Answer in Opposition to Plaintiffs' Motion Requiring Defendants to Cooperate and Pay for a Desegregation Plan Prepared by Plaintiffs

Public Court Documents
April 6, 1972

Answer in Opposition to Plaintiffs' Motion Requiring Defendants to Cooperate and Pay for a Desegregation Plan Prepared by Plaintiffs preview

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Answer in Opposition to Plaintiffs' Motion for an Order Requiring State Defendants to Cooperate Fully and Openly and for State Defendants to Pay for the Reasonable Costs of a Plan of Metropolitan Desegregation Prepared by Plaintiffs

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  • Case Files, Milliken Hardbacks. Reply Brief for Intervenors, 1972. 6b003ba0-53e9-ef11-a730-7c1e5247dfc0. LDF Archives, Thurgood Marshall Institute. https://ldfrecollection.org/archives/archives-search/archives-item/286b1493-e962-43f3-84ec-a207717954c0/reply-brief-for-intervenors. Accessed April 05, 2025.

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    No. 72-8002

IN THE

RONALD BRADLEY, et al,
Plaintiffs-Appellees,

v.
WILLIAM G. MILLIKEN, et al,

Defendants-Appellants,
and

DETROIT FEDERATION OF TEACHERS, 
LOCAL 231, AMERICAN FEDERATION 
OF TEACHERS, AFL-CIO,

Defendant-Intervenor,
and

DENISE MAGDOWSKI, et al,
Defendants-Intervenors,

et al.

On Appeal from the United States District Court for the 
Eastern District of Michigan Southern Division

R E P L Y  B R I E F  O F  I N T E R Y E N O R  S C H O O L  D IS T R IC T S

William M. Saxton 
John B. Weaver 
Robert  M. Vercruysse 
X. Orhan
Butzel, Long, Gust,  Klein & Van Ziie 
1881 First National Building 
Detroit ,  Michigan 48226

Attorneys for Defendants- 
lntervenors Allen Park Public 

Schools,  ct al

Douglas H. West 
Robert  B. Webster
Hill, Lewis, Adams, Goodrich & I ait 
3700 Penobscot Building 
Detroit ,  Michigan 48226

Attorneys for Defendant- 
Intervenor Grosse Pointe 
Public Schools

Richard P. Condit 
Condit and McGarry,  P.C.
860 West Long Lake Road 
Bloomfield Hills, Michigan 48013 

Attorneys for Defendant- 
Intervenor Southfield Public 
Schools

Kenneth B. McConnell 
Hartman,  Beier, l lowlet t ,  McConnell 

& Googasian
74 West Long Lake Road 
Bloomfield Hills, Michigan 48013 

Attorneys for Defendant- 
Intervenor School District of 
the City of Royal Oak



T A B L E  O F  C O N T E N T S

T a b l e  of  A u t h o r i t i e s  .............................................................. ......

I n t r o d u c t i o n ............................................................. .................................... ...... . .

A r g u m e n t  .................................................................... ......

I. T h e  M e t r o p o l i t a n  R e m e d y  D e c r e e d  b y  
the  D i s t r i c t  C o u r t  Is N e i t h e r  P e r m i t t e d  
o r  R e q u i r e d  b y  V i r t u e  of the  F a c t s  a n d
the  L a w  A p p l i c a b l e  to  T h i s  C a s e  . . . . . . . .

A .  T h e r e  Is N o  B a s i s  U p o n  W h i c h  the  
R a c i a l  I m b a l a n c e  in  the  D e t r o i t  
S c h o o l s  o r  the  A s s e r t e d  De J u r e  
S e g r e g a t i o n  W i t h  R e s p e c t  to P u p i l  
A s s i g n m e n t  in the  D e t r o i t  S c h o o l  
S y s t e m  C a n  B e  A t t r i b u t e d  to the 
E s t a b l i s h m e n t  o r  O p e r a t i o n  of  A n y  of
the  S c h o o l  D i s t r i c t s  O u t s i d e  D e t r o i t .........................

B .  W r i g h t  v C o u n c i l  of the C i t y  of 
E m p o r i a  F u r n i s h e s  No J u d i c i a l  
S u p p o r t  f o r  the  R e m e d y  D e c r e e d  b y
the  D i s t r i c t  C o u r t ..................................... ...... . . . .

C.  C i s n e r o s  v C o r p u s  C h r i s t i  I n d e p e n ­
d e n t  S c h o o l  D i s t r i c t ..............................................................

D. S p e n c e r  v K u g l e r ....................................................................

II. P l a i n t i f f s '  A s s e r t i o n  T h a t  No C h a l l e n g e
Is M a d e  to  the  E d u c a t i o n a l  P r a c t i c a b i l i t y  
a n d  S o u n d n e s s  of  the D i s t r i c t  C o u r t ' s  
M e t r o p o l i t a n  R e m e d y  Is I n c o r r e c t .....................................



III. P l a i n t i f f s '  A r g u m e n t  A d m i t s  T h a t  the
O r d e r  of the D i s t r i c t  C o u r t  C o n s t i t u t e s  
A H o ld in g  of  U n c o n s t i t u t i o n a l i t y  of  the 
S t a t e - W i d e  S c h e m e  f o r  E d u c a t i o n  . . . . .

IV.  C o n s t i t u t i o n a l i t y  of S e c t i o n  803 ,  E d u c a ­
t i o n  A m e n d m e n t s  of  1972 ...........................................

C o n c l u s i o n  .



T A B L E  'O F  A U T H O R I T I E S

C a s e s :

A l e x a n d e r  v H o l m e s ,  396 U. S.  19 (1969) • ......................................... 21

C i s n e r o s  v C o r p u s  C h r i s t i  I n d e p e n d e n t  
S c h o o l  D i s t r i c t ,  ____F .  2d____ (CA 5,

A u g u s t  2,  1 9 7 2 ) ........................................................................................................  8, 9, 10, 11,
12

D e a l  v C i n c i n n a t i  B o a r d  of E d u c a t i o n ,
419  F .  2d  1387 (CA 6, 1967) . . . . .

G o l d e n  v Z w i c k l e r , 3 94  U. S. 103 (1969).  .

G r i f f i n  v C o u n ty  S c h o o l  B o a r d  of P r i n c e  
E d w a r d  C o u n t y , 377 U. S. 218 (1964) .

J e n k i n s  v  T o w n s h i p  of  M o r r i s  S c h o o l
D i s t r i c t , 2 7 9 A . 2 d  619 ( N . J . , 1 9 7 1 )  . .

S p e n c e r  v K u g l e r , 326  F .  Supp .  1235 (N. J . ,
“  1971) ,  a f f ' d . 4 04  U . S .  1 0 2 7 ( 1 9 7 2 )  . .

S w a n n  v C h a r l o t t e - M e c k l e n b u r g  B o a r d  of 
E d u c a t i o n ,  402 U . S .  1 ( 1 9 7 0 ) .........................

U n i t e d  S t a t e s  of A m e r i c a  v T e x a s
E d u c a t i o n  A g e n c y , ____F .  2d____, (CA 5,
A u g u s t  2,  1 9 7 2 ) .......................................................

W r i g h t  v C o u n c i l  of the  C i t y  of  E m p o r i a ,
U . S .  ____, 40 L a w  W e e k  4 8 0 6  (June 22 ,

T972)  .................................................................................

23

22

3

14

1 2 , 1 3 , 1 4  

8 , 11

10 , 11

6, 7, 8, 12

- 111-



U n i t e d  S t a t e s  C o n s t i t u t i o n : P a g e

F o u r t e e n t h  A m e n d 3, 13

U n i t e d  S t a t e s  C o d e :

28 U. S. C. §1292 (b) . . . .

28 U . S .  C. §2281 .........................

p .  L.  9 2 - 3 1 8  ( E d u c a t i o n  A m e n d ­
m e n t s  of  1972)

S e c .  803 .........................

23

21

2 1 , 2 2 , 2 3

M i c h i g a n  C o m p i l e d  L a w s  A n n o t a t e d :

§340.  1 e t  s e q  (T he  s c h o o l  c o d e  of 
1955;  P A  1955 No.  269) .

T r e a t i s e s ;

" B u s i n g  a n d  the  S e a r c h  f o r  E q u a l  E d u c a t i o n a l  
O p p o r t u n i t y " ,  J o u r n a l  of L a w  a n d  E d u c a t i o n ,
V o l u m e  1, N u m b e r  2,  A p r i l ,  1972 ........................................................

" C o l e m a n  on the  C o l e m a n  R e p o r t " ,  E d u c a t i o n a l  
R e s e a r c h e r , V o l .  1, No.  3, M a r c h ,  1972,
A m e r i c a n  E d u c a t i o n a l  R e s e a r c h  A s s o c i a t i o n  . . . . . .

E q u a l i t y  of  E d u c a t i o n a l  O p p o r t u n i t y ,  U . S .
D e p a r t m e n t  of H e a l t h ,  E d u c a t i o n  a n d  W e l f a r e ,
U . S .  G o v ' t .  P r i n t i n g  O f f i c e ,  1966 .......................................................

19

18, 19

18, 19



No. 7 2 - 8 0 0 2

IN T H E  U N IT E D  S T A T E S  C O U R T  O F  A P P E A L S  
F O R  T H E  S IX T H  C IR C U IT

R O N A L D  B R A D L E Y ,  e t  a l ,

P l a i n t i f f s  - A p p e l l e e s ,

v.

W I L L I A M  G. M I L L I K E N ,  e t  a l ,

a n d

D e f e n d a n t s  - A p p e l l a n t s ,

D E T R O I T  F E D E R A T I O N  O F  T E A C H E R S ,  
L O C A L  #231 ,  A M E R I C A N  F E D E R A T I O N  
O F  T E A C H E R S ,  A F L - C I O ,

D e f e n d a n t -  I n t e r  v e n o r ,

a n d

D E N I S E  M A G D O W S K I ,  e t  a l ,

D e f e n d a n t s  - I n t e r v e n o r s ,

E T  A L .

