Amadeo v. Kemp Brief of LDF as Amicus Curiae
Public Court Documents
December 14, 1987
Cite this item
-
Brief Collection, LDF Court Filings. Amadeo v. Kemp Brief of LDF as Amicus Curiae, 1987. 32059eaa-b79a-ee11-be36-6045bdeb8873. LDF Archives, Thurgood Marshall Institute. https://ldfrecollection.org/archives/archives-search/archives-item/fce001b9-05c1-4335-9c51-3eac997f5df6/amadeo-v-kemp-brief-of-ldf-as-amicus-curiae. Accessed October 09, 2025.
Copied!
No. 87-5277
I n t h e
Supreme (Emtrf of % Imteib States
O ctober T eem , 1987
T ony B . A madeo,
VS.
Petitioner,
R a lph K e m p , W ard en ,
Respondent.
ON WRIT OE CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED STATES COURT
OF APPEALS FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
BRIEF OF THE NAACP LEGAL DEFENSE AND
EDUCATIONAL FUND, INC. AS AMICUS CURIAE
IN SUPPORT OF PETITIONER
J u liu s L . C hambers
C harles S t e ph e n R alston*99 H u d son Stre etN ew Y o r k , N ew Y o r k 10013(212) 219-1900
Attorneys for Amicus Curiae*Counsel o f R ecord
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TABLE OF A U T H O R I T I E S .......................................... i
STATEMENT OF INTEREST
OF AMICUS CURIAE . . . . . . . . 1
SUMMARY OF ARGUMENT .......................................... 3
ARGUMENT
THE CONSTITUTION AND LAWS
OF THE UNITED STATES REQUIRE
THAT P E T I T IO N E R 'S CONVICTION
BE VACATED........................................................................ 3
CONCLUSION ................................................................................. 12
TABLE OF AUTHOR I T I E S
C a s e s :
Page
A l e x a n d e r v . L o u i s i a n a , 405 U . S .
625 (1972) ............................................... 2 , 7 , 1 1
A v e r y v . G e o r g i a , 345 U . S . 559 (1953) 10
B a t s o n v . K e n t u c k y , 476 U . S .
90 L . E d . 2d 69, ( 1 9 8 6 ) ............................. 7 ,1 1
Broadway v . C u l p e p p e r , 439 F . 2d
1253 ( 5 t h C i r . 1 9 7 1 ) .............................. 6
Brown v . C u l p e p p e r , 559 F . 2 d 274
( 5 t h C i r . 1977) 6
C a r t e r v . J u r y Com m ission , 396
U . S . 320 (1970) 3,11
C a r t e r v . T e x a s , 177 U . S . 442
(1900) .................................... . . . . . . 10
Eubanks v . L o u i s i a n a , 356 U . S . 584
( 1 9 5 8 ) ....................................................................... 10
Ex p a r t e V i r g i n i a , 100 U . S . 339
( 1 8 8 0 ) ..................................................... ..... 6 , 1 0
F o s t e r v . S p a r k s , 506 F . 2 d 805
( 5 t h C i r . 1975) 6
G i b s o n v . M i s s i s s i p p i , 162 U . S .
565 (1896) . . . . . . 10
H a r r i s v . New Y o r k , 401 U . S . 222 . . 10
Hernandez v . T e x a s , 347 U . S . 475
( 1 9 5 4 ) ....................................................................... 11
i
10H i l l v . T e x a s , 316 U . S . 400
( 1 9 4 2 ) ...............................................
J o n e s v . G e o r g i a , 389 U . S , 24
(1967) ................................................................. 11
M i t c h e l l v . J o h n s o n , 250 F . Supp.
117 (M.D. A l a . 1966) . . . .
N e a l v . D e l a w a r e , 103 U . S . 370
(1881) ................................................................. 10
N o r r i s v . A laba ma, 294 U . S . 587
( 1 9 3 5 ) .................................................................
P a t t o n v . M i s s i s s i p p i , 332 U . S .
463 (1947) ..................................................... 10
P e t e r s v . K i f f , 407 U . S . 493
( 1972) ..................................................... ..... . 11
P i e r r e v . L o u i s i a n a , 306 U . S . 354
(1939) ................................................................. 10
Ree ce v . G e o r g i a , 350 U . S . 85
(1955) .................................................................
