Jones v. Amalgamated Warbasse Houses, Inc. Motion for Leave to File Brief and Brief Amici Curiae

Public Court Documents
October 3, 1983

Jones v. Amalgamated Warbasse Houses, Inc. Motion for Leave to File Brief and Brief Amici Curiae preview

Filed with the American Civil Liberties Union. Date is approximate.

Cite this item

  • Brief Collection, LDF Court Filings. Jones v. Amalgamated Warbasse Houses, Inc. Motion for Leave to File Brief and Brief Amici Curiae, 1983. d8024566-b99a-ee11-be36-6045bdeb8873. LDF Archives, Thurgood Marshall Institute. https://ldfrecollection.org/archives/archives-search/archives-item/e293d468-a510-4684-886a-28409fb05106/jones-v-amalgamated-warbasse-houses-inc-motion-for-leave-to-file-brief-and-brief-amici-curiae. Accessed October 08, 2025.

    Copied!

    No. 83-1336

I  w  t h e

(Emrt ni %  WtiUb BMm
OCTOBER TERM, 1983

- — --------- - f —--------- — —

M ary J ones, id uL,
Petitioners,

v.

Amalgamated W arbasse H ouses, I nc., ef al.,
Respondents.

ON P E T IT IO N  FO R  W R IT  O F CER TIO R A R I TO T H E  U N IT E D  STA TES 

CO U RT O F A PPEA L S FOR T H E  SEC O N D  C IR C U IT

MOTION FOR LEAVE TO FILE BRIEF AM ICI CURIAE  
AND BRIEF AM ICI CURIAE  FOR THE NAACP LEGAL 
DEFENSE AND EDUCATIONAL FUND, INC., AND THE 

AMERICAN CIVIL LIBERTIES UNION

J ack Greenberg 
Charles S tephen Ralston*

99 H udson S tree t 
16th Floor
New York, N.Y. 10013 
(212) 219-1900

Attorneys for the NAACP Legal 
Defense and Educational 
Fund, Inc.

E . R ichard L arson 
B urt Neitborne

132 W est 43rd Street.
New York, N.Y. 10036 
(212) 944-9800

Attorneys for the American 
Civil Liberties Union

* Counsel of Record



TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

T a b l e  o f  A u t h o r i t i e s  .......................................  i i

M o t i o n  f o r  L e a v e  To F i l e  B r i e f  Ami c i
C u r i a e  ..............................................................  1

Summary o f  A rg um e nt  .......................................... 1

ARGUMENT

I .  The Lower  C o u r t  D e c i s i o n s  
W i l l  E n c o u r a g e  L i t i g a t i o n  
o f  The A t t o r n e y s ’ F e e s  I s s u e
And W i l l  Make I t  D i f f i c u l t  f o r  
D i s a d v a n t a g e d  P e r s o n s  t o  O b t a i n
C o u n s e l  ...................................   3

A. The Lower  C o u r t  D e c i s i o n s
E n c o u r a g e  L i t i g a t i o n  . . . .  3

B. The Lower  C o u r t  D e c i s i o n s  
W i l l  D i s c o u r a g e  A c c e p t a n c e
o f  C i v i l  R i g h t s  C a s e s  . . . .  6

I I .  The D i s t r i c t  C o u r t  Abused  I t s  
D i s c r e t i o n  by S e t t i n g  A s i d e  
A N e g o t i a t e d  F ee  S e t t l e m e n t  
i n  F a v o r  o f  A Sum More Ad­
v a n t a g e o u s  t o  R e s p o n d e n t s  . . .  8

I I I .  The Lower  C o u r t s  Did  Not  A p p ly
The C o r r e c t  S t a n d a r d s  ................  13

C o n c l u s i o n  .................................................................  17

i



Table of Authorities
Cases Page
A r m s t r o n g  v .  Ed.  o f  S c h o o l  D i s t r i c t s  o f  

t h e  C i t y  o f  M i l w a u k e e ,  616 F . 2d  305 
( 7 t h  C i r .  1 9 8 0 ) ,  r e h .  and r e h . 
en  b a n c  d e n i e d  .......................................... 10

Blum v .  S t e n s o n ,  S . C t .  NO. 8 1 - 1 3 7 4  . .  7

B r a d f o r d  v .  Blum,  507 r . S u p p .  526
( S . D . N . Y .  1981)  .......................................  12

C o p p e r  L i q u o r ,  I n c .  v .  A d o l p h  C o o r s  
C o . ,  624 F . 2 d  575 ( 5 t h  C i r .
1980)  ........................................................    10

Cus t om v .  y u e r n ,  482 F.  S u p p .  1000
( h . D .  111 .  1980)  .........................   14

Doe v .  B u s b e e ,  684 F . 2 d  1375
( 1 1 t h  C i r .  1982)  ............   15

Gagne  v.  Ma he r ,  594 F . 2 d  336 (2d C i r .
1 9 7 9 ) ,  a i l ' d ,  448 O . S .  122
(1 98 0 )  ..............................................................  15

Gar y  B v .  C r o n i n ,  542 F.  S u p p .  102
(N.D.  111 .  1980)  ..................................... 14

G r a v e s  v .  B a r n e s ,  700 F . 2 d  220
( 5 t h  C i r .  1983)  .......................................  10

G r e e n s i d e  v .  A r i y o s h i ,  526 F .  S u p p .
1194 ( D.C.  HI ,  1981)  ........................... 15

H e n s l e y  v .  E c k e r h a r t , ___ D . S . _____ ,
76 L . E d .  2d 40 (1983)  ........................ 3 , 5 , 9

-  i  l  -



Page

J o h n s o n  v .  G e o r g i a  Highway E x p r e s s ,
C o . ,  488 F . 2d 714 { 5 t h  C i r .
1974)  .................................................................  10

M a r a b l e  v .  W a l k e r ,  704 F . 2 d  1219
( 1 1 t h  C i r .  1983)  ..................................... 10

N a t i o n a l  A s s ' n  o f  C o n c e r n e d  V e t e r a n s  
v .  S e c r e t a r y  o f  D e f e n s e ,  675 
F . 2d 1319 (D.C.  C i r .  1982)  ........... 3

N o r t h c r o s s  v .  Bo ar d  o f  E d u c a t i o n  o f  
t h e  S c h o o l  o f  Memphi s ,  611
F . 2d  624 ( 6 t h  C i r .  1979)  .............   10

