Plaintiff's Proposed Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law

    IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 
FOR THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE 

WESTERN DIVISION

CLEAMTEE GARNER, father and next of kin 
of Eugene Garner, a deceased minor.

Plaintiff,
vs,

MEMPHIS POLICE DEPARTMENT, City of 
Memphis, Tennessee; WYETH CHANDLER,
Mayor of Memphis; JAY W. HUBBARD, Director 
of Police of Memphis; and E.R. HYMON, 
Police Officer of the City of Memphis,

Defendants.

CIVIL ACTION 
No. C-75-145

Plaintiff's Proposed Findings of 
Fact and Conclusions of Law

This is a civil rights action filed in April, 1974 by 
Cleamtee Garner to recover for the shooting death of his son,
Edward Eugene Garner, on October 3, 1974. Named as defendants 
were the Memphis Police Department, the City of Memphis, Tennessee; 
Wyeth Chandler, Mayor of Memphis; and E.R. Hymon, Police Officer 
of the City of Memphis. Defendant Hymon was sued for having fired 
the shot that caused Garner's death; the other defendants were 
sued on the grounds that their failure to exercise due care in the 
hiring, training and supervision of defendant Hymon made them 
equally responsible for Garner's death.

Jurisdiction was founded upon 28 U.S.C. §§ 1343(3) and 1331, 
since plaintiff alleged that the death of his son worked a depriva­
tion of rights accorded Edward Eugene Garner by the Constitution 
and laws of the United States. Plaintiff cited specifically in 
this regard the Fourth Amendment right to be free of unreasonable 
seizure of the body, the Fifth Amendment right to due process of 
law, the Sixth Amendment right to a trial by one's peers and the



Eighth Amendment right to be spared cruel and unusual punishment, 
all rights incorporated into the due process clause of the 
Fourteenth Amendment and made applicable to the States. Statutory 
rights granted by 42 U.S.C. §§ 1981, 1983, 1985, 1986 and 1988 
were also alleged to have been violated. A pendent claim against 
the same defendants under the Constitution and laws of the State 
of Tennessee was also alleged. Violation of rights and duties 
created by Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-808 with respect to the proper 
circumstances for resort to lethal force by police officers was 
specifically asserted.

By order of August 18, 1975, this Court ruled that no cause 
of action could lie against the Memphis Police Department, or the 
City of Memphis under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and 28 U.S.C. § 1343(3) 
since they were not "persons" within the meaning of that statute. 
City of Kenosha v. Bruno, 412 U.S. 507 (1973) and Monroe v. Pape, 
365 U.S. 167 (1961). Jurisdiction of the Court over these defend­
ants was found to have been properly invoked, however, under 28 
U.S.C. § 1331. Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents, 403 U.S. 388 
1971. In all other respects, jurisdiction was upheld.

The Trial
After the parties had completed all discovery a bench trial 

was held before this Court from August 2-5, 1976, Testifying for 
the plaintiff were Cleamtee Garner, the plaintiff; Douglas Enoch,
an architect; David Michael Cordera, a paramedic; Ms. _____ Stepp,
custodian of medical records at John Gaston Hospital; Mr. Liddell 
Anderson, owner of the premises at 739 Vollentine Avenue in 
Memphis, Tennessee; Dan Jones of the Shelby County Sheriff's 
Department; Eugene Barksdale, an inspector on leave of absence 
from the Memphis Police Department; and Dr. Jerry T. Francisco, 
County Medical Examiner of Shelby County, Tennessee. Portions 
of the deposition of defendant E.R. Hymon were read into the record

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as part of plaintiff's case pursuant to provisions of Rule 32 of 
the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. And Capt. John A. Coletta, 
Commander of the Training Division of the Memphis Police Deaprt- 
ment, was called by plaintiff for purposes of cross-examination 
pursuant to Rule 611(c) of the Federal Rules of Evidence. Testify­
ing for defendants were defendant J.W. Hubbard, former Director 
of Police of Memphis; defendant E.R. Hymon; Leslie B. Wright, a 
Memphis police officer who was defendant Hymon's partner on the 
night Garner was shot; Velton J. Rogers, a probation officer 
attached to Juvenile Court; F.J. Wheeler,a Memphis police officer, and 
C.A. Russell, a Memphis police officer attached to the Crime 
Scene Squad.
The Testimony

Cleamtee Garner, the plaintiff, testified first. He indica­
ted that he was the father of the deceased, Edward Eugene Garner. 
At the time of his death, Edward Garner was 15 years old, about 
5'3" tall and weighed under 100 lbs., according to his father.
Mr. Garner testified that he has lived in Memphis since 1945 after 
to leaving the Army, has owned his own home at 928 Tully in Memphis 
for the past eleven years and has worked at the Defense Depot in 
Memphis for 24 years as a material packer. In addition to Eugene, 
Mr. Garner is the father of three boys ages 22, 20, 19 and two 
girls, 16 and 14. Two of the boys are high school graduates, all 
have jobs and the two girls are doing well in high school and 
expect to graduate. The mother of Eugene and the other children, 
Bertha Lee Garner, is also alive and living with the family.

Mr. Garner testified that he had not experienced any real 
trouble insofar as his children other than Eugene were concerned. 
They had, to his knowledge, no criminal records nor had they been 
disciplinary problems at school. He admitted, however, that 
Eugene was somewhat of a problem. Prior to his death Eugene had

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been placed on probation for allegedly participating in a Third 
Degree Burglary, he had been charged with violating a curfew 
imposed in Memphis and had been placed on probation for taking a 
quantity of pennies from a neighbor's home. In the first instance, 
Mr. Garner explained that Eugene had been in the company of other 
boys who were regarded by the authorities as having initiated a 
plan to climb into a private home. The curfew violation was, 
according to Mr. Garner, simply a mistake: Eugene had been working 
in a sundry store at night and went out to observe an incident 
where police were present; because the police thought Eugene was 
simply wandering the streets, he was cited for violating the 
curfew. The third incident involving pennies belonging to a 
neighbor came to the attention of juvenile authorities through a 
complaint filed by Mr. Garner himself. Mr. Garner had been in­
formed by one of his other children that Eugene had pennies that 
did not belong to him. Mr. Garner, first, forced Eugene to return 
the pennies, apologize and, then, took him to the juvenile officer 
to report the incident. On this occasion and in several others 
relating to problems Eugene encountered at school, Mr. Garner 
took it upon himself to determine what was wrong and to take steps 
to see that Eugene improved his conduct. Mr. Garner described 
his son as a likeable, intelligent boy who would have turned out 
all right with proper supervision and guidance. Since Mr. Garner 
admitted that his working hours 4:00 P.M. to 12 midnight,made it 
hard for him to provide such direction for Eugene, he had decided 
to retire from his job just before his son's death.