Rose v . M i t c h e l l , 443 U . S . 545
(1979) ........................................................... 11
Sims v . G e o r g i a , 389 U . S . 404
(1967) ......................................... .....
S m i t h v . T e x a s , 311 U . S . 128 (1940) 10
S t r a u d e r v . West V i r g i n i a , 100 U . S .
303 (1880) ..................................................... 10
Tu rner v . F o u c h e , 396 U . S . 346
(1970) . . . . . ................................... 3 , 6 , 1 1
i i
U n i t e d S t a t e s v . H a v e n s, 446
U . S . 620 ( 1 9 8 0 ) .................................................9 . 1 0
V a sq u e z v . H i l l e r y , 474 U . S . 254
( 1 9 8 6 ) ......................................... 11
W a i n w r i g h t v . S y k e s , 433 U . S .
72 (1977) 3 , 4 , 9 , 1 0
W hitus v . G e o r g i a , 385 U . S . 545
(1967) . 11
S t a t u t e s and C o d e s :
18 U . S . C . § 243 4 , 8
i i i
No. 87-5277
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES
O c t o b e r Term, 1987
TONY B. AMADEO,
P e t i t i o ne r ,
v s .
RALPH KEMP, WARDEN,
Respo nde n t .
On W r i t o f C e r t i o r a r i
t o t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s C o u r t o f A p p e a l s
f o r t h e E l e v e n t h C i r c u i t
BRIEF OF THE NAACP LEGAL DEFENSE AND
EDUCATIONAL FUND, IN C . AS AMICUS
CURIAE IN SUPPORT OF PETITIONER
STATEMENT OF INTEREST OF AMICUS CURIA E*
T h e N A A C P L e g a l D e f e n s e a n d
E d u c a t i o n a l F u n d , I n c . , i s a n o n - p r o f i t
c o r p o r a t i o n , i n c o r p o r a t e d under t h e laws
o f t h e S t a t e o f New York i n 1939. I t was
* L e t t e r s from t h e p a r t i e s c o n s e n t i n g t o
t h e f i l i n g o f t h i s B r i e f ha ve been l o d g e d
w i t h t h e C l e r k o f t h e C o u r t .
2
f o r m e d t o a s s i s t B l a c k s t o s e c u r e t h e i r
c o n s t i t u t i o n a l r i g h t s by t h e p r o s e c u t i o n
o f l a w s u i t s . I t s c h a r t e r d e c l a r e s t h a t
i t s p u r p o s e s i n c l u d e r e n d e r i n g l e g a l a i d
w i t h o u t c o s t t o B l a c k s s u f f e r i n g i n j u s t i c e
b y r e a s o n o f r a c e who a r e u n a b l e , on
a c c o u n t o f p o v e r t y , t o e m p l o y l e g a l
c o u n s e l on t h e i r own b e h a l f . For many
y e a r s i t s a t t o r n e y s h a v e r e p r e s e n t e d
p a r t i e s and h a v e p a r t i c i p a t e d a s am icus
c u r i a e i n t h i s C o u r t an d i n t h e l o w e r
f e d e r a l c o u r t s i n c a s e s i n v o l v i n g r a c i a l
i n j u s t i c e s .
The F u n d h a s a l o n g s t a n d i n g c o n c e r n
w i t h t h e i s s u e o f t h e e x c l u s i o n o f B l a c k s
f r o m s e r v i c e o n j u r i e s . T h u s , i t h a s
r a i s e d j u r y d i s c r i m i n a t i o n c l a i m s i n
a p p e a l s f r o m c r i m i n a l c o n v i c t i o n s 1 and
p i o n e e r e d i n t h e a f f i r m a t i v e u s e o f c i v i l
1 E •g • , A l e x a n d e r v . L o u i s i a n a ,
405 U . S . 625 (1972) .
3
a c t i o n s t o end d i s c r i m i n a t o r y p r a c t i c e s . 2
SUMMARY OF ARGUMENT
T h e p r o s e c u t o r ' s i n v o l v e m e n t i n a
c l a n d e s t i n e s c h e m e t o v i o l a t e t h e
C o n s t i t u t i o n and c o n c e a l t h e v i o l a t i o n
d i s e n t i t l e s him from i n v o k i n g t h e d o c t r i n e
o f W ain w riqht v . S y k e s , 433 U . S . 72 (1977)
t o b l o c k f e d e r a l a d j u d i c a t i o n o f t h e
u n c o n s t i t u t i o n a l scheme.