P i a r nb i n o  v .  b a i l e y ,  610 F.  2d 1306
( 5 t h  C i r .  1980)  ........................................ 8

S e l z e r  v .  F l e i s h e r ,  629 F . 2 d  809
(2nd C i r .  1980)  .......................................  12

S p a i n  v .  M o u n t a n o s ,  690 F . 2 d  742
( 9 t h  C i r .  1982)  .................................. .. . 9

T h o r n b e r r y  v .  D e l t a  A i r l i n e s ,  I n c . ,
676 F . 2 d  1240 ( 9 t h  C i r .  1982)  . .  9

S t a t u t e s ,  R e g u l a t i o n s  a n a  R u l e s :

F . K. C i v .  P.  2 3 ( e )  ............................................  8 , 9

42 U . S . C .  § 1988 .................................................. y

-  l  i  l  -



Other Authorities:
H. Rep .  Wo. 9 4 - 1 5 5 8  ( 9 4 t h  Cong.  2d

S e s s .  ( 1 9 7 6 ) )  ........ ...................................  7

N a t i o n a l  Law J o u r n a l ,  F e b .  27 ,
1984 ...................................................................  1 1

7A C. W r i g h t  & A. M i l l e r ,  F e d e r a l  
P r a c t i c e  & P r o c e d u r e  § 1797 
(1972)  ..............................................................  9

S.  Rep .  No.  9 4 -1011  ( 9 4 t h  Cong.
2d S e s s .  ( 1 9 7 6 ) )  ............................... ..  7 , 1 2 ,  1 5

iv



No. 8 3 - 1 3 3 6

I n  The

SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES

O c t o b e r  Term,  1983

MARY JONES, e t  a l . ,

P e t i t i o n e r s , 

v.

AMALGAMATED WARBASSE HOUSES, 
INC. , e t  a l . ,

R e s p o n d e n t s .

MOTION FOR LEAVE TO FILE BRIEF 
AMICI CURIAE

T h e  NAACP L e g a l  D e f e n s e  a n d  E d u c a ­

t i o n a l  F u n d ,  I n c .  ( " LDF")  and t h e  A m e r i c a n  

C i v i l  L i b e r t i e s  Un i on  ( "ACLU") ,  r e s p e c t ­

f u l l y  move t h e  C o u r t  f o r  l e a v e  t o  f i l e  t h e  

a t t a c h e d  b r i e f  a m i c i  c u r i a e  i n  s u p p o r t  o f  

t h e  p e t i t i o n  f o r  w r i t  o f  c e r t i o r a r i  i n  t h e  

a b o v e  c a s e .  A l t h o u g h  c o u n s e l  f o r  t h e

p e t i t i o n e r  a nd  t h e  r e s p o n d e n t  New Y o r k



2

S t a t e  D i v i s i o n  o f  H o u s i n g  a n d  C o m m u n i t y  

Ren ewa l  h a v e  g i v e n  t h e i r  c o n s e n t ,  r e s p o n ­

d e n t  Ama l ga ma te d  W a r b a s s e  H o u s e s ,  I n c . ,  h a s  

r e f u s e d ,  t h u s  n e c e s s i t a t i n g  t h i s  m o t i o n .

Ami c i  a r e  two n o n - p r o f i t ,  c i v i l  r i g h t s  

o r g a n i z a t i o n s  w h i c h  p r o v i d e  l e g a l  r e p r e s e n ­

t a t i o n  t o  p e r s o n s  s e e k i n g  t o  v i n d i c a t e  

c i v i l  a n d  c o n s t i t u t i o n a l  r i g h t s . A m i c i  

l i t i g a t e  t h r o u g h o u t  t h e  f e d e r a l  c o u r t s  and 

f r e q u e n t l y  a p p e a r  a s  c o u n s e l  b e f o r e  t h i s  

C o u r t  r e p r e s e n t i n g  B l a c k s ,  H i s p a n i c s  and 

o t h e r  m i n o r i t i e s  i n  c a s e s  a r i s i n g  u n d e r  o u r  

f e d e r a l  c i v i l  r i g h t s  l a w s  and C o n s t i t u t i o n .  

Ami c i  p r o v i d e  t h i s  r e p r e s e n t a t i o n  t h r o u g h  

t h e i r  own s t a f f  a t t o r n e y s  a n d  t h r o u g h  

c o o p e r a t i n g  p r i v a t e  c o u n s e l ,  whose  s u b s t a n ­

t i a l  l i t i g a t i o n  c o s t s  a n d  e x p e n s e s  a r e  

o f t e n  p a i d  by a m i c i .

A t t o r n e y s '  f e e s  a w a r d e d  t o  p r e v a i l i n g  

p l a i n t i f f s  p u r s u a n t  t o  t h e  C i v i l  R i g h t s  

A t t o r n e y ' s  F e e s  A w a r d s  A c t  o f  1 9 7 6 ,  42



3

U . S . C .  § 1 9 8 8 ,  d i r e c t l y  a f f e c t  b o t h  t h e  

q u a l i t y  and  a v a i l a b i l i t y  o f  r e p r e s e n t a t i o n  

f o r  t h o s e  p a r t i e s  t r a d i t i o n a l l y  s e r v e d  by 

a m i c i . S i n c e  a t t o r n e y s '  f e e s  a r e  o f t e n  

t h e  s u b j e c t  o f  a r m s '  l e n g t h  n e g o t i a t i o n  

b e t w e e n  t h e  p a r t i e s ,  t h e  s t a n d a r d  o f  r e v i e w  

t o  w h i c h  a s e t t l e m e n t  i s  s u b j e c t e d  b y  

a t r i a l  c o u r t  i s  o f  g r e a t  c o n c e r n  t o  a m i c i . 

I f  a t r i a l  c o u r t  i s  a b l e  t o  s u b s t i t u t e  i t s  

j u d g m e n t  f o r  t h a t  o f  t h e  p a r t i e s ,  w h e r e  

t h e r e  i s  no e v i d e n c e  o f  c o l l u s i o n ,  a d v e r s e  

i m p a c t  on t h e  c l a s s ,  o r  w i n d f a l l  t o  p l a i n ­

t i f f ' s  c o u n s e l ,  and w h e r e  t h e  n e g o t i a t e d  

f e e  i s  r e a s o n a b l e ,  t h e n  i t  w i l l  b e c o m e  

s u b s t a n t i a l l y  more  d i f f i c u l t  f o r  a m i c i  t o  

p r o v i d e  much n e e d e d  r e p r e s e n t a t i o n  f o r  

c l i e n t s  o t h e r w i s e  u n a b l e  t o  s e c u r e  c o u n s e l .

