Motion to Dismiss or Affirm

    ch
_t/f'h

J

Ql,l.:; I lllN5 Plll.:;t.NIl l)

l. lrt I lr in ncl l(tn lrrrttltllrl rtnrlor lirrcI lrrrr ?

(1 f I lre Vol lrtq Rltllrls AcI , ilre Dislrir:l

Cotrrl Iourttl n!1 n rnaltat' t'f Inr:l llrnl, ttntlt:t'

ilre lrrtnl il y rll- t'r:levarrl t:irr:tltnsl ntt('et: irr

Norl. lr Cartrl lrtrt, llrn llsr, of llrrr clral lt'rttlctl

lrrr;irrlnl lve rl iol l'ir:l rr restrll tt irr lrlnrk

volet'n irr Ihrtttn rlistI'lclrr lrnvi?r(l Itt:ttr

r.rlrp(lr I rrn I I y t lrnn tlrr tll Jrer tnetnlrrrrrl tr[ | lrc

r-'ler:l rtrnl e I rt Jrorl icipale irr tlrn ;rrrlil icrrl

lrr(lces'rt atlrl I rr eleel rellrasr'rrl nl ives ul

I he i r r:ho Ice.

l{ere []resn l-lrrrlirrt;c of fncl r:lenrly

errorre(rll$ rrtrrler tlrrIr: sZ( n)?

ll. l)oes arlrnilrir;llal ivn Irer-ltrnl'attt:e trl il

lcr;inlnl ivn rl lslrlr:l tlttrlel' 5or:l iorr 'r of llrl

Vrtl inr; llit;lrl s Ar'l nlrrlrrlrllnly ltrrr pt'iv:tl r'



p6rtleB from

that. tliatrlet

Rlghts Aet , ln the fece

lengun-r;e to the eontrnrY?

- tl

tLtlqat tnq tl'rs leqal ltY ol'

under Seetlon 2 of 'the Yotlrrq

of elear et etutorY

f! Bh...,

lililIoN I0 DlSlllsS 0n

5tAil.ilrNl 0t' lllt cASl:

Ihe Disl
Correel.
Ihet the
Quest lorr

ilt

IAOLT Ot CONITNI 5

Arr I nH

rlct llorrrl. Applinr! llre
Sl nlrrlerd lrr l)el ermirrlrrt;
Iler:t.ion Dlel.r Icl.s trr
llnve e Dlnet' ilnirrnl ory

l'oq e

I

t. Ill[ DlSlnl{:I cllllnl's l)}, I[nlllNAIItlN' lll^I N0llIll cAll0l-lNA's l;l-Nl-llAl-
ASStllntY l)lSllllIIS vl0LAll. $ z lll tll,.
v0IlNG lllt;llI:i ACI l:i 'lA5rl-D 

0N Illl-
c0nItcI slANl)Atll) ANI) ls N(,I (:ll-Anl Y

rInoNl 0l,s

A.

n.

llesu l I

ilre Dl et. r I cl Crrtlr l 'gr lll t imnl rr stttl
Suhnldlary l-lnrllrrqo At'e Nol
Clenrly [.rrottert(t$ ...

,.

Ihe llourl l{e lr;lrerl llre I'nt'-
I i r:u I nr ll i t'cttmtt I ortt:r!s lle I e -
vorrl. lrr lhls Ar:l iorr in
llekIrrr; Ils l'irrrl int;rr

Ihe Dl sI r ict (]otrrt.'s I i ntl irrtl
ol- Rorinl.ly l'rtIarIzcrl Vrrl irrrl
in Nol (llenrly [.trrr-
lreIrlrr|

ilre Dlnlrict (ltrurt's Itll i-
nol e I- lntllnr; trl- l)irrer' lrn lna-
lory flr.null ln trol [ilrrnrly
l-rrrrrrnnttfr ..,

ltr

t.

2.

ltt

22

t5



iv

IllE DISIntcI C0lrnI Pn0PERLY-9ON-

iioriiiii nii Ilrt sI^lt's tvIDtNCE

PRtCLEAnANCI uNDtn StcIl0N 7
h; ;ui.iortNc nlcrlls ^cI 

qqII
ii'or'iinn APPEtI-rEs' cl-^IH t'NDtR

P sqe

42ri.

rIl.

SECTIIIN 2
h5

5(,
CONCLTISION

-v

IAnl-t 0r AltIll0nl I 11.5.
Ing"

Gnrdner -f)etrver Cttm;lartY t
tG (tgltt) ... 5l

r. -/

ltt,15.

ht

Case.q l.

Alexonrler v.
015 lt.5.

tilrnrrrller v.
( te7 6,

.lorres v. City
I .2d )64

Klrkoey v. [Itr
F.2d 179

(5th Clr. l9{t4)

ar,t of StllrePv i$ors, 't54
(5tlr Clr. 1977)

Allen v. MeL'ttrrYt tthg 1,.5. 9ll
(-teilr) ...

tlottdebrtnlr, ttZS ll.S. ll4ll

Cotrpe r v . Aarrrn, lr0 1,.5. I ( leStl)

l)orrrrel I v. lfrr i l erl 5l at rrs , 6112 I 'Ztl
Zttt'l (O.C. Cir. lett?)

f nst Carrol I f'nrlnlr Selrottl lld' v '
llarelrnl l , ttltt ll- 5. 6r(1 (1976 ) " " 12 r27

of' Lrrhl'rttel<, [or., 727

5t'

5l

tt5

14

Krolner v. Chern leel Const rtlet lrrlt
Corporel
(1e02)

I otr , lt"tG tr. 5. h61
50

He.for Y. Ireent ,7tt
l.a. 1901) ( t hree

r. Srrpp, tZ j
.iur'lt;e ctrtlrt.

'(r.ll.
) ...'lttr4llrtt[l



f)
- vi

Hotter rrf Herrltl, 5gh F'2<l 1O64 ('tlr
Ci r . 19791

Honroe v. 0rl. oI Commlsaloners ' tgi
t,.:;. 450 (1e60) ...

Htrrris v. Gressetto, tttZ U'S' q9l
(1e77) -.- "':'

NAACP v . Ga<lstlen Co ' Schoo I lld '
('91 F.2<l 970-(llth Cir' 1902')

Porter arlrt Dlet'selr, Ine' v' F'I'C"
. (,o5 r.2<t iv,t (tirt clr' 1979)t

cert. derrled,
4tr9-u.g--TY0-( 1 e7e )''

Prrllmarr-Standerrl v' Swint ' 
lt56 U'5' 27'

velnsqtrez v. ci!I-9r^lhit:::,.1"*'' 77'5

Roqere v. l-orlqe, 4'B tl' 5' 6lt (1902) "'

llybleki v- Sl-nte Bd' of flect-lon trf
ll ttnoi",'ili'-i' Strpp'.1147 (r'o' It
fSOf )(three Judge cotrrt.l.

Jiwartrt v. Cherlotte-Heeklenburo 0d'
or rtl., )i;;';' si'PP'' t-l't (tt'D'N'c'
1e6e) "tt'J,'aoi 

il"s' I (1971)

Itrrtl.ed 5l-ntes v' Enet llat'rrn Rotlqe-- ,?..
f,nristr s"r'roni na., 59q r.?fl 56 ( 5tl'
C i r. 197e1

llrril.erl 5t.nt.es v ' Herengrr tl9: Comm' ' 7'l
r.2d 1546 itttrt cit' 1904)

0

Paos

,0

(5

5r,\'tt

?-7 | bl

,l

t,
lrtt2

t.
14r49

Ir lt

40

14, 40

l4rl'tI.;; iori tir,r' ctr' leoq)
5o

-,4\
\-f

- vil

Hlrltetrmb v' [llravls, 1lt'-' l''s' 12tt

P rqg

(0(tit1) .....,

l{irI t.e v. fieqeeter, ttl2 t'. S' 755
(lett ) ... 1?,1t,01,r12

llmmer v. HeKeitlttrrt, tt0't F'Ztl 1791
( 5t t, Cl r. lst r) 12 tzl

lonst ll rll Iolal srr'.| Sl nl tllorv f'rov i.$ [orrU

lr- 5. Const . nrnerrrl. X I V

Vol. lng ttiqhts Acl. Amnrrtlment of l9ll2'
Prrh. l-. No. 9t-211'tr 9(t 5lot''
1_rl (rs0z) ...

Vut lng Rlghts Ael of 1965t 42 l''5'C'
$ tvz-r(c)

)2

passlm

;1ass lm

llule 52(s) [.n. Civ' P.

20 CrR $ ,1.(t1

Z0 Crn $ ,1.t6

I es i e I et Lv e--!]ig!g tl-Y.

5. tlep. Nrt. 97-h17t 97lh Crtrrg'rZrl
.Sees. (tg1?_) ... 9,

ll. ll. llep . Nrr . 97 -'127 ,
lot Sess. (l9lll)

th'ltl

97llr Cotrq.,

r5

5)

5l

1{l ) 1:l ,17 ,
,llfi , tti r'tll

9 ,llr].

!.U-g.r- nr,ll'.4!t'-"-
Wrlqhl., Hlller Rtrrl Cuttper, Ierl eral

l'roct lce nlttl J'ror:etlure:
T,;T,r,II-cTl,,,, f-ZtTo [fS.



00
A\?tiI

-l

No. 0l-1960

lN Illt:

sllPntut tl0uRr (rr Illt, t,NtItl) sIAttS

0cIol,In IIR]|, 190.',

nt,rU:; l-. tDMISI(-N, el ol',

Appellnrrls,

v.

nALPll (;lNGl-f-:;, el nl.,

Alrgre I I een.

On Appeel from the lhrll-erl 5tnter-r
Dtstrtet- Cotrrl l-ot tha fnsterrt

Dlsl.rlct. of Norlh Cerolittn

H0Il0N I0 DIstll:i5 0Il.ArrlllH

.Purnttortt. tn llrrle 16'1, APpr-'tleet;'

llo lph {ii lrq len, et Fl ' , m(rve I lrnl I lrc (lorrrt

rllsmlss tlre o;l;teel Itr atflrrn tllu 'irrrlqnrenl

lrelow (),r t. lre qrottntt lltat lhn rltlctrl irrttn (!r't



0,0
-2

wltleh the declsion of the eosa deponds oro

eo rrnsubet ant lal as not to need furt-her

orqumenl.