ARGUMENT
THE CONSTITUTION AND LAWS OF THE
U N I T E D S T A T E S R E Q U I R E THAT
P E T I T I O N E R ' S C O N V I C T I O N BE
VACATED
Wh e n o f f i c i a l s o f t h e S t a t e o f
G e o r g i a i n t e n t i o n a l l y m a n i p u l a t e d t h e
s e l e c t i o n o f j u r o r s i n Putnam C o u n t y i n
o r d e r t o l i m i t t h e n u m b e r o f B l a c k
c i t i z e n s s e l e c t e d t o t h e s m a l l e s t number
p o s s i b l e , a n d d i d s o i n a m a n n e r
2 C a r t e r v . J u r y C o m m i s s i o n , 396
U . S . 320 ( 1 9 7 0 ) ; T u r n e r v . F o u c h e , 396
U . S . 346 ( 1970) ; M i t c h e l l v . J o h n s o n , 250
F . Supp. 117 (M. D. A l a . 1966) .
4
s p e c i f i c a l l y d e s i g n e d t o c o n c e a l t h e f a c t
t h a t s u c h a s c h e m e was i n f o r c e , t h e i r
a c t i o n s were a d i r e c t a f f r o n t t o a l l B l a c k
c i t i z e n s o f t h i s c o u n t r y . When t h e
d i s t r i c t a t t o r n e y o b s t r u c t e d t h e
p r e s e n t a t i o n t o s t a t e c o u r t s o f a n y
c h a l l e n g e t o t h i s sc he m e, by c l o a k i n g i t
o v e r , and when he now s e e k s t o f o r e c l o s e a
c h a l l e n g e t o t h e scheme i n f e d e r a l c o u r t
b y i n v o k i n g t h e p r i n c i p l e o f c o m i t y
embodied i n W a in w r ig h t v . S y k e s , 433 U . S .
72 ( 1 9 7 7 ) , he adds i n s u l t t o i n j u r y . Such
v e n a l i t y s h o u l d e s t o p a p r o s e c u t o r from
i n v o k i n g a n e q u i t a b l e p r i n c i p l e t h a t i s
b a s e d o n t h e a s s u m p t i o n t h a t s t a t e
o f f i c i a l s a r e c o n d u c t i n g t h e i r a f f a i r s i n
an h o n e s t and l a w f u l manner.
S e c t i o n 243 o f T i t l e 18 o f t h e U n i t e d
S t a t e s Code p r o v i d e s , i n p a r t :
[ W j h o e v e r , b e i n g an o f f i c e r or
o t h e r p e r s o n c h a r g e d w i t h a n y
d u t y i n t h e s e l e c t i o n o r
summoning o f j u r o r s , e x c l u d e s or
5
f a i l s t o summon any c i t i z e n [on
a c c o u n t o f r a c e , c o l o r , o r
p r e v i o u s c o n d i t i o n o f s e r v i
t u d e ] , s h a l l be f i n e d n o t more
t h a n $ 5 , 0 0 0 .
P e t i t i o n e r Amadeo was i n d i c t e d , c o n v i c t e d ,
and s e n t e n c e d t o d e a t h by j u r i e s s e l e c t e d
p u r s u a n t t o a c o n s p i r a c y t o v i o l a t e § 243,
T h i s c o n s p i r a c y was s o s u c c e s s f u l t h a t i t
w a s n o t d i s c o v e r e d u n t i l a f t e r
p e t i t i o n e r ' s t r i a l , and t h e n o n l y t h r o u g h
a f o r t u i t y . The q u e s t i o n b e f o r e t h i s
C o u r t , t h e r e f o r e , i s w he the r t h e S t a t e o f
G e o r g i a c a n r e l y on t h e s u c c e s s o f a
c r i m i n a l c o n s p i r a c y b y p r o s e c u t i n g
o f f i c i a l s t o ba r f e d e r a l c o u r t r e v i e w o f a
c o n v i c t i o n and d e a t h s e n t e n c e t h a t a r e t h e
f r u i t s o f t h a t v e r y c o n s p i r a c y .
