Brief for the United States as Amicus Curiae

    No.8&1968

nn*p5ryrnr @s$tsf thP 1fufiPn SttPs
OqrosER TBM, 1984

I,,T,C"T E TSON.VSUBG' EiT AL' APPEIJ.A.IT:IS

u.

R.lr.rg Gnrcl;ss' Eir AL

oN APPEAL FEOM TEE O}{ITED Sr4f=qs DIs?R',ICT q9ART-" i'6ni-grn-sasrsalt otsrarcr oF NoRtE cARouNA

BRIEF FOR TEE UNTTTD STATES
AS r}fiCUS CURIAE

Solicit'or &tuenl
Wu. Ba,rProno B,gtxoras

Arrsd,stunt AttorncY Genenl'

Canaus FIED
D eYltY S olieit or Gelural

Mrcs.lg,'lV. McCou lor.r.
Assi,statlt to the Solicitor @n^etul

'l'i-r'-xcIr 
G' GPoecr

Attorneg
Depo,rttnent oi'Jwtbe
Woshingttn, D.C.205rO
(202) 63s-2277



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,I

I

'l'A !ll,l': olr (;oN'l'li:N'l'ti

Slnl.clttenl. .-,"'

Argttrnettl,

(lonclusiott

'l'Alll,lt oF At,l'l'lloltll'l l':s

finses:

lllaclr l'olars Y.Iilrl)onottlth'6$fi F'2rl I l'l' l!l
Rrodus Y, Ilapiilrs ltrrisl l'olitlt 'Irrr'7' 6(18 F'llrl

1100.- -.-- ltt

lh'oofs v. Attoiu, No. 83-186!'r (Nov' l3' lt)ft l) 12' lit
Ciht of llolilo. vl' ll'ilett,44G LI'S' 66 8' lo' I l' 18' l!)

nn'r,rirt.'V, (lttl't'r.clrtr, 6l'rli li'.2r1 g2:3 l0

Ilttte Y. llloore,6t0 lr'2rl llftZ " lll

lland.rittv..Iosallt,6l-19 l'''2rl lZ$lt''"' ' ' 12'l!)

lloior v. I'r'oen, $74 Ir' Strnp' ?'2n " 7

nr:C:itt.Y. G,rdsen (iortnly Ctttrtm'n,6jt6 F'2rl 1l?7 l!)

Itlor.ris v. Grasselle. 432 ll'S. 4gl .-. - 7

. Nrrt,cll. v. .Sirlr.r,6!tl F.Zrl 136l "' 12

Ilo1rrs Y. [,oilga,4l-t8 tl'S' Gl3 ' " " "' 14' llt

Srrntolt v. (lpltn.ll-, No' l'-81-49-('iA (lii'l)' 'l'rrx'

Jtrn. !10, l!184), tt[l'rl 'crrl' nom' Slrnl"tr v' Slr;rtrtt'r'

No. 8:l-l82'l it-I:t' t, lg8'l) ' ' " 7' 12' 13' lt'
'l'trtxtzatrv. (llrtltr':ttf.s. Iltll ]'. Srrpp' lfl29 l:l' l6
tlrtited Slrr.le's v. llottrd' o/ Sttprl't'i'ror'$' 6?l F'2rl

$61 16

t I tr.i t ed..Slclrr.s v . Il[ tt r e n q o C tttttt I 11 
(i o w nf rr' ?3 I li''2rl

164G, nppeal rlistnisserl nnrl tet'l' rlettiorl' No' 84-

24il (Nov. 6. 108'l) 12

(ln.itail. Sla.lr'r Y- llrndozn' No' 82-84!) ('lttt' l(l'

l$84) 7

lltolltrea !. llort*e .616 lt'Zrl 6l!)' vlcttlrrrl' 4116 tl'S'

lt47 18

ll'ltileontl.t v- Cltnttis,403 tl'S' 124 l(l' l2' l6' l8' lll
lltltileY. Re(,eslar,412 L'S' 1$lt 0' l(l' I l' l'{' 17' lR

l':rgrr

I

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tv

Ctses-Cotll.intterl :

lltqeh a v. llrlil.ison l'mislt I'oli'cy 'lrt'r'y, G36 lr'Zi
1.161 ..,... ..