B e c a u s e  we b e l i e v e  t h a t  t h e  l o w e r  

c o u r t  d e c i s i o n s  i n  t h i s  c a s e  w i l l  e n c o u r a g e  

p a r t i e s  t o  l i t i g a t e  t h e  i s s u e  o f  a t t o r ­

n e y s '  f e e s  and make i t  more  d i f f i c u l t  f o r



4

p o o r  p e r s o n s  t o  o b t a i n  c o u n s e l ,  we b e l i e v e  

t h e  v i e w s  e x p r e s s e d  i n  t h e  a t t a c h e d  B r i e f  

Ami c i  C u r i a e  w i l l  be o f  a s s i s t a n c e  t o  t h e  

C o u r t  i n  d e c i d i n g  w h e t h e r  t o  g r a n t  t h e  

p e t i t i o n .

R e s p e c t f u l l y  s u b m i t t e d ,

JACK GREENBERG
CHARLES STEPHEN RALSTON*

99 Hudson S t r e e t  
1 6 t h  F l o o r
New Y o r k ,  N.Y.  10013 
( 212)  2 1 9 - 1 9 0 0

A t t o r n e y s  f o r  Amicus  C u r i a e  
NAACP L e g a l  D e f e n s e  and 
E d u c a t i o n a l  F u n d ,  I n c .

E.  RICHARD LARSON 
BURT NEUBORNE

132 Wes t  4 3 r d  S t r e e t  
New Y o rk ,  N.Y.  10036 
( 212)  9 4 4 - 9 8 0 0

A t t o r n e y s  f o r  Amicus  C u r i a e  
A m e r i c a n  C i v i l  L i b e r t i e s  

Un i on

* C o u n s e l  o f  R e c o r d



No. 8 3 - 1 3 3 6

I n  The

SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES 

O c t o b e r  Term,  1983

MARY JONES, e t  a l . ,

P e t i t i o n e r s ,

v .

AMALGAMATED WARBASSE HOUSES, 
I N C . , e t  a l . ,

R e s p o n d e n t s .

BRIEF FOR THE NAACP LEGAL DEFENSE 
AND EDUCATIONAL FUND, INC. AND THE 
AMERICAN CIVIL LIBERTIES UNION AS 

AMICI CURIAE

Summary o f  Ar g u me nt

I .

The r e s u l t  r e a c h e d  by t h e  c o u r t s  b e lo w 

w i l l  n e c e s s a r i l y  r e s u l t  i n  a p r o l i f i e r a t i o n  

o f  e x t e n d e d  l i t i g a t i o n  o v e r  t h e  amoun t  o f  

a t t o r n e y s '  f e e s .  By d i s c o u r a g i n g  s e t t l e ­

me n t  o f  f e e s  q u e s t i o n s  and by i n t r o d u c i n g



2

u n c e r t a i n t y  i n  t h e  p r o c e s s ,  l a w y e r s  w i l l  be 

d i s c o u r a g e d  f r o m  t a k i n g  c i v i l  r i g h t s  

c a s e s ,  c o n t r a r y  t o  C o n g r e s s i o n a l  p u r p o s e .

I I .

When a f e e  s e t t l e m e n t  i s  n o n - c o l l u -  

s i v e ,  d o e s  n o t  a d v e r s e l y  a f f e c t  c l a s s  

me mb e r s ,  and p r o v i d e s  f o r  h o u r l y  r a t e s  i n  

t h e  r a n g e  p r e v a i l i n g  i n  t h e  c o mm u n i t y ,  a 

d i s t r i c t  c o u r t  s h o u l d  n o t  s u b s t i t u t e  i t s  

j u d g m e n t  f o r  t h a t  o f  t h e  p a r t i e s  a s  t o  t h e  

r e a s o n a b l e n e s s  o f  t h e  a mo u n t .

I I I .

T h e  d e c i s i o n s  b e l o w ,  by a p p r o v i n g  

l o w e r  r a t e s  f o r  c i v i l  r i g h t s  c a s e s , a p p l i e d  

i n c o r r e c t  l e g a l  s t a n d a r d s .  T h e y  a r e

c o n t r a r y t o C o n g r e s s  i o n a l i n t e n t  a n d

u n d e r m i n e t h e n a t i o n a l  p o l i c y o f  v i g o r o u s

e n f o r c e m e n t  o f  t h e  c i v i l  r i g h t s  l a w s .



3

ARGUMENT

I .

The  Lower  C o u r t  D e c i s i o n s  W i l l  E n c o u r ­
a g e  L i t i g a t i o n  o f  A t t o r n e y s '  P e e s  
I s s u e s  And W i l l  Make I t  D i f f i c u l t  f o r  
D i s a d v a n t a g e d  P e r s o n s  t o  O b t a i n  
C o u n s e l .

—  The Lower  C o u r t  D e c i s i o n s  
E n c o u r a g e  L i t i g a t i o n .

I n  H e n s l e y  v .  E c k e r h a r t , ___  U . S .  ____,

76 L . E d . 2d 40 ( 1 9 8 3 )  t h i s  C o u r t  s t a t e d

t h a t  " [ a ]  r e q u e s t  f o r  a t t o r n e y ' s  f e e s  u n d e r

42 U . S . C .  § 1 9 8 8  s h o u l d  n o t  r e s u l t  i n  a

s e c o n d  m a j o r  l i t i g a t i o n , "  and  t h a t  " i d e a l l y

. . . l i t i g a n t s  w i l l  s e t t l e  t h e  amoun t  o f  a

f e e . "  I^d. a t  5 3 .  T h i s  v i e w  h a s  a l s o

b e e n  a d v a n c e d  by l o w e r  c o u r t s .  S e e ,  e . g . ,

N a t i o n a l  As s ' n  o f  C o n c e r n e d  V e t e r a n s  v .