A m i c u s s t r o n g l y u r g e s t h a t t h e r e i s
n o t h i n g i n t h e d e c i s i o n s o f t h i s C o u r t or
i n a n y l e g i t i m a t e r u l e s o f c o m i t y o r
f o r f e i t u r e t h a t s h o u l d a l l o w t h e s t a t e t o
p r o f i t f r o m i t s u n l a w f u l an d p a t e n t l y
6
r a c i s t a c t i o n s . I t ha s been a c r i m i n a l
o f f e n s e u n d e r t h e l a w s o f t h e U n i t e d
S t a t e s t o e x c l u d e or f a i l t o summon j u r o r s
b e c a u s e o f t h e i r r a c e s i n c e 1875. See Ex
p a r t e V i r g i n i a , 100 U . S . 339 ( 1880) . The
a c t i o n s o f t h e d i s t r i c t a t t o r n e y and t h e
j u r y c o m m i s s i o n e r s i n P u t n a m C o u n t y ,
G e o r g i a i n 1977 w e r e , a s d e m o n s t r a t e d by
t h e u n c o n t r o v e r t e d f a c t s , d e l i b e r a t e and
i n t e n t i o n a l v i o l a t i o n s o f t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n
a n d l a w s o f t h i s l a n d , s o c l e a r l y
d e l i b e r a t e and i n t e n t i o n a l a s t o amount t o
c r i m i n a l c o n d u c t . 3
3 The h i s t o r y o f t h e s t a t u t o r y and
d e c i s i o n a l l a w p r o h i b i t i n g j u r y
d i s c r i m i n a t i o n ( s e e i n f r a ) , a n d t h e
c i r c u m s t a n c e s o f t h e p l o t r e v e a l e d by t h e
r e c o r d a n d f o u n d e s t a b l i s h e d b y t h e
d i s t r i c t c o u r t b e lo w , make i t p l a i n t h a t
t h e P utn am C o u n t y o f f i c i a l s knew e x a c t l y
what t h e y were d o i n g and were m o t i v a t e d by
t h e many j u r y d i s c r i m i n a t i o n c a s e s b r o u g h t
i n G e o r g i a a t t h e t i m e , i n c l u d i n g one i n
n e i g h b o r i n g T a l i a f e r r o C o u n t y . Turne r v .
F o u c h e , 396 U . S . 346 ( 1970) . See a l s o ,
e . g . , Broadway v . C u l p e p p e r , 439 F . 2 d 1253
( 5 t h C i r . 1 9 7 1 ) ; F o s t e r v . S p a r k s , 506
F . 2 d 8 0 5 ( 5 t h C i r . 1 9 7 5) ; B r o wn v .
7
I n d e e d , t h e v e r y p u r p o s e o f t h e
c o n s p i r a c y was t o a v e r t a j u d i c i a l r u l i n g
t h a t t h e j u r i e s i n P utn am C o u n t y w e r e
u n c o n s t i t u t i o n a l by d e l i b e r a t e l y e x c l u d i n g
j u s t e n o u g h B l a c k c i t i z e n s t o p r e v e n t a
f i n d i n g o f d i s c r i m i n a t i o n b a s e d o n
s t a t i s t i c s . N e v e r t h e l e s s , a s t h i s C o u r t
ha s made c l e a r i n s u c h c a s e s a s B a t s o n v .
K e n t u c k y , 476 U . S . _____ , 90 L . E d . 2 d 69, 79,
n , 3 ( 1 9 8 6 ) , and A l e x a n d e r v . L o u i s i a n a ,
4 0 5 U . S . 6 2 5 , 6 2 8 - 2 9 ( 1 9 7 2 ) , t h e
i n t e n t i o n a l e x c l u s i o n o f a n y number o f
B l a c k s from a j u r y b e c a u s e o f t h e i r r a c e
v i o l a t e s b o t h t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n a nd 18
U . S . C . § 243.
The f i n d i n g s o f t h e d i s t r i c t c o u r t ,
w h i c h a r e b i n d i n g u n l e s s c l e a r l y
e r r o n e o u s , e s t a b l i s h t h a t as soon a s t h e
p e t i t i o n e r l e a r n e d o f t h e c r i m i n a l a c t s o f
C u l p e p p e r , 559 F . 2d 274 ( 5t h C i r . 1977) .