Zimnr'o,r v- filc'Iiv'lit'ltttn, 486 F'Zi 1297' nl['<l sttb

tt.ortt'. INnst Con'oll l'arish' Sch'ool Roud v'

Itnrsh.oll, 424 ll'S' 6:16 '- " ' "-

Stnl.utctrttrl ntle:

Volittg Ilirhls Act of 10G6, 42 LI'S'C' 1971et saq'z

92, 42U.S.C. (l9?6 erl.) 19?3

\2,42 U.S.C. l97R ----,-,--

$ 2(b),42 U.S.C. 1973(b)

$ 4,42 U.S.C. t97Bl)

[ 8,42 U.S.C. l9?nc

Ircrl. It. Civ. l'. 62(a) --- - -.

.lrulioitrl'11, !)?l,h Cong., 2<l Sens' (1082):

Miscclltrncous:

II.R.:lll2,O?l.h Cong', lnt Scss' (198t) 11

It.R. lrep. ttT-227,9?[li Cong', lstsens' (108t)"-"'-'8'9' l0

S. ttcp. il-ltl,g?th (;ong', 2tl Sess' (1082) '-"9' l0' Ll'12'
13, 14, 1.7,18,2t1

Volilt11 Riiltt* Act': IIenrinlls Balorc l'lt'a Sttltutmtn'

,,rr'ihn Ctnrslil'rt'l'ion' ol th'e Sa.nnl'c Cortrltt'' ot th'c

l8

I
Tmsai.n

18,20
2

1, 2, (t

It

8-9, l:'1, 10,20Vol. I

Vol.'2
18 Wrrckly Comp. I.)res. Doc' 84G ('lune 29' l$82)""

lo, l4
0

itu tlp.Srrprgur Orrtrrl rrf llll lllrritril Ftttl'rt
0t;'trllrtitt'l'ultM, I !lti4

No. B3-1lXitt

t,nt;v I [.'t'lttlltNltt,lt(i' ur Al", Al't'l';t'l'AN'l's

lr.

Itlt,ttt (ltNtlt,ns, D'l' Al,.

oNArt't;At,ti'RonIT',ltti:ltNtT't';DS',t'.A?'/';'s')'s?'rl(:'t'(:oItft'l'
FOlt't'lt tl D ASl',t'; iN t't s7'R|CT OI| N?ttl'tt t:Aliol'l N'.l

ulutNlr rolt 'rltD tlNl't'lil) s'l'A'l'lis
AS Allll(:tls (;ulllAlt

Tho Solicitot' Gatternl sltbntils l'his ltlief itr t'esltonse ttt

llre Corrrt,n 
'r..er. 

i,viti*g a lri.ief ex;r.essirrg t'e viervs ,I
the Unil.etl Sl.nl.es t'cgarrling l'lris a;rpea!'

s'I'A'l'EllllEN'l'

l. In 'Iul.y l!18t, ns n t'esttlt-of- I'lre l!18() eerlsrrs' lhe

Genet'al Asnetnltl.v of l'lre Stnte of Nortlr (jltt'olilt:t cttat:tetl

,-,ii-t,.i.ti"g 1,1*irs f,r. tle state's I'lrrrse ,f lln,r'est'ltl:t-

if"".- trt-i S,ttti,t.. ln Se1'renlher l!)lll' ltppellt'es lilt"l srrit'

ill ,t,lre tlnil"erl Slrrlcs l)ist.l.ic[ (jorrr.l, for. tlre l.}itslel.tr l)is-

l.r'ic[ of North (!rtt'olitta. :rllcgirrg t'hat tlte rlistliclirrll 1rl:llrs

iro,t trn*n etlrclerl pttt'stt:ttlt' t'o Provisiolts rrf the NoIlh (i:rr'-

.litta (jolrstitrtl.i,rr th:rt' I'eqrrit'etl, Sttl' ltarl tt,l' t'ect'i*t'tl'