On A p p e a l  F r o m  the U n i t e d  S t a t e s  D i s t r i c t  
C o u r t  f o r  the  E a s t e r n  D i s t r i c t  o f  M i c h i g a n ,  

S o u t h e r n  D i v i s i o n

R E P L Y  B R I E F  ON B E H A L F  O F  
I N T E R V E N O R  S C H O O L  D I S T R I C T S



I N T R O D U C T I O N

T h e  i s s u e s  r a i s e d  by  v i r t u e  of  the  R u l i n g s  a n d  O r d e r s  i s s u e d  by  

the  D i s t r i c t  C o u r t ,  a s  w e l l  a s  t h o s e  i s s u e s  w h i c h  th i s  C o u r t  e x p r e s s l y  

d i r e c t e d  to be  b r i e f e d ,  a n d  the  j u d i c i a l  a u t h o r i t y  a p p o s i t e  t h e r e t o  h a v e  

b e e n  d e a l t  w i t h  in the  i n i t i a l  b r i e f  f i l e d  w i t h  th i s  C o u r t  on b e h a l f  of  

I n t e r v e n o r  S c h o o l  D i s t r i c t s .  A s  d e m o n s t r a t e d  in s a i d  b r i e f ,  t h e r e  i s  no  

b a s i s  in  f a c t  o r  l a w  u p o n  w h i c h  the  r e m e d y  d e c r e e d  b y  the  D i s t r i c t  C o u r t  

c a n  be  s u s t a i n e d .

R e c o g n i z i n g  the  l a c k  of a n y  l e g a l  o r  f a c t u a l  f o u n d a t i o n  u p o n  w h i c h  

to  b u i l d  a  s o - c a l l e d  m e t r o p o l i t a n  p l a n  of d e s e g r e g a t i o n ,  p l a i n t i f f s ,  the  

d e f e n d a n t  D e t r o i t  B o a r d  of E d u c a t i o n  a n d  d e f e n d a n t s  - i n t e r  v e n o r s  M a g d o w s k i ,  

e t  a l ,  h a v e ,  in  t h e i r  r e s p e c t i v e  b r i e f s  s u b m i t t e d  to th i s  C o u r t ,  s o u g h t  to 

e l a s t i c i z e  b o t h  l a w  a n d  f a c t  s o  a s  to s t r e t c h  th e  s a m e  to a c c o m m o d a t e  

t h e i r  a r g u m e n t .  T h e  p u r p o s e  of th i s  R e p l y  B r i e f  i s  to p o in t  ou t  to  the  C o u r t  

c e r t a i n  m a t e r i a l  a r e a s  in  w h i c h  s u c h  e la s t i c iz in g  p r o c e s s  h a s  b e e n  e r r o n e o u s l y  

a p p l i e d .

- 2 -



A R G U M E N T

I .

T H E  M E T R O P O L I T A N  R E M E D Y  D E C R E E D  
B Y  T H E  D I S T R I C T  C O U R T  IS N E I T H E R  

P E R M I T T E D  OR R E Q U I R E D  B Y  V I R T U E  O F  
T H E  F A C T S  A ND  T H E  LAW A P P L I C A B L E  

T O  THIS  C A S E.________________

L o o k i n g  b e h i n d  th e  e m o t i o n a l l y  c h a r g e d  r h e t o r i c  in  the  b r i e f s  of 

p l a i n t i f f s ,  t h e  D e t r o i t  B o a r d  of  E d u c a t i o n  a n d  d e f e n d a n t s - i n t e r v e n o r s  

M a g d o w s k i ,  e t  a l ,  the  f u n d a m e n t a l  b a s i s  in s u p p o r t  of  t h e i r  a r g u m e n t s  

f o r  a  s o - c a l l e d  m e t r o p o l i t a n  r e m e d y  is the  s i m p l e  f a c t  t h a t  t h e r e  a r e  

s i g n i f i c a n t l y  m o r e  b l a c k  s t u d e n t s  in the D e t r o i t  p u b l i c  s c h o o l  s y s t e m  th a n  

t h e r e  a r e  in m o s t  o t h e r  s c h o o l  d i s t r i c t s  in g e o g r a p h i c  p r o x i m i t y  to D e t r o i t .  

T h e  n a k e d  f a c t  of  r a c i a l  i m b a l a n c e  v i s - a - v i s  the  D e t r o i t  s c h o o l  s y s t e m  

a n d  o t h e r  i n d e p e n d e n t  s c h o o l  s y s t e m s  is  of no  m o m e n t  i n s o f a r  a s  the  E q u a l  

P r o t e c t i o n  C l a u s e  i s  c o n c e r n e d .  A s  s t a t e d  in G r i f f i n  v C o u n ty  S c h o o l  

B o a r d  of  P r i n c e  E d w a r d  C o u n t y , 377 U. S. 218 ,  230 (1964):

" . . .  the  E q u a l  P r o t e c t i o n  C l a u s e  r e l a t e s  to 
e q u a l  p r o t e c t i o n  of  the  l a w s  ' b e t w e e n  p e r s o n s  a s  s u c h  
r a t h e r  t h a n  b e t w e e n  a r e a s ' .  S a l s b u r y  v M a r y l a n d ,
346 U .S .  545 ,  551 (1954) .  . . . "

- 3 -



A.

T h e r e  Is No B a s i s  U pon W h i c h  the  R a c i a l  I m b a l a n c e  in  the  
D e t r o i t  S c h o o l s  o r  the  A s s e r t e d  De J u r e  S e g r e g a t i o n  

W i t h  R e s p e c t  to P u p i l  A s s i g n m e n t  in  the  D e t r o i t  S c h o o l  
S y s t e m  C a n  Be  A t t r i b u t e d  to the  E s t a b l i s h m e n t  o r  

O p e r a t i o n  of  A n y  of the  S c h o o l  D i s t r i c t s  O u t s i d e  D e t r o i t .

A s  n o t e d  in  I n t e r v e n o r  S c h o o l  D i s t r i c t s '  i n i t i a l  b r i e f ,  t h e  D i s t r i c t  

C o u r t  f l a t l y  s t a t e d  - ­

" I t  s h o u l d  be  n o t e d  t h a t  the c o u r t  h a s  t a k e n  no 
p r o o f s  w i t h  r e s p e c t  to  the  e s t a b l i s h m e n t  of the b o u n ­
d a r i e s  of  th e  86 p u b l i c  s c h o o l  d i s t r i c t s  in the  c o u n t i e s  
of W a y n e ,  O a k l a n d  a n d  M a c o m b ,  n o r  on  th e  i s s u e  of 
w h e t h e r ,  w i t h  th e  e x c l u s i o n  of th e  c i t y  of D e t r o i t  s c h o o l  
d i s t r i c t ,  s u c h  s c h o o l  d i s t r i c t s  h a v e  c o m m i t t e d  a c t s  of 
de  j u r e  s e g r e g a t i o n .  " (A. Ia498) .  [ E m p h a a s  a d d e d . ]

In l i g h t  of  th e  a f o r e m e n t i o n e d  s t a t e m e n t ,  I n t e r v e n o r  S c h o o l  D i s t r i c t s  

s u b m i t  t h a t  s t a t e m e n t s  in  p l a i n t i f f s '  b r i e f ,  s u c h  a s  t h a t  q u o t e d  b e l o w ,  s h o u l d  

n o t  b e  v i e w e d  w i t h  m e r e  s u s p i c i o n  b u t  t o t a l l y  d i s r e g a r d e d .

" A s  to  p u p i l  a s s i g n m e n t  p r a c t i c e s  the  c o u r t  found ,  
in  b r i e f ,  t h a t  s u s t a i n e d  a n d  s y s t e m a t i c  s t a t e  a c t i o n  a t  a l l  
l e v e l s  w a s  r e s p o n s i b l e  f o r  s c h o o l  s e g r e g a t i o n  w i t h i n  
D e t r o i t ,  a n d  t h a t  by  e q u a l l y  e f f e c t i v e  p r a c t i c e s  the D e t r o i t  
s y s t e m  a n d  i t s  s u b u r b a n  n e i g h b o r s  h a d  b e e n  r e n d e r e d  , 
r a c i a l l y  i d e n t i f i a b l e  in the  p r a c t i c a l  a n d  l e g a l  s e n s e s .

- 4 -

M T h e r e  is  a b s o l u t e l y  no  e v i d e n c e  o r  f in d in g  t h a t  a n y  s u b u r b a n  s c h o o l  d i s ­
t r i c t  h a s  e v e r  d e n i e d  a d m i s s i o n  to a n y  s t u d e n t  on the  b a s i s  of  r a c e ,  c o l o r  
o r  n a t i o n a l  o r i g i n .



No s i n g l e  s c h o o l  a u t h o r i t y  a c t  e f f e c t e d  r a c i a l  s e p a r a t i o n  a s  
t o t a l l y  a n d  e f f i c i e n t l y  a s  the  p r e - B r o w n  l a w s  of the  S ou th ,  
b u t  a  v a r i e t y  of  a d m i n i s t r a t i v e  p r a c t i c e s  c o m b i n e d  e f f e c ­
t i v e l y  w i t h  s e v e r a l  s t a t u t o r y  p o l i c i e s  to p r o d u c e  s u b s t a n ­
t i a l l y  s i m i l a r  r e s u l t s .  In a d d i t i o n ,  a l l  w a s  d o n e  t h a t  n e e d e d  
to b e  d o n e  - -  i n c l u d i n g  a c t i v e  p a r t i c i p a t i o n  in  h o u s i n g  d i s ­
c r i m i n a t i o n  a n d  m a s s i v e  s e g r e g a t o r y  p r a c t i c e s  of  s c h o o l  
c o n s t r u c t i o n  a n d  s i t e  l o c a t i o n  t h r o u g h o u t  the  m e t r o p o l i t a nC U l l D H  U I .  t i u n  ta.x-i.VA o  n c  w * * * ~ ~ ^ -------------- -----  -  _________ ____ I-------------------- --

a re a t? ]  - - i n  o r d e r  to  i n s u r e  t h a t  the  e x t r e m e  r e s i d e n t i a l
r a c i a l  s e g r e g a t i o n  w h i c h  c h a r a c t e r i z e s  the  D e t r o i t  c o m m u ­
n i t y  w o u ld  be  r e f l e c t e d  in i t s  e d u c a t i o n a l  s y s t e m s .  . . . "  
P l a i n t i f f s '  B r i e f ,  p a g e s  5 - 6 .  [ E m p h a s i s  a d d e d . ]

It is  n o t e w o r t h y  t h a t  w h e r e v e r  p l a i n t i f f s '  b r i e f  is  d i r e c t e d  to a r g u ­

m e n t  c o n c e r n i n g  a l l e g e d  s e g r e g a t o r y  a c t s  w i t h i n  th e  D e t r o i t  s c h o o l  d i s t r i c t  

s u c h  a r g u m e n t  is  a c c o m p a n i e d  b y  r e c o r d  r e f e r e n c e s  in a s s e r t e d  s u p p o r t  

t h e r e o f ,  b u t  w h e n  r e f e r e n c e  is  m a d e  to  a l l e g e d  s e g r e g a t o r y  a c t s  o r  c o n s e ­

q u e n c e s  a s s o c i a t e d  w i t h  o t h e r  s c h o o l  d i s t r i c t s  t h e r e  is  a  n o t i c e a b l e  a b s e n c e  

of r e f e r e n c e  to the  r e c o r d .  Z e a l o u s  a r g u m e n t  d o e s  n o t  a n d  c a n n o t  s e r v e  a s  

a  s u b s t i t u t e  f o r  e v i d e n t i a r y  s u p p o r t .