8
t h e P utn am C o u n t y o f f i c i a l s he a t t e m p t e d
t o r a i s e h i s c l a i m o f u n c o n s t i t u t i o n a l and
i l l e g a l j u r y d i s c r i m i n a t i o n i n t h e G e o r g i a
c o u r t s . The d i s t r i c t c o u r t f u r t h e r found
t h a t i t w o u l d n o t h a v e been p o s s i b l e t o
have u n c o v e r e d t h e c o n s p i r a c y b e f o r e t r i a l
b e c a u s e o f i t s d e l i b e r a t e l y c o v e r t n a t u r e .
G i v e n t h e s e c l e a r f a c t s and t h e undou bted
command o f t h e l a w , i t i s d i f f i c u l t t o
c o n c e i v e o f a n y c o u n t e r v a i l i n g e q u i t a b l e
p r i n c i p l e s t h a t s h o u l d r e s u l t i n G e o r g i a ' s
o b t a i n i n g an a d v a n t a g e b e c a u s e o f t h e
c r i m i n a l a c t i o n s o f i t s o f f i c i a l s .
P e t i t i o n e r a r g u e s t h a t t h e c o n d u c t o f
h i s c o u n s e l c a n n o t be f a u l t e d , and t h a t
t h e c l e a r p r e s e n c e o f b o t h " c a u s e " and
" p r e j u d i c e " p l a c e t h i s c a s e w i t h i n t h e
e s t a b l i s h e d e x c e p t i o n t o t h e S y k e s w a i v e r
r u l e . P e t i t i o n e r ' s a r g u m e n t i s c l e a r l y
c o r r e c t , b u t A m i c u s b e l i e v e s i t i s
i n a p p r o p r i a t e t o a l l o w t h e s t a t e t o i n v o k e
9
t h e S y k e s a n a l y s i s a t a l l . S y k e s i s
g r o u n d e d i n t h e s t a t e ' s l e g i t i m a t e
i n t e r e s t i n a n o r d e r l y an d r u l e - b o u n d
j u d i c i a l p r o c e s s . I t i s a l s o a r e f l e c t i o n
o f a p o l i c y i n t e n d e d t o promote r e s p e c t
f o r s t a t e c o u r t e n f o r c e m e n t o f f e d e r a l
c o n s t i t u t i o n a l r i g h t s . Where a p r o s e c u t i n g
a u t h o r i t y i n t e n t i o n a l l y schem es t o keep
h i s own a n d o t h e r s t a t e o f f i c i a l s '
u n c o n s t i t u t i o n a l a c t s f r o m coming under
t h e s c r u t i n y o f o r d e r l y j u d i c i a l p r o c e s s e s
b y f o r e s t a l l i n g t h e i r d i s c o v e r y a n d
a d j u d i c a t i o n i n t h e s t a t e - - or any o t h e r
— c o u r t s y s t e m , t h e p r o s e c u t o r s h o u l d no
m o r e b e p e r m i t t e d t o p e r v e r t t h e
l e g i t i m a t e s h i e l d o f S y k e s i n t o a sword
f o r w a g i n g war a g a i n s t t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n
t h a n a c r i m i n a l d e f e n d a n t may i d e n t i c a l l y
p e r v e r t p r o c e d u r a l p r o t e c t i o n s c r e a t e d t o
p r e s e r v e h i s or h e r F o u r t h , F i f t h and
S i x t h Amendment i n t e r e s t s . S e e U n i t e d
10
S t a t e s v . H a v e n s , 446 U . S . 620 ( 1 9 8 0 ) ;
H a r r i s v , __New Y o r k , 401 U . S . 222 ( 1971) .
T e c h n i c a l a n a l y s i s o f t h e " c a u s e " and
" p r e j u d i c e " e l e m e n t s o f S y k e s i s h a r d l y
n e c e s s a r y t o d e n y i t s a v a i l a b i l i t y f o r
m a n i p u l a t i o n b y a p r o s e c u t o r i n t h i s
f a s h i o n .
T h i s c a s e i s b u t t h e l a t e s t i n a l o n g
s e r i e s o f e x a m p l e s , s t r e t c h i n g b a c k t o
1880, o f t h e r e f u s a l o f s t a t e o f f i c i a l s t o
r e c o g n i z e t h e r i g h t o f B l a c k s t o be f r e e
o f r a c i a l d i s c r i m i n a t i o n i n t h e s e l e c t i o n
o f j u r i e s and t h e r i g h t o f a l l d e f e n d a n t s
t o be t r i e d by a c r i m i n a l j u s t i c e s y s t e m
u n t a i n t e d b y r a c i s m . 4 To p e r m i t t h e
S e e , e . g . , S t r a u d e r v . We s t
V i r g i n i a , 10 0 U . S . 303 ( 1880) ; E x ‘ p a r t e
V i r g i n i a , 100 U . S . 339 ( 1 8 8 0 ) ; N e a l v .