;rt'cclearnnco pttrsttitttI to Sictiolr 6 of tlre Vo[irrg Ilighls
'n"l.,i fgtlrr,'lz tl.S.(1. l0?3t:, ntrtl l'h:rt' llte ttse of litt'gt:

nii,tfi-,r*,ntro. tlisl.r'icts stt5tttel'gtxl coltct'ttl,l':tti,trs,f
i,i,,..i 

tv(,t_r.s 
ar*l rlilrrl.etl rnirr.r.it,.y vrl,irrg sl,r'errgll irr

,i,,l,,tinr, of l,lre (hnst'itrltion nntl Scctiotl 2 of thc Votirtg

itili:; At:t of ttttib, 42 tl's'C'- ( l!r?6 erl'l llf?3 ('l's'

ir,l4,, f . 'l'lre stlrl.e urtrsl,il,ttl,ioll:rl ptrrvisiott [o rvh ich I lrc

sttil, r'efet.t'etl rvas :t ;lt.ttvisiott lrtlrrlrterl irr lIlli8 llrrllrillitirrg
(1)



2

l.hc rlivision o[ eorrntics for thc pul';xlse of ctrral,ing elcc-

[oraI rlisl,r'it:|,s.
Aft,cI this :u:ti0rr was Iilctl, [lre stnte stthnritl,etl il,s

c0rrsl,itulionill pKrvision fol.section fi clc:rt'altr:c (J.S. App.

(i.). Wlile tlls su5nrissi6r wlts lletrtling, t'lro Cell,'trl As-

serirhl.y ,:rssorl * r.eviserl r.crlist'icl,i,g plrtl f'r t6e llrtuse,

leavilig t,5e Scnrtte ;ttittt tttl[,uelrcrl (il'i(t')' In Novetttbet'

ll)Bl, [lre Al,f,,r.*c.y (lerrer.^l i.ter',rsetl utr oSjection l]lll'-
srurrrt [o Sectirut 6 to the cqnstil,utioltll pruvision ag:iirlst !

rlivirling cOrrntics. 'l'hc objecl,iotr stlrterl thlrt, l,lre 1tt'ovi-

si,ur ltujuir.crl tlrc us6 ,f lalge rnul[inrentller tlislricts rrtlrl

thul, l,lris ,, ,rrucessilr.il.y sulunerges cognizlrble nrinority

;xrpul1l,io1 cuncglIr.:rl,iri1s ilkr lulgey wlritc clccl.ttt'tl,es' "-(iiirl.. (ritrtl,ion onri[[crl) ).'Ihotr:ttfl,ttt', on l)ecetnlrcr 7'

l!)81, :rlrrl ,l1rrrr1r..y 20, l!)112, [[e Atfurt'ngy Gcnertrl gbjccl,gtl
.to [l|(r [{0nill.a anrl llouse ularrs. 't'he Att,rlrney General's

r.evicrv pcll.'ritrerl orrly [o l.lre 40 NoIl.lr canrlinil coultties
(orrl, 0f l(10) [lr:rt :rIe urvct'erl jrrlisrlir:l,iorts fot' ptlrlDses

of Sccliott 6. Srxr S 4, 42 U.S.C' l!l?ilb'
orr ['ehnr:il.y ll, l!)[i2, l,he Genot'ul As^s0rnl,l.y enilcl,erl

rcviserl scn:rtc ltnrl llouse pl:rns, to wltieh l,he Attortrey
(ictrnt'al ugttitt itrt.er'ptrsetl ob.iections orr ApIil 10, l!'82'
'l.lrc ,hjccl,i,lrs Ier.tairrcrl to Scnnle l)isl,r'ir:1, 2, wlrich lrarl

lxlen rlrilrvn to errcotnl)ass fcwel hl:rck vOters l,ltln sec-

l,igtr 6 r'crlrrir.crl, 1ntl t9 a l)t'ol)ose(l llguse flistrict f0l'
(irrrrrlxl.l:rrirl Corrul,.y, wlriclr srrbmcr'11erl :t cognizlble hlack

p01tulill.iolr in :r lil.go rnrrll,imeDrbcI rlislt'icl.. see J.s. Ap1l.