Douglas Enoch, an architect, testified that he had been asked 
by plaintiff's counsel to visit the scene at 739 Vollentine and 
to prepare a scale model setting out accurately that scene, with 
pertinent heights and distances suitably marked. He identified 
Exhibits 1, 2, 3,4, and 5 as photographs accurately depicting 
the back of the residence at 739 Vollentine, Exhibits 7 and 8

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as photographs accurately depicting the area behind the shed or 
"outer house" behind 739 Vollentine; and Exhibit 9 as a photo­
graph accurately depicting the area behind the chain link fence 
running east-west behind the backyard of 739 Vollentine. The 
model he prepared on a scale of 1/4 inch = 1 foot was 
marked as Exhibit 6. Exhibits 1-9 were duly admitted into evi­
dence by the Court.

David Michael Cordera, a paramedic with the Memphis Fire 
Department, testified that he was called to 739 Vollentine on 
October 3, 1974 to rush a person who had been shot by a police 
officer at that location. When he arrived on the scene, Cordera 
stated that he saw a black male writhing on the ground, uttering 
moans and crying and being held down by a black police officer.
He recalled the officer's expressing surprise at how young the 
wounded person was. Mr. Cordera marked and initialed on Exhibit 
6 the spot where Garner's body was lying when he arrived at 739 
Vollentine.

Ms. _____ Stepp, custodian of medical records at John Gaston
Hospital, read from official hospital records relating to treat­
ment of Edward Eugene Garner on October 3, 1974. They indicated 
that Garner had been brought to the hospital with a bullet wound 
to the right rear portion of the skull, that he was moaning and 
groaning on arrival and that he died during emergency surgery.
The records were admitted into evidence as Exhibit 10.

Liddell Anderson, owner of the residence at 739 Vollentine, 
testified on direct with respect to a three foot high chicken-wire 
fence that ran from the back of his house in a north-south direc­
tion, separating his yard from that of 737 Vollentine. On cross- 
examination, Mr. Anderson verified the accuracy of certain photo­
graphs depicting the condition of his home on October 3, 1974. 
Exhibit 11 showed the inside of the house, 12 showed the window 
to his wife's room, 13a and 13b depicted the interior of his wife's

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room, 14 showed the interior of the kitchen and 15 showed the 
exterior of the kitchen. Exhibits 11, 12, 13a, 13b, 14 and 15 
were duly admitted into evidence. Mr. Anderson marked and ini­
tialed Exhibit 6 to indicate where the fence in question was 
located.

The following pages of the deposition of defendant E.R. Hymon 
taken on April 26, 1975 were read into the record during the pre­
sentation of plaintiff's case:

Page Lines
4 6-9,
5 1-3,
6 1-13
23 1-24
24 1-24
30 22-24
31 1-17
33 19-24
34 1-24
35 1-24
36 1-21
47-100 1-24
101 1-16
107-112 1-24
113 1-21
114 15-24
115 1-8

In these portions of his deposition, defendant Hymon testified 
that he was a native Memphian, attended public schools in Memphis 
and received a B.S. degree in English from Tennessee State College 
He played basketball and softball in both high school and college, 
receiving a high school varsity letter in basketball. He is 
6'4" tall. He indicated that, prior to joining the Memphis 
Police Department in 1973, he was given training in physical 
combat —  use of the nightstick and judo —  and required to do 
an "excessive amount of running." When asked about the extent 
to which he received training in when resort to lethal force was 
appropriate in apprehending a fleeing felon, Hymon testified 
that he was told to use his discretion by instructors from the 
Memphis Police Department. Hymon was also asked about tests given 
him by the Memphis Police Department to determine his physical

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abilities. In such a test that measured his performance in ten 
different physical exercises, Hymon scored 75 out of a possible 
100 points. This score was above the minimum required of appli­
cants for employment as Memphis police officers.

Under further questioning, defendant Hymon then proceeded 
to describe the circumstances surrounding the shooting death 
of Edward Eugene Garner on October 3, 1974. On that night,
Hymon was working a 4: 00 PJi . to midnight shift in Ward 128 with 
his partner, Leslie B. Wright. While sitting in the patrol car 
at a firehouse located at Stonewall and Chelsea, Officer Wright 
received a radio call to investigate a report that a prowler was 
inside at 737 Vollentine in Ward 129. After Officer Wright in­
formed Hymon of this dispatch, both officers proceeded to 737 
Vollentine. When they arrived at 737 Vollentine, a woman stand­
ing on the porch at that location told defendant Hymon, "They 
are breaking in" and pointed toward 739 Vollentine. Hymon went 
back to his partner, told him what the woman had said and directed 
him to proceed around the side of the residence at 739 Vollentine 
opposite from the side he was taking. The house at 739 Vollentine 
faces north, the back faces south and 737 is located on its west 
side. Hymon saw lights on in the front and on the southeast side 
of the house. Hymon moved from front of 739 to rear of the house 
along its west side with a flashlight containing five D-cell 
batteries in his right hand to illuminate the area and his revolve^' 
in his left. At that time, Hymon had no indication that the sus­
pect was armed. When he got to the southwest corner of the house 
he heard a door slam, saw someone move across a streak of light 
(created by a porchlight turned on in back of 737 Vollentine) and 
heard noise on a 5%'-6' chain-link fence running across the 
length of the back yard in an east-west direction. Weeds or 
"Johnson Grass" about half the height of the fence appeared to be 
on the south side. He then shined his flashlight on the fence and