Statement of the Cese

Appellees Filed thls aet.lon on Sep-

tember 16, 1901, chal lenglnq the t9Bl

.6pport iotrmerrt of both hotlses of the North

Cnrollne Generel Assemtrly ("l.he General

Assembly").on t.he grounrls, tritjr alja, that

l.he Bppor t lonments were i I legal artd

rrneongl. I t.ut lonel ln t.lret : ( | ) eaeh lratl been

enaeterl prlrsuant to prov lslone of the North

Cpro[ [na Const it-ut lorr whleh werB reqtrlred

t.o be but had not been preeletrred under

Seet.ion 9.of the Votlng Rtglrto, n"t ol' 1967'
I

n.q amel'cletl , 42 ll.S.C. $ 197)e ("$ 5 0f t.he

forly of North Cnrolltrn's
ticsl are t:overed by Seet.Ion
Vot lnq Riqlrts Ael .

1 O0 crrun -
5 of the'

pt
.J r't\\-t

-)

Votlng Rlqhts Act" or "Seetlorr 5")i nrrrl (2)

Ihe t,sre of mul l. [-rnemher rt lstr lcl.s I I leqnl I y

subrner(lorl nr i nor i I y f)()l)r, I at I on rronr:errl rn-

| [onR nrrrl rl I I rrl nrl rnirror il y vrrl inrl nl rerrrll lr

lrr vlrrlntlrrn of llre Corrnliluliorr :rrrl

Ser: l iorr ?- ol I lre Vol inq ll i rlhl rr Ar:l u l- ltt(,) ,

lr!r emcrrrled , 11 1 1,. :;. f.. $ 1971 .

- Afler llrrr Conr;rlnlnl HRs filcrl, llrr,

5l ste oI Nor'llr (.nrollne suhmiltrrrl llre

prov ls lr-rne ol' tlre Nrrrtlr Carol lnn Cnrrnl. l-

l-utlon, whleh profrlbll. rlIvirlirtrl courrl Ien In

the l'ormet. lolt of a leglslative rl iolrlelr
f rrr pree I ee rarrce under Seel iorr .). flre

Al torney Gerrqr6t, ln n lel ter nlr-;lrl,rl lry
W.l l l Jenr llra<ll-,rtl lleyrr,lrlrr,,h.jer:l.rt l, l lr.
pr(rvInIrrtrR, flndirrtl Ilrat tfre uso of- tal.rlc

nru I t I-rnetnhet tl lsl r lct s ',necclrrrnr. I ly
rtulxner(len r_-rrtllri znlrle rnlrrrrr il y populrrl irrn

f:r)ncerrl ral lolrs intrr lnrr;or wl.rllc etec_

lrrrntes.tt .lrlrlsrl ir:l lonnl Sl alernrrlrt nl 6a.



0
6

-4

IlreAtt.orneyGeneral,eetlngtlrrortqlr

Reynrrlds, al eo f ound the 1901 llotlee ' 
Senat e

and Congresrilonal, plans' oe well as twrr

srrbseqtlent llorrne pl alls and one etlbsequelrt

Senste plan, lo he rneially rllscrlmlnetory'

Desplto wernlnqs f rom epeelal eotlnsel '

hlaek eitlzene' groups' entl vsrious'

Iegislotors that the use of multl-memher

dtstrlets eould result tn '*'utnrInstble

tlilrrtton of black cltlznns' votlnq

et-rerlqtlr, t'ire General Asnembly conllnued ttt

trae th t e methorl ln t he ]lotlee end ln t'he

Senel.e. At en 0 rlny trtal ln July l90l

hefore all t'hree Jurlgesr aPPellees ehel-

lenged slx of the multl-nember dietrletst

tlve lrr the tlouoe end olre ln the Senate'

Appel lees aleo challenqed tho eonflgurnt Ion

of one slnqle memher Serrate Die.l rtct ' Flve

of t.he ehallenqetl rllstricts ettnslsl'

s ct\-/

. -5-

errl lrely rrl- eollnl ien ttot r'lrvererl lry 5er:t itrlt

.i nlrrl , I lrrr re l'trt'tt, werl' ltrll srllr.i trcI I rl I lrtt

Al t.orlley lienernI ts review'

. Otr .lantlnry ?'7, lgtltt Ihe lllrtrnt'nhle 'l'

Dicksorr l'lrilllFrr, '-lr', wrilirlq l-rrr' llr(:

Irnatrltntrtln l)inl ricl Cotrrl I frttlltrl lfral trlnck

e i l i zelrs o !' Nortlr Carol ilrn rltr ttol lrave ntr

equttl opporlunlly ttr parlicipnle irr Ilre

Slele'o polit. leal uynl'em otrrl llrnt tlne rrf

I lre elre I I etrqerl leq is lal i ve rl inl r ir:l s

il lntlnlly rnl.nlrnlzen their ('Pl)r'rltlrrlly lrr

olnel reprPsetrt nl lvtlrt rlf I lre I r'r-lrrr lt:e ' llrtr

lllst r icl Cottrl rnnrle exlerrslve nrrrl mr:l ictl-

ltrtl..l |-inrlilrt|n tlrnl t. llere t:ttrrelrl ly r:xisl n:

ir,linporll.y lrelween hlnck etrtl wlrite voler

req Inl rnt lon whlch is n letlat:y of pasl

irrtr:nl-ionel rtlsfrarrchisemenl i $evere llot:itt-

et:rrnomlc irteqtllt len wlrir:h renrtll ftrrttt

pnnl. rlisrlritnlnRt iorr ttlttt wlrirlr t;ive rittc lrl

R (:trnmolrnl il y trl- ilrlnrt:r:l s willrirt (leo-

t;rrl;rfrlr-'nlly irlcrrl i l-inlrlr: lrlark ('Itnrrtrllrrit ictt;



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{

-B

ARGU}IENI

J. IIIE DISINTCT CO-URT'5 DEIEN-

MtNATI0N ;it;; 
"-N.nI11 

--9nn0LIN^'s
GtNEn^L nss't-'iui Y Dlslll.qis vtlll'AIr
$z 0r rrrr"'vo'rir'rh nIGllIs'ACI ls
RAst.D oN 

'r',rlonnFCt - 
slANDARtf ANt)

ii'ut,I cLtAnLY l:llnoNtot'5

' A' Ihe Dlstrtct Ctrurl Appllerl

lhe Cotto"i ii"tttr"ttr ln Determlrrltrq

llnt the Ii';i'i;; Distriet's Irr Qtres-

t.i.n llave ;";i;;;lrnl^at'orv lle'qtrll- '

Seetlon 2 of the Votlnq ntqhts Aet r'at'

emetrrletl lrr 1gll2' by the Volirrrl Riqhts

Amerr<lrnerrt.s of 198Lt 96 Stnt' 1tl ('Jurre 29'

.1902) ' to provitle thnt. e elslm oI unlawlul

vote rllltrt'Iolr ls est'ahltnhetl lf' "bosed on

the t.otalit.y of elrctlmst-anees" membero ,l'

a racinl rnlttrrrlty rrhsve less of)port.rlnity

t. lr"rr other membern to ;rnrticlpate ln llre

polttieel procoss nrtrl t-o elecl' repre-

oerrlal lveo of thelr clrolee.'' tt2 U'5'C'

$lr7l, n$ amctrdetl' Ihe Committee Rrr;rrrrts

ttt:(:(rmpony ltrtl tlrrr antenthnent nrake plaltl Ihtt

(j,fr.J

-9

errnqresslonnl irrterrl' to rear-'lt elecl itrlt

plans llral rnlnlrnize lhe votlrr<; sl rerrr; llr rtl'

mlnrrrl'ty volers' S' lle;r' Nrr' 97-ttl7' eTllr

tlrrnr;., ?d Sess' nt ltl (1902) (lrerenfler

"scrrtrte Rnprlrl.tt or t'1i'llep't'); ll' ll' lle|r'

No. '17-227,9/th (.ttrrt;', Irrl Se:tn' rrl l7-Itl
.h

( ttrnt ) (hernnl'l er "llt'tlstr llcporl " ) '

I lre Strrrnl e lleporl , rrl l'rflrf r-'r'i 2t - )ll ' :tcl tt

,lrll s1 rlel a i lerl nrtrl nper: il-ic t'tlnrl rnirlt f'trr

it,o npplleeliorr ul. llre Rtnetrrlerl lierlirrrr 7'

Wlren r:nllerl tlprrlr lrl alrply llre olaltllr',

h$ 6menttert, t-o a eloirn of rlrrlnwl-trl rl iltt-

Appellotrlsas$e rl thal tlre leqisletive
l,f "f 

,rry of tt,o 1902 srnelrtltnenl s i" :]:::l:::
treto,rs* there iR rltr conl'ererlcP crtrnrniltee
;;;;;;i . l. s- nl Il' ll,wever ' 

orr I lre llorrrrtr

,,,to., lu,,r,,u I y adopt ntl S ' 1992 | wlr i clr lrarl lrcr':rr

,,4;r,ral erl oltl rrf l-lrc Strrral (l lltrtrrrn ll I ctt r'rl

I he .hltl ir i nr y ntrrl nrlo;tl erl lr y I lrr: 5etral o 
'

I lrnre Hll!r lr(t ttr:etl l-rlr o 1'rltll'ttrcttt'n
,rrrmui I I n,, llr frtr lt l'("rf ert'lrt:r: ('l'lrlm il I rle

,o;ru.f . jgg 'l':';' el 'f n' n' /' lrr l'ar:l

tlrere rirl€ lru t:orrl'I ir:t lrel'wlrotr I lrn itrl rrlrl

rll' llre lltrtlnn ntrtl ol' llre 5errnle' llre
!ierrnlrr nrlrl;rl'etl srtlrgI ilrlle lnrtt;rtntle ..:

npel I orll m(rt'e r'rpnc I I i crr I t V. .l]'r' rrl nrrrl nrrl
wlr ir--lr I lrrr llrrttrrn meattl t rl cotl i Iy ' S ' Rr'1t '
rrt 77.