ii,,-?,,. Orr A,r.il 27, ltl!12, [lro (ictreyul Asserllrl.y enacterl

l,1e lr,rlisltiellrrg pl:rrrs l.lr1t, lyt t,1e suhjecl .f lhis litiga-
l,i6rr. lkrl.h t,lre lkrrrsu :rnrl sen:rtc pllttts wel'e pt'ecleat'erl

lry l.lrc Al.lot'trr:.y Cctlm':rl otr April 30, l!)flz' ld" aL 7a'

Z. Af1er. llrri rlist.r.icl.i^g lrlnrrs w*t, ittltt;rtcrl, t,,ellees
Irrpr.trrft,rl [,lrr:ir. ;rft:irrlilrgs [o clr:rllerrgu livc newl.y-trrlgpterl

llorrsg rlisllir.l"s :uttl Lrvrt Scttitl,r: rlistt'it:|.s, lttttl l,o r.:olt[ot'tn

1,0 l,he rrcwlv-:rrrr(ljrrlrrl scrl.i0tr 2. only l,rvo of the tlis-

[,r'i(ls- -tlortso l)islIit,t ll :ttttl Stltl:ttc l)istricl' 2._rvet'e sttlF

jgrt, to :rrrrl h:rrt r.rl( rivcrl llrrx:lutu':tttt'tt tttttlct' sccl,ion 6 tlf
ilr. V,rtirrg ll,iglrl,s Acl,. l'l:tctt .,f l'lttr ,t'ltct', ttttltt'.cleitt'etl,

' rlistt.ict,s is rr nrrtll.irnclulrcr. rlistricl,. 'l'ltg "gt'itvttlrten" of

3

lrppellees' clnirrr wilh lrfelcltc0 l(| llreso tttrtltitttettthct' tlis-

tricl.s, lts t'xplltilterl hy l,he tlistricl' cottt'l' l'l'li' APP"I:rl'

is l.tral, llre Pt:rrr rn:rkes rrse of tttttlli-tttctt-tlret' rlislritts
wil,h srrhst,ir.lilrl rvhil.c v,tirr;q ,r;r.i,r.ilit's itr so,lr!

:ll.oits ()f tlre st.:rlc itt $'hiclr l.ltetrr :tt'r' cttllicillttl, t'ott-

centt'rlf.ions of hl:tt'lt vtrtet's to fot'ttt trr;riot'il.v hlirck

singln-,u,,ltrlmr rlislricl.s, * * * nll in a ltt:tttttt't' lltltt'
vi,iirl,es r.ighLs ,f l,5e ,t:ri^liffs secttt'erl 5y s'cli,rr 2

o[ l.he Vol.irrg ltight.s Ac[ of lll{i6.

'l'he t:nse was I rinrl hefot'e :r lltlee-.irtrlge tuttl't' olr

t,lre hasis of e.xtensivo slipulnl,i|,trs of f:tcl, tlocttttteltl.:tt'y

evirlelre, ulrl o11l t,esl,inron.y tltkett rlttt'itr11 r'iglrl rl:rys irt

,Ittl.y artrl Artgrlst l0tt3 (,I.S. Aplt. tln)' Ott 'l:ttttl:tt'y 27'

Itti4, 1he corrr.l, e.ter.erl rrr ,r'rle, nrtrl ,;ritti.tt t'rtttl:titlitt!I
exl.erisivc [itrrlitrgs rtn lltc v:rt'itltts f:tclot's irlerrlilirvl itt lhc

legisliltive hist.or..y :rrrrl ;rrior. ensel:|\v :ts t'elor':tttI lo lt vottt

rlilirt.i,,n t:lnim. .See ,1.S. Aprp. 2l:r-6t:r. 'l'lte t'ottl't 5r'lrl

lhnt,, unrlor. I.he tp{;rlily of l,lre t'olcr,:tttl, t'it'r'ttrtrst.:tttt'es. llte

r.erlisl,r'ir:f,ing plrn irr ill severr r:h:tllctrgerl rlist,r'iels tlcttil.rl

hlaelr r:il.izens alt erlull oppolltutill' [o pltt'tir:ip:rlr: ilt lltc
lxllitit:nl ltr'(x:ess in viollrt,ion of section 2 oI t.lte volirrrT

itigt,t* Act, arrrl eni,irrerl eleeti.trs irr l5e .5:rllctrllorl rlis-

h.icts., In r.enelrirrg t.his ultinurte cottelttsiort. llre rlisl.r'i.1,

cort'1, set, filr.l,lr l}e fgllof ipg irrtcr'prelnliolt t,f itlttclttlt'tl

Sect,ion 2 (42 tl.S.C. l!)?:l) ('I.S. ApP' l4;r-lFr:r (cilaliotr

orrril.lrxl) ) :
.l,he esselree r,f r.neinl rtrle rlilrtliotr itt tlte ll'hilo r'.