- 5 -

K  T h e  a c t u a l  e v i d e n c e  in  t h i s  c a s e  is  t h a t  f r o m  1950 to 1969 s c h o o l  d i s t r i c t s  
in  the  s o - c a l l e d  m e t r o p o l i t a n  a r e a  a d d e d  o v e r  4 0 0 , 0 0 0  p u p i l  s p a c e s  ( E x h i b i t s  
P .  M .  14 a n d  15) to a c c o m m o d a t e  a n  i n c r e a s e d  p o p u l a t i o n  of a p p r o x i m a t e l y  
tw o  m i l l i o n  p e o p l e  (A. I a l 9 7 ) .  T h e r e  is  no  e v i d e n c e  t h a t  s u c h  s c h o o l  c o n ­
s t r u c t i o n ,  o r  s i t e  l o c a t i o n ,  w a s  t a i n t e d  b y  " s e g r e g a t o r y  p r a c t i c e s " .



B.

W r i g h t  v C o u n c i l  of the  C i ty  of  E m p o r i a  
F u r n i s h e s  N o  J u d i c i a l  S u p p o r t  f o r  the 
R e m e d y  D e c r e e d  b y  th e  D i s t r i c t  C o u r t .

B o t h  p l a i n t i f f s  a n d  the  D e t r o i t  B o a r d  of  E d u c a t i o n  s e e k  to  g l e a n  

s u p p o r t  f o r  a  s o - c a l l e d  m e t r o p o l i t a n  p l a n  of  d e s e g r e g a t i o n  f r o m  th e  r e c e n t  

d e c i s i o n  of  the  S u p r e m e  C o u r t  in W r i g h t  v C o u n c i l  of  the  C i t y of  E m p o r i a ,

U. S . ____, 40 L a w  W e e k  480 6 ( J u n e  22 ,  1972) .  T h e  h o ld i n g  of th e  S u p r e m e

C o u r t  in t h a t  c a s e  d o e s  h o t  l e n d  i t s e l f  to s u c h  p u r p o s e .

A t  the  v e r y  o u t s e t  of  t h e  m a j o r i t y  o p in io n ,  M r .  J u s t i c e  S t e w a r t

s t a t e d :

" W e  g r a n t e d  c e r t i o r a r i  in  t h i s  c a s e ,  a s  in No.  7 0 ­
130,  U n i t e d  S t a t e s  v S c o t l a n d  N e c k  C i t y  B o a r d  of  E d u c a ­
t i o n , c r  p o s t , to  c o n s i d e r  the c i r c u m s t a n c e s  u n d e r  w h i c h  
a  f e d e r a l  c o u r t  m a y  e n j o i n  s t a t e  o r  l o c a l  o f f i c i a l s  f r o m  
c a r v i n g  o u t  a  n e w  s c h o o l  d i s t r i c t  f r o m  a n  e x i s t i n g  d i s t r i c t  
t h a t  h a s  n o t  y e t  c o m p l e t e d  the  p r o c e s s  of d i s m a n t l i n g  a 
s y s t e m  of e n f o r c e d  r a c i a l  s e g r e g a t i o n .  W e  d id  n o t  a d d r e s s  
o u r s e l v e s  to t h i s  r a t h e r  n a r r o w  q u e s t i o n  in S w a n n  v 
C h a r l o t t e - M e c k l e n b u r g  B o a r d  of  E d u c a t i o n , 402 U. S. 1, 
a n d  i t s  c o m p a n i o n  c a s e s  d e c i d e d  l a s t  T e r m .  . . . "  40
La\v  W e e k  a t  p a g e  4 8 0 7 .  [ E m p h a s i s  a d d e d . ]

In the  c o n c l u d i n g  p a r a g r a p h  of  the  m a j o r i t y  o p in i o n ,  M r .  J u s t i c e  S t e w a r t  

s a i d :

- 6 -

[3] F o o t n o t e  o m i t t e d .



" . . .  W e  h o ld  o n ly  t h a t  a  n e w  s c h o o l  d i s t r i c t  m a y  
n o t  b e  c r e a t e d  w h e r e  i t s  e f f e c t  w o u l d  be  to  i m p e d e  the  
p r o c e s s  of  d i s m a n t l i n g  a  d u a l  s y s t e m . "  40 L a w  W e e k  a t  
p a g e  4812 .

C a r e f u l  s c r u t i n y  of  the  m a j o r i t y  o p in i o n  in  E m p o r i a , s u p r a , i n d e e d  

i n d i c a t e s  t h a t  th e  m e t r o p o l i t a n  r e m e d y  d e c r e e d  in  t h i s  c a s e  i s  c o n s t i t u t i o n a l l y  

i m p e r m i s s i b l e .  T h e  m a j o r i t y  o p in i o n  n o t e s  t h a t  the  b a s i s  f o r  i n c l u d i n g  the  

C i t y  of  E m p o r i a  in  th e  d e s e g r e g a t i o n  p l a n  o r d e r e d  b y  the  d i s t r i c t  c o u r t  w a s  

t h e  e n f o r c e m e n t  of  r a c i a l  s e g r e g a t i o n  in a  c o u n t y  s c h o o l  d i s t r i c t  of  w h i c h  

th e  C i ty  of E m p o r i a  h a d  a l w a y s  b e e n  a  p a r t .  E m p o r i a , s u p r a , a t  p a g e  4 8 0 9 .  

In l i g h t  of  the  f a c t  t h a t  the  C i t y  of  E m p o r i a  w a s  p a r t  a n d  p a r c e l  of  the  c o u n t y  

s c h o o l  d i s t r i c t ,  the  C o u r t  c o n c l u d e d  a s  f o l l o w s :

” . . .  U n d e r  t h e s e  c i r c u m s t a n c e s , the  p o w e r  of 
the  D i s t r i c t  C o u r t  to  e n j o i n  E m p o r i a ' s  w i t h d r a w a l  f r o m  
t h a t  s y s t e m  n e e d  n o t  r e s t  on a n  i n d e p e n d e n t  c o n s t i t u t i o n a l  
v i o l a t i o n .  T h e  c o u r t ' s  r e m e d i a l  p o w e r  w a s  i n v o k e d  on 
the  b a s i s  of  a  f in d in g  t h a t  the  d u a l  s c h o o l  s y s t e m  v i o l a t e d  
th e  C o n s t i t u t i o n ,  a n d  s i n c e  the  c i t y  a n d  the  c o u n ty  c o n ­
s t i t u t e d  b u t  one u n i t  f o r  the  p u r p o s e  of s t u d e n t  a s s i g n m e n t s  
d u r i n g  the  e n t i r e  t i m e  t h a t  th e  d u a l  s y s t e m  w a s  m a i n t a i n e d ,  
t h e y  w e r e  p r o p e r l y  t r e a t e d  a s  a  s i n g l e  u n i t  f o r  the  p u r p o s e  
of  d i s m a n t l i n g  t h a t  s y s t e m . "  40 L a w  W e e k  a t  p a g e  4809 .
[ E m p h a s i s  a d d e d . ]

It i s  s u b m i t t e d  t h a t  th e  c l e a r  i m p l i c a t i o n  of the a b o v e - q u o t e d  

s t a t e m e n t  i s  t h a t  w h e r e  s c h o o l  d i s t r i c t s  a r e  s e p a r a t e  a n d  i n d e p e n d e n t  f r o m  

one  a n o t h e r ,  the  r e m e d i a l  p o w e r s  of the  d i s t r i c t  c o u r t  c a n  o n ly  be  e x e r c i s e d  

u p o n  th e  f i n d i n g  of  i n d e p e n d e n t  c o n s t i t u t i o n a l  v i o l a t i o n ,  a n d  w h e r e  s c h o o l

- 7 -



d i s t r i c t s  h a v e  n o t  c o n s t i t u t e d  one u n i t  f o r  the p u r p o s e  of s t u d e n t  a s s i g n m e n t s  

t h e y  m a y  n o t  b e  t r e a t e d  a s  a  s i n g l e  u n i t  f o r  p u r p o s e s  of  d e s e g r e g a t i n g  one 

s c h o o l  d i s t r i c t .  In o t h e r  w o r d s ,  the  m a j o r i t y  o p in i o n  in E m p o r i a ,  s u p r a ,

|4j
i s  b u t  a  r e i t e r a t i o n  of  the  s t a t e m e n t  in S w a n n  t h a t

" . . .  J u d i c i a l  a u t h o r i t y  e n t e r s  o n ly  w h e n  l o c a l
a u t h o r i t y  d e f a u l t s .  . . . A s  w i t h  a n y  e q u i t y  c a s e ,  the  
n a t u r e  of  th e  v i o l a t i o n  d e t e r m i n e s  the  s c o p e  of the  
r e m e d y . "  S w a n n , s u p r a , a t  p a g e  16.

C.