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and saw a "male black". An outer building was observed at the 
southeast corner of the back yard abutting the chain-link fence. 
From where he was standing at the southwest corner of the house, 
Hymon said he could see a broken window, a garbage can under 
that window and the area around the back door. After he located 
the person at the fence, he yelled, "Halt. Police". The person 
at the fence looked in his direction. He appeared to Hymon to be 
about 17-18 years old, between 5'5"-5'7" tall and roughly 130 lbs. 
Hymon could see Garner's hands but could not see his feet because 
he was in a "stooped position". Garner halted briefly as Hymon 
ordered. Hymon then called to his partner, Wright, who had come 
into his view at the southeast corner of the house. Hymon told 
Wright that Garner was on the fence and that he should come 
around and get him. Wright, however, asked Hymon to repeat his 
instructions and started "perhaps a little hesitantly" around to 
where Hymon had directed him. Hymon was "reasonably sure" that 
Garner was unarmed, since he could see his hands at all times. 
When Hymon told Wright once again where Garner was, the latter 
"sprang over the fence". When Garner was well up on the fence, 
Hymon fired his .38 caliber. Model 10, Smith & Wesson revolver, 
hitting him once in the head though he aimed, as he was taught, 
at the largest target, the back. Hymon testified that he fired 
because a chicken-wire fence separated him from the backyard 
area of 739 and he did not feel that he could have climbed it and 
caught Garner who was between 30-40 feet away: "I'm not that
fast," he remarked. Yet Hymon admitted that he did not have to 
jump over the fence, he could have stepped over it. After being 
shot. Garner's body fell across the top of the chain-link fence, 
his head, arms and torso on the south side, his legs on the north 
side. Hymon and Wright removed Garner's body from the fence; 
Wright then called for an ambulance and for police officials to 
come to the scene.

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Dan Jones, Chief of Detectives for the Shelby County Sheriff's 
Department, was accepted by the Court as an expert on proper police 
procedures in the Memphis area. When presented with hypotheticals 
which contained critical facts about the shooting of Garner, and 
asked whether the procedure used by defendant Hymon, Chief Jones 
answered negatively. He stressed that under circumstances like 
those at the time Garner was found by Hymon behind 739 Vollentine 
the officer had a duty to run after the fleeing felon prior to 
resorting to lethal force and that, had he been in Hymon's place he 
would definitely have run after Garner. Eugene Barksdale, Inspector 
of the Memphis Police Department on leave, was likewise qualified 
as an expert on proper police procedure. He concurred with 
Chief Jones that Hymon should have run after Garner and resorted 
to lethal force only when that alternative failed.

Capt. John A. Coletta, Commander of the Training Division of 
the Memphis Police Department was called as a witness in the 
presentation of plaintiff's case. He testified that prior to 
assuming his present position, he served as Range Officer in 
charge of the Memphis Police Department Firing Range and instructor 
at the Police Academy in firearms training. He indicated that he 
was responsible for training the class of police recruits in July 
and August, 1973 that contained defendant Hymon. He was asked 
what if any instruction was given to recruits in the use of lethal 
force. He mentioned that one film, "Shoot - Don't Shoot", was 
shown during Hymon's training. This film was marked, introduced 
into evidence as Exhibit 15 and projected during Capt. Coletta's 
testimony. The film discussed the circiimstances under which a 
police officer would be warranted in using lethal force to protect 
his own life or the lives of third parties. It cautioned that a 
police officer should use lethal force in self-defense only when 
a suspect has the "abilty and opportunity" to injure the officer 
and his life or limb is clearly in "jeopardy". "If there is the

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slightest doubt" that these three elements are all present "don't 
shoot", stresses the film. While the film does allude to the 
fact that officers in some jurisdictions are permitted to shoot 
fleeing felons, the only examples of this rule in the film are 
ones in which the fleeing felon is armed. Capt. Coletta conceded 
that no film was shown that dealt directly with the use of lethal 
force to apprehend unarmed fleeing felons. He pointed out that 
lectures on Tennessee law and police regulations regarding lethal 
force were handled by the Police Department's Legal Advisor during 
the training course. No training was given to recruits, he 
admitted, with respect to alternative techniques for apprehending 
unarmed fleeing felons that should be exhausted before resorting 
to lethal force, even though Tennessee law dictates that lethal 
force be used under such circumstances only as a last resort when 
other means of apprehension have failed. The Police Department's 
Firearms Manual prepared by Capt. Coletta and others deals in 
some detail with techniques for using firearms but contains no 
such information on the apprehension of unarmed fleeing felons.
In sum, police recruits receive no training, or guidance as such 
—  not from the Range Officer, not from the Legal Advisor, not 
from the Firearms Manual —  in this regard. They are simply 
told, according to Coletta, that they should be able to live 
with themselves if they have to shoot and kill a person while on 
duty. The use of lethal force under such circumstances is left 
to each officer's discretion.

The examination of Capt. Coletta then turned to a discussion 
of weapons and ammunition used by Memphis Police Department 
officers in their official capacity. Capt. Coletta acknowledged 
that there were essentially three subcategories of expertise 
within the general field of ballistics: internal ballistics,
which concerns itself with characteristics of a projectile within 
the gun; external ballistics, which addresses questions related

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to behavior of projectiles from the time they exit from a gun 
to the point of striking a target; and terminal or wound ballis­
tics, which studies the behavior of projectiles after they strike 
a target or live tissue. Capt. Coletta indicated that his exper­
tise was in the first two subcategories of ballistics, in view 
of his training on ballistics testing he had conducted person­
ally for the Police Department. Under examination, Capt. Coletta 
testified that Memphis police officers were issued a .38 caliber 
Smith and Wesson revolver. Prior to 1970, a .38 caliber 158 grain 
lead roundnose Winchester cartridge was the ammunition issued 
for use in service revolvers. Between 1970 and 1972, the Depart­
ment issued a .38 caliber 110 grain, semi-jacketed hollow-point1/Smith & Wesson cartridge. In 1972, Capt. Coletta was asked 
by Department officials to conduct a study to determine whether 
the weapon and ammunition presently issued to line officers were 
adequate. According to Capt. Coletta, the police officers' 
union had contended that more powerful weapons and ammunition 
were necessary to insure that the officer would be able to in­
capacitate an armed suspect immediately. The internal memoran­
dum setting out the objectives of the study was admitted as 
Exhibit 17. As a result of tests conducted by Capt. Coletta, 
the Department adopted for general use the .38 caliber 125 grain, 
semi-jacketed hollow-point Remington cartridge. The bullet that 
caused the death of Edward Garner was of this type.