llertoxlot.serrse is this: lhnt. prirrurt'ily lxtr':tttso of .llto
irrlernct,ion of stthstatrt.i:tl ntrrl ;ret'sisl 0ttt 1'n''i:tl ;rolrtt'-
iz:rl,i0n irr v0[ing Ialter.rrs (r':tci:tl lrlrrc volittg) r\.ilh

;r clrflllengerl ek.ctor.ill rrreelrnnisrrr. :r t':tei:tl tttinot'it1'

t'flrfl rlisl,rict cout.l, rlenierl l.he Sl.nl.e'n lxrlill0rr f,rr n slrrr'. ns rlirl

the(.ilricf,trtstireotlllellrttnrl'24.1!lS4.ntlrltltafttll(.r'ttrl,rrtr
Mnrrh 6. l!t81. 'Iho sl.[l,o lrnn sint.{r nrlopl.erl. ttnrlcrprillrtsl.. n ltl,|lt
llurt has lreerr npprovarl h.v the rlistrk't cottrt irt ttll resle|'ln. 'l'lrrr

rlistricl. t:ottr[ rlefet'l'erl rlor:isiott ott llotlne llinlritl' I Icttrliltll 1rt'tt-

cloftrurrcc lr.v lhc Al.torrray (ir.lrernt. olt (h'lolrar l. l:18 1. lhe Al-

torrrr.y (lotrernl olr.ier'lrxl 1..| lhe rcvisorl plnrt for llottse llisl ricls 8

fl.hrco n||.lnber) nrrrl ?0 (nirrgle tttt,tnbor). ()rr Nrrrlltttlnr l(i. l!18'1.

tho Al.torrrey (letrernl Irerlenrerl plnlrs foI l.lrose rlistritls, ntrrl llro

trrut't orttttrtxl l,;heir Irn;tlenrentntion'



4

wit,h tlisl,incl,ive groult intet'esls [lr:rt are eaprhle -of
airl or trneliotlLiin liy goverltrttcn[ is olfcct'ivcl'y tle-

,,i",f"if* i,,,titi.*t pu*"i to furl.lror l,h,se itil,e'es[s

tii"r ,,,,,rt,o,.* ,,li,no woulrl ,resurnptively-give.il, i, .
;;;iit,; consl,il.ttene.y not raii:rll.v lrclarizerl in iLs vot-

ing lxrhavior.

3. 'l'he rlistricl; courl, also reviervetl nt length the rncial

tleurogt':rphics llrtl voling history of eaclt challenged rnrrlti-

nrcnrlxrt'rlist,r'ic[. I

IItnt.sc l)ist,ritt,Z/. I'Iouse District' 21, in Wake- County'

eleets six t'ept'escntlt,ives trr l'lte Getrernl Asselnbl'y on nn

*t-i,,rgo l,,,oi*. 't'lre popttlation of the rlistricl is 2l'B/"
i,1,,.,1,,i :rnrl hlirck urte,s' consl'ittrt'e llt'l'% o[ :rll registcued

,nto,'* (J.S. App. 19:t). 'l'he blrrck ;mpttl:rtion of tlre dis-

i.i"l,'i* s,r nitunlerl l,hat, il, w,u1l be ,ossilrla [o r1'rrv one

.i rulu-,nn*ber legisl al,i ve rlistrict' wil'hi n t'lte pt'eseltt lt'!11-

,t,,tlin* ,f Disl,ricl, 22, rvit'tr I blaek ,o,ul*l'ion of $7/o

(frl. tt, 201). tlnrler tlrc clurllerrgerl llan 11] it1 1.re:t:-
eessor' (rvlrich w:ts sttbst'anLially i'lte *"nte (irt' at' l!)a)l'
one ltl:tr:lt legislafor was elccl'eil in l9B0 rnrl reeleetetl in