(f
- ll'

t lon, t he f erlerel courta itere dlreeted i"

Congress to e aEess the lntersct lon of tlle

chaltenged electorel mechanlsm wlth the

relevatrt faeLore enumereted ln lhe Senel'e

Report. et 7$-29

I t I e np;rarent f rom t'lte ane I yrl e tr I

Sect lon 2 eontalnetl ln t l.re Memor entltlm

Opinion and l'rom t'lre det'ailed assesstnetrt ot

the fnet-s t'hat t.he Dtstrict Cotlrt tlndsr-

stoorlaltdproperlyappliedltsConqree-

eiotrel charge to the feete of thls csse'

Ilre aetual ofsndarrl'applled try the

Distrlct Court ls emtrodled ln tts Ultlmst-e

Flnrtlnga of Faett

1- Consltleretl ln eolrJunr:tIon wlt'h llre

tot.nlit y or t"i;;;ttt"ttitt't"n'tarreea tountl by

the eourt --"t;; 
'l-lnger-lno efl"eets rrl-

severtly yesr" ;;-orriciel tilo"tlmlnetlo,
arlainnt blneL tiii.zens ln metterg totrclrilrg

reo l .st r at. l on "r,J 
,rt lng r subst ant i al t o

severe recl'r 
"pt''r"ii"t-i'- ln votlrrg' Lhe

elfect.e ol' t-trtrty ye-lr.? of persistet'rt

rnt:lat "ppuot'" 
"i"'pn'tlt.lbnl enmpnigne ' a

re I ol. iv e I y 
'",itn;;tti 

Boc t-o-octr^tttn it' st nt trs

re$trll inq i""'"'itl'irit:nt't rtet;ree from n

; ; ; ;,,. v "r o "r,-,t"i,,,lii1.,,1i,f*-g#u.T' 1,1' " ;
t ion, anrt

(?f
- 1l

rnn.f rlril y vol-e rer;rtiretnetrt -- llre r:rr'rnl iotl

ol' eoclr rr I t'tt"' rnrll t i-metnlte" .,'l-i"1.:tltl,:
Itlr,'ilt;.ierl irr t.isr acl irrtt rrrsrrll':t i, l'lr'
hlncl< rtrqlntntt'tt volersr o[ .ttt1l,, :lt:l.t']:.1
Ioirrg stlbrnertletl ?rs e vrrtlrttl rrinorily in l'lrr:

,i'i nt', f ,rt atrrl llrereby lrnv inq ]1n".-lt"':',:,:
I urriI y tlrrrrr 1lu otlrer rnetnlttrt's rrl' llre

elrrcl'orst. lrr i'"tf f"lpnle irr llre ;r,lil ir:al

frro(:e!ln alttl t'tr eler:i l'eprcnetrl Rt ivr.rs ttf

il,elr elrolee.

2. Conslrtrlt'erl Ilr t:on'i tlrrr:l itrrr wil lr l. lte

$arne clrt:,,'nn'll-ot'""", tlie - t-'t'eRl irtrr rrl-

,i'"0,e-rotnlro. Suttntu ilintriet No' 2 r'esrrll.s
-ir, -tttu bleek reqisterert -vrrl.ern itt air Rrea

r:overerl t,y S"""io Oinlricl's Nos' I nrrtf 6

hav ll.rq I he I r vol' I nq s[ t'erlgl lr rl I I ul erl by

Iracl ur tnq ' l lre ir r:t""ot't ro1 iol's ilrlrt t'wo

di;arieln irr enelr ul- wlrlr:lr llrey 'rre 'r

;;i i,,i ,n i,or ll y ntrrl it.t co^ot1 rttrc^t''r: lritvrl

Ielo ol)lroaf t"t'iily Ilrarr rlrl. other uemlrtrrn of'

lhe elet:t,rrolt" Lo ;rnrl icl;rale in llre

poltl.ir:nl lrro(:e3$ Rlld l'o elecl l'el)rerretr-

tel ives ol' Ihelr elrolce' J'S' at 5ln-52n'

Aplrellarrts arlrrerl Ihnl "llrn rl inl ricl

cottrl. errerl l''y er;tlntirrr; e violnl iorr ol-

5ecl-itrn 2 wlth llle olrnentle rrl't;tlRrattlrlerl

frroltortiorraI represenlol ion'" '''5' nl 9'

Ihi rr st.ntemertl., stt;tPrrttetl otrl y l'y n

llcttl.ert(:efrarlrneltlft'rtrnllreo;lltrion''l'5'

irl 'r-1O, tll'rrnsly rlislorln llre rtlnttrlnrtl

ttr:lttnlly tlrlr:rl hy llre Dirrlrir:l llorlrl' ntttl



((
f

-t?

lgnores t-he ext-enelve dleetlssion by tho

Dlsl.riet Corrrt' of t'he meaning and ProPer

appl icat. lon of Seet lon 2 qtf the Vot lttg

fiighl.s Acl.' J'5' of lte-'l0a' ln thnt

ttlsetlssion, tlre Dletrlct Courl explleltly

.statetl it.s lnterpretel lon 'ol' the et'antlerd

to be epplied antl the fnctore to he

eorrsidererl:

Ilr determ llrlrrq whet her."tbaoed
on the totafftv "i elrcumstanccs"'
e .qteters eleci'urol meehnnl.nm doee

f,r"'-",,.u",rlti''-- Irr reclel vota

dllrlt lon, l'he tlonqreee- intenderl
thet eotlrt's ahorrld' look- to l he

irrterect ion t''i"'--tftu . 9hll lenqod

meehnnlsm wttit those htetorlcal'
;;;;;i 

- arrtl oolltlceI l"actors

rlenerelly stlg(reti'ntf o" probal lve of

lii'i',,,i."i i.^'M ill:
subseqttent'lY

i:iH [;:l Il;,,",'ii,l',,!i ffitui#'
+iili=ft; . 

;1"_"_,-l,I,ti*r., '" rr?lti i

i r ctrrlam''
;;;"t"'irri""riY ltreltrtrl,l:t tlte

Senete nuPort' o(:comra-n]]lt^1 tt::
coml)ronine verelon etracted 68

amenrletl 5ectiorr 2t

t \j'

_ 1t

Itt,rrteaf-ler Ihe Distrtct Ctrtrrt linletl llre

f aetors enumerel erl nt ;tp' Ztl-29 of I he

Senal.s llaPrrlt.l .1.5. nt 1Za-1Ja'

Iho l)inlrict []rrrlrl rfirl ntrl irptttre

l{Irite v. lleqesl.er, t-17 l'':i' 155 (197t)' Rttrl

l.t.s [rrrr(lelry r llrtl- rl irl llrrr l)i rrl r ir:l l]ortt't'

llrl r:r;lrel Llloso (:nrl!rl I o reqttl rrl l)rt'-

;rorl.IrrlrnI reltrennttlRl lrtrr' lierr J'5'

t/ra-15n. An lhe Crrrrrt sxPliellly snirl'

"II]lre fael Ihnl lrInckn hRvo lr('I heerr

electetl tlntler 6 challenqetl tliol rir:l inq plnrr

Itr rtumborg ,rroPorl. lorre l l'tr tlre i r ;rorr:ntrl at;e

of tlre t)opt,let.lon Idnen not eslnlrlinlr llral

vote rltlut ttrn h85 ro$rllterl'l .'' '-l'S' ol t5n'

Irr stlmr the Dlsirlt:l Crlurt exnminnrl

ertr:lr l-actrlr specll'lecl l"/ Corrgrenn ilr tlre

Serre I e lleprrrt Arlrl , withorll I lmll inrl ils

an$r!6..1nsrrl lrr .irrsl l,lle Iaclor, trr n;rPel-
tr

larrln tlo, nnsessed tlrern 6s e tolnlily' Ilrr:

Ilro (lottrts of
Ilre []o'llrl lreltlw,
nrnerrrlerl Ser:l I ott I tr

rrltrer cirt:tlitrr, ns rltrl
have irrl erprrrl ctl l lrr'

rer;tlirr: llre I rial tlutlrl

5



ff
- l4

Dlotr lr:t. Court cleerly engeged ln the

Congiess lonal ly mendeted nnelysle and

appl I etl tlre proPer st'anrJe rd '

' Sinee the Dtstrtet Court eppl ted the

proper sl.andard to the f act s betore lt ' the

reBl qllestlon raIsed by eppellentp is

'oPerlY welgho<l
wtrether the;t-hree Jurlgea Pr

,,, ex am Ine t'he f eet'orn I leted et' peqes

28-zs of tne s"t'oi"- hr''.'.:-t :11:..ili:ll:: :

n. Ihe Dletrtct Cortrt-'-e Ultlmnts
ontl Srrhsitl;;"; Flrrrtlnqe of fect
Are Not CleerlY Erronotrue

trr+tt rtr L"s "r"'i t-"--"f Ihe clrstrmgt'BllceEtlrro the totall
;;,";;;, 'rttttttt'tt'o 

ehal lenqerl oleet lort

;ili,;;; v rolet.eL seet't"1"3' .,*#met_lrnd vlolet-es )euttu" 
f .1A--T[T6];;;;;;" c,qrll*colg :'^. J! '"-l-- - ,'r t v

Tr:7566 ffiiir,l; l.,sg-e*#+I

lr l.lr.

ifii.;i ri,i*,i"ii'"r, 
ui+ :r t,**, fo' ,:f :fi: 

,iii 
,

51h f . SttpP'

lhe Cqurt lle iohed lhe Pnrt lcu-
ar Circums anceB elevent lq

i iil, i ti. r. . u,' J urlq e 
':tr 

tr r t' )' '

v. C il v trI Ab i rn"u, l::-l''iT7i'l fiiTT;TlTZl

AiJ o
_ 15

I hc vt, I Itrrl lltrrtltl rrv itlence ' t{h i I e I lrr' 'i rlrlrlr'lt

lrenrrt c I rllrl tleyl trl' I ent lml.llry ' 
cXrrtn itrr-rl

Irurrrlt'erl sl tl f 1l 11q1lm6rtrt 9, ntlrl ntnrlrr l'lr irI y-

l'lrree l)n(le-'i of fnettral firrtl itrrls' ltre

nltgrellants lrnrle l.lreir orr';ttnrenl ' 
ltt en:!errcei

on (,tlo far:t: tlre elet:trtral sl'c(:tl!rrt of a

l-ew lrler:k canrllrlntes in 19112' Ilre (lt'elr-

t.ion tlrtln relnerl ln pllsIlret'' llr o:rrrcsrtirrrl

lhe [olntity trl- eiretlmrtstrcen' llre l)intrit:l

l.ourt'sr .i tlrttlmorrt nB l o I he l)rolret we irf ltl I o

6

qlve lu thle l-nel ls r:lenrly t'rr('rlerrlln'

llrrle 52(a), f 'll'lliv'[t., f'r()v itlen I lrnl.