The tests conducted by Capt. Coletta to determine the most 
effective bullet for Department use were designed to measure 
essentially three characteristics of various types of ammunition:

_!/ "cartridge" refers to the entire ammunition; the ’base" which does not leave the weapon upon firing, the "bullet" or "slug" 
which does leave the weapon, and the "load", or the amount of gun powder included.

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accuracy, penetration and cavitational effect. Accuracy was 
measured by firing several rounds of each bullet from a fixed 
weapon at a target; the farthest distance between any two bullet 
holes on the target was then recorded. Penetration was measured 
by firing bullets into a row of pine boards and seeing how many 
boards were pierced or dented by the projectile. Cavitational 
effect was measured by firing bullets into clay blocks and seeing 
how large a cavity was created in a block upon impact from the 
bullet. The velocity of each bullet as it left the fixed weapon 
was also measured with an electrical device. Since the tests 
were also designed to determine which bullet would have the 
greatest "stopping power" or ability to incapacitate, velocity 
was a significant consideration. For kinetic energy of a pro­
jectile, that is the amount of energy it expends in a target upon 
impact (and, to a large extent its wounding capacity), depends
heavily upon the projectile's velocity. Mathematically, this

V2
phenomenon is expressed in the formula K = Mx 2 where K = kinetic

2/energy, M = mass (the weight plus gravitational force of the 
bullet) and V = velocity. Capt. Coletta's tests of the three 
bullets used prior to 1970, between 1970 and 1972 and after 1972 
revealed the following with respect to their relative velocities; 
Bullet In Use
158 grain, Lubaloy 
roundnose Winchester

Prior to 1970

110 grain, semi-jacketed
hollcw-point Smith & Between 1970-1972
Wesson
125 grain,semi-jacketed After 1972 
hollow

Velocity
(in feet per sec.) 

87 2  -  25  

1 0 5 0  i  97

1425  -  62

In other words, the velocity of the bullet used after 1972 was 
almost twice that of the bullet used up to 1970.

Weight of bullets is expressed in the grains; 7,000 grams 
equal one pound.

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Photographic slides which depicted the results of the accu­
racy, penetration and cavitational tests of the three bullets 
mentioned above were marked, admitted into evidence and projected 
during Capt. Coletta's testimony. The results were as follows:

Exhibit #Cartridge Accuracy of Slide Showing 
Performance

158 grain, roundnose 
Lubaloy Winchester 1 1/2" 18(a)
110 grain, hollow-point 
semi-jacketed Smith & 
Wesson 1" 18 (d)
125 grain, semi-jacketed, 
hollow-point Remington 5/8" 18(g)

Cartridge Penetration Exhibit # of Slide 
Showing Performance

158 grain
Penetrated 6 
boards and 
dented 7th 18(b)

110 grain Penetrated 5 
boards and dented 
6 3/4 boards

18(c)

125 grain Penetrated 7 
boards and 
dented 8th 18(h)

Cartridge 3/Cavitational Effect Exhibit # of Slide 
Showing Performance

158 grain 3" upon impact 18(c)
110 grain 4" 18(f)
125 grain 4 1/2" 18 (i)

Though Capt. Coletta stated that he could not reach any definitive 
conclusions with respect to wounding capacity of the bullets 
tested based upon their cavitational effect in clay since human 
tissue might respond differently, he admitted that certain assump­
tions were made in this regard, i.e., that greater cavitational

_3/ Penetration was also measured by the distance each bullet trav­
elled into the clay block: 158 grain - 18"

110 grain - 9"125 grain - 13"
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effect in clay would mean greater "stopping power". And he ex­
pressed awareness of professional studies that supported the view 
that the 110 grain would be more effective than the 158 grain 
and that the 125 grain would be most effective. Capt. Coletta 
defended the adoption of the 125 grain based upon its overall 
performance in the tests discussed above and upon the fact that 
it would be less likely to ricochet than other bullets. He did 
admit, however, that the LEAA study had concluded that all com­
mercially available ammunition posed significant risks associated 
with their tendency to ricochet. A document reflecting the 
results of Capt. Coletta's study was admitted into evidence as 
Exhibit 19. Capt. Coletta was asked why Memphis Police Depart- 
ment officers were trained to shoot at the "center mass", i.e., 
the torso area where viscera would likely be hit, rather at other 
less vital parts of the body. This inquiry was pressed parti­
cularly with respect to the shooting of unarmed fleeing felons. 
Capt. Coletta responded that he seriously doubted whether such 
accuracy could be taught given the capabilities of recruits to 
the Memphis Police Department, the time allotted for training 
and budgeting constraints.

Capt. Coletta was asked whether he had any awareness, in 
view of his expertise in ballistics, of the extent to which 
the-~us€̂ ôf certain types of bullets were banned for use in inter-

4̂ / He acknowledged, for example, that Dr. Vincent DiMaio, a 
renowned forensic pathologist had found that the 125 grain bullet 
expended three times as much kinetic energy as the 158 grain and 
a fourth more than the 110 grain. He also was familiar with a 
study conducted by the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration 
(LEAA) that found that the 125 grain had three times the Relative 
Incapacitation Index (RII) as the 158 grain and twice that of the 
110 grain. Relative Incapacitation Index was defined as the 
ability of a bullet to render an armed suspect confronting a 
police officer instantaneously non-functional and incapable of 
posing a continued threat to the officer's safety.