I l)82 (id. :rt. il!-ra ) . I n thnse electiotls, respeclivcl'y' he

t'eccivetl tlre votes of 3l/" anrl 3!)/" of t'he wlrite voters

itr l,he ;rt'ittt:tt'.y, anrl l,he' vot'r:s o[ 44/" and 46/" of l'he

whil.e vof.crs in ttre getterll elect'ion (irl' nt 44n)'

llut,sa Di.st,t'i'c,1, i'i. llouse Distric[ 23, in Dttt'hnur

Cottnt,y, elet:l,s l,hree lrl,-large rept'esenlatives to [he Ccrr-

o,l,,l'A**,,n,|,ty. 
.l.lre ,o,uliition of l,he rlist,r'ict is 30.31,

i,l:rck, anrl hlack vt,tetls consl'il'rrte zq'$i(' of tlre tr:gislet'etl

vnl,rrrs (J.S. App. l0a). 'l'he black;xrpulnt'iotl of-the rlis-

t'icl, is so situnierl t,hat, it, woulrl 5e lrossi5le [o tlrnw otte

oi n glo-,nur,'.hc' lcgisl:r ti ve rl istrict wi th i n tlre ;rt'esenI lxxtn-

itnrin. ,t l)isl,r'icl 23, rvil,. a 
'lttk 

,oltulntion ol 70'1'll'
(ril. :rt 2041. tlnrltrr tlre challengtrrl pltrn nnrl it's ptede-

Ccssor, otrc of l,lre thrce rlist'r'icl' t'ept'txentltl'ivcs has heen

lrlack. ev(tl'.y yc:rr since lg?3 (it' tiL i|6;r)' '[he hladr lcg-

yI'lra rlisl.ritl, r:ottt'l' rlirl not hnvo rrvnilnhle tlnll on tho votirrg ngo

p,rn,,t,,itru, of the chnllcrrgerl rlistrit:ln' whir:h ln l'he prnferrnrl metrR-

iu,rir.- llrycha v. ltudixott l'rr.'ieh l'olia11 'lttt'11' 636 F'2d llf'l' l16l-

llc2 (rrth (lir' l!'81 )'

6

islfllrtr. w:rs iltroltlxrscrl in l,he gettct':tl olrx'liott irr l!)78' :rtul

in lxrl,h It'ittt:tt'y :lltrl gottet':tl cler:tiotls irr l!lt'10' lrr l!17l'l'

he rv:rs t,tecl.crl with lli,)1, oI tht ttrltite volt itt lltr' ;rt'ittl:tl'1"

rtrrl in l!ll'12, hc l't't'oivctl ilT'l' of lltt' tt'ltilc votrr itt lltr'

Pt'irnlt'.y:rrrrl 4ll'r)t'of llte rvlrilc vtlt't'ilt l'lto 11t'tlt't':tl rthlr:-

ii,rt. A' ne,:,tt,,l 5l:r.k c:rrrrlitl:ttr: :tls, g:tt'ttct'rl 2(i":1 rrf llrr'

tvhite vot.e ilr tlre l!)tt2 pritrurl'.y' Irl' lrt 4!l;r-44:t'

llilttstt llist,ri.rt. 3fi. il,,u*" I)istlir:1, if(i, in l\'ltrt'lilelrlrrrt'g

(.krrrnty, ltns ntt ciglrt-tnerllher llortsc llelegnl'iott' olt'<'lt'rl itL

i;,;,-";l'l,o ;,,,1,,1t,ii.i,,r ,f t'lrc rlislrict' is 1li'lt')(' hl:tr:lt' :tttrl

5ln,:k v,,te.s r,iahc rr, l8l, of the l'egisle'erl v,lct's (,[.S.

A 1,1,. l ln) . 'l'lte hlirck 1x'1'rrl;rl iott of tltrr rliril lit:l' is so

siirr:rlarl thnI il, s,qutrl [e pgssitrle to rlt'atv lrto silr;1le