcDt lll
F lsc rtrt.mcnts ot mltr'Dr"6nt'tl

1lE
t'roud lll
HoorlnS lt4
tmpoundlnS ot uchlctGs l16
tndlttoronco or omlrrlotr' ll'
InJurlor to rcputotlon rnd burlnorr
tnvrrlon ol Drlftf,Y ll?
Judlelal Grrort ot lrmgulrrtilo llt
kslrlotlIc commlttco prooccdtn3l

Ltbcl &nd rlsndcr 120

Llccnrcr or PGrmlt. lll
MdlclourProrccutlor llt
Montrt itciccttv.r' commltnont end tr

mdt 193

lll3roptcrcntrilon ll3
Notlco and herln3 lt'l
Obrtructln3Jurtlco l96

0mlerlonr l16
P&rolo Prococdlntr 120

PorJurY lt7
Pe:mttr 12l
Pollcc btut llty l2E

Plov.ntlnf otllccr'rom Dcrlotmlnr
tlo. l!0

Prlronon. carc 6nd ttotmctrt ol IEO

R6putstlon and bu'lnd'' lDJu"lG' to

torch and .olzurc lEl
SGar.tatloD l3E

tox dl.ctlmlMtlonl lE

Blsnder lg)
8upprorrton ot Gvldoncc lt6
Throt lEo
Tt.6tmont ol

llcnt.l alGtetlvc' llE
Prlroncrl l3O

TrctDs.a lt?
Uncmploymontln.unDc' ltt
UnttlcnattY wltr6t'Gr lEe

lVltnor.6, cramlnrtlon ol !0e

lvorlmon'. comDcnntlon l''O

r'0. \'oilna rlBhtr
The rlght to yote ln fQdersl elcctlonR ls

rlght ()f natlonal cltlzonEhll) Drotected
frorr conHpiratorlll lntorfer(lrtce by provl-
Blon of tlrls sectlon portslnlng to consl)lr-
aelex t() deprlve persorls of rlElltB (,r
prlvtlegos. trleens y. \\'llsott, C.A.S.I).
10iil, 122 !'.2r1 &33, crrtl()rtrrl rlenh'rl f)(l S.

ct. 1{3(', .l1l{ u.s. 0[r't, .17 L.Itd.:1d 3til.

There lr n(, (:()nstltttllontrl lr[sis for
fcdertrl ('i)lrrt lr) overse{) [(ltlllnlstrotive
rlctlils ol r lo(al els tlon In al)hcrl('o of
trggnlfatlnF frt'tors sttt:h 88 (lenl0l of
rlght of citlzen to vote for renxon of
roce. lreu(ltlltnt interfcrence NitlI free
electir)o lr!' fltufflng rtf lrtllot ltttx, or tttlt-
cr uulIs'ful t'0ttrlttt't interforing rvltlt In-
rllYlrlual'x riglrt to rr)t(,. I'ottengill Y.

l'utnnnr (:()lrutJ' Il-l SIltool l)ltt., l)uittn-
vlllc, Ilo., (l.A.tlo.ll)iil, .17! If.!rl l!1.

l'roloctrrl rlxlrt to r'rt(' ln fo(lersl elc( -

tlonE ln('lllrlos rlglrl to l,(' ttr\r lrolrl lro(ll'
ly lnJlrr)' ltr exerr'lge of riglrt or fr{n-
(:lrlao, nn(l riglrt t(, lrt'frctl frrlttl tltrett'
ened ltar[l snrl rl,{lrt 11; lr1' 1tlott't'led
frotlt vloltuIe for Itt{'ltIl)tc(l ('\er('lso (rf

rr)tlnN rlght uro no lesx l)rr)t('('te(l tlltll
rlglrt to ('Isl l,ellr)l rtII (ttry of ol('('tit)ll.
t'n)'no$ r. Lor, ('.,\.1,[.ll)(]i, l]77 l).l.lrl (ll.

E0. ltllr.fll[nrour rlflttx or lrrllllr'5r'r
\\'llore hflrrlor lt(:r()sE lrlll)llt: rotrl lttttl

l)eclr coDat!ucted tn furtllersltctt ttt cott-
BI)lrsry alld re8ulted ln detrlnl to 8ur-
rouudlng blach landowlrers of conYCnlelrt

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tol. Abu.G ol Promrr
Conrplslot alleglng that dof€DdaDt

talue rtrtenreDt. wblch Drovldo'l bo

crlmlnlll Prooo.. uDdor rhtch 1ti

wrr arrested slleSed mrllclou' I

DroceE! only, but where lslr rerd
comolalnt ruS8ested thrt doleDdat

tmi member of consPlrrcy to (I

48



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bamaRrgffrts Worhers
re Jailed for Voting Fraud

By REGINAID STUART
Sp.dr.l io Tb. Nd Yrt TIIE

CARROLLTON, Ala., Jan. ll - Tro
of. this county's leading civil rights
vrgrkers, Julia Wilder anO Uaggie &ze-
m-an, went to jail for vote fraud today
afler an Alabama clrcuit cotrrt;udge ri
jected last-minute pleas for leni-ency.