^.lti;;; 
l.lrn trIt lmnte rr('r tlrr: .ntrlrnirliory

(.,

ii,r.ii,,,1n of l-ar:t ot the l)Isl r icl Ctrrrrl rnny

lre reversed tlnlenn tlrey nre clenrly
erroneotrtt. lggrs v '- Lttbg' 45ll l'' 5 ' 61 l 

''t'z'z 
-iz 't , r7il-1-tfii7)-GT'r o r I v (' t' r'r"r(!r' r' s

"iot,,t 
*tl'n;rplien to Iinrlirrt; llrnl nrr nl

lnrge votirrt; "y"tu* 
is heilrq rnnitrleirrerl

;;;'; tllneri't''tplt'ry ptrrlit'nn nrrtl lo l.lre

,,",ru',.i;.i,rq srrrs irl ory. r, i:,11,',1: 
).,; t'yf ri-

;:::l:;ll,l:;;.J",'. swirit , 4't(' ir':i' --i17;

ziiffi nlsrr v. l otitrtrez
' ' , -.. H, i?:il rnTT:TlT7-T



:rf f

Ihe

- 16

Di st r let Cour t onal yzed each of

the fae t ors euggost ed by Congrese to

rJet.ermlrre it.s beerlnq on the ebll lty of

hlack eit lzelrs l-o elect enrrdlrlshes oI their

eho lee to t he General Aseembl y. One l'petor

ls t-he exterrt of blaek eleetoral st,eeeB$.

l{ith reqartl lo thrrt l"eelor, it ln plnln

thst hel"ore thls er:lton was commencecl ln

19tl 1, I nominal number of blacks hacl beelt

elect-ed t.o the Gerterel Assembly. Ihe

Oistriet Court. dlsettsserl the l9ll2 eleet lons

and f rrurrrl Ihem to be tlnehareet er lst le.

Aftor examlnlnq black eleetorill atrcee$ee$

snd l'rrl lures, Jutlqe l'hl I I ips corrcluderl:

I t lhe $ueeesB I lrat has beort
eehleved b), bloek enndldstee ttr
del.o ls, etnntllnq Rlone, t.tro
m ln lmel ln t.otsl nttmllere end trro
reeenl. ln reletion to the lorrq
hlslory oI eomplele tlenlal of trny
eleet ive opJrortunlt le.q to eompel
trr even nrgueb I y to support on
rrlilmnte findlntl lhcl. e lrlnck
cerrrllrlale's fBee is no lolrger a

s lqni f ir:arrt edverse f ael.or in I.lte
po l l t les l proeensen o l- l he nt at e

(-?

t7

eilhe.r- r;errnrnlly ur. nlrr,_
cil"lcnlly'irr llre arpn,r of. llrr.challerrrlerl di sl r ir:l s.

J. S. el

n.27.

)7o-ltln. Sse nln1;, .r.S. at Jla

Ih1o conolunlorr nns conglrlnrert trlonr;
wil.h tlrrdlrrgs.r, llrn ,lrrer ['nr:1.'rrr ,,r,rnr]r--

nl.erl in Ilre lirrrrale lleprrrl. Ifrese nt-r!

$umrnar i zerl as l-o I I own r

. Ilre re i s n t.rrr r.enl rl inJrer i I y irr

h I nek snd wh i l.e vol er rer; iul ral. lrrrr r.r:sul I _

lrrt; l'rom tlre rfireel tlerrlol antl t:lrilllrrrl lry

lhe Stete of rer;lntrallorr lry hlnr.k r:lli_
zene, wlrleh exl.endnrl ol.flelnlly lrrlo ilre
197(l' s wl l h l lre use ul" n l ll.eraey lenl anrl
pnl-l-slngle ghrrt vol ing tnws Rrrrl rrumhererl

seat re(lrrirement.s. llre rnr:ial orrirnorril icrr

etttrl resrlsrtence wllh wlrlelr wlrlte cil lzelrs
lrave reupuncled t(, trt l ernpt s lry lr l nr_k



f(
- 10

c ttlzena to pertlelpate effeetlvely ln the

pol It tee I proeesa €ra etilt evltlent totlny'

.1. 5 . et 22o-26e '
h- Iithln eech elrellengetl rlinttlct

'- l 'orl vot. lno Is Perslstent 'raciellY Polarlzed votlng

Revero'arrrlgt.atlet.teotlyslgntflenlrt'..1.5.

st )0e-)9a, 454

c. Nort'h Cerollno hes e moJorltY

vote reqtlirement whleh exlets Fe E con-

tlntrln-q procttehl lmpedlment to the

opporl.trnlty of blaek votlnq mlnorttios Itt

t.he ehallentlerl <ltetrlete' J'5' et 29n-)0e'

rl. Nort.h Cerollnn hes e long lrlotory

of ptlhlle elrd prlvote raclel dtserlmlnal lon

in atmoet all 6reea of f 
]re' 

Seqregel'lon

I ews were not repealed unt I I the let.e

l96O's antl eerl y 1970's ' Publ ic schools

were not slqnlfteently deeegreqeteil untll

[.he ear l y 1970's ' Ihtts ' bl ecks over 
'0

years olrl attenderl tlr'ral ltntive'ly lnlerlor

Beqreqatert schools' Vlrtually sll rrelqh-

u llr.

\-rftIrl

- 11'

horhoorl s remalrr raclnlly iderrl'Iflahte' an<l

pesl clis<:1[rninal-lolr ln employnretrl ctrtrl llrttetl

l o rllno<lavntrioge hleeks' lllnek lrnrloelrolrls

nre tl'rrer' t lrnes n$ llkely nlr wltllr-' lttlttsc-

hrrlrls [.rr tre helow prrverly lavel' Ilrrr lower

ilrrc lo-econom lc nl nl tln rrl- ll I ncl<rr t'rltltlll s

irrtrn tlre. loltq. hiettrry o( dlrrt:rirninnl iorr'

r;ivesr risrr lo s;'et:ial llrttltfr irtlrrl'rtsls' nttrl

(:l|f relll l y lrlrttlrrrrr tlre qrorl;r'n nlri lily ..|

llart iclpe I e ef-[er:l lvel] irr llre lrrrl il ir:al

frrrte(!as . J. 5. el. 2''ta-Z9a '

e. Frttrn the lleetlrrot rrlcl irtn erE lo llre

prcseltl- t Irne, eppeels to rnelal pl'r:'itlrlice

o(lelrlsl. lllock cil'lzerls ltave heerr tlrr:d

effect ively €s s mearla of lrrl'lrrent:lrrt;

volers lrr Nortlr t--orollnn' An recenl ly nlr

1y0)r pnl il leal (:nmt'eltlrl rnnlerinlrr t't:vnnl

i1 il t|rrrninlnkalrle ilrl eltt lon lf| exllrril wlrlltl

vrrlers' exinl irrtl rn(-'

rtrliees ;rrtrt Irl cranle

l7n- l?.tt.

lal l-earn ntttl prrr.!-

new (rrregl. .t . S. nl



{f
-20

f . lhe extent of elect' Ion of bl ncks

to puhl ic of tlce st' e ll lovela of q(tverrr-

menl. i.s minlmel' Rtrtl blaek celrdldates

cont intle' to be et a dleadvalrtnge' Ilil'lr

regarrl t o t he General Asoembl y In part lcu-

l?., hlnek cetrtlldates heve beerr algnlfl-

eerrt. ly les$ sueeessful than 't.rit"o' 
J'S'

et ))n-)44, )74-)0s '

g . Ihe St ete qsv e as I !' reoaon [or

t-tre mrrll.i-member dlst'rlcts lts polley of

leev ing eotlnt les wlrole ln spport lonlrlq the

cenerol llssemllly' llowever ' 
wlren the

ehal lenqed apport lonment'6 were, oneetetl ' 
the

State'a pollcy Hss to rllvlde etltlntles'when

neeeRsnry to meet- popule t- lon dovlat lon

roqltiremetrts to trbtaln Seet'lon 5

lrreelenrat'rce' iletly ettttnt les were rllvtdetl'

llre policy of dlvtrllnq t:ounLles to re'qolve

n(rme prob lems brrt nol' otherg doe'e not

.i ustiIy tltotrlet'inq whielr results Irr rnr-'lel

vote rlilrrt lon' '1'5' nt 09s-5(ls'

A.rI (]

- 7_l

llte l)inlrir:l Ctrtlrl iltt:Irlrlerl llrr: exlrrrrl

to wlrlelr [rleeks hava lreetr eler:terl l.rt rr['Iir:e

os "one e I reumgtEtrr:et' t.o [le clrrls irleretl ' 
It7

t,.5.C. $tglt(b), rnatte nn lnlertoely lor:nl

rrrrrl <lelallerl a;l;rrnioRl ol" nll rlf lhrr

relevnttl' r:ir('tlntrll orrt:t-'clr alrtl rtel errnirred I lral

I he ehe I I enllrrrl rl i gt r lr:l tl have n rl irtr:l'irn i -

rrrrlory l-cnrlll.

f.or llrirr Corrrl lrr rcvt!rsn llre l)istrir'l

[_.rrrrrl.rn utI lmnle ;'111{in{o wotlltl reqttire

lhls Corrt'l tu l-irrrl (l) tlrnl- llte l)islrlr:l

Corlrl's 6ssessmenl ol' pre-1902 eler:l.oral

sucees!t wEs r:tenrly errolreol's; (7) tlrnt tlre

Dlslrlet Cotlrt's osseFsmetrl. tlrel tlrr: 1987

eleet ions were etyptenl wos r':lenrly er('(l-

nr!r,rrs i nnrl (r) llral , irl vsll;lrinr; lltrr

lolnllly ol- tlrtr t:irt:trmrtlotrc-eR, t'lre relnlivrr

wc ir;hl t; iverl lry tlre Cortrt t o l'lln ;rrrtrl

Ill lqnl iolr oler:tiorr yeor i'a!l r:lenrly

rr r f l'lllt ll tl !1 .



ff

2.

-22

Ihe Dlstr tct Court'" ,-L^'-t*
- '- i r' :Not Cleerlv frrtrneoua.