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national warfare by the Hague Convention of 1899. He stated 
that he understood that the convention banned the use of "Dum 
Bum" bullets (bullets intentionally disfigured to produce more 
grievous wounds than ordinary bullets) and that the United 
States was not a signatory of the Convention. When he was read 
language from the "Declaration (IV,3) Concerning Expanding 
Bullets" (Hague, 1899) which indicated that the signatories 
would abstain from the "use of bullets which expand or flatten 
easily in the human body, such as bullets with a hard envelope 
which does not entirely cover the core or is pierced with 
incision," he conceded that hollow-point, semi-jacketed bullets 
might arguably fall within the category of those banned by the 
Declaration. Hollow-point bullets have a hole in the lead slug 
which, upon impact, causes the bullet to flatten, creating a 
diameter greater than that of a roundnose bullet; 
the greater the presenting diameter, the greater the wound is 
likely to be. In semi-jacketed bullets, the lead slug is not 
entirely encased which causes the uncovered area of lead to peel 
back over the encased portion producing a greater presenting 
diameter at impact. It was Capt. Coletta's understanding that 
the United States Government did not permit the use of hollow- 
point, semi-jacketed bullets by its armed forces in part to avoid 
any international disputes over violations of the Hague Declara­
tions of 1899 despite the fact that it did not sign the document. 
A document reflecting the course of instruction provided to 
recruits at the 36th Session (July 30 - September 21, 1973) of 
the Memphis Police Department Training Academy was admitted 
into evidence as Exhibit 20 during Capt. Coletta's testimony. 
During examination by counsel for defendants, Capt. Coletta 
described the establishment and operation of the Firearms Review 
Board. He stated in response to a question from counsel for 
plaintiff that he could not recall an instance when an officer

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was found by the Board to have fired his weapon improperly.
Exhibit 21, purporting to be the conclusion reached by the Fire­
arms Review Board with respect to the shooting of Edward Garner 
was marked for identification but not admitted.

Dr. Jerry T. Francisco, Medical Examiner for Shelby County 
since 1961 and Chief Medical Examiner of the State of Tennessee 
since 1970 was subpoenaed to testify in plaintiff's case. He 
was accepted by the Court as an expert witness in the areas of 
forensic pathology and terminal (wound) ballistics. Dr. Fran­
cisco testified that he performed an autopsy upon the body of 
Edward Eugene Garner to determine cause of death. His exami­
nation of the body revealed that Garner was 5'4" tall, between 
85 and 100 lbs. in weight and generally thin. The bullet entered 
Garner's head slightly behind and above the right ear and exited 
in the left rear part of the skull. Dr. Francisco admitted 
the possibility that Garner was able to see Officer Hymon at the 
time he was shot. The autopsy identified no marks on the hands 
or torso that might have been caused by the sharp, pointed wire 
at the top of the chain-link fence where his body fell. Garner 
was found to have a blood alcohol level of .09 (about the level 
one would get from drinking four cans of beer); Dr. Francisco 
testified that such an alcohol content would probably have 
slowed Garner's reaction time.

With respect to the theoretical ability of various bullets 
to wound. Dr. Francisco testified that two formulas were generally

was
discussed by Capt. Coletta. Once kinetic energy (K) is deter­
mined (measured in foot-pounds), a second calculation is neces­
sary, according to Dr. Francisco, to measure potential wounding
effect. This second formula is expressed a s W  = Exl.xi:. x KT A
in which W = wounding effect, E = Kinetic energy, T = time during 
which bullet is in contact with the body, A = presenting area of 
bullet upon impact and K - a number of variables that cannot easily

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used to reach such determinations. The first, K = M x Y2l.2



be quantified.
Based upon his knowledge of these formulas and his presence 

during Capt. Coletta's testimony with respect to the findings 
of his study of the 158 grain, 110 grain and 125 grain bullets.
Dr. Francisco was able to reach the following conclusions:

1) The 125 grain bullet has the greatest 
potential wounding capacity of the three, 
the 158 grain has the least;

2) Hollow-point bullets have a greater 
potential wounding capacity than roundnose 
bullets because of their larger presenting 
area (A) on impact;

3) Semi-jacketed bullets also have larger pre­
senting areas and, consequently, greater 
potential wounding capacity than fully- 
jacketed bullets;

4) The results of Capt. Coletta's cavitational 
effect tests are consistent with what one 
would expect based upon theoretical analysis? 
bullets with greater wounding capacity have 
greater cavitational effect.

Dr. Francisco testified that, based upon the purported ability 
of semi-jacketed, hollow-points to expand or flatten easily in 
the human body, he would conclude that such bullets fall within 
the category of those banned for use in international warfare 
by the Hague Declaration of 1899. He pointed out that the pheno­
menon of "yaw" or the tendency of a bullet to rotate off center 
during flight might, in any given case, cause a bullet to hit the 
target at an angle rather than head-on. As a general rule, 
however, hollow-point, semi-jacketed bullets would tend to flatten 
more easily than roundnose, jacketed bullets. Dr. Francisco 
demonstrated the wounding formulas and the effect of yaw in 
writing for the Court's benefit during his testimony; the docu­
ment containing these writings was marked and admitted into 
evidence as Exhibit 22. A bulletin sent to police officials 
which defense counsel sought to use for purposes of cross-examin­
ing Dr. Francisco was marked as Exhibit 23 but not admitted.
When asked by the Court whether Garner's wound was consistent 
with what one might expect based upon the theories he discussed,

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Dr. Francisco indicated that he could not reach any such con­
clusion based upon one case study.

At the end of Dr. Francisco's testimony which concluded 
plaintiff's case, plaintiff asked the Court to take judicial 
notice that, under Tennessee law, Edward Eugene Garner had a life 
expectancy of 54.95 years at time of death. Tenn. Code Ann. (Vol. 
1, 1975 Cumulative Supplement at 515). Upon the conclusion 
of plaintiff's case, defendants moved to dismiss the entire action 
With plaintiff's consent, the Court dismissed the Third and Fifth 
Claims for Relief against defendants J.W. Hubbard and Wyeth 
Chandler, respectively. Claims against defendants City of 
Memphis and the Memphis Police Department for their alleged 
failure to exercise due care in hiring defendant Hymon, set out 
in Paragraphs 24 and 37, were also dismissed. In all other 
respects, the Court reserved its ruling on the motion to dismiss.