• • [5]C i s n e r o s  v C o r p u s  C h r i s t i  I n d e p e n d e n t  S c h o o l  D i s t r i c t

P l a i n t i f f s ,  the  D e t r o i t  B o a r d  of E d u c a t i o n  a n d  d e f e n d a n t s - i n t e r v e n o r s  

M a g d o w s k i ,  e t  a l ,  a l l  u r g e  t h a t  the  m a j o r i t y  o p in i o n  in C i s n e r o s ,  s u p r a ,  

p r o v i d e s  th e  l e g a l  f o u n d a t i o n  f o r  a  s o - c a l l e d  m e t r o p o l i t a n  p l a n  of d e s e g r e g a ­

t ion .  In the  c o n t e x t  of  the  f a c t u a l  f i n d i n g s  in t h a t  c a s e ,  s u c h  c o n c l u s i o n  is 

e r r o n e o u s .  T o  th e  e x t e n t  t h a t  i t  is  c o n t e n d e d  t h a t  C i s n e r o s , s u p r a ,  p e r m i t s  

a  s o - c a l l e d  m e t r o p o l i t a n  p l a n  of  d e s e g r e g a t i o n  on  th e  b a s i s  of the  f a c t s  in 

the  i n s t a n t  c a s e ,  C i s n e r o s , s u p r a , is  c o n t r a r y  to  t h e  w e i g h t  of  e s t a b l i s h e d  

j u d i c i a l  a u t h o r i t y .

- 8 -

[4 S w a n n  v C h a r l o t t e - M e c k l e n b u r g  B o a r d  of E d u c a t i o n , 402 U. S. 1 (1970) .

H  C i s n e r o s  v C o r p u s  C h r i s t i  I n d e p e n d e n t  S c h o o l  D i s t r i c t , ____F .  2 d -------
(CA 5, A u g u s t  2,  1972) .



A t  t h e  o u t s e t  i t  m u s t  b e  b o r n e  i n  m i n d  t h a t  C i s n e r o s , s u p r a , d e a l s

w i t h  a  s i n g l e  s c h o o l  d i s t r i c t ,  i. e .  , C o r p u s  C h r i s t i ,  T e x a s .  T h e  c o u r t  in 

C i s n e r o s  found  t h a t  f r o m  the  v e r y  b e g i n n i n g ,  i. e .  , b e f o r e  th e  y e a r  1938,  

the  C o r p u s  C h r i s t i  s c h o o l  b o a r d  e s t a b l i s h e d  s c h o o l  a t t e n d a n c e  z o n e s  to 

c o i n c i d e  w i t h  p a t t e r n s  of  r e s i d e n t i a l  s e g r e g a t i o n .

" .  . . T h e  B o a r d  i m p o s e d  a  n e i g h b o r h o o d  s c h o o l  
p l a n ,  ab  i n i t i o ,  u p o n  a c l e a r  a n d  e s t a b l i s h e d  p a t t e r n  of 
r e s i d e n t i a l  s e g r e g a t i o n  in the f a c e  of a n  o b v io u s  a n d  i n ­
e v i t a b l e  r e s u l t . "  C i s n e r o s ,  s u p r a , s l i p  o p in i o n ,  p a g e  15.

In th e  i n s t a n t  c a s e  t h e r e  is  no  f i n d i n g  t h a t  s c h o o l  d i s t r i c t  b o u n d a r i e s  a s

o p p o s e d  to  a t t e n d a n c e  z o n e s  w i t h i n  D e t r o i t  - -  w e r e  a b  i n i t i o  i m p o s e d  u p o n  

e s t a b l i s h e d  p a t t e r n s  of  r e s i d e n t i a l  s e g r e g a t i o n .

T h e  m a j o r i t y  o p in i o n  in C i s n e r o s , s u p r a , s t a t e s  t h a t  the f i n d i n g  of 

a  c o n s t i t u t i o n a l  v i o l a t i o n  r e q u i r e s  th e  e s t a b l i s h m e n t  of  a  r e a l  a n d  s i g n i f i ­

c a n t  r e l a t i o n s h i p  in t e r m s  of  c a u s e  a n d  e f f e c t  b e t w e e n  s t a t e  a c t i o n  a n d  a 

s e g r e g a t e d  s c h o o l  s y s t e m .  In t e r m s  of  the  i n s t a n t  c a s e ,  t h e r e  is  no  f in d in g  

t h a t  the  e s t a b l i s h m e n t  o r  o p e r a t i o n  of a n y  one of  the  s u b u r b a n  s c h o o l  d i s ­

t r i c t s  in the D e t r o i t  m e t r o p o l i t a n  a r e a ,  in  t e r m s  of  c a u s e  a n d  e f f e c t ,  

r e s u l t e d  in the  s e g r e g a t e d  s c h o o l  s y s t e m  fo u n d  to be  in o p e r a t i o n  in D e t r o i t .  

If c a u s e  a n d  e f f e c t  a r e  the d e t e r m i n a n t s  f o r  a  f i n d i n g  of  c o n s t i t u t i o n a l  

v i o l a t i o n s ,  t h e n  the  r e m e d y  t h e r e f o r  m u s t  p r o p e r l y  be  c i r c u m s c r i b e d  by  

th e  d i m e n s i o n s  of s u c h  d e t e r m i n a n t s .

- 9 -



T h e  C i s n e r o s  s t a t e m e n t  t h a t  t h e  " d i c h o t o m y  of  c l a s s i c a l  d e  f a c t o

a n d  de  j u r e  s e g r e g a t i o n "  (C i s n e r o s , s u p r a , p a g e ' 10) is  d i s c a r d e d ,  m u s t

b e  e x a m i n e d  in  l i g h t  of  the  c o u r t ' s  a s s u m e d  d e f i n i t i o n  of  t h o s e  t e r m s .

T h e  c o u r t  v i e w e d  " d e  j u r e "  s e g r e g a t i o n  a s  a  s y s t e m  of s e p a r a t e  s c h o o l s

f o r  b l a c k s  a n d  w h i t e s  m a n d a t e d  b y  l e g i s l a t i v e  e n a c t m e n t .  It v i e w e d  de

f a c t o "  s e g r e g a t i o n  a s  the  s e p a r a t i o n  of  p u p i l s  b y  r a c e  due  to  a c t i o n s  a n d

[6]p o l i c i e s  of  s c h o o l  a u t h o r i t i e s  i n d e p e n d e n t  f r o m  a  s t a t u t o r y  s o u r c e .

T h e  m a j o r i t y  o p in i o n  d o e s  n o t  h o ld  t h a t  r a c i a l  i m b a l a n c e  f u r n i s h e s  a  b a s i s  

f o r  f i n d i n g  a  c o n s t i t u t i o n a l  v i o l a t i o n ,  o r  t h a t  the  f in d in g  of  a  c o n s t i t u t i o n a l  

v i o l a t i o n  l i m i t e d  to  a s i n g l e  s c h o o l  d i s t r i c t  r e q u i r e s  r a c i a l  b a l a n c i n g .

A  m a j o r i t y  o p in i o n  of  th e  s a m e  c o u r t ,  i n  a n  o p in i o n  i s s u e d  on the  

s a m e  d a y  a s  C i s n e r o s , s u p r a , s t a t e d :

" ,  . . T h e  p o w e r  of th e  d i s t r i c t  c o u r t  w i l l  d e p e n d  
f i r s t  u p o n  a f i n d in g  of the  p r o s c r i b e d  d i s c r i m i n a t i o n  in 
the  s c h o o l  s y s t e m .  S w a n n ,  402 U. S. a t  16. In d e t e r m i n i n g  
v e l  non ,  w h e t h e r  i m p o s e d  by  s t a t u t e  o r  a s  a  r e s u l t  of 
o f f i c i a l  a c t i o n ,  the  d i s t r i c t  c o u r t  m u s t  i d e n t i f y  the  s c h o o l  
o r  s c h o o l s  w h i c h  a r e  s e g r e g a t e d  a s  a  r e s u l t  of  s u c h  d i s ­
c r i m i n a t i o n .  T h i s  i d e n t i f i c a t i o n  m u s t  be  s u p p o r t e d  by  
f i n d i n g s  of f a c t .  T h e  i m p o r t a n c e  of  s u c h  d e t e r m i n a t i o n  
w i l l  b e  s e e n  in s o m e  p o p u lo u s  s c h o o l  d i s t r i c t s  e m b r a c i n g  
l a r g e  g e o g r a p h i c a l  a r e a s .  T h e r e  m a y  be  s e g r e g a t e d  s c h o o l s

- 1 0 -

[6] C i s n e r o s , s u p r a , s l i p  o p in i o n  a t  p a g e s  9 - 1 0 .



w h i c h  a r e  the  r e s u l t  of  u n c o n s t i t u t i o n a l  s t a t u t e s  o r  of 
o f f i c i a l  a c t i o n .  T h e r e  m a y  b e  o t h e r  one  r a c e  s c h o o l s  
w h i c h  a r e  the p r o d u c t  of  n e u t r a l ,  n o n - d i s c r i m i n a t o r y  
f o r c e s . "  U n i t e d  S t a t e s  of A m e r i c a  v T e x a s  E d u c a t i o n
A g e n c y , ____F .  2d____(CA 5, A u g u s t  2,  1972),  s l i p
o p in i o n  a t  p a g e s  7 5 - 7 6 .

T h e  a b o v e - q u o t e d  s t a t e m e n t  i s  f o o t n o t e d  w i t h  the  e x p l a n a t i o n  t h a t  the  i d e n t i ­

f i c a t i o n  a p p r o a c h  i s  " a n  o b v io u s  n e c e s s i t y  g i v e n  the S w a n n  l i m i t a t i o n  on 

f e d e r a l  j u d i c i a l  p o w e r " ,  r e f e r r i n g  to  S w a n n , s u p r a , a t  p a g e s  1 5 - 1 6 ,  w h e r e i n  

the  S u p r e m e  C o u r t  s t a t e d :

" .  . . A s  w i t h  a n y  e q u i t y  c a s e ,  the  n a t u r e  of the 
v i o l a t i o n  d e t e r m i n e s  the  s c o p e  of the  r e m e d y . "

A p p l i e d  in t h e  c o n t e x t  of  the  i n s t a n t  c a s e ,  the f o r e g o i n g  s t a t e m e n t  m e a n s  

t h a t  s i n c e  t h e r e  i s  no  f i n d i n g  t h a t  the  s c h o o l s  in a n y  s c h o o l  d i s t r i c t  o t h e r

t h a n  D e t r o i t  a r e  s e g r e g a t e d  by  v i r t u e  of  u n c o n s t i t u t i o n a l  s t a t u t e s  o r  o f f i c i a l
I

a c t i o n ,  the  r e m e d i a l  p o w e r  of the  D i s t r i c t  C o u r t  d o e s  n o t  e x t e n d  to  s u c h  

s c h o o l  d i s t r i c t s .