S e c r e t a r y  o f  D e f e n s e  , 6 7 5  F . 2 d  1 3 1 9 ,

1330 ( D.C.  C i r .  1 9 8 2 ) .  Bu t  t h e  l o w e r  c o u r t

d e c i s i o n s  i n  t h e  c a s e  a t  b a r  wou l d  a c t u a l l y

e n c o u r a g e  p l a i n t i f f s  t o  l i t i g a t e  t h e  amount

o f  a t t o r n e y s '  f e e s .



4

T h e  p a r t i e s  i n  t h i s  c a s e  c o n d u c t e d  

a r m s '  l e n g t h  n e g o t i a t i o n s  a f t e r  t h e y  had  

r e a c h e d  a g r e e m e n t  o n  a l l  s u b s t a n t i v e  

m a t t e r s  and a r r i v e d  a t  w h a t  t h e y  b e l i e v e d  

t o  be a f a i r  and  r e a s o n a b l e  f e e  a w a r d .  The 

d i s t r i c t  c o u r t  t h e n  r e d u c e d  t h i s  f e e  t o  

w ha t  i t  c o n s i d e r e d  t o  be a more  r e a s o n a b l e  

sum,  w h i l e  a c k n o w l e d g i n g  t h a t  t h e r e  was  no 

e v i d e n c e  o f  c o l l u s i o n ,  a d v e r s e  i m p a c t  on 

t h e  c l a s s ,  o r  a w i n d f a l l  t o  p l a i n t i f f s '  

c o u n s e l .

I f  a d i s t r i c t  c o u r t  may s u b s t i t u t e  i t s  

j u d g m e n t  f o r  t h a t  o f  t h e  p a r t i e s  i n  t h i s  

m a n n e r ,  a l l  i n c e n t i v e s  f o r  p l a i n t i f f s  t o  

s e t t l e  i n  t h e s e  c a s e s  wou l d  be  r e m o v e d .  A 

s e t t l e m e n t  would  m e r e l y  become a maximum 

f i g u r e  u n d e r  w h i c h  a d i s t r i c t  c o u r t  would  

t h e n  be f r e e  t o  f i x  t h e  a c t u a l  a w a r d .  In  

t h e  v a s t  m a j o r i t y  o f  c a s e s ,  o f  c o u r s e ,  t h e  

s e t t l e m e n t  f i g u r e  i s  a l r e a d y  a c o mp r o m i s e  

a m o u n t  t h a t  i s  l e s s  t h a n  w h a t  w o u l d  be



5

s o u g h t  by  p l a i n t i f f s  i f  t h e  i s s u e  w e r e  

l i t i g a t e d .  I t  h a s  b e e n  a m i c i 1s e x p e r i e n c e  

t h a t  p l a i n t i f f s ’ c o u n s e l  a r e  w i l l i n g  t o  

a c c e p t  l o w e r  h o u r l y  r a t e s ,  r e d u c e d  h o u r s ,  

a n d / o r  t h e  a b a n d o n m e n t  o f  a n y  u p w a r d  

a d j u s t m e n t  f o r  c o n t i n g e n c y ,  e t c . ,  i n  

e x c h a n g e  f o r  s p e e d  and c e r t a i n t y  o f  p a y ­

m e n t .  T h e  r e s u l t  o f  t h e  l o w e r  c o u r t ' s  

d e c i s i o n  i s  t o  r emove  t h e s e  i n c e n t i v e s  t o  

s e t t l e m e n t .

I t  w o u l d ,  t h e r e f o r e ,  make  m o r e  e c o ­

n om i c  s e n s e  f o r  p l a i n t i f f s  t o  l i t i g a t e  t h e  

f e e  i s s u e  i n  m o s t  i f  n o t  a l l  c a s e s .  By 

s e e k i n g  t h e  f u l l  amount  t o  wh i ch  t h e y  b e ­

l i e v e d  t h e m s e l v e s  e n t i t l e d ,  p l a i n t i f f s  

would  a l m o s t  c e r t a i n l y  i n c r e a s e  t h e  maximum 

f i g u r e  u s e d  by  t h e  d i s t r i c t  c o u r t  by  a 

d e t a i l e d  p r e s e n t a t i o n  u s i n g  t i m e  r e c o r d s  

and e x t e n s i v e  d o c u m e n t a t i o n .  Such  a r e s u l t  

i s  n o t  i n  a c c o r d  w i t h  t h i s  C o u r t ' s  s t a t e ­

m e n t s  i n  H e n s l e y , and i s  n o t  s ound  p o l i c y .



6

B. The Lower  C o u r t  D e c i s i o n s  W i l l  D i s ­
c o u r a g e  A c c e p t a n c e  o f  C i v i l  R i g h t s  
C a s e s .

T h e  d i s t r i c t  c o u r t  i n  t h i s  c a s e  

d i s r e g a r d e d  t h e  n e g o t i a t e d  f e e  and r e d u c e d  

t h e  awar d  t o  a sum i t  f e l t  was  more  r e a ­

s o n a b l e .  I t s  a c t i o n s ,  i f  u p h e l d ,  w i l l  

c e r t a i n l y  d i s c o u r a g e  many p r i v a t e  p r a c t i t i -  

t i o n e r s  f r om a c c e p t i n g  c i v i l  r i g h t s  c a s e s .  

P o t e n t i a l  c o u n s e l  would  r e a l i z e  t h a t ,  e v e n  

a s s u m i n g  t h e y  c o u l d  o b t a i n  a s a t i s f a c t o r y  

r e s u l t  f o r  t h e i r  c l i e n t s ,  any  s e t t l e m e n t  

o f  a f e e  amoun t  no m a t t e r  how r e a s o n a b l e  

c o u l d  e a s i l y  r e s u l t  i n  an  i n a d e q u a t e  award  

f r o m  t h e  d i s t r i c t  c o u r t .  M o r e o v e r ,  i f  t h e y  

s h o u l d  d e c i d e  t o  f o r e g o  t h e  s e t t l e m e n t  

p r o c e s s  e n t i r e l y  and l i t i g a t e  t h e  i s s u e ,  

t h e y  w o u l d  h a v e  t o  c o m m i t  s u b s t a n t i a l l y  

more  t i m e  and r e s o u r c e s  t o  t h e  t r i a l  and 

s u b s e q u e n t  a p p e a l s  and t h e y  wou l d  s t i l l  n o t  

be s u r e  o f  a s a t i s f a c t o r y  r e s u l t .  A c c e p t ­

i n g  a c i v i l  r i g h t s  c a s e  w o u l d  t h e r e f o r e



7

b e c o m e  a h i g h l y  s p e c u l a t i v e  v e n t u r e  f o r  

a n y o n e  w i t h o u t  s u b s t a n t i a l  i n d e p e n d e n t  

r e s o u r c e s .