Appe l l ents nssert t'hnt the e leet'orpl

sueeess oI s(rme hlacks ln 19112 preclucles

the Dinl.riet Courl: l'rom tlndlnq aevere

ree ial l y polerlzed votlng. Ihls ls thtr

otrly srrbsidlery ftntllnq Eppellante chel-
7

l enqe.

ln ftnrling voting lo he raclellY

polorIzerl , the Dtetriei. Cotlrt enqngerl lrr a

rlet o i l erJ anelysls ol" eleet lon ret'urne f rom

eaeh of Ihe ehallengert rllntrleta extendlrrrl

over severel electlone, stlpported by the

teit. Imon,y of numerous lay wit'nesses end

7 glt.6otrgS eplrellarrl.s chellengo tlrls
findlng tls, e-t t.ror ol'lnw, Ilte flndlnq of

. raclaliy polarized votinq ls'orte of faet'
covered by Rule 52( e ). Jones v ' Lublroq!-
727 F.2d "r"lou-.-' 

n1'1'effi
lirnlt. l.his challenge to t'hrrae Rress nttl.
covered lty $5. lhey do nol' dlscuss liectn
frrtm elther llorrse Disl rieI No' S (Hllsrrn'
llrlqecombe, anrl Nash CourrI ies ) or Serrat'e
Distrtet No- 7.

F,
r -r!

/-)\
\-,r'

-2'

ex;lerl teot itnony reqarrling every cler:l irrrr

l"trr l.hn Gerrernl Assemlrly irr whir:h llrere lrnrl

freen n lrlncl< r-.Rltrlirlnle irr llre clrnllcrrrlcrl

rn,, il l-msmlrcr rl isl r ir:l s f rrr I lre I lrrerr

eIer:t lolr yoAr$ Irrc(:orlirrrl tlre I rinl. .l . S,

Ittln-)9n. Irrrred on itn nxlrnusl ive nrrnlysis

of the evirlenee, llre Dlslrir:l []orlr'l l'uurrrl

llrnt roclolly polnriznrl vrrlirrq wn$ $rrverr!

nlrd.perslsterrt..

Appnl larrle rrrrrrnerrunly elnlnr llrnl llre

1)lstrlcl Court rlet.errnlnerl rneial polnri-

znl lorr hy labellrrg every elocl.iorr ilr wfrlr-lr

Ions tlrnrr 50? o( Ihe whltes volerl f-or Ilre

hlar:l< errrrrll.date as raclal ly ;rolarlztrrl . .l .5.

at 17. Althouqlr it. in trrrr: tlral rr(, lrlnt.l<

rnltr! lrlol e evor rnRlrn.rlerl lo qel vol es ['ronr

mrrre llrnrr 50% ol- wlrile vulcrs, lhis is rrot

I lre st nrrrlarrl I lrc Dinl.r icl Corlrl userl .

Itrsl.earl . l. lre Dislrlct Uorrrl. erarnirretl

llra firr-rflsrrt'nrnorrl ol' rarinlty polnrizorl

vrrl irrl; Io rlrrlcrlrirre llrt-, ('rl('nl Io wlrir-fr



{f
-2h

b I sek and wh I te voters vote dt fferentl y

f rom eaeh other ln relat lon l-o t-he reee of

l lre candlde tes- J'5' eL )9e' n'79 ' Ihe

l)i st r lct. Court' i s oa{tessment ean be sum-

msrtzed in t'lrree ftrrdlrrrJn! '

n. Ihe evlrJerree showe Jratterlre of

rselat polerizatlon' Ihe Cotrrt l'ound':

tln [..l're nveraqet 01'77 of wlrlte vot'ers

rllrl not vote'1;t"""' bloek eandltlate

irr the PrlmnrY tfectlone: ln Ihe

uerreral electl;l'" '' ;;Jit .Y1t"t" elm,ot

crwovs renk";"i;i;"k 9n":lirlntes elther
i'i"l-"'o. ttu't ["'i'"t ln tlre mtrltl-cen-

Demoeratic J'"'"''-'- t;- . theee lat ter'
white voter" to""f't'ently renked blaek

esnrl ldntes r"ii' ir.,^q l)em.oeret-a I l" not'

Is.gt o. ^uii 
"'i-t'"'t""t' 

''no''q 
nlI

cnnrllrlates. ln feetr. .ol'proxlmntely
l.wo-th trds or 

''tti; 
.v:ters dld rrot

vnt-e Ior btlck'ce-tttlidetes ln generaI

eleet iotrs evo'i""ri" t'he. cerrrtldal e ltstl

Hon [.he r't;;tt;;i. i; Pr lrne r Y e nrl tlte

only ehoiee;;;';;-"'r-t f'or e ReprrblI-

c ott o r "o 
"""'* 0l ec k t 

"tt111l1 
ellc Y

otlevlaterl t;;"' 9'i-"t"t. level of

' l)otsrization"tt't"'l"d'-b't 
lt rll<l not

el lmlrrsl'e r;""'ilt 
-t't'"k lrrctrmbenls

were tueluc*tttl' brrt."ott:. reeeived a

mnJority or''f ite volee everr whett the

eleet ion wa"";;;;nt lel ly rrrteorrtesl.etl'

(.)&rtl,
-25

.t. ;. rrl /tll:r '

lr. llrrr l:('rre ! nl iorr lrul wttcll I lte I'ilr:t..

rrl- the voter nnrl tlte rnce ol- lhe

r:nnrJltlnle voletl l-or r'n!i slnl inl icnlly

rrlr;rrl l"lenrlt at I he 'O0tltll level irr avel'y

eleel lrrrr annl yzerl ' Al thorlr;lr t:rlt'rel nl itttt

coef lle ielrl s nlrtive erl nlrsolrll n v6lrte of

.5 Rre reletlvely rPre otrtl llrrrse ttlrttvc

.g nre e.xtretnely roret nll (:trrreInl ltrtt

errnl'fieientn irr llrin cnllc wel'r. hr:lwettll

.7 nlrd .9ll wllh rnrrsl nllove 'r'' 'l'5' nl

l0n-)9n antl rr' l(l'

c. ln olt' hrrt l'wo eler:l ionR' lhe

lrlnek r-'arrrl lrlete losl nrnrlllq wlrilrr vrrlertt

--thnt ls I lre resrlll s tlf t lre elacl tott

wottltl lrave lleerr rl i Il-erenl. i l' helrl orrl y

in t. lte while ctlrnmrtnlly llrnrr lf lrrrltl ortly

ln llre hlael< eommttrrlty' ''l'5' n[ 'I 9n-/t(ln

ntrrl rr. I I . Ilre Di nl r icl (lrrrlt'l tlsr'<l I lre

I rrt.tn ,,$r,lrnl;rrrl ively rritlrri Ilt:nrrl " itr

I lrrrlrr t-'I rt'tlrntll nnt'c$ ' AI;lc I l:rltl o Prto it rrl



f
- 2(r

no sl ternst lve deflnltlon supported

elther by ense lew or polltleal sclenee

Itteratrtre. J.S. st 40a, n-)2.

Appel larrts offered no et'et ietleal

srralysis whlch eontratlicterl the eonelu-

nlons oF the Distrlct Cotrrt'. I.hey dlrl

not qrlestiorr Lhe aeetlraey of the tlat'e or

€ssert lhat ttre methods of enolysis rrsed

hy oppel leee' expert were not st.andsri

Itr tlre literature. J.5. at )Oe tt'29' In

faet, sppellents eotreeded thet lhe

polarlzat. lon of the votlng w6.s statln-

t ieel l y elgnlf lcsrrt for eneh of tho

eleet. lons nnalYzed.

. Nonetheless, eppellants.eontest the

Dtstrict Cotlrt.'s fln<linq .of raelelly

polarlzerl votlng eltlnq exampler from

only one ;rort-litlgation electlorr year,

1gIl2. lhls is partlculnrly lneppro-

;rr I e te, os t.he Dlstrtet Cotlrt eotreltlded

that 1g$2 wos "ohvlotlsly otrerratltrnal"

f FrrJ' o
-27

R'ntl l.hat wfret.frer il wil I lre repentprl in

slrecr Bpectllnt. ion. Anrutrt; I lte alrr.rrrn-

L ionn l l-ar-'t ors Hfls l lrrr prrtlrlellt:y rr l- l lr i n

lnxnttit nrtrl lhe orte I inre lrelp rtl' lrlaek

ennrt irlnl rts lly wh i I e Dentoetnl n wlrrr wltrll nrl

lu tlel"ent. sirrt;le ntetnher rllrrlricln. .l .5.

nl )'la. Ihin skr:pl ir:nl v ir:w ol- ;ttrrtl-

Iltlqotion eleeltrt'nl nucr:e!;n is st,f,-

prrrterl l.ry tlre leqlsletlvs hinlrrry rrf lhe

Vot lnq Riqhls Aet arrd lhe cflnP law.

lienate Ie;rrrrt sl 29, n.ll5; Zirnrnt,t- v.

N"_[g!_Ig_L, 4tl1 r.?d 129t, 1ttt7 ('ith Cir.

l97t) (err bonc) at'f-'d,-rt, otlreL grotrrrtl s

nub norn l-ost Cerroll l'sricfr Selrott[ [lrrnrrl

v. ilprshal I , Itztt 11.5. 6t(l (1976) i {A4ql

v. Gnrlnrlen Co. Sclrool Doorrl , (r9 1 l'.2d

'nl. r:r.



f(

-70

In adrl i t lon to beirrg drarn onl y

l'rom post-lftlgstlon eleet'lona, t'he

ex6mplee gtven bY ePPellnnts Ers

misleeding arrd are tokelt ottt ol" eont'ext'

For exnmple:
I

' (e) Appellant-s potrrt out I'het ln the

lgBZ Mecklenburg llotrne prlmary, hlaek

eenrl irtota 0erry recelvecl 5O'n of the

whit-e vote. lhe Dlst-r ict Court not'etl

tlrle but st.etetl that tt "tloes not elt'er

t-he cotreltlslon thet there le subotent'lal

reeially polarized votlng ln Mecklentrtrrg

Count y in prlmaries. Ihere were only

eevefr whlt-e eandldetes for elght

posil.lone ln the prlmery end one hter:k

r:en<ltdate hnd to be eleeterl' 0erry' tlre

lneumhenl elralrmen of tlre 0onrrl trl"

l.duentlon, renketl flrst amorl(f blaek

vot.ers brlt- sevenLh €morlg whlt-err"r J'S'

ot 42s.

ft\J ()

- 7',)

Ihe ol he r b I nek cnnrl irt nl o, R ir:!tnrrl-

B(,n, Hns rnrrkerl lo$t lry wlrite volern llr

llro prirnnry lrrll gectrttrl, nl'ter [l+-'rry, lry

hlnckn. llr lhe qelreral alot:t irrn,

tllr:lrertlsttr! waa lhe only l)ernor:rnl wlttr

Iosl.