The first witness for defendants was Jay W. Hubbard, former 
Director of Police in Memphis. He testified to his efforts, in 
general, to bring more efficiency and professionalism to the 
Department during his tenure as Director. Specifically, he 
described his promulgation in 19:74 of a revised general order 
with respect to the use of lethal force by Memphis officers 
which was more restrictive than Tennessee law on the subject 
(Exhibit 24) and of a general order creating a Firearms Review 
Board during the same year (Exhibit 25). He explained the 
organization and operation of the Firearms Review Board. And he 
related the history of the Department's decision to issue 125 
grain, hollow-point, semi-jacketed Remington ammunition to its 
officers. According to Hubbard, the shooting death of an officer 
by an assailant who fired despite having been shot several times 
by the officer made the move to more powerful "loads" imperative. 
Hubbard decided on the 125 grain bullet in view of the results of 
Capt. Coletta's study and his own knowledge of the capabilities

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of various types of ammunition. He indicated that he was 
familiar with the Garner incident and that Hymon was not dis­
ciplined by the Department for his conduct nor was Hymon 
indicted by a grand jury that investigated the shooting.

Elton Richard Hymon testified with respect to his educational 
background, his employment at Fort Pillow Correctional Institution 
prior to joining the Memphis Police Department. He indicated 
his great interest in becoming a police officer, even though he 
had to take a reduction in salary at the start in comparison to 
what he was earning at Fort Pillow. He stated that he was a 
member of the recruit class at the 35th Session at the Police 
Training Academy in 1973. At that session Capt. Coletta was in 
charge of firearms instruction but offered no guidance with 
regard to when the use of lethal force would be appropriate.
The Legal Advisor did lecture his class on the laws and regu­
lations governing the use of lethal force. Hymon's testimony as 
to the circuTistances surrounding the shooting death of Edward 
Eugene Garner did not differ in any major regard from that given 
in those portions of his deposition previously read into the 
trial record. He did mark and initial on Exhibit 6 where he was 
standing when he fired the fatal shot. He described his investi­
gation of the scene after the shooting which confirmed his 
earlier judgment that a burglary had been committed by Garner at 
739 Vollentine. After the shooting, he was interrogated by the 
Crime Scene and Homicide Squad of the Department, relieved of 
duty with pay for a few days and then returned to duty. He 
corroborated Hubbard's recollection that the Firearms Review 
Board found his use of lethal force justified and that a "no bill" 
was issued by a Shelby County grand jury convened to consider 
whether criminal prosecuting was warranted by the circumstances 
surrounding Garner's death. Exhibit 25, a photograph showing a 
clothesline running across the backyard of 739 Vollentine was

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admitted into evidence.
Leslie B. Wright gave testimony similar to Hymon's as 

to the circumstances surrounding their being dispatched to 739 
Vollentine and proceeding to investigate whether a burglary was 
in progress at that location. Wright's recollection with respect 
to what occurred after he arrived at the scene differs markedly, 
however, from Hymon's in several major respects. Wright stated 
that he had just reached the northeast corner of the residence 
at 739 Vollentine when he heard Hymon fire at Garner; Hymon 
recalled that Wright was at the southeast corner and visible to 
him when he fired. Wright recalls that Hymon indicated that 
Garner was on the fence after the shot was fired, not before as 
Hymon testified. It was Hymon who removed Garner's body from 
the fence, though Hymon recalled that Wright assisted him in this 
effort. He stated that it took Hymon about 3 - 4  seconds to 
move from his position at the southwest corner of the house where 
he was standing when he fired to Garner's body on the fence. And 
he confirmed that the backyard at 739 Vollentine was dark and 
contained various objects on the ground. He testified to having 
called for an ambulance and for police officials after the shoot­
ing, and seeing to it that the woman who reported the burglary 
remained on the scene for questioning.

Velton J. Rogers, a probation officer from the Juvenile 
Court, testified as to his familiarity with Edward Eugene Garner's 
difficulties with the police. He merely corroborated Cleamtee 
Garner's testimony in this connection. Contrary to Mr. Garner's 
recollection that his other children had had no history of cri­
minality, Mr. Rogers revealed that Larry Garner had in fact been 
brought before juvenile authorities for fighting and truancy. Mr. 
Rogers recalled that after the incident involving Edward Garner's 
taking of pennies that belonged to a neighbor, Mr. Garner expresse|i 
a desire to see his son placed in an institution for a brief

- 20 -



period in hopes that such an experience might encourage him to 
improve his conduct. Mr, Rogers testified that he rejected Mr. 
Garner's request because he felt that Edward could be helped 
effectively through further counselling and guidance.

F.J. Wheeler, a member of the Memphis Police Department, 
testified briefly with respect to Mr. Garner's emotional reaction 
upon learning that a boy identified as his son had been killed. 
C.A. Russell, a member of the Department's Crime Scene Squad 
identified photographs taken by him of the exterior and interior 
of 739 Vollentine of October 3, 1974. These photographs were 
marked as Exhibits 27 a,b-v and admitted into evidence. They 
depicted, among other things, the ransacked condition of the 
interior, a purse found on the ground in the backyard, a damaged 
window and door, blood near the chain-link fence. One photograph 
26(b), showed blood on defendant Hymon's sleeve. It was taken, 
according to Mr. Russell in case Garner lived and alleged police 
brutality.

At the end of its case, defendants introduced the Tennessee 
burglary statute, marked and admitted into evidence as Exhibit 28. 
A funeral home bill for $913.00 was marked for identification as 
Exhibit 29(a) and a cemetary bill of $165.00 was marked for 
identification as Exhibit 29(b) to reflect costs related to the 
burial of Edward Eugene Garner. The Court also dismissed without 
objection by plaintiff, paragraph 22 of the complaint alleging 
racial discrimination by defendants in the death of Garner.

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1. Edward Eugene Garner was 15 years old, about 5’4" tall, 
between 85 and 100 lbs. in weight and of thin overall body 
structure on October 3, 1974.