T h e  m a j o r i t y  o p in i o n  in C i s n e r o s , s u p r a , s l i p  o p in i o n  a t  p a g e  18, 

f o o tn o t e  7,  s t a t e s  a s  f o l l o w s :

" . . .  We h a v e  no d o u b t  t h a t  the  v i e w  t h a t  r a c i a l l y  
o r  e t h n i c a l l y  m o t i v a t e d  s t a t e  a c t i o n  is a  n e c e s s a r y  p r e ­
r e q u i s i t e  to the  e s t a b l i s h m e n t  of a  c o n s t i t u t i o n a l  v i o l a t i o n

- 1 1 -



in  the f i e l d  of p u b l i c  e d u c a t i o n  is  o v e r r u l e d  by  the  d e c i s i o n  
in  W r i g h t . 1' \J\

T h i s  s t a t e m e n t  s u g g e s t s  a  r e - r e a d i n g  of  the  m a j o r i t y  o p in i o n  in  W r i g h t  v 

E m p o r i a , s u p r a , i s  in  o r d e r .  M r .  J u s t i c e  S t e w a r t  e x p r e s s e d  the h o ld in g  

of the  C o u r t  s i m p l y  a n d  u n e q u i v o c a l l y ,  a s  fo l l o w s :

" . . .  We h o l d  o n ly  t h a t  a  n e w  s c h o o l  d i s t r i c t  m a y  
n o t  b e  c r e a t e d  w h e r e  i t s  e f f e c t  w o u l d  be  to  i m p e d e  the  
p r o c e s s  of  d i s m a n t l i n g  a d u a l  s c h o o l  s y s t e m . "  W r i g h t  v 
E m p o r i a , s u p r a , 40 L a w  W e e k  a t  p a g e  4812 .  [E m p h a s i s  
a d d e d . ]

D.

S p e n c e r  v K u g l e r  ̂ 3

T h e  D e t r o i t  B o a r d  of  E d u c a t i o n 1 s b r i e f  s t a t e s  t h a t  " s u b u r b a n  

D e f e n d a n t s "  h a v e  c o n t e n d e d  t h a t  t h e r e  c a n  be  a  f inding t h a t  r a c i a l l y  

i d e n t i f i a b l e  s c h o o l s  v i o l a t e  c o n s t i t u t i o n a l  r i g h t s  b u t  t h a t  S p e n c e r  v K u g l e r , 

s u p r a , p r e c l u d e s  a  r e m e d y  (page  65, D e t r o i t  B o a r d  b r i e f ) .  If s u c h  s t a t e ­

m e n t  is i n t e n d e d  to a p p l y  to I n t e r v e n o r  S c h o o l  D i s t r i c t s ,  i t  i s  p u r e  f a b r i c a ­

t i o n  on t h e  p a r t  of  c o u n s e l  f o r  the  D e t r o i t  B o a r d .

If " r a c i a l l y  i d e n t i f i a b l e "  s c h o o l s  m e a n s  the  n a k e d  e x i s t e n c e  of 

s c h o o l s  w h i c h  h a v e  a  p r e d o m i n a n c e  of  e i t h e r  b l a c k  o r  w h i t e  s t u d e n t s ,

- 1 2 ­

M W r i g h t  v C o u n c i l  of the C i ty  of  E m p o r i a , s u p r a .

^  S p e n c e r  v K u g l e r , 326 F .  Supp.  1235 (N. J .  , 1971),  a f f d . 404  U. S. 1027 
(1972) .



I n t e r v e n o r  S c h o o l  D i s t r i c t s  c o n t e n d  th a t  s u c h  r a c i a l  i m b a l a n c e  d o e s  n o t  

v i o l a t e  c o n s t i t u t i o n a l  r i g h t s .  T r a n s l a t e d  in to  the  p o s t u r e  of  the i n s t a n t  

c a s e ,  the  f a c t  t h a t  the  D e t r o i t  s c h o o l  d i s t r i c t  h a s  a  p r e d o m i n a n c e  of b l a c k  

s t u d e n t s  w h i l e  c e r t a i n  o t h e r  s c h o o l  d i s t r i c t s  h a v e  a  p r e d o m i n a n c e  of w h i t e  

s t u d e n t s  d o e s  n o t  c o n s t i t u t e  a  v i o l a t i o n  of  c o n s t i t u t i o n a l  r i g h t s .

If " r a c i a l l y  i d e n t i f i a b l e "  s c h o o l s  m e a n s  s c h o o l s  w h i c h  b y  l a w  a r e  

i n t e n d e d  to  s e r v e  o n ly  w h i t e  s t u d e n t s  o r  on ly  b l a c k  s t u d e n t s ,  t h e n  s u c h  

s e p a r a t i o n  of  p u p i l s  s o l e l y  on the  b a s i s  of  r a c e  i s  c l e a r l y  in  v i o l a t i o n  of 

the  E q u a l  P r o t e c t i o n  C l a u s e .  W h e r e  s t u d e n t s  h a v e  b e e n  e x c l u d e d  f r o m  

s c h o o l s ,  o r  s e p a r a t e d  in  s c h o o l s ,  s o l e l y  on th e  b a s i s  of  r a c e ,  a  d e s e g r e g a t i o n  

r e m e d y  is  a p p r o p r i a t e .  No c h i l d r e n  h a v e ,  h o w e v e r ,  b e e n  d e n i e d  a d m i s s i o n  

to  a n y  s u b u r b a n  s c h o o l  d i s t r i c t ,  o r  s e p a r a t e d  in  a n y  s u b u r b a n  s c h o o l ,  on  

th e  b a s i s  of  r a c e .

T h e  h o ld i n g  in S p e n c e r  v K u g l e r , s u p r a , c l e a r l y  p r e c l u d e s  a  f i n d i n g  

of v i o l a t i o n  of c o n s t i t u t i o n a l  r i g h t s ,  a n d  the  e f f e c t u a t i o n  of  a  r e m e d y  d e ­

s i g n e d  to i m p r o v e  r a c i a l  b a l a n c e ,  b a s e d  u p o n  a  h i n d s i g h t  v i e w  of the  e f f e c t  

of d r a w i n g  s c h o o l  d i s t r i c t  b o u n d a r y  l i n e s .

" .  . . T h e  c r e a t i o n  of  t h e s e  s c h o o l  d i s t r i c t s  b y  
a p p r o v a l  of  th e  l e g i s l a t u r e  on S e p t e m b e r  18, 1953,  
p r e c e d e d  the  h i s t o r i c  d e c i s i o n  of  B r o w n  I, d e c i d e d  on 
M a y  17, 1954.  T h e  o b v io u s  i n t e n t  of the  l e g i s l a t u r e  
w a s  to m a i n t a i n  a u n i t a r y  s c h o o l  s y s t e m  a s  B r o w n  I 
l a t e r  r e q u i r e d .  W h i l e  the  r e s u l t  of s u c h  l e g i s l a t i o n

- 1 3 -



s o m e  18 y e a r s  l a t e r  m a y  be  r a c i a l  i m b a l a n c e ,  w i t h i n  
c e r t a i n  s c h o o l  d i s t r i c t s ,  i t  d o e s  n o t  a m o u n t  to s e g r e ­
g a t i o n .  " S p e n c e r  v K u g l e r , s u p r a , a t  p a g e s  1 2 4 2 ­
1243 .  ..........................

T h e  D e t r o i t  B o a r d ’s a t t e m p t  to a v o i d  the  i m p a c t  of  the  h o ld i n g  in 

S p e n c e r  v K u g l e r , s u p r a , b y  i n f e r r i n g  t h a t  the  N ew  J e r s e y  s c h o o l  d i s t r i c t s  

a r e  pa r t  of  m u n i c i p a l  g o v e r n m e n t s  w h i l e  M i c h i g a n  s c h o o l  d i s t r i c t s  a r e  

a g e n c i e s  of the s t a t e  is  b o t h  l e g a l l y  a n d  f a c t u a l l y  s p u r i o u s .  F i r s t l y ,  e v e n  

if the  f a c t u a l  a s s e r t i o n  w e r e  c o r r e c t ,  w h i c h  i t  is n o t ,  a  m u n i c i p a l  g o v e r n ­

m e n t  is  i t s e l f  a  s t a t e  a g e n c y  a n d ,  p e r  f o r c e ,  a  s c h o o l  d i s t r i c t  s u b j e c t  to 

m u n i c i p a l  c o n t r o l  w o u l d  be  a n  a g e n c y  of the  s t a t e .  S e c o n d l y ,  e v e n  a 

c u r s o r y  r e a d i n g  of the  f a c t s  in  S p e n c e r  v K u g l e r , s u p r a , a n d  J e n k i n s  v 

• T o w n s h i p  of  M o r r i s  S c h o o l  D i s t r i c t , 279  A .  2d 619 (N. J .  , 1971),  c i t e d  in 

the  D e t r o i t  B o a r d ' s  b r i e f ,  s h o w s  t h a t  s c h o o l  d i s t r i c t s  in N ew  J e r s e y  

s t a n d  in v i r t u a l l y  th e  s a m e  p o s t u r e  a s  s c h o o l  d i s t r i c t s  in  M i c h i g a n .  In 

J e n k i n s ,  s u p r a , the  Ne\v J e r s e y  S u p r e m e  C o u r t  n o t e d  t h a t  the  S t a t e  C o n ­

s t i t u t i o n  m a n d a t e d  the  m a i n t e n a n c e  a n d  s u p p o r t  of a  s y s t e m  of f r e e  p u b l i c  

s c h o o l s  a n d  th a t  b y  l e g i s l a t i v e  e n a c t m e n t  the l e g i s l a t u r e  h a d  d e l e g a t e d  the 

" g e n e r a l  s u p e r v i s i o n  a n d  c o n t r o l  of p u b l i c  e d u c a t i o n "  to the  S t a t e  B o a r d  

of E d u c a t i o n .  J e n k i n s ,  s u p r a , a t  p a g e  625.