Similnrty, llr llre l1)Il2 Mer:kltttthttrtl

(lorlrrl y Sttrtal e l'rl(:(: r I lre lt I nr:l< r:nrlrl irllrl'r'

ylrtf t{RFr rtt,cttesst'tll ltr I lre pr irrnry wa!t

tlre rrlr.l y l)ernoerel wlro lrrst ln tlrtr

generaI eleetlrrlr, ranl<lnt; fIrgl nrnl"l(l

bt nel< voters btlt olxth orlt trl" seven l'y

wh i t e vot ers f or ftrtrr seat n .

lr. Appetlent.e polnl orrl. llrat hlnck

r:rrtrdlrlai e Spattltllnq reeelvetl vrtl ne l-rrttn

q7'rl o f wh i t e vtrl.erct .lrr t.he l9ll7 r;elrer n I

uler-'I irrrr lrr Dtrrlrem CrtrrltI y- Ihey rreqIer:.t

l.o po I rtl tttll I lrere wfl!l ,r{, llrtprllr I irlnrr

npponit Ion lrr Ilral elnr:l irtrt, ntttl Ilral n

rnn.i orll y of wlriltr vttlern llrrrrtrl-tlrtt



(f
-lo

fbilerl to vote for the bleek Ineumbent

even wherr they had no oilrer eholee.

.1.. S. ot tttta.

. A;rpe l l ant s el so fo l l ed to ;ro lnt oul

tlrsl. irr lhe Drrrhsm County prinrary l.or

1902 lhere were orrly t.wo whlte. earrrli-

dates for three seats so at Ieast one

blaek hetl to wln. As ilre Dlsl.rlct Couil.

tr<rterl , "Even irr tlrls slt.uatlon, (rrl ol"

wh I te vote rs dld not vot.e l.or t.he hlaek

lneumbent, the eleer cholee of the bleek

voters." J,S. nt 44s.

(e) Appellerrts polnl. out that ln

Frrrsylh. Corrnty tro blaek eenrllrtet.os ln
19fiZ were suceeeeful but fai l to note,

as lhe Dletrlet. Court rlld, ilr"t whlte

voters rankerl the two hlack eprtdldetee

oevenl.h end elghth out of el'glrt r:indi-
rlotes for five sealo ln l.he qenerol

elect lon whtle bleek volers ranked thern

flrsl and seeond. .1 .5. of /l)n.

ArrL ,,..\
\-,

- t't

(d) As anot,her exemple, wlrl.le rrot-inr;

ttrat bIack nIeel.erl llrr:umberrln lravo heerr

. 
re-cler:led, Epf,ellorrts fnil l.o nrrle ltrat

. wlrlte volors nlmtrsl. nlways r:6rrl irrrre l9
rnnk llrern lnnl nlrrl llrHl lrlnck np;luirrlerl
lrrr.umlrnlrl s lrnve uni l.or.nrl y lrecn rlaf enl.erl .

Ilro l.hrer:.irlrlrles whr, frcnrrl Ilre nvi_
rlelree eorrslderetl ouefr ul- llre far:l s wlr lel.r

spt,ellelrts pollrl out, logellrer willr llre
BUr rtrtrrr<l lr-rg c i rcumst elrces , arrtl (t(rrl_

r:lrrded thst lhase;rlecns rlo lrol nll.er
the cor.rcltrslorr ol" severe nnrt perslnlent
raetnlly ;rolarlzed votinq.

Appellsrrts nlno Earrerl thal ra_
r:lal Iy' ;rrrlarizerl vol.ing ls prohnl lvo
of vole tlllulinn orrly lf il nlways
(:er,eee hlncks Irr lose. In l.ncl., lrr 7l
rrl- tha l2 eler:1. lorr t:rxrlcrrl.s onnlyzcrl in
whir:h lfre lrlnck t:orrtl.lrlale fer:elvcrl
nulrnl alrt. inl trloef< sup;rorl , llre lrlnck



{(

candidete dld

-12

loee becouse of reelel
polarlzetlon in votlng. Ihat ls, tre

lost evert thouqh he wBs the top eholeo

of hl ack voters beeouse of the peuclty

of support. emorrg whlte votere.

Appellants essert thet whlt.ee mtrst

rtnlformly wln Ior raeially polerlzetl
vot lng to be probotlve. Ihey support

thls Brqument by ettlng lloqers v. Lodrr.

gs-pg , n cnsre deeirled tlrrder Ihe l)urpoae

stanrlartl of the Fourt.eent.h Amen<lment, ol"

the tlnited St stesi Crlnst I t.ut lon.

Appe I I eee do rrot. bel leve t_het Roqere v.
Lodqe st.sntls for the propoBltlon boldly
EsBerted by eppnllente, buI the Court

treed not eonelder, ln l_he eont.ext of
thls eaae, rhether the eomplote ebsenee

rrl" bleck elecl.ornl srreeess le neeeaBary

to raise en lnferenee thot Bn el large

system ln be.irrq mallrtninecl for R

rl t cle r im i nator y frrtrpose .

F,lrl zt\

\-,

_ It

lhe lnsl_ant eene wntr rlec irl erl urrrlor

t.he Vot lrrq llirlht s At.t r antf Ure nt al.ul ory
languerle of Seetlrln Z e;reeltlen llrnl. a

v lrrlnl lon ex lntn if hlock cit lzerrs lrave
t'lerr$ (rlrf)nrl.Unil_y, Io eler:l, t.ef)relrerrl n_

llves of thelr cholce; il in nrrl llnriterl
Io 'nil.rrnt lrtrrr.l lrr whl1.;1 lrlnek cnrrtlirlnlen
lrove nbsolulely no r:frnrrr-:e (,f lreint;
elnclert. tt? tt,S.C. g t9l)(h). [nr:inlty
po I al I zerl vol lnq (:a,r g lve r ise lo llr is
rrre(lrral opportulrll.y, nven if il ttue:l ltol
cRrrse I,rIeek eenrllrlnlns Lo lone ove,-y
nlrrqle eleetl.on.

Aplrel I errt n' Rrq,merrl ls, l, r!n_

!tlirlce, thal Rrr/ [rlael< elecl.rlro! sr,(._
cen!, ne(tr.lnnerlly dr.featrr n Ser:l lorr Z

r: I nim, n^ irt.qt,ne,rt wlrit:lr rlef ies llra
irrl nnt o t (.'rrrgress. !1g. !i. Rep. nl ?.9,

ll. l l 5, orrtl rl l sctrun i on ol f). 15, i.n t.rn.



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f(

- )(,

properly assesaed the tolallty oF eireum-

B t aneeB . In the Sl at emetrt o f t'he Cnse

Elrpellerrts roclte iRrrdom blaek elecl'orel

$ruceesses and tlren lnrplyr wlthorlt. saylllgt

thet under the elrettmstsntee, a.f ln<llng trl-

disertmlrretory restllt. ls erroneous heeRuse

it ts tentomount to requlrement- ol

proport Ionsl representat' iotl'

As wae tltseuesed 1n pert I.0(l)' supre'

t.he Dlstrict Court dtd not lgnore the

eleetlon of blecks in it's welghirrq of the

f ect.s. [lal h,er, sf ter exEmlrrlng the ext errt

of mlnorlty eleetlon, the Dtstrtct Corlrt

found, i. arldlt'lon to mlnlmel eleetlorr ol'

blaekst-otheGenrrralAgaenblybeforettrle

Itt iqal.ion v,eo lnlttated, that ln the olx

mult|-memher dtetrlets ln qtrentlon' hlack

canrlltletes who wQn l)emoere[[c prlmarles

lretween 1970 arrd lgeZ were t'hree tlmen as

(lt'\r ,L'

17

lil<rrly lrr lttrtr: ltt r;enrrrnl elot:l lrlrrrl lllt wr'l'rr

l.tre i r wlri t e Demorrnl ir: t:rltlltl rrt';tnt'I s ' ''' 5'

nl l)n-I/tn.

lrr ntlrlitiurr, lhe 0intrlcl (lutlrl l'ottttrl

Ilrnl bInekn lrrrlrl rrrrly 9a; ol- r'ily t:trtlttriI

nenlrt (rnttny l"rorn nrn.i oril y blnel< eler:l irtrr

disrt.r icl s) i 7.ro,a rrl" the ctrtlrlt Y tlt'ntrnisnirtrt

sn:rts 7 49, ol' slleri['f's rrfl'lcen; attrl 1?( o(

I lrc tlI'f lcen ol' Ihe (-'lerk trf SrlPer ior [-]trrlrl '

,,: hlar:;1 lras hntttt electerl lrl lrlalrrwirlrr

of'l-lce ext:ept lllree .frltlges wlrtt rlrlr trrl('l)-

lro$etl nlr nf)p(, llrletl ltlt:tlntlrertl 9. No lr lnt'k

lrns btr(tn e I eclerl l.o I lrn (-'rtrrqrcos of I lrc

lllrilerl 5lalrls 8!l n reprenelrlnlive trl- tlris
0slnte. .I .5. nt t)^.