As was a r g u e d  by r e s p o n d e n t  and a m i c i

i n  B l u m  v ._S t e n s o n , N o .  8 1 - 1 3 7 4 ,  t h e

e x p r e s s  p u r p o s e  o f  C o n g r e s s  i n  e n a c t i n g  t h e  

1 y 7 6 A c t  w a s  t o  e n c o u r a g e  t h e  p r i v a t e  

e n f o r c e m e n t  o f  c i v i l  r i g h t s  c a s e s .  S e e ,  

e . q . , S .  R e p .  No .  lull, 9 4 t h  C o n g . ,  2d 

S e s s .  ( 1 9 7 6 )  r e p r i n t e d  i n  1976 U . S .  Code 

C o n g .  & Ad .  News 5 9 0 8 - 1 4 ;  H . R .  R e p .  No.  

1 5 5 8 ,  9 4 t h  Cong.  2d S e s s .  ( 1 9 7 b ) ,  r e p r i n t e d  

i n  E .  L a r s o n ,  F e d e r a l  C o u r t  Aw a r d s o f  

A t t o r n e y ' s  F e e s , 2 8 8 - 3 1 2  ( 1 9 8 1 ) .  T h i s

l e g i s l a t i v e  p u r p o s e  i s  s e r i o u s l y  u n d e r m i n e d  

by  t h e  d e c i s i o n s  o f  t h e  l o w e r  c o u r t s  i n  

t h i s  c a s e .  I f  c o n s i d e r e d  i n  l i g h t  o f  

t h i s  C o u r t ' s  p r o n o u n c e m e n t  t h a t  s e t t l e m e n t  

o f  a t t o r n e y s '  f e e s  s h o u l d  be e n c o u r a g e d ,  

t h e  l e g i s l a t i v e  p o l i c y  i s  b e s t  a d v a n c e d  by 

a r u l e  w h i c h  wou l d  r e q u i r e  a d i s t r i c t  c o u r t



8

t o  a s s u m e  t h e  r e a s o n a b l e n e s s  o f  a n e g o ­

t i a t e d  f e e  s e t t l e m e n t  w h e r e  t h e r e  i s  no 

e v i d e n c e  o f  c o l l u s i o n ,  a d v e r s e  i m p a c t  o r  

w i n d f a l l  t o  p l a i n t i f f s '  c o u n s e l .  B e c a u s e  

n e i t h e r  t h e  d i s t r i c t  n o r  t h e  c i r c u i t  c o u r t s  

a d o p t e d  t h i s  a n a l y s i s ,  t h i s  C o u r t  s h o u l d  

g r a n t  A p p e l l a n t ' s  P e t i t i o n  o f  C e r t i o r a r i  

a n d  r e v e r s e  t h e  l o w e r  c o u r t  d e c i s i o n s .

II.
The D i s t r i c t  C o u r t  Abuse d  I t s  D i s c r e ­
t i o n  by S e t t i n g  A s i d e  A N e g o t i a t e d  Fee  
S e t t l e m e n t  i n  F a v o r  o f  A Sum More  
A d v a n t a g e o u s  t o  R e s p o n d e n t s .

Unde r  F e d e r a l  R u l e  o f  C i v i l  P r o c e d u r e  

2 3 ( e )  a l l  s e t t l e m e n t s  o f  c l a s s  a c t i o n s  

r e q u i r e  t h e  a p p r o v a l  o f  t h e  d i s t r i c t  

c o u r t .  The  c o u r t s  and  c o m m e n t a t o r s  g e n e r ­

a l l y  a g r e e  t h a t  t h e  p u r p o s e  o f  t h i s  r u l e  

" i s  t o  p r o t e c t  t h e  n o n p a r t y  members  o f  t h e  

c l a s s  f r o m  u n j u s t  o r  u n f a i r  s e t t l e m e n t s  

a f f e c t i n g  t h e i r  r i g h t s . "  P i a m b i n o v . 

Ba i l e y , 6 1 0  F . 2 d  1 3 0 6 ,  1 3 2 7  ( 5 t h  C i r .



9

1 9 8 0 ) .  S e e  a l s o  7A C. W r i g h t  & A. M i l l e r ,  

F e d e r a l  P r a c t i c e  & P r o c e d u r e  & 1 7 9 7 ,  a t  226 

( 1 9 7 2 ) .  I n  a d d i t i o n ,  42 U . S . C .  § 1 9 8 8

a u t h o r i z e s  t h e  c o u r t  t o  a w ar a  " r e a s o n a b l e "  

a t t o r n e y  l e e s .  By i m p l i c a t i o n  t h e n ,  

F . A . C . P .  2 3 ( e )  and  t h e  1976 A c t  r e q u i r e  t h e  

c o u r t  t o  m a k e  s o m e  i n q u i r y  a s  t o  t h e  

r e a s o n a b l e n e s s  o f  a  p r o p o s e d  s e t t l e ­

m e n t  o f  a t t o r n e y s '  f e e s .  B u t  i n  t h e

p r e s e n t  c a s e  t h e  d i s t r i c t  c o u r t  a b u s e d  i t s  

d i s c r e t i o n  by s e t t i n g  a s i d e  j u s t  s u c h  a 

r e a s o n a b l e  t e e .

A t r i a l  c o u r t  u n d e n i a b l y  h a s  D i s c r e ­

t i o n  t o  d e t e r m i n e  t h e  amount  o f  a t t o r n e y s '  

f e e s  t o  be a wa rd e d  i n  a p a r t i c u l a r  c a s e . —̂  

But  t h i s  d i s c r e t i o n  i s  n o t  u n l i m i t e d .  A 

d i s t r i c t  c o u r t  may n o t ,  f o r  e x a m p l e ,  a r b i -

JL/  H e n s l e y  v .  E c k e r h a r t  , s u p r a  a t  5 3 ;  
T h o r n b e r r y  v .  D e l t a  A i r l i n e s ,  I n c . ,  676
F . 2 d  1240 ( 9 t h  C i r .  1 9 8 2 ) ;  S p a i n  v .  M o un t a -  
n o s ,  6 9 0  F . 2 d  7 4 2  ( 9 t h  C i r .  1 9 8 2 ) .