T h e  h o ld i n g  in S p e n c e r  v K u g l e r , s u p r a , i s  a p p l i c a b l e  to the  i n s t a n t  

c a s e  a n d  p r e c l u d e s  the  a d o p t i o n  of  a  m e t r o p o l i t a n  r e m e d y  in v o l v in g  f i f t y -

- 1 4 -



t h r e e  (53) s c h o o l  d i s t r i c t s  f o r  the  a v o w e d  p u r p o s e  of  d e s e g r e g a t i n g  the  

D e t r o i t  p u b l i c  s c h o o l  s y s t e m .  »

T h e  D e t r o i t  B o a r d  a s s e r t s  t h a t  t h e r e  c a n  be  no d e s e g r e g a t i o n  r e m e d y  

w h a t e v e r  a b s e n t  a  f i n d in g  t h a t  i t s  a c t i o n s  w e r e  i n t e n d e d  to f o s t e r  s e g r e g a t i o n  

in  the  D e t r o i t  s c h o o l s  ( D e t r o i t  B o a r d  b r i e f ,  p a g e s  2 2 - 3 3 )  a n d  a f in d in g  t h a t  

s u c h  i n t e n t i o n a l  a c t i o n  w a s  the p r o x i m a t e  c a u s e  of the  c o n d i t i o n  of  s e g r e g a ­

t i o n .  ^  T h e n ,  the  D e t r o i t  B o a r d  c o n t e n d s  t h a t  s h o u l d  it ,  o r  the S t a t e ,  b e  

fo u n d  to  h a v e  v i o l a t e d  the  c o n s t i t u t i o n a l  r i g h t s  of  D e t r o i t  s c h o o l  c h i l d r e n  

in o p e r a t i n g  the  D e t r o i t  s c h o o l  s y s t e m ,  l i a b i l i t y  f o r  s u c h  c o n s t i t u t i o n a l  

v i o l a t i o n  s h o u l d ,  in  e f f e c t ,  b e  i m p u t e d  to f i f t y - t w o  (52) o t h e r  s c h o o l  d i s t r i c t s  

in the  m e t r o p o l i t a n  D e t r o i t  a r e a .  In l e g a l  p a r l a n c e ,  s u c h  a r g u m e n t  m a y  

a p p r o p r i a t e l y  be  c l a s s i f i e d  a s  non  s e q u i t u r . In the c o m m o n  v e r n a c u l a r ,  i t  

i s  s i m p l y  l u d i c r o u s .  N e i t h e r  l a w  n o r  l o g i c  p e r m i t s  th e  f o r c e d  r e a s s i g n m e n t  

of h u n d r e d s  of t h o u s a n d s  of s c h o o l  c h i l d r e n  in  f i f t y - t w o  (52) s c h o o l  d i s t r i c t s  

to  r e p a i r  a  c o n s t i t u t i o n a l  v i o l a t i o n  u n i q u e  to  the  D e t r o i t  s c h o o l  s y s t e m .

- 1 5 -

^  T h e  D e t r o i t  B o a r d  s a y s  t h e r e  c a n  be  no  d e s e g r e g a t i o n  r e m e d y  of a n y  k in d  
u n l e s s  i t  is  f o u n d  g u i l t y  of c o m m i t t i n g  i n t e n t i o n a l  a c t s  of  s e g r e g a t i o n .  On 
the  o t h e r  h a n d ,  the D e t r o i t  B o a r d  s a y s  the s u b u r b a n  s c h o o l  d i s t r i c t s  m a y  no t  
c o n t e s t  th e  i m p o s i t i o n  of a  m e t r o p o l i t a n  r e m e d y ,  in a t o n e m e n t  f o r  the  c o n s t i ­
t u t i o n a l  s i n s  of  the  D e t r o i t  B o a r d ,  on the  b a s i s  of  l a c k  of  g u i l t  ( D e t r o i t  B o a r d  
b r i e f ,  p a g e  38).  S u c h  r e a s o n i n g  i s  n o th in g  s h o r t  of  a b s u r d .



I I .

P L A I N T I F F S '  A S S E R T I O N  T H A T  NO C H A L L E N G E  
IS M A D E  T O  T H E  E D U C A T I O N A L  P R A C T I C A B I L I T Y  

A ND  S O U N D N ES S  O F  T H E  D I S T R I C T  C O U R T 'S  
M E T R O P O L I T A N  R E M E D Y  IS I N C O R R E C T .

A t  p a g e  8 of  p l a i n t i f f s '  b r i e f  the  fo l l o w i n g  s t a t e m e n t  a p p e a r s :

" . . .  W e d e e m  i t  s i g n i f i c a n t  h o w e v e r ,  t h a t  no 
c h a l l e n g e  i s  m a d e  to the  e d u c a t i o n a l  p r a c t i c a b i l i t y  a n d  
s o u n d n e s s  — the  u l t i m a t e  r i g h t n e s s  — of the  m e t r o p o r  
l i t a n  f r a m e w o r k  s e t  f o r t h  in the  d i s t r i c t  c o u r t ' s  o p in io n  
of J u n e  14, 1972.  "

S u c h  s t a t e m e n t  is  a b s o l u t e l y  f a l s e  a n d ,  in l i g h t  of  the  r e c o r d  in t h i s  c a s e ,  

is  a s t o n i s h i n g .  T h e  a c t u a l  f a c t  is t h a t  no  one  w a s  p e r m i t t e d  to c h a l l e n g e  

th e  e d u c a t i o n a l  p r a c t i c a b i l i t y  a n d  s o u n d n e s s  of  the  m e t r o p o l i t a n  r e m e d y  s e t  

f o r t h  in  t h e  D i s t r i c t  C o u r t ' s  O r d e r  of J u n e  14, 1972 (A. Ia537) .

In the  c o u r s e  of c r o s s - e x a m i n a t i o n  of  D r .  F r e e m a n  F l y n n ,  a n  

e m p l o y e e  of  the  D e t r o i t  B o a r d  of E d u c a t i o n  s u p p o r t i n g  a m e t r o p o l i t a n  r e m e d y ,  

one  of the  c o u n s e l  f o r  I n t e r v e n o r  S c h o o l  D i s t r i c t s  a s k e d  the  w i t n e s s  i f  h e  h a d  

e v e r  m a d e  a n y  s t u d i e s  r e l a t i v e  to p u p i l  a c h i e v e m e n t  o r  s o c i a l  e f f e c t  in 

s i t u a t i o n s  w h e r e  i n t e g r a t i o n  h a d  o c c u r r e d  by  m e a n s  of  c o u r t  e d i c t .  C o u n s e l  

f o r  p l a i n t i f f s  o b j e c t e d  to s u c h  i n q u i r y  s t a t i n g  t h a t  - -

" . . .  the  q u e s t i o n  h e r e  is  m e r e l y  a  m a t t e r  of  p la n ,  
n o t  w h e t h e r  o r  n o t  h e  t h i n k s  t h e r e  is  a n y  b e n e f i t  to i t . "
(A. V I l a  128).

- 1 6 -



C o u n s e l  f o r  I n t e r v e n o r  S c h o o l  D i s t r i c t s  w a s  s u m m a r i l y  f o r e c l o s e d  f r o m  

p u r s u i n g  q u e s t i o n s  r e l a t i v e  to q u a l i t y  e d u c a t i o n  (A . V I I a l 2 8 - 1 3 1 )  a n d  

n o t  e v e n  p e r m i t t e d  to r e s p o n d  to the  c o u r t  on o c c a s i o n  (A. V I I a l 3 0 ) .

T h e  D i s t r i c t  C o u r t  to ld  c o u n s e l  f o r  I n t e r v e n o r  S c h o o l  D i s t r i c t s  to 

" l i m i t  y o u r s e l f  to i n q u i r i e s  a b o u t  the  s c o p e  of  t h e  m e t r o p o l i t a n  r e m e d y . "

(A. V i l a  137).  In s h o r t ,  the  D i s t r i c t  C o u r t  s a i d  it h a d  fo u n d  s e g r e g a t i o n  in  

the  D e t r o i t  s c h o o l  s y s t e m ,  h a d  d e c i d e d  u p o n  a m e t r o p o l i t a n  p la n ,  a n d  t h a t  

the  o n ly  l i n e  of  i n q u i r y  p e r m i t t e d  w o u l d  be  the  g e o g r a p h i c a l  s c o p e  of the 

r e m e d y ,  n o t  the  e d u c a t i o n a l  s o u n d n e s s  t h e r e o f  (A. V I I a l 3 7 - 139).

C o u n s e l  f o r  I n t e r v e n o r  S c h o o l  D i s t r i c t s  d id ,  a n d  do ,  c h a l l e n g e  the  

' e d u c a t i o n a l  p r a c t i c a b i l i t y  a n d  s o u n d n e s s  of  the  m e t r o p o l i t a n  r e m e d y  d e c r e e d  

b y  th e  D i s t r i c t  C o u r t .  T h e  f r a m e w o r k  of s u c h  r e m e d y  is  the  p l a n  c o n c e i v e d  

b y  p l a i n t i f f s '  w i t n e s s ,  D r .  G o r d o n  F o s t e r  ( E x h i b i t  P .  M. 12, A .  IX a 5 8 0 -  

584 ;  Ia507 ,  p a r a .  32).  D r .  F o s t e r  a d m i t t e d  q u a l i t y  of  e d u c a t i o n  w a s  n o t  

e v e n  one of  the  c r i t e r i a  i n v o l v e d  in s a i d  p l a n .

" Q .  D o c t o r ,  in y o u r  j u d g m e n t  s h o u l d  a  s t u d e n t  be  
r e q u i r e d  u n d e r  y o u r  p a r t i c u l a r  p l a n  to be  
t r a n s p o r t e d  f r o m  one [1286]  d i s t r i c t  to a n o t h e r  
d i s t r i c t  w h e r e  the l e v e l  of [ o r ]  q u a l i t y  of e d u ­
c a t i o n  is  l e s s  in the  d i s t r i c t  t h a t  he  o r  s h e  is 
b e i n g  t r a n s p o r t e d  to?

" A .  I d o n ' t  b e l i e v e  t h a t  it  is one of the  c r i t e r i a  i n ­
v o lv e d .  T h e  c r i t e r i a  w a s  d e s e g r e g a t i o n  r a t h e r

- 1 7 -



t h a n  q u a l i t y  of  e d u c a t i o n  o r  l e v e l  of  q u a l i t y  of 
e d u c a t i o n .

" Q .  So q u a l i t y  of  e d u c a t i o n  w a s  n o t  a  c r i t e r i a  f o r  y o u r  
p l a n s ,  is t h a t  r i g h t ?