0n n t:ottrtLy by r:tlilnl.y hosio appellnnls

olsu ;rolrrt a ltt;telrlerl ltiel ure. Irr Ioreyth

Crtrtlrl.y €1,pellonl.s npecil'y isoletetl ln-

t;l nttr:en rll" eleclrrrnl rttle(:ea$ lrtrl it;llttl'n

Nrlrllr llnrol
ttltrl iolr.

fl lrrrr ln 27-.ql trlnt:l< irt t,trfr-



f(

- )8

Bleetorel follures euch aar (f) the defeot
of sppotnted bleek lneumbente whlclr
resul ted ln no bleeks being eleeted to the
llouse rr f Represent at ives f rom Forayilr
Corrrrty lrr l97O and l9BO, yesrs in whlcfr al I
white Demoerats were sueeeeelul I (Z) ttre

rlefeet lrr lg00 ol' t.he hleck wl.ro hnd beerr

eleeterl to the Count y Comrnl""Io., ln 1gl(t

wlrlcl'r resrrlted in e retrlrrr to en atl whlte
Count y Comm lsslon g entl ( r) Ure defeet ln
1gTtl onrl 1900 of ilre bIaek whtr had been

oleeted'to the 0oerrl of Erlueat.lon ln 19t(t

returnlng t_lre 0oe rd of fduest lon to ltg
prevlous al t whlte stnl.us

In eaeh of ilrese lrrstanees the evl_
rlerree shrrwed that hleck Demoerets weri
rle.feslad when rhite llepublichns dlrl well,
hut. whIte Damoerets won eonslntently, even

llr goorl Repub I lealr yeorB

^
\ ,L, s

-19

ttr nrlrlltlon, ol)pollnnts rlrr rrol nrrrrtirnr

tlrot llouse l)lst.rlr:t No. Il, whJr:lr is tg,(

hl'eek Ilr lrotruIntion nnrl hnsr l'rrrrr rof,t.r!-

oerrl.al ives, hon rrever eleelerl n lrlack

refrrenerrlat tve, J.:;. at l(te, ot. llral
Her:klerrlr,rg (-',rlrrty, whlr:lt, with elr;lrl llrr,s.

oenlg nrrrl fortr Serrrrtr_. se€ls, Is Ihe Inr.t;esl.

rl inlrlct in Ihe Gerrerel Asoernbly nnrl wlrir:lr

l.q ovBr ZrZ hlnek ln populnl iorr, lrns lhln

cenl rtr y e I oel.erl orrl y one tr I nck scrral rlt.

( f rrrn 1915-1979 ) nn<l (rne b lsek rer)rrrne,r-

l.at lve ( i n 1902, affer ilrln lowsult wslr

fllerl). .1.S. al. )tta.

ln tlecklenhrlrrl Courrty, Es in forsylfr

Cnunty, hlnek l)emocrnls who wer.c srrr_.r:csnf rrl

in f)emoerql ie f)f inrnslps, llr llte llrrrrnc irr

l90ll nrrtf lgll? nnd irr the Serrnl e in 19fiZ,

Hert! Ihe rrnIy l)emrrr:r-nln t.o lone Io wlriIn

llepirbl lr.orrs.

llepub I I r: orr i lr I

Nrr whilrr l)emor:ral lrrrrl lo n

I
Itose r,r I r-.r: l I llrg .

1'
llrurr, llrin crrrrr' l$ lrr no wflv frirrril;rr



f(

_ .r0

Rether than requtilng guaranLeetl

eleetion, ond rether t.han elmpllstlcelty

con$rtclerlng erratle exemples of eleel'orel

arrcceerr, the Dlstriet Court. followed t'he

stetutory mandate by consl'derlng bleek

eleetorsI sueeess an<l l-ellllre ns o're

faetor in the totallty of elreumsl:ancr-'s

leadinq Io tt-s coneluslort ol''diecrtrnlnetory

resrilt. 42 u.5.C. $ 1971(b).

tlt.her eourts heve trot. 'reqttlred t'ho

eomplet-e ebsenee ol" hlnek eleetoral succe'qs

in order to flnd e vlolstlon of Seetlolr 2'

.Unlted Stgtes j1-. Harenqo Cou,ltv- gommlesiin.'

7 )1 F . 2rl et 1572i MsJ.or v '- Ireen , 57tt

F.Supp. el. ,r1-t52; ly,bJcki'v..5tete lld' of

Ilectlons , 5ttt F.Strpp. st 1l'1 end n' 5'

Ihls interpretation ot tlte amentled $2 is

eonslst.ent wil.h frre-omettdmettt esse lnw

t.o l{hItcomb v. Clravls, tUt U.5. -l?ttl
1'to-1'51 (i97,|), in
eeusetl by Demoerat
ra(:e.

;[T;li trlack delee t wan
le Party defeet r nol. lrY

&\rv
_, t.
L,

whleh heIrl

_ 41

'that some blocl< eleclrrrn!

Bnccess rloes

rlllrrl ion. liee

nl 76(ri NAAC,'

trol preclutle o firrrlirrr; ot-

t{ltite v. lleqesler, t!12 l,,S-

v , (inrlstlen Co. Schoo I lloartl

691 r.2(l nl 9lll;

Sutrerv inrrt'n, -t'i(q I

tetT).

Kirl<sey flrrnrrl of

.?tl I ttt, l4t ('rllr llir..

Ihe crrrrcIusIrrrt ol- Ilre l)islrir:l (-orlrI,

llrat Llre e ler. l iorr ol' .qonre rn lrror.i I y (.nn-

rlirlol ng rloes nrrl nerlnl e e f irrrlirrq ut'

rllseriminntory result, is r:orrsrislerrl willr

llre c lenr: irrlent of Conrlress ns trlnl rtrl irr

the Sennte lleporl.l "IIJha eleetiorr ol- a l-ew

lnlnorlt y ealrrf irlples tloee nol.'rrr-.ces:rnri Iy

f"oreeltrne llre prrrrrllrlI ity ol rlilrrIlrrrr ot-

.lhe hlnck vtrle', in violntion ol llrirr

Rcctlr.rtr.'r 5. llep. nl rr.ll5.

Ihe deternrlnnl lrrrr ol wlrnllrer nrr

elecl rrrnl syrll.em lr;rn n,r i llrrr;nl rlisr.r.irni-

rrol rlry rerrul I rer;ul r.es f irrrlirtr;s ol" f ar. l

wfrich bletrrl I'lrisl rrry Rrrrl Brr irrten:rrlt, lrrr.irl



f(

_ ttz

nppreisal of the deslgn onrl Impact' of l.he

mul t [-member rllst rict ln the l ight ol"

;rasl. ond Jrreaent reallty, politlcal enrl

rrllrerwise.". @t tt72 U'S'

at 769-77O. Ihe District .Court in i-his

aet.irrn engaged ln Jtrst this "int'eneely

local appraissl." Ihe Dlstriet Crrurt'c

ftncllngs are so metlctltously strp;rorted by

ilre recorrl 8s t-o werrelrt aummEry nfflrmalrce

by thls Court-.

I I, IIIt DI5TNICT COIIII PNOPIRTY CON-
slDtnED ALt Tllt sIAIt'5 f VtDENCI:

Appellents rlisprrtn tlre wo'lght' the

Dist.rlet Court gave t.o evldenee-inu' o

lrnrrdful ol" blsek voters and s f'ew black atrd

wtrite polltleisns rlioat;reed rrtth the slnt;le

memtrer rl lst rlct remerl Ies proposed by

plointil'fs.

_t,
U

- ltl

ln llrcir .lrlt'irrrlicl irrltnt lilrrlr'rnlrrl

nf,l)e l l nrrl n :t l l tlrlrr 1.il llre l csl irrtolry rrl- r'r'lr!

black leqislnlur nrrtl $r,fie whll'e Jrolil ir'iarrt;

whtl urtpprlrterl retnrrl iott of llle nrrrll i-1n1'n1[rr'f

rerllgl.r ir:l inq plann t.lrtrler which llrrry wPt'e

electerl anrl l o t. lre lesl lrnorry rrl' tlrree hlnr-'k

w l.l. lreFaes who t.ent i f-iert in ol)l'('s i t itrlr l o

slnqle tnemher di"rl ricl s.

Ap;teIlnrttB clroraclerize Ihls rrvirletlt'e

an sttbsrl nnl i nl , .I . S. nt 21, anrl Itrqe llr;rt

f hn Corlrl he low et'rrltreottsl y rl i srer;nrrlerl il '

Irr fect tlre Oislricl Corlrt t:nrefrrlly

ev nl tlol eirt i lrrr l.csl ioor!)' lrf nl l l lre Sl nl t" s

w i t.neBse!t ns o [ncl rlr llee r inr; r'[r{lrt t lre

cietm tlf rqclal vol.e tl llutlorr' J'S' al

474-tttln. fhe Ctrtrrt lotrrrtl Ihal lhe hlacl<

wilrrn$se!r whtr tenl itietl f-or llrr: 5lalr.l wrrre

a ttrl lrrl irrct rnin6rlty" whtlse viewtr "wl'lll'

nl.rnont nxt:lttrrively lrr llra rtnrrirtrlrilily rti

lhrr remrttly nrrrlr;lrt lly plnlrrl iIl'n, nrtrl ttrll I rr



{(

_ tth

Ihe present existence oI a eondttion oI

vote rlilution." ld. Ihis flndtng le emply

supported by the f,r,r.o.

Ihe oppel lants erroneodel y contend that'

.in evaluatlng a elairn of ractal vote

rlilutlon, the Distrtct Court shoulrl heve

found that evirlence thet. t.he plalntlffs'

prrr;rtrserl remedy waB l'lot unsnlmotls I y

endorsed by every membe. o-l the bleek or

white .eommunlty otrt.weighed alI other

ev irtence of the obJeet.ive f actors ldent.i-

fted as relevant by Colrgrese. Ihls ls

funtlementally Ltreonsieteht wltlt the

Congreeslonal menrtate in emelrrllng Seet lon 2

to eliminate rselel vol.e dllutlon. It tloos

rrot ralne o stlbetantiel qiieetlon. lompei-e

Swsnn v-, Chsrlotte-llecklerrbu[9 -Boerd - qf

f rlucsl. ign , ,OG f . Strpp. 1291t .1291 (t{.D.

N.C.,1969) aff'd, ttoL lt.s. 1 (1971)- Cr.

Cooper. v. Aaron,

llonroe v. l]d, ol

- lt',

J50 t,.5. 7, 16 (1e50);

Commisslotrers, -)91 1,.S.

tt.tD, 459 ( 196lll .