Ttecharges agai$t tie women arose
lrom their solicitation of 39 absentee
ballors among elderly and iUiterate
blacks in the county.

Be_fory the bearlng ended, IS p€ople
testified as character witnesses, many
from counties where blacks have made
greater electoral gains than Pickens
County. Pickens, about g0 miles soutb
westol Birmingham, ts {0percent blac,L
but bas no blact elected cormty offictals.
There are some black mayors ol tlny
towns in the crxrntv.

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The-largely blacl cro*'d of nearly 3fr)
ccurlroom spectators was visiblv uosetsith the judge's decision to liit'thewqmep, and tleir angry outburst
drowned out Judge Clatts Junkjns,s call
that the court had not yet recessed.

.''WeSballNotBeMoved,
fhe crowd rose from benches and

began chanting the old civil rights
moYement song, "We Shall Not Be
ttt9,,.99." They were immediately sepa-
rated from the wom,en and court offic-ers
by.Alabama state tioopers sent here to
back up rhe local police.

. Llrs. Wilder, 69 years old, was given
ttr.e qaximum fileyear sentence by the
all.-whlte jury. Mrs. Bozeman, il,-was
seltenced to four years' imprisonment.
The women, boti o( whom are blact,

were tried separately on charges stem-
ming from tie local elections in 1928.

In the campaigt, Mrs. r,Vilder, presi-
dent of the Pickers County Voters
I.eagug, and Mrs. Bozeman, then presi-
dent of the local branch of the Naalo,nal
Association lor the Advancement ol Col.
ored People, began urging elderly, lllit-
erate blaclcs to vote by absentee ballot.

The rwo Bomen picked up absentee
bqllot applicariors' from tire Counry
Elections Commission and nsed central
addresses for mailing them. They
deposited 39 absentee ballots, all nota-
rized by the same person, c.ith the
County Election Commission. The can-
didate preferences were identical !n all
respects.

Then, on Election Day, one ol the ab
sente€ voters appeared at the polls, de
manding to vore. That, District Attor-
ney Presley M. JofuEton said, led to an
investigation of the absentee ballots.

At the trial, 13 of tlpse whme ballots
were filed by t}le two women testlfied for
the state. All told confused stories, ex.
cept one, ?9yearold Sophie Spann, the
woman who showed up oo Election Day
to cast her vote. She testilied ttrat she
knew nothing about an absentee ballot
and had neversigned one.

It was largely on the basis of that
testimhy that the jury votd for convic.
tion, both sides agree. Throughout the
investigation and the trial both women
maintained that t}ley sere not guilty.

Appeals Court's DouDts
In upholding the conviction when lt

was appealed, the Aiabama Shte Court
of Appeals rrote in I tmanimorsoplnlon
that fqrr witnesses had t€tlfied th-ey did
not vote by absentee ballot, .,yet absen-
tee ballots were lpted tn thelr names.,,
But the Justtces suggested that they, too,
\f,ene corrcemed about Oe soundness ot
the case, writing:

"The tcsumony of other rritnesses
was both confrsing and conlltcting, de
pending upon who was examinlng them,
thelr testimony vas lavorable io both
the prosecution and deferse. Under the
cbcurnstsnces only a Jury could un--
scrarnble the Dodgepodge ol testlmo
trY.rt" .' '"/.:.

The State Supreme Court retrued to

retused.to heq it, making the appeals
court opinisn fiBal.

The hearing before Jtrdge Junkin thls
morning was on a motion for srupensioo
of the j.ai-l s_entence and ol the priUatict
tlat migit have been gtven in lieu of ajail sentmce. The womer said nothlng
after hearing that they had lct ttrelr biii
for judicial leoleltcy. At the condusim
o( the hearing, they rere ordered tnto
the custody of the county shcri lr.

Maggle Bozeman' left, and Julla wllder, rto rere seotcnced to ,slt tor votc
fraud ln lmal etecUoos. Tbelrappeals for leotcrrrywer:OearcA

the South's first black sherlffs, and tlr
Rev. Joseph L. Lowery, president of rh(
Southern Christian l-eadershlp' Cmler.
eooe.

In a telephone intervlew precediEl.
today's hearing, Judge Juntid said tiar
he was lirm in his beliel that tbe coovic
tion and sentencing werc corr€ct. Tbr
case was slmply one inulving ..a ccptr
of women who jnst flagrantly wcot 6u
and stole 39 yotes," the Judge said, aC,
ing, "Io me it's just a straightr.
crime."

Eliezer Washington, the nel, lo(a
N.A.A.C.P. president and candidate lr
1980 for county commissisrer, saw lt dl,
fercntly. The S&yearold Mr. Washlqf.
ton orprtssed his gdef, sa5rlqg:..Aay.
thing wuild have beeo ffitgt'th;n str";
they dolry. I'm not happy at aI. But rbr
sherilf told nrp tlrat lf thiq c-e"e nrr-- '

tbftl.rYc(trlr/rr!" U,l&l'