10

t r a r i l y  r e d u c e  h o u r s  o r  r a t e s  w i t h o u t  

e x p l a n a t i o n . — An d  i t  h a s  b e e n  h e l d  

t h a t  a d i s t r i c t  c o u r t  m a y  n o t  m e r e l y  

r e c i t e  t h e  f a c t o r s  o f  J o h n s o n  v .  G e o r g i a

Highway E x p r e s s ,  I n c . , 488 F . 2d 714 ( 5 t h
3 /c i r .  1 9 7 4 )  a n d  a n n o u n c e  a r e s u l t . — M o s t  

i m p o r t a n t l y ,  i t  h a s  b e e n  h e l d  t h a t  d e s p i t e  

i t s  o b l i g a t i o n  t o  p r o t e c t  n o n p a r t y  c l a s s  

members  and t h e  i n t e g r i t y  o f  R u l e  2 3 ( e )  i n  

a l l  s e t t l e m e n t s ,  d i s t r i c t  c o u r t s  s h o u l d  n o t  

" s u b s t i t u t e  t h e i r  own j u d g m e n t  a s  t o  

o p t i m a l  s e t t l e m e n t  t e r m s  f o r  t h e  j u d g m e n t  

o f  t h e  l i t i g a n t s  and t h e i r  c o u n s e l , "  i n  any  

c l a s s  a c t i o n .  A r m s t r o n g  v .  Bd,  o f  S c h o o l

2 /  M o r t h c r o s s  v .  B oa r d  o f  E d u c a t i o n , 611 
F • 2ct 6 24 ,  637 ( 6 t h  C i r .  1 9 7 9 ) ;  M a r a b l e  v .
W a l k e r , 704  F . 2 d  1 2 1 9 ,  1 2 2 2  ( 1 1 t h  C i r .
1 9 8 3 ) .

3 /  S e e ,  e , N o  r  thcr;ojss__v_._B o a r d  o f
E d u c a t i o n , s u p r a  a t  6 4 2 ;  C o p p e r  L i q u o r ,  
I n c ,  v .  A d o l p h  C o o r s  C o . ,  624 F . 2 d  5 75 ,  583 
( 5 t h  C i r .  1 9 8 0 ) ;  G r a v e s  v .  B a r n e s , 700 F . 2 d  
2 20 ,  221 ( 5 t h  C i r .  1 9 8 3 ) .



D i r e c t o r s  o f  t h e  C i t y  o f  M i l w a u k e e , 616

F . 2d 3 0 5 ,  315  ( 7 t h  C i r .  1 9 8 0 ) ,  r e h .  a n d

r e h .  e n b a n c  d e  n _i e d , jl d . B u t  t h i s  i s  

e x a c t l y  w ha t  t h e  d i s t r i c t  c o u r t  d i d  i n  t h e  

c a s e  a t  b a r .

The $129 p e r  h o u r  f i g u r e  a g r e e d  t o  by 

t h e  p a r t i e s  w a s  n e i t h e r  e x c e s s i v e  n o r  

a b n o r m a l T h e  d i s t r i c t  c o u r t  n o t e d  t h a t

- 1 1 -

4 /  A r e c e n t  r e p o r t  d e m o n s t r a t e s  t h a t  t h e  
n e g o t i a t e d  f e e  was w e l l  w i t h i n  t h e  r a n g e  o f  
h o u r l y  r a t e s  b i l l e d  by  New Y o r k  f i r m s .  
A c c o r d i n g  t o  t h e  N a t i o n a l  Law J o u r n a l ,  F e b .  
2 7 ,  1 9 8 4 ,  p .  3 1 ,  h o u r l y  r a t e s  b i l l e d  by 
p a r t n e r s  i n  m a j o r  New Y o r k  f i r m s  r a n g e d  
f r o m  a low o f  $142 p e r  h o u r  t o  a h i g h  o f  
$ 2 6 0  p e r  h o u r ,  w i t h  an  a v e r a g e  r a t e  o f  
$ 1 8 3 .  The r e s p e c t i v e  r a t e s  f o r  a s s o c i a t e s  
w e r e  $ 7 1 ,  $ 1 3 5 ,  a n d  $ 9 8  a v e r a g e .  T h e  
same s t u d y  shows  t h a t  t h e  a v e r a g e  h o u r l y  
r a t e  i n  1982 f o r  l a w y e r s  w i t h  1 1 - 2 0  y e a r s  
o f  e x p e r i e n c e  i n  c i t i e s  w i t h  more  t h a n  one  
m i l l i o n  i n  p o p u l a t i o n  i n  t h e  N o r t h e a s t e r n  
U n i t e d  S t a t e s  w a s  $ 1 2 3 .  1_ <3 . a t  3 2 .  
F i n a l l y ,  t h e  a v e r a g e  h o u r l y  r a t e  f o r  
p a r t n e r s  s p e c i a l i z i n g  i n  a n t i t r u s t  c a s e s  
was $ 15 9 ,  w i t h  a low o f  $118 and a h i g h  o f  
$ 2 38 .  The a v e r a g e  r a t e s  f o r  a s s o c i a t e s  i n  
a n t i t r u s t  f i r m s  was $ 85 ,  w i t h  a low o f  $75 
and a h i g h  o f  $10 4 .  ( IcL a t  3 4 ) .  T h e r e f o r e ,  
t h e  h o u r l y  r a t e  a w a r d e d  by  t h e  d i s t r i c t



12

i t  h ad  a p p r o v e d  a  s u b s t a n t i a l l y  s i m i l a r  f e e

i n  a r e c e n t  c a s e .  P e t i t i o n  o f  w r i t  o f  c e r -
5 /t i o r a r i ,  p p .  4 0 a - 4 1 a . — And e q u i v a l e n t  f e e s  

h a v e  b e e n  g r a n t e d  i n  o t h e r  s e t t l e m e n t s  o f  

c i v i l  r i g h t s  c a s e s .  S e e ,  e . g . , B r a d f o r d  v . 

B l u m , 507  F .  S u p p .  526 ( S . D . N . Y .  1 9 8 1 ) .