III PnlcLEAflANCI l'Nl)l_ll :;l_t: I I llN
5 r)r ill[ v0 t I N(: ll I clll S

AC t DOI. S N0 I llA[ Al',l',t I l- | [:; i

(_tAIM UNI)I_R Sl-Cll0N 2

. Appellonts rely trn llrrr rleeisiotr lry llre

Ans l st nrrt Al l.orney (ienernl rtl- l lre llni terl

Sl.ates to pt'eclenr the llrrtlne nnrl Sr:tral.tr

reapportiortmenls ptrrsuetrt trr Ser:l ion 't rtf

I he Vot ing Ilight s Acl. to eortlenrl I hat

appBllees (plsint ltl's below) were ttsloJrperl

or pre(:Iutled l-rom Jrtrrsttlnt; l.hnIr Srrr:1.iorr 7

cIaimsr In thone tlistrir:tn ctrtnftrrrrntl o['



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,fT

-48

should. he v iewed in t.he I

Ementlments to Seel. lorr Z,

iglr.t o l- tl're recent

ln.wlrlch Congress

made elear that_ prlvat.e ciIlzene ]rave

sl-al rtory esusre of net ion l.o e^l"oree t_helr:

r lqht s in both Seet.ion j eovere<l orrJ

irncovered jurisdietions. See llouse fleport
st JZi Senate Relrort et qZ.. plaint_iffs are

therel"ure not barrerl frrrm mountinq.a de

novo .sletrrtory or constitutlonal attnck
uporr o reBpportlonment Jrlen notwiilretonrllng
preclearence. HoJo,r v. Ireen, supts, al

t27 n.1, citing United Sl.ates v. East

Baton llouge Psrlstr Sehool 0d., jgq f .Zd j6,
59 n.9 (Itrr Ctr. 1977)

Secondlyl the fellur.. .rf tfre Attorney
General t-o obJect under Sectlon ) eannol. he

probal.ive of whether ilrere le a Seetlon z

violatlolr unless ilre stantlarrle under l. hese

two secl lorrs of t.he Vot. lnq Iligtrte Aet Rre

l. lrr: rrane. Iflere is noilrlrrg ln tlre recorrl

whir;h tfemonBtral.es what slnnrl.ortl lhe

Lr
_ tt9

Alto,rney Generel used in prae.l ear.i rrrl llousc

l)ist.rlel. llB or Serrate Distrir:1. il2. Il ts

;le rt l cu l arl y 6rnh iquous slnee I hcne t.wo

rlletrlcl.s were pree.l errrotl in Apri I lgOZ,

twtr tnorrt.hs befor.e Lhe 19flZ exl.errrqi<rrr nrrrl

enRct.rnenl- of emerrrlmenl.s l.o Ser;tion Z. lt

ts marrIfesl, lroweveIr Ihat_ ttre AlI.trrney

General rlld not r.r$e lhn slenrlorrl of n

sl.sl.ul-e yel. to be enncl:ed.

Ilr e rlrlltlon, tlre legirrlet lve lrisl ory

of t-he amentlment. of Seetirrn Z sur;r;esl.s

that the l,se of l.he wrrrd ,'resuI t.e,t irr I lre

sl.etute dlnt ilrt;uisr.hen l. lre slorrtl nrrl l-rrr

prov.lrrg s v lolat irrrr unrlcr l.he Ser:t lon ?

tot.altty ol- clrcurnsl.arrees tesl frorn llre

5er:tlon 5 regressirrrr stsnrlnrrl lor <leler-

m inlng tlisr:rinlnal.ury l)r,rl)ose or efl.er:t .

Senal,e Report at. 6ll arrrl tr.?Ztti . Z Vol. inty

Rlqlrls Ar-. l: llenrirrgs on S.5), lt.ll(tl,

5.1975t 5.1992 anrl ll.n. ,1lZ Before ltrn

Srlbcomm. rftr the Constilut iolr of l.lre liurrnte



{?

-r0
I,

Comm. on f.he Jurllciary, 97t'h Coirg', ?d

Sess. 00 (1g52) (remarks of Sen. Drrle) ' l2tl

Conq. Rec. llrtlll ( dal I y erJ. .June 2) , 1982)

( remerks of Itep. Setreerrtrrehner, wtth wl'rleh

Rep. Etlwar<ls eonctlrs).

Irr slrort' notlrirtq itr the stnt'tlle

il.self-, in ttre leqlslotive hlslory or thtr

rer:ent. emeltrlmelrI ol" Section 2, ln tlre c88e
12

lew ol" r-'ollateral est.oppel; or irr l'lre

12 Ihere ere four criterie tltel muct be

estnblished trelore the duclritre ol'etrl-
lat.erel estoppel esn be invoked ' l ) [he
lssrre soughi't, trt ;rreeltltletl rntlst' be the
same as t.het lrrvolvett ln t. l're prlor I tt i-
get iotr, ?) the lnstle must heve beerr
ietrral Iy lit.tgated, )) It muet heve heen
del-ermlned by e val id errrl Ilnal .f urlqrnorrt-,
onrl 4 ) t he rleterrn itre l. iorr must hnve treerr
enserrlial to ttre JtlrtrJmerrt. 5ee qelernrllyr
Wrirlht, Hl I ler nnd Cooper, l-erieral l'rnct ice
arttf Procedure,'- .t,,r'istjiffi
;ffi-ffi:Ti:curtv, hrre lt's' e0 (let'Iil:
ifif'pffi I op'pe I t,ns t trr: l.rrrrllen
or tir,rri,',,; alt elemerttu ol' llre dtrctrlne,
esf)ecially t. lro exiutrl'ree of e ttll I antl l"nir
ot,porlunlIy to I it lrlate the i!lul:-.]9:..i!
g't'. Mal-tet of Herr i I I , ,9tt F 'Zil 1O64, lll('6
('it rffi Kreme-r . y .--l!r-e'Ugu
Corr:rt.ruet lon Corpo.oi iffi
iffiZff-Tn*ed;Ir.rfi-iJi6-[-l'r" o r iostres i s

warrnlrl-erl i l' t-lrere is reB$(tll ttl rlrrtlbl' tlre
qrral ity extetrslvetre!l!lr o1 f airlrr:$ts of lrro-

t ,.,1
U

- 5l

t roat.tnertt of rrt. l.rer arlmirrisl-rstive ot, ency

tlelerminatlorrs where llrere In n ntal-utory
1j

llohl to tr iat tl e rlovo r stlp;rrtrl s aPPel larrl'-

r-'edtrres l'ollowerl lrr priur lil irlnt iorr"' Ivcrl
il'ntl criteria nre sal-isf ierl , rel ilirlai irrn
may he nl,proprlol.e lret:ar,se of llre pol.errtinl
irnpotl. of Ilte l'lrsl dalr:rmirral inn rfrl tlre
puhllc llrterest ot' t.he inl eresl ol- pers('1r!l
ir,rl pnrtle.q to tlre oriolrrel ecl lon. l',oI!9r
arrd blet.scn, lrtc. v. f . I. C., (,o5 r .21|TW

ero (1e7e).

Ih ls Corrrt has he ld tlrat n l it le Vt l
plaintilt's sl.attrl.ory riglrl to a l-rial dc
novo is rtot. l"oreclosei by irtbmi sslcrrr or tlr6
iTil* [o firrol nrbltraIion, /\lexatrtl er v'
[iartiner-frelrver Comlreny, /t 1 5 U. {iJiit'' fi-I7a) ,

ffilrrqrrl ls n pnrtY i.o

l.tre ndmirrintre I lve pl'oeeetllng. Slrni lnrly,
e l'etl e rsl ernp loyee wlrose emp I ttyrnenl'
rliserlmllral iorr cl allns )rere re.f eclerl hy tlre
Vet ernne Artrninlst ral. lrrrt nrrrl I lra (liv i I

Sorv lr:e CommlRsiolr llonrtl ttl' A;rpenls atrtl
fievlew wn$ rreverllreler-r enl.il lerl l.rr a I riat
rle novo. Clranrl ler v. llourlebrrslr, h7\ t'' 5'
iiTrfT[Tzr, );ffi etltn i rt :r I h I e

os ev ltlerree nl. I lre tl e lrovo Prrrt:t--erl irrtl , t lte
ogeney rleeIslrrn wdn-iETl-t Ietl rtrrIy l''o Ilre
wo lqlrt rJe.emerf flpprol,r l ale l'y l he r:rrtlrl '
AlexalrrJer v. Gnrtllle r'-[)eltver, hl5 l'' 5' at
':,9 -Gll .

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? 4

-54

HorrIs v. Gressette BroFe ln the

eont.ext of e elalm thnt. ;rrivate pleirrtll'fc

hnd a rltlhl to Judieiel revielr ol' lhe

adminlst.rst. lve preele6ra,rce proeess. Ilr

holdlng llrat privete [,Ertles hed no sueh

r:iqlrt t'o lnqulre into tlre reaaorrlng behintl

t.tre Attorney Gerrersl's <leelsIon, l.o revlew

t.he proeass lry which he eorrslrJered tlte

cl.renqe (rr to nf)peot rl irectly hle cleterml-

nat.ion, this Court wEs persueded that-

Conqress hed prov iderl , through lhe ol nl.tr-

l-ory (rrnnt uI s l rinl de novo, [or lilecl<

voters wlro dlsagree with the prer:leErance

tlec ls ion and who heve no ol her meohs of

rrroteet inq their lnterests. ' i|orris v.

Gressette, 4)2 U.5. at ,06-07, Intleed,

tlris is rlirectly sleted in the.rtnly olher

(:nse,

2qo l

cite

Drrnnell v. Urrlteri States, 602 F.7.1

Ne i I lrer QotrneU n(,l'

247 (D.C. Cir. 19SZl, wlrlch alrpellants

Io srrp;rort their claLm of ;rre-empt Ittn.

Horrie v. Gres':

t' ,.}u

dettc BUpporl-s

-55

Ihe eppellants' Jrreclrrslttn

orqrrmenl.s. Inrleed, they af Il rmal lvely

rF(:oqrr i ze thel l. lre Al.torrrey Gerteral nlay

have lnt.eresls otlrer thsrr t.he lnl.eresl.s tlf

mlrror Ity vot-ern anrJ, tn(rre lrnJror l.orrl. l y, l.fral.

t.he vot.ers' lnl.erests are expllclt.ly

proteetetl hy l.he etatul.ory rlqlrl to o lrlnl

d.e lrov o .

Il'ruR, t.lre Dtetrlcl. Ctrrrrt ;rroperly

l'ountl tlre Attorney Genersl te ;rrecletlrarrce

determlnst ion "lrnB tt(r lsstln precltrslve

(eolleternl eatoppel) effer:1. ilr l.lrls

Retlsrr.r' (Cttat lon omltl.ed) J.5. ol. 5tta.

Iho dee lslon betow shotll<l bo al'f i rmerl

summoitty.



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