" A .  T h a t  i s  c o r r e c t .  I t h i n k  i t  w o u l d  b e  r a t h e r  d i f f i ­
c u l t  to d e t e r m i n e  w h a t  the  l e v e l  of  q u a l i t y  of e d u ­
c a t i o n  y ou  w o u l d  f in d  in a n y  g i v e n  d i s t r i c t  in a n y  
e v e n t . "  (A. VII Ia2) .

T h e r e  i s  f a r  f r o m  u n a n i m o u s  a g r e e m e n t  a m o n g  e d u c a t o r s  a s  to  the 

e d u c a t i o n a l  s o u n d n e s s  a n d  p r a c t i c a b i l i t y  of the  e n f o r c e d  r e a s s i g n m e n t  of 

s c h o o l  c h i l d r e n  to a c c o m p l i s h  d e s e g r e g a t i o n  o r  r a c i a l  b a l a n c i n g .  T i m e  

a n d  s p a c e  l i m i t a t i o n s  do n o t  p e r m i t  m o r e  t h a n  a  b r i e f  t r e a t m e n t  of  s u c h  

m a t t e r s  in  th i s  b r i e f .

A s  r e c e n t l y  a s  M a r c h  of th i s  y e a r ,  D r .  J a m e s  S. C o l e m a n ,  w h o  

h e a d e d  the  t e a m  w h i c h  a u t h o r e d  the  r e p o r t  on E q u a l i t y  of E d u c a t i o n a l  

O p p o r t u n i t y , ^  s t a t e d  a s  f o l l o w s :

" I t ' s  p r o b a b l y  n o t  a p p r o p r i a t e  to s a y  on a c h i e v e ­
m e n t  g r o u n d s  a l o n e  t h a t  s e g r e g a t e d  s c h o o l i n g  d o e s  n o t  
p r o v i d e  e q u a l i t y  of e d u c a t i o n a l  o p p o r t u n i t y .  T h e r e  is 
n o t  s u f f i c i e n t  e v i d e n c e  to  s h o w  t h a t  the  k in d  of  b e n e f i t s  
to l o w e r - c l a s s  c h i l d r e n  t h a t  a r i s e  f r o m  a s o c i o ­
e c o n o m i c a l l y  h e t e r o g e n e o u s  o r  r a c i a l l y  h e t e r o g e n e o u s  
s c h o o l  c a n ' t  a l s o  be  p r o v i d e d  by  o t h e r  m e a n s .  I d o n ' t  
t h i n k  a  j u d g e  c a n  s a y  t h e r e  i s  p r i m a  f a c i e  e v i d e n c e  of

- 1 8 -  l-

l-10  ̂ E q u a l i t y  of E d u c a t i o n a l  O p p o r t u n i t y ,  U. S. D e p a r t m e n t  of  H e a l t h ,  E d u c a ­
t i o n  a n d  W e l f a r e ,  U. S. G o v ' t .  P r i n t i n g  O f f i c e ,  1966.



i n e q u a l i t y  in  e d u c a t i o n a l  o p p o r t u n i t y  on a c h i e v e m e n t  g r o u n d s  
if t h e r e  i s  s c h o o l  s e g r e g a t i o n .  In t h i s  s e n s e ,  I t h i n k  j u d g e s  
h a v e  l o o k e d  a t  t h a t  s tudyD-l]  a n d  u s e d  the  r e s u l t s  m o r e  
s t r o n g l y  t h a n  th e  r e s u l t s  \ * a r r a n t .  " " C o l e m a n  on  the C o l e m a n  
R e p o r t " ,  p g s . 1 3 - 1 4 ,  E d u c a t i o n a l  R e s e a r c h e r , V o l .  1, N o .  3, 
M a r c h ,  1972,  A m e r i c a n  E d u c a t i o n a l  R e s e a r c h  A s s o c i a t i o n .

D r .  W i l s o n  C.  R i l e s ,  S u p e r i n t e n d e n t  of P u b l i c  I n s t r u c t  ion  f o r  the  

S t a t e  of  C a l i f o r n i a ,  a  b l a c k  s c h o l a r  a n d  a w i d e l y - r e c o g n i z e d  e d u c a t i o n a l  

a u t h o r i t y ,  h a s  s t a t e d :  1

" ' T h e  c o n c e p t  w h i c h  s u g g e s t s  t h a t  b l a c k  c h i l d r e n  
w i l l  l e a r n  b e t t e r  b e c a u s e  t h e y  a r e  b u s e d  to a n o t h e r  s c h o o l  
i s  n o t  on ly  i n v a l i d ,  i t  is  c o n d e s c e n d i n g ,  i f  you  a c c e p t  t h a t  
a s  the  o n ly  b a r r i e r .  . . (I)f y ou  t e l l  m e  a s  s o m e  p e o p l e  
h a v e ,  t h a t  in  o r d e r  f o r  a  b l a c k  c h i l d  to  l e a r n  he  h a s  to s i t  
n e x t  to  a  w h i t e  c h i l d ,  I s e e  no  e v i d e n c e  t h i s  is t r u e .  T h e  
t r u l y  i m p o r t a n t  f a c t o r  w h i c h  i n h i b i t s  a  c h i l d  f r o m  l e a r n i n g  
is  h i s  s o c i o e c o n o m i c  s t a t u s . 1 " " B u s i n g  a n d  the  S e a r c h  
f o r  E q u a l  E d u c a t i o n a l  O p p o r t u n i t y " ,  pg.  258 ,  J o u r n a l  of 
L a w  a n d  E d u c a t i o n ,  V o l u m e  1, N u m b e r  2,  A p r i l ,  1972.

I n t e r v e n o r  S c h o o l  D i s t r i c t s  s o u g h t  to p r e s e n t  t e s t i m o n y  f r o m  

D r .  D a v i d  J .  A r m o r ,  a  n a t i o n a l l y  k n o w n  s o c i a l  s c i e n t i s t  a n d  c o n s u l t a n t  in 

c o n n e c t i o n  w i t h  s t u d i e s  on r a c i a l  c o m p o s i t i o n  in p u b l i c  s c h o o l s  (A. X a 2 6 8 -  

272) ,  a s  to  the  e d u c a t i o n a l  s o u n d n e s s  a n d  p r a c t i c a b i l i t y  of  the  r e m e d y  

d e c r e e d  b y  the  D i s t r i c t  C o u r t .  T h e  D i s t r i c t  C o u r t  r e f u s e d  to c o n s i d e r  a n d

- 1 9 -

[1 1 ] E q u a l i t y  of  E d u c a t i o n a l  O p p o r t u n i t y , s u p r a .



r e c e i v e  in  e v i d e n c e  th e  t e s t i m o n y  of D r .  A r m o r  w h i c h  I n t e r v e n o r  S c h o o l  

D i s t r i c t s  w e r e  p e r m i t t e d  to p r e s e n t  b y  w a y  of  d e p o s i t i o n  o n ly  (A. V I I a 86- 

99; i a 4 6 4 - 4 6 5 ;  X a 2 6 2 - 2 9 4 ;  V i l l a  116-  118).

T e s t i m o n y  c o n c e r n i n g  the  m e t r o p o l i t a n  p l a n  h e r e  in  i s s u e  w a s  l i m i t e d  

b y  the  D i s t r i c t  C o u r t  to  r a c i a l  a r i t h m e t i c  a n d  g e o g r a p h i c  s c o p e .  I n t e r v e n o r  

S c h o o l  D i s t r i c t s  w e r e  s i m p l y  n o t  p e r m i t t e d  to  e l i c i t  t e s t i m o n y  c o n c e r n i n g  

e d u c a t i o n a l  p r a c t i c a b i l i t y  a n d  s o u n d n e s s ,  m u c h  l e s s  c h a l l e n g e  the  s a m e .

I I I .

P L A I N T I F F S ’ A R G U M E N T  A D M I T S  T H A T  T H E  
O R D E R  O F  T H E  D I S T R I C T  C O U R T  C O N S T I T U T E S  

A H O L D IN G  O F  U N C O N S T I T U T I O N A L I T Y  O F  
T H E  S T A T E - W I D E  S T A T U T O R Y  S C H E M E

F O R  E D U C A T I O N . ___________________

A n y  r e a l  c o n t r o v e r s y  a s  to the  e f f e c t  of  the  D i s t r i c t  C o u r t ' s  O r d e r  

of  J u n e  14,  1972 (A. I a 4 9 7 - 5 4 3 )  r e l a t i v e  to the  c h a l l e n g e  of  c o n s t i t u t i o n a l i t y  

of th e  M i c h i g a n  l e g i s l a t i v e  " s c h e m e "  f o r  e d u c a t i o n  is l a i d  to r e s t  b y  

p l a i n t i f f s '  a s s e r t i o n ,  in  c o n n e c t i o n  w i t h  t h e i r  d i s c u s s i o n  of M i c h i g a n  S c h o o l  

C o d e ,  t h a t  - -

. . T o  us  the  p o w e r  of the  c o u r t s  to r e q u i r e  
c h a n g e s  in  s c h e m e s  w h o s e  u n c o n s t i t u t i o n a l  e f f e c t s  w e r e  
i n e v i t a b l e  a n d  f o r s e e a b l e ,  a n d  w h i c h  h a v e  no n o n -  
d i s c r  i m i n a t o r y  r a t i o n a l e ,  is s e l f - e v i d e n t .  . . . "  
P l a i n t i f f s '  b r i e f ,  p a g e  105.

- 2 0 -



T h u s ,  p l a i n t i f f s  s u p p o r t  I n t e r v e n o r  S c h o o l  D i s t r i c t s '  p o s i t i o n  t h a t  

the  S t a t e  l e g i s l a t i v e  " s c h e m e "  f o r  e d u c a t i o n  m a y  be  i n t e r d i c t e d  b y  c o u r t  

o r d e r  in th i s  c a s e  o n ly  on the  g ro u n d s  of u n c o n s t i t u t i o n a l i t y .  S u c h  j u d i c i a l  

p o w e r ,  h o w e v e r ,  is  r e p o s e d  o n ly  in a  t h r e e - j u d g e  c o u r t  c o n v e n e d  u n d e r  

28 U. S. C.  §2281 .  A s  n o t e d  in I n t e r v e n o r  S c h o o l  D i s t r i c t s '  i n i t i a l  b r i e f  to 

t h i s  C o u r t ,  the  J u n e  14 th  R u l i n g  a n d  O r d e r  (A. I a 4 9 7 - 5 4 3 )  i s s u e d  b y  the  

D i s t r i c t  C o u r t  c o n s t i t u t e s  a  c l e a r  u s u r p a t i o n  of  j u d i c i a l  p o w e r  a n d  is vo id .