M o r e o v e r ,  a s  t h e  S e c o n d  C i r c u i t  n o t e d ,  a 

f e d e r a l  m a g i s t r a t e  a s s i s t e d  i n  t h e s e  n e g o ­

t i a t i o n s  a n d  t h e  S t a t e  A t t o r n e y  G e n e r a l  

j o i n e d  i n  t h e  n e g o t i a t i o n s  and a g r e e m e n t  i n  

t h i s  c a s e .  The  s e t t l e m e n t  n e g o t i a t i o n s  

t o o k  p l a c e  a f t e r  a l l  s u b s t a n t i v e  i s s u e s  had

4 /  c o n t i n u e d

c o u r t  was b e l o w  t h e  a v e r a g e  m a r k e t  r a t e s  
f o r  a s s o c i a t e s  g e n e r a l l y ,  and  a t  t h e  l o w e s t  
r a t e  f o r  a s s o c i a t e s  s p e c i a l i n g  i n  a n t i ­
t r u s t  c a s e s ,  w h i c h  C o n g r e s s  c i t e d  a s  t h e  
s t a n d a r d  f o r  m e a s u r i n g  t h e  r e a s o n a b l e n e s s  
o f  f e e s  i n  c i v i l  r i g h t s  c a s e s .  S .  Rep .  No.  
94 1 0 1 1 ,  p .  6 ,  9 4 t h  C o n g . ,  2a S e s s .  197 6 .

5 /  I t  s h o u l d  be  n o t e d  t h a t  t h i s  l a t t e r  f e e  
was a p p r o v e d  i n  a c a s e  w h e r e  t h e r e  was no 
a g r e e m e n t  b e t w e e n  t h e  p a r t i e s .  S e e  
S e l z e r  v .  F l e i s h e r ,  629 F . 2 d  8 09 ,  814 (2d
C i r .  1 9 8 0 ) .



13

b e e n  a g r e e d  t o  b y  t h e  p a r t i e s ,  s o  t h e  

e v e n t u a l  f e e  and e v e n  i t s  r e d u c t i o n  by t h e  

d i s t r i c t  c o u r t  had  no i m p a c t  on t h e  c l a s s .  

Unde r  t h e s e  c i r c u m s t a n c e s ,  t h e  s e t t l e m e n t  

r e a c h e d  by t h e  p a r t i e s  was c l e a r l y  r e a s o n ­

a b l e  a n d  e q u i t a b l e .  The  d i s t r i c t  c o u r t  

a b u s e d  i t s  d i s c r e t i o n  by s e t t i n g  a s i d e  t h i s  

n e g o t i a t e d  f e e  w he r e  t h e r e  was no e v i d e n c e  

o f  c o l l u s i o n ,  a d v e r s e  i m p a c t  t o  t h e  c l a s s  

o r  w i n d f a l l  t o  p l a i n t i f f s '  c o u n s e l .  The 

c o u r t  m e r e l y  s u b s t i t u t e d  i t s  j u d g m e n t  f o r  

t h a t  o f  t h e  p a r t i e s  w h i l e  d o i n g  l i t t l e  t o  

p r o t e c t  t h e  i n t e g r i t y  o f  R u l e  2 3 ( e )  o r  t h e  

l e g i s l a t i v e  p o l i c y  o f  t h e  1976 A c t .

Ill.
T h e  L o w e r  C o u r t s  D i d  N o t  A p p l y  The
C o r r e c t  S t a n d a r d s .

The  d i s t r i c t  c o u r t  b e g a n  i t s  a n a l y s i s  

o f  t h e  n e g o t i a t e d  f e e  i n  t h i s  c a s e  b y  

n o t i n g  t h a t  i t  f e l t  " c o n s t r a i n e d  t o  s c r u ­

t i n i z e  t h e  a t t o r n e y s ' r e q u e s t  w i t h  m o r e



1 4

c a r e "  s i n c e  b o t h  d e f e n d a n t s  w e r e  " d e a l i n g  

w i t h  t a x p a y e r s  f u n d s . "  ( P e t .  f o r  C e r t i o r ­

a r i ,  p .  3 8 a ) .  The  c o u r t  i m p l i e d  t h a t  had 

t h e  d e f e n d a n t s  i n  t h i s  c a s e  n o t  b e e n  p u b l i c  

e n t i t i e s ,  t h e  " r e a s o n a b l e n e s s "  o f  t h e  n e ­

g o t i a t e d  f e e  wou l d  h a v e  b e e n  a s s u m e d .  The 

C o u r t  e s s e n t i a l l y  a p p l i e d  a s t r i c t e r  

s t a n d a r d  o f  r e v i e w  t o  p u b l i c  l i t i g a n t s  t h a n  

i t  w o u l d  h a v e  t o  p r i v a t e  l i t i g a n t s ,  a 

p o s i t i o n  w h i c h  h a s  b e e n  r e j e c t e d  r o u t i n e l y  

by  l o w e r  c o u r t s .  S e e ,  e . g . , C u s t o m  v . 

Q u e r n , 482 P.  S u p p .  1000 (1M.D. 1 1 1 .  1 9 8 0 ) ;  

Ga ry  B v .  C r o n i n , 542 P.  S u p p .  102 (N.D.  

1 11 .  1 9 8 0 ) .  S i n c e  t h e  p u r p o s e  o f  t h e  197b 

A c t ,  was t o  i n c r e a s e  t h e  number  o f  a t t o r ­

n e y s  w i l l i n g  t o  a c c e p t  c o n s t i t u t i o n a l  

and  c i v i l  r i g h t s  c a s e s .  C o n g r e s s  c o u l d  n o t  

h a v e  i n t e n d e d  t h a t  p u b l i c  d e f e n d a n t s  be  

s h i e l d e d  f r o m  h i g h e r  a t t o r n e y s  i f  t h o s e



15 -

' . . 6 /
f e e s  c o u l d  be  j u s t i f i e d . -  T h e  d i s t r i c t

c o u r t  t h e r e f o r e  e r r e d  b y  f o r c i n g  t h e

p a r t i e s  i n  t h i s  c a s e  t o  m e e t  a h i g h e r
7 /s t a n d a r d  o f  r e v i e w . —

6 /  A n u m b e r  o f  t h e  c a s e s  c i t e d  w i t h  
a p p r o v a l  i n  t h e  S e n a t e  R e p o r t  on 42 U . S . C .
§ 1988  i n v o l v e  p u b l i c  d e f e n d a n t s .  
Rep .  No.  9 4 - 1 0 1 1  s u p r a  a t  6 ( 1 9 76 )

S e e ,  S.