2. Defendant Elton Richard Hymon is 6'4" tall and was in good 
physical condition on October 3, 1974.

3. Edward Eugene Garner was fleeing from the commission of a 
first degree burglary when he was fatally wounded on October 
3, 1974.

4. The backyard of 739 Vollentine was completely encircled by 
fencing.

5. Defendant Hymon was so positioned that Garner could not have 
escaped capture by fleeing to the southwest from the back
of 739 Vollentine.

6. Officer Leslie B. Wright was so positioned that Garner 
could not have escaped capture by fleeing to the southeast 
from the back of 739 Vollentine.

7. Garner's only possible avenue of escape was over a 6 foot 
chain-link fence running east-west directly to the south of 
the back of 739 Vollentine.

8. Garner was unarmed at the time he was shot.
9. Defendant Hymon was between 30-40 feet from the chain-link 

fence when he observed Garner at the base of the fence.
10. The backyard area was illuminated by Hymon's flashlight beam, 

from lights on in the residence at 739 Vollentine and from
a porchlight at 737 Vollentine.

11. Defendant Hymon yelled "Halt, Police" which caused Garner to 
pause momentarily.

12. Garner began climbing the chain-link fence when defendant 
Hymon was attempting to provide his partner, Wright, with 
Garner's location.

Findings of Fact

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13. Defendant Hymon was separated from the main backyard area 
of 739 Vollentine by a three-foot chichen-wire fence which 
Hymon could have stepped over with ease.

14. When Garner began climbing the fence, defendant Hymon made 
no attempt to run toward the fence to apprehend him, even 
though he could have done so in 3-4 seconds, as he did after 
the shooting. Instead, he fired his service revolver, 
wounding Garner fatally in the head.

15. Defendant Hymon fatally wounded Garner with a 125 grain, 
semi-jacketed hollow-point Remington bullet fired from a 
Smith & Wesson .38 caliber revolver.

16. The Memphis Police Department did not provide defendant 
Hymon with any instruction in non-lethal alternatives to 
the use of lethal force in apprehending unarmed fleeing 
felons.

17. Defendant Hymon was taught by the Memphis Police Department 
to fire at the "center mass" of the body in using lethal 
force to apprehend a fleeing felon, whether armed or unarmed.

18. The Memphis Police Department makes no effort, for budgetary 
and time reasons among others, to train police officers to 
shoot non-vital areas of the body when using lethal force
to apprehend unarmed fleeing felons.

19. Prior to 1970, the Memphis Police Department issued as 
standard ammunition a 158 grain, roundnose Lubaloy (fully 
jacketed) Winchester; between 1970 and 1972, the Department 
issued a 110 grain, semi-jacketed, hollow-point Smith and 
Wesson cartridge; and in 1972 the Department made another 
change in ammunition to a 125 grain, semi-jacketed, hollow- 
point Remington cartridge.

20. The Department's change from the 158 grain ultimately to 
the 125 grain was prompted by its desire to find ammunition 
that would deliver a blow of sufficient severity to cause

- 23 -



immediate incapacitation of an armed person in order to 
protect the lives of officers and of third persons directly 
threatened by such a person.

21. Because of its high velocity, which insures that it will 
expend significant kinetic energy in the body upon impact, 
its hollow point, which causes it to flatten easily upon 
impact and its semi-jacketed construction, which causes it 
to peel back upon impact, the 125 grain appeared to have the 
wounding and "stopping power" qualities the Department wasVseeking.

22. The 125 grain ammunition, though adopted with the thought 
that it was needed by police officers to incapacitate armed 
persons threatening their lives or the' lives of third parties, 
was issued by the Department to line officers for use even
in the apprehension of unainned fleeing felons.

5/ The following articles on wound ballistics, with some indica­
tion of their pertinent conclusions, are listed for the Court's benefit:

Di Maio and Spitz, "Variations in Wounding Due to Unusual 
firearms and Recently Available Ammunition" 17 J. For. Sci.377 (1972)

The entrance wounds in the skin were identical to 
those produced by the standard .38 Special round.
On reflecting the skin [of unautopsied bodies], the 
Super Vel [hollow-point] entrance wounds in the tho­
racic wall were seen to be at least 2 to 3 times the 
diameter of those produced by the standard 158-grain 
round nose bullet. This finding was unrelated as to 
whether the bullet struck a rib. . . . The entrance 
wounds from the hollow point bullets were larger and 
more irregular than those caused by the soft point 
bullets. The greater wounding ability of the hollow 
point is apparently due to their tendency to mush­
room on penetrating tissue. The jacket peels back 
allowing the lead core to expand, at 385

Di Maio, Jones and Petty, "Ammunition for Police; A Comparison 
of the Wounding Effects of Commercially Available Cartridges," 
1 J.P.S. & Admin. 269 (1973).

The hollow-point bullets lost more kinetic energy 
and were generally superior to the solid nose 
bullets, at 271

(continued)

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1. Jurisdiction of this Court over defendant Elton Richard 
Hymon is established by 28 U.S.C. § 1343(3) and by 42 U.S.C. 
§§ 1983 and 1988. Monroe v. Pape, 365 U.S. 167 (1961).

2. Jurisdiction of this Court over defendants Memphis Police 
Department and the City of Memphis is established by 28 
U.S.C. § 1331 and the Fourteenth Amendment. Gray v. Union 
County Intermediate Education District, 520 F.2d 803 (9th 
Cir. 1975); City of Highland Park v. Train, 519 F.2d 681 
(7th Cir. 1975); Hanna v. Drobnick, 514 F.2d 393 (6th Cir. 
1975) and Roane v. Callisburq Independent School District, 
511 F.2d 633 (5th Cir. 1975).

3. Under Tennessee Code Annotated 40-808 and under regulations 
of the Memphis Police Department (General Order 5-74, Febru­
ary 5, 1974), lethal force may be used by police officers to 
apprehend persons fleeing from the commission of certain 
felonies. Reneau v. State, 70 Tenn. 720, 31 Am. Rep. 626 
(1879); Love v. Bass, 145 Tenn. 522, 238 S.W. 94 (1921); 
Cunningham v. Ellington, 323 F.Supp. 1072 (W.D. Tenn. 1971); 
Beech v. Melancon, 465 F.2d 425 (6th Cir. 1972).