IV.

C O N S T I T U T I O N A L I T Y  O F  S E C T I O N  803 ,
E D U C A T I O N  A M E N D M E N T S  O F  1972.

P l a i n t i f f s  u r g e  t h a t  the  c o m m a n d  of the  S u p r e m e  C o u r t  i n A l e x a n d e r

v H o l m e s , 396  US. 19 (1969) " t o  t e r m i n a t e  d u a l  s c h o o l  s y s t e m s  a t  o n c e

a n d  to  o p e r a t e  now  a n d  h e r e a f t e r  o n ly  u n i t a r y  s c h o o l s "  e s t a b l i s h e s  an

i n e x o r a b l e  r i g h t  to  i m m e d i a c y  of  r e l i e f  in s c h o o l  d e s e g r e g a t i o n  c a s e s  a n d

[12] .
r e q u i r e s  a  d e t e r m i n a t i o n  t h a t  S e c t i o n  803 i s  u n c o n s t i t u t i o n a l .  W h i le

I
a p p a r e n t l y  c o n c e d i n g  the  p o w e r  of the  c o u r t s  a n d  C o n g r e s s  to  f a s h i o n  a

[13] .
s t a y  " t a i l o r e d  to p a r t i c u l a r  e x i g e n c i e s " ,  p l a i n t i f f s  a s s e r t  t h a t  S e c t i o n  803

- 2 1 -

^  It is  s u b m i t t e d  t h a t  the  A l e x a n d e r  r u l e  m u s t  be  a p p l i e d  in the  c o n t e x t  
in  w h i c h  i t  w a s  e s t a b l i s h e d .

[13] P l a i n t i f f s '  b r i e f ,  p a g e  122.



i s  to o  b r o a d  in a p p l i c a t i o n  b e c a u s e  i t  c o n c e i v a b l y  m i g h t  b e  a p p l i e d  in s o m e  

c a s e  w h e r e  a s t a y  is  n o t  w a r r a n t e d .  S u c h  a r g u m e n t  m i s c o n c e i v e s  the 

i s s u e  in  the  c o n t e x t  of the  i n s t a n t  c a s e .

In G o l d e n  v Z w i c k l e r ,  394 U. S. 103,  108 (1969) ,  the  C o u r t  s t a t e d :

" T h e  c o n s t i t u t i o n a l  q u e s t i o n ,  F i r s t  A m e n d m e n t  
o r  o t h e r w i s e ,  m u s t  be  p r e s e n t e d  in  the  c o n t e x t  of  a 
s p e c i f i c  l i v e  g r i e v a n c e .  In U n i t e d  P u b l i c  W o r k e r s  of 
A m e r i c a  v M i t c h e l l , s u p r a ,  a t  8 9 - 9 0 ,  w e  s a i d :

' T h e  p o w e r  of  c o u r t s ,  a n d  u l t i ­
m a t e l y  of  th i s  C o u r t ,  to p a s s  u p o n  th e  c o n ­
s t i t u t i o n a l i t y  of  a c t s  of C o n g r e s s  a r i s e s  
o n ly  w h e n  the i n t e r e s t s  of  l i t i g a n t s  r e q u i r e  
the  u s e  of t h i s  j u d i c i a l  a u t h o r i t y  f o r  t h e i r  
p r o t e c t i o n  a g a i n s t  a c t u a l  i n t e r f e r e n c e .  A 
h y p o t h e t i c a l  t h r e a t  i s  n o t  e n o u g h .  '

" T h e  s a m e  is t r u e  of  the  p o w e r  to p a s s  u p o n  t h e  c o n s t i ­
t u t i o n a l i t y  of  s t a t e  s t a t u t e s .  No f e d e r a l  c o u r t ,  w h e t h e r  
t h i s  C o u r t  o r  a  d i s t r i c t  c o u r t ,  h a s  ' j u r i s d i c t i o n  to p r o ­
n o u n c e  a n y  s t a t u t e ,  e i t h e r  of a  S t a t e  o r  the  U n i t e d  S t a t e s ,  
v o id ,  b e c a u s e  i r r e c o n c i l a b l e  w i t h  the  C o n s t i t u t i o n ,  e x ­
c e p t  a s  i t  is  c a l l e d  u p o n  to a d j u d g e  the  l e g a l  r i g h t s  of 
l i t i g a n t s  in a c t u a l  c o n t r o v e r s i e s . 1 L i v e r p o o l ,  N. Y. &:
P .  S. S. C o . v C o m m i s s i o n e r s , 113 U. S. 33,  39 (1885)
. . . S e e  a l s o  U n i t e d  S t a t e s  v. R a i n e s , 362 U. S. 17,
21 ( I 9 6 0 ) . "  ...................

T h e  u n c o n s t i t u t i o n a l i t y  of a  s t a t u t e  m u s t  be  d e t e r m i n e d  w i t h i n  the  c o n t e x t  

of  a  s p e c i f i c  c a s e .  T h i s  C o u r t  is  h e r e  c a l l e d  u p o n  to d e t e r m i n e  w h e t h e r  

S e c t i o n  803 i s  c o n s t i t u t i o n a l  w i t h i n  the  c o n t e x t  of  th e  i n s t a n t  c a s e  a n d  it 

n e e d  n o t  a n d  s h o u l d  n o t  s e e k  to d e t e r m i n e  i t s  c o n s t i t u t i o n a l i t y  a s  a p p l i e d  

to s o m e  o t h e r  c a s e .

- 2 2 -



P l a i n t i f f s  c l a i m  t h a t  S e c t i o n  803 s i n g l e s  ou t  p r i m a r i l y  b l a c k  c h i l d r e n  

a n d  c o n s t i t u t e s  a " h e a v y h a n d e d  i n f r i n g e m e n t "  u p o n  the  c o n s t i t u t i o n a l  r i g h t s  

of p l a i n t i f f s .  In r e s p o n s e  to  t h i s  e m o t i o n a l  a r g u m e n t ,  w e  w o u l d  r e m i n d  

p l a i n t i f f s  t h a t ,  a s  t h i s  C o u r t  n o t e d  in D e a l  v C i n c i n n a t i  B o a r d  of E d u c a t i o n ,  

419 F .  2 d  1387,  1391 (CA 6, 1967) ,  t h e y  a r e  n o t  the  o n ly  p e r s o n s  w h o  h a v e  

c o n s t i t u t i o n a l  r i g h t s .

S e c t i o n  803 d o e s  n o t  s i n g l e  ou t  b l a c k  c h i l d r e n  o r  w h i t e  c h i l d r e n  f o r  

d i f f e r e n t  t r e a t m e n t .  It t r e a t s  w i t h  c o u r t  o r d e r s  w h i c h  c a l l  f o r  m a s s i v e  

d i s r u p t i o n  of  the  e d u c a t i o n  of  a l l  c h i l d r e n ,  b l a c k  a n d  w h i t e ,  f o r  the  p u r p o s e  

of p r e s e r v i n g  the  s t a t u s  quo  p e n d i n g  a p p e l l a t e  r e v i e w .

I n t e r v e n o r  S c h o o l  D i s t r i c t s  s u b m i t  t h a t  the  R u l i n g s  a n d  O r d e r s  

c e r t i f i e d  b y  the  D i s t r i c t  C o u r t  (A. I a 5 9 0 - 5 9 1 )  u n d e r  the  p r o v i s i o n s  of 

28 U .S .  C.  1292 (b) s h o u l d  b e  r e v e r s e d  a n d  s e t  a s i d e ,  a n d  th i s  c a s e  s h o u l d  

b e  r e m a n d e d  to the  D i s t r i c t  C o u r t  f o r  e n t r y  of  a n  O r d e r  d i s m i s s i n g  

p l a i n t i f f s '  c o m p l a i n t .

C O N C L U S IO N

R e s p e c t f u l l y  s u b m i t t e d ,

O N G ,  G U S T,  K L E I N  & V A N  Z I L E
, TUM-L

W i l l i a m  M. S a x to n
J o h n  B.  W e a v e r
R o b e r t  M .  V e r c r u y s s e
X. O r h a n

A t t o r n e y s  f o r  D e f e n d a n t s  - I n t e r v e n o r s  
A l l e n  P a r k  P u b l i c  S c h o o l s ,  e t  a l

1881 F i r s t  N a t i o n a l  B u i l d i n g  
D e t r o i t ,  M i c h i g a n  4822b  
T e l e p h o n e :  (313) 9 6 3 - 8 1 4 2



H IL L ,  LEWIS, ADAMS, GOODRICH & TAIT

y= = £ > .. l .  w . t e v  ~

3700  P e n o b s c u L  B u i l d i n g  
D e t r o i t ,  M i c h i g a n  4822  6 
T e l e p h o n e :  (313) 9 6 2 - 6 4 8 5
A t t o r n e y s  f o r  D e f e n d a n t - I n t e r v e n o r  

G r o s s e  P o i n t e  P u b l i c  S c h o o l s

8 60 W e s t  L o n g  L a k e  R o a d  
B l o o m f i e l d  H i l l s ,  M i c h i g a n  48013  
T e l e p h o n e :  (313) 6 4 5 - 5 2 0 5
A t t o r n e y s  f o r  D e f e n d a n t - I n t e r v e n o r  

S o u t h f i e l d  P u b l i c  S c h o o l s

H A RT M A N , B E I E R ,  H O W L E T T ,  M c C O N N E L L  
& GOOGASIAN

74 W e s t  L o n g  L a k e  R o a d  
B l o o m f i e l d  H i l l s ,  M i c h i g a n  48013  
T e l e p h o n e :  (313) 6 4 5 - 9 4 0 0
A t t o r n e y s  f o r  D e f e n d a n t - I n t e r v e n o r

S c h o o l  D i s t r i c t  of th e  C i ty  of R o y a l  O ak

D o u g l a s  H. W e s t  
R o b e r t  B.  W e b s t e r

CONDIT AND M cG A RRY , P .  C.

R i c h a r d  P .  C o n d i t

*

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