7 /  The  D i s t r i c t  C o u r t  a l s o  j u s t i f i e d  i t s  
r e d u c t i o n  o f  A p p e l l a n t ' s  f e e  b e c a u s e  t h i s  
c a s e  was  s e t t l e d  and p l a i n t i f f s  t h e r e f o r e  
" d i d  n o t  w i n . "  P e t .  f o r  W r i t  o f  C e r t i o r ­
a r i ,  p .  5 6 a .  I t  i s  w e l l  e s t a b l i s h e d  t h a t  
s e t t l e m e n t  d o e s  n o t  w e a k e n  a p r e v a i l i n g  
p l a i n t i f f s '  c l a i m s  t o  a t t o r n e y s '  f e e s .  
G a g n e  v . ^ a h e i r ,  5 9 4  P . 2d 3 3 6  ( 2d C i r .  
19 79)  , a f f ' d , 448 U . S .  122 ( 1 9 8 0 ) ;  G r e e n -  
s i d e  v .  A r i y o s h i ,  526 P.  S u p p .  1 1 9 4 ,  1196
( D.C.  HI ,  1 9 8 1 ) .  See  a l s o  Doe v .  B u s b e e , 
6 84  F . 2 d  1 3 7 5  ( 1 1 t h  C i r .  1 9 8 2 ) .  As t h e
S e c o n d  C i r c u i t  n o t e d ,  t h e  s e t t l e m e n t  i n  t h e  
p r e s e n t  c a s e  " p r o v i d e d  s i g n i f i c a n t  r e l i e f  
t o  t h e  c l a s s  . . . . "  P e t .  f o r  w r i t
o r  c e r t i o r a r i ,  p p .  4 a - 5 a .  U n d e r  t h e s e  
c i r c u m s t a n c e s ,  a p p e l l a n t s  s h o u l d  n o t  be  
p e n a l i z e d  f o r  a c h i e v i n g  a s u b s t a n t i a l  
r e s u l t  e v e n  t h o u g h  i t  came  t h r o u g h  t h e  
s e t t l e m e n t  p r o c e s s  and n o t  a f u l l  t r i a l .



16

F i n a l l y ,  t h e  c o u r t  o f  a p p e a l s  c l e a r l y  

b a s e d  i t s  d e c i s i o n  on t h e  n o t i o n  t h a t  f e e  

a w a r d s  i n  c i v i l  r i g h t s  c a s e s  s h o u l d  

be  " m o d e r a t e "  ( P e t .  f o r  W r i t  o f  C e r t . ,  p .  

1 2 a ) ; i . e . , l e s s  t h a n  t h o s e  r o u t i n e l y  g i v e n  

i n  o t h e r  t y p e s  o f  l i t i g a t i o n .  S u c h  a 

r e s u l t ,  h o w e v e r ,  i s  s q u a r e l y  i n c o n s i s t e n t  

w i t h  C o n g r e s s i o n a l  i n t e n t ,  w h i c h  wa s  t o  

e n s u r e  t h a t  a t t o r n e y s  w o u l d  be  d r a w n  t o  

c i v i l  r i g h t s  l i t i g a t i o n  by t h e  a v a i l a b i l i t y  

o f  f e e s  e q u i v a l e n t  t o  t h o s e  a w a r d e d  i n  

l i t i g a t i o n  s u c h  a s  a n t i - t r u s t .

As we n a v e  d e m o n s t r a t e d  a b o v e  ( s e e  n .  

4 ,  s u p r a ) t h e  h o u r l y  r a t e s  a w a r d e d  h e r e  a r e  

f a r  b e l o w  t h o s e  a v a i l a b l e  t o  s i m i l a r l y  

e x p e r i e n c e d  a t t o r n e y s  i n  a n t i - t r u s t  a nd  

o t n e r  s p e c i a l t i e s .  The  s u r e  r e s u l t  w i l l  be  

t o  d i s c o u r a g e  t h e  b a r  f r om t a k i n g  on t h i s  

t y p e  o f  c o mp l e x  l i t i g a t i o n ,  and  t h e  s u b s e ­

q u e n t  u n d e r m i n i n g  o f  t h e  e n f o r c e m e n t  o f  t h e  

c i v i l  r i g h t s  l a w s .



17

CONCLUSION

F o r  t h e  f o r e g o i n g  r e a s o n s  t h e  p e t i t i o n  

f o r  w r i t  o f  c e r t i o r a r i  s h o u l d  be g r a n t e d  

a n d  t h e  j u d g m e n t  o f  t h e  c o u r t  b e l o w  

r e v e r s e d .

R e s p e c t f u l l y  s u b m i t t e d ,

JACK GREENBERG
CHARLES STEPHEN RALSTON*

99 Hudson S t r e e t  
1 6 t h  F l o o r
New Y o r k ,  N.Y.  10013 
( 212)  2 1 9 - 1 9 0 0

A t t o r n e y s  f o r  Amicus  C u r i a e  
NAACP L e g a l  D e f e n s e  and 
E d u c a t i o n a l  F u n d ,  I n c .

E. RICHARD LARSON 
BURT NEUBORNE

132 Wes t  4 3 r d  S t r e e t  
New Yo r k ,  N. Y.  10036 
(212)  9 4 4 - 9 8 0 0

A t t o r n e y s  f o r  Amicus  C u r i a e  
A m e r i c a n  C i v i l  L i b e r t i e s  

Un i on

* C o u n s e l  o f  R e c o r d



H a m ilt o n  Gr a p h ic s , I n c .

Copyright notice

© NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Inc.

This collection and the tools to navigate it (the “Collection”) are available to the public for general educational and research purposes, as well as to preserve and contextualize the history of the content and materials it contains (the “Materials”). Like other archival collections, such as those found in libraries, LDF owns the physical source Materials that have been digitized for the Collection; however, LDF does not own the underlying copyright or other rights in all items and there are limits on how you can use the Materials. By accessing and using the Material, you acknowledge your agreement to the Terms. If you do not agree, please do not use the Materials.


Additional info

To the extent that LDF includes information about the Materials’ origins or ownership or provides summaries or transcripts of original source Materials, LDF does not warrant or guarantee the accuracy of such information, transcripts or summaries, and shall not be responsible for any inaccuracies.