D e l a w a r e , 103 U . S . 370 ( 1881) ; G i b s on...v7
M i s s i s s i p p i , 162 U . S . 565 ( 1896) ; C a r t e r
v . T e x a s , 177 U . S . 442 ( 1900) ; N o r r i s v .
A l a b a m a , 294 U . S . 587 ( 1935) ; P i e r r e v .
L o u i s i a n a , 306 U . S . 354 ( 1939) ; S m i th v .
T e x a s , 311 U . S . 128 ( 1940) ; H i l l v 7 T e x a s '
3 1 6 U . S . 4 0 0 ( 1 9 4 2 ) ; P a t t o n v .
Mi s s i s s i p p i , 332 U . S . 463 ( 1947) ; Av e r y v ,
11
I n d i c t m e n t , c o n v i c t i o n , and d e a t h s e n t e n c e
t o s t a n d w o u l d s i m p l y e n c o u r a g e o t h e r
s t a t e o f f i c i a l s t o e m b a r k on s i m i l a r
c r i m i n a l c o n s p i r a c i e s , bu t t o c o n c e a l them
more e f f e c t i v e l y i n t h e h o p e t h a t t h e y
a l s o would n o t be d i s c o v e r e d u n t i l a f t e r a
t r i a l h a s b e e n h e l d . I f , on t h e o t h e r
h a n d , t h i s C o u r t r e v e r s e s t h e c o u r t o f
a p p e a l s a n d o r d e r s p e t i t i o n e r t o b e
r e t r i e d b y a j u r y c o n s t i t u t e d i n a c c o r d
w i t h t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n and l a w s o f t h e
U n i t e d S t a t e s , i t w i l l do no more or l e s s
Ge o r g i a , 345 U . S . 559 ( 1953) ; Hernandez v .
T e x a s , 347 U . S . 475 ( 19 5 4 ) ; R e e c e v .
G e o r g i a , 350 U . S . 85 ( 195 5) ; Eubanks v .
L o u i s i a n a , 356 U . S . 584 ( 1958) ; Whi t u s v .
G e o r g i a , 385 U . S . 545 ( 1 9 6 7 ) ; J o n e s v .
G e o r g i a , 389 U . S . 24 ( 1 9 6 7 ) ; S i ms v .
G e o r g i a , 389 U . S . 404 ( 1967) ; C a r t e r v .
J u r y C o m m i s s i o n , 396 U . S . 320 ( 1970)
(A la bam a ); Tu rner v . F o u c h e , 396 U . S . 346
(1970) ( G e o r g i a ) ; Al e x a n d e r v . L o u i s i a n a ,
405 U . S . 625 ( 1972) ; P e t e r s v . K i f f , 407
U . S . 4 9 3 ( 1 9 7 2 ) ( G e o r g i a ) ; R o s e v .
M i t c h e l l , 443 U . S . 545 (1979) ( T e n n e s s e e ) ;
V a s g u e z v . H i l l e r y , 474 U . S . 254 (1986)
( C a l i f o r n i a ) ; B a t s o n v . K e n t u c k y , 476 U . S .
_ , 90 L . E d . 2d 69 ( 1986) .
12
t h a n u n d e r l i n e o n c e a g a i n t h e v i t a l
messa ge t h a t t h i s most p e r n i c i o u s form o f
r a c i a l d i s c r i m i n a t i o n w i l l n o t b e
t o l e r a t e d .
CONCLUSION
T h e d e c i s i o n o f t h e c o u r t b e l o w
s h o u l d be r e v e r s e d .
D a t e d : December 14, 1987.
R e s p e c t f u l l y s u b m i t t e d ,
J U L I U S L . CHAMBERS
^CHARLES STEPHEN RALSTON
99 Hudson S t r e e t
New Y o r k , N. Y . 10013
(212) 219-1900
A t t o r n e y s f o r Amicus C u r i a e
By : __________________ ____________ ______
C h a r l e s S t e p h e n R a l s t o n
^C ou nsel o f Record
Hamilton Graphics, Inc.— 200 Hudson Street, New York, N.Y.— (212) 966-4177