4. Under Tennessee law, Tenn. Code Ann. 39-901, and under regu­
lations of the Memphis Police Department, a police officer

Conclusions of Law

5̂ / (continued)
Di Maio, Jones, Caruth, Anderson, Petty, "A Comparison of the 
Wounding Effects of Commercially Available Handyman Ammuni­
tion Suitable for Police Use" FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin 
(December, 1974) 3-8

Research in the field of wound ballistics during and 
after World War II revealed that the severity of a 
wound is directly related to the amount of kinetic 
energy lost by the bullet in the body. This means 
that the greater the loss of kinetic energy, the 
greater the damage to the tissues, therefore, the 
more severe the wound. at 3

Cowgill, "The Newest Look at Handgun Ballistics," The American 
Rifleman, (Oct. 1975) 38-41 (discussion of Law Enforcement 
Assistance Act [LEAA] study of Relative Incapacitation Indices 
of Ammunition).

- 25 -



8,

may use lethal force to apprehend a person fleeing from the 
commission of burglary in the first degree.
Under Tennessee law and under regulations of the Memphis Polic 
Uepsrtment, lethal force may be resorted to in order to appre­
hend a person fleeing from the commission of a bruglary in 
the first degree "only after all other reasonable means to 
apprehend . . .  have been exhausted." Reneau, supra; 
Scarborough v. State, 76 S.W. 2d 106 (1934); Cunningham, supra 
and Beech, supra.
Resort to lethal force by a police officer to apprehend a 
person fleeing from the commission of a felony without ex­
hausting available non-lethal means of apprehension violates 
strictures against the use of excessive force under the 
Constitution and laws of the United States. Screws v. United 
States, 325 U.S. 91 (1941); Monroe v. Pape, supra; Jenkins v. 
Averett, 424 F.2d 1228 (4th Cir. 1970); Jackson v. Martin.
261 F.Supp . 902 (N.D. Miss. 1966). Such conduct must "shock 
the conscience of the court," Rochin v. California, 342 U.S. 
165 (1952); Rosenberg v. Martin, 478 F.2d 520 (2d Cir.) 
cert.denied, 414 U.S. 872 (1973); Johnson v. Click. 481 F.2d 
1028 (2d Cir.) cert.denied. 414 U.S. 1033 (1973).
Defendant Hymon violated the law of Tennessee and regulations 
of the Memphis Police Department in resorting to lethal force 
to apprehend unarmed Edward Eugene Garner without attempting 
to exhaust a non-lethal alternative reasonably available to 
him such as running after him.
Defendant Hymon violated the Constitution and laws of the 
United States in resorting to lethal force to apprehend un­
armed Edward Eugene Garner without attempting to exhaust a 
non-lethal alternative reasonably available to him such as 
running after him.

- 26 -



9. The City of Memphis is required under Tennessee law to indemni-- 
fy defendant Hymon for any liability he incurs by award of 
this Court for his negligent conduct in the shooting death 
of Edward Eugene Garner. TCA 6-640. Liability of the City 
of Memphis is also warranted under respondeat superior doctrinci 
Williams v. Brown. 398 F.Supp. 155, 160-61 (N.D. 111. 1975).

LO. In failing to train defendant Hymon in non—lethal techniques 
for apprehending unarmed fleeing felons, the defendants City 
of Memphis and the Memphis Police Department made inevitable 
Hymon's resort to excessive force to apprehend Edward Eugene 
Garner. Their failure in this regard constituted violations 
of both Tennessee State and Federal Constitutions and laws.
City of Kenosha v. Bruno, 412 U.S. 507 (1973); Foster v. City 
of Detroit, 405 F.2d 138 (6th Cir. 1968).

LI. In issuing to defendant Hynon the 125 grain, semi-jacketed, 
hollow-point Remington, the City of Memphis and the Memphis 
Police Department insured that defendant Hymon would use 
ammunition which, by definition, constituted excessive force 
in the context of apprehending an unarmed fleeing felon; the 
bullet was adopted because of its ability to incapacitate 
immediately armed persons posing a direct threat to the lives 
of police officers or of third persons. The conduct of the 
City of Memphis and of the Memphis Police Department in this 
regard condoned and urged violation of federal constitutional 
strictures against excessive force sufficient to "shock the 
conscience of the court." Rochin, supra; Rosenberg, supra; 
Johnson v. Click, supra; Paust, "Constitutional Prohibition 
of Cruel, Inhumane or Unnecessary Death, Injury or Suffering 
During Law Enforcement Process," 2 Hastings Const. L.G. 873 
(1975).

12, Semi-jacketed, hollow-point bullets are of a type banned from

- 27 -



use in international warfare by the Hague Declaration of 
1899 [(Schindler, The Laws of Armed Conflict, 103 (1973)] 
because of their tendency to inflict unnecessarily cruel 
wounds. This Declaration provides a standard for determining 
what constitutes civilized conduct in domestic matters as 
well as in international relations. Paust, "Human Rights 
and the Ninth Amendment: A New Form of Guarantee," 60 Cornell 
Rev. 231 (1975).

Respectfully submitted.

LOauaJJACK G R E E N B E R G U  
CHARLES STEPHEN RALSTON 
DREW S. DAYS, III 

10 Columbus Circle 
Suite 2030
New York, New York 10019

WALTER L. BAILEY, JR.D'ARMY BAILEY
Suite 901, Tenoke Building 
161 Jefferson Avenue 
Memphis, Tennessee 38103

Attorneys for Plaintiff

- 28 -



CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE

This is to certify that on this 27th day of August, 1976,
I served a copy of the foregoing "Plaintiff's Proposed Findings 
of Fact and Conclusions of Law" upon Henry L. Klein, Esq., 100 
North Main Building, Suite 3500, Memphis, Tennessee 38103, by 
mailing same by United States mail, postage prepaid.

Iv̂JUvO ̂Attorney for Pla:^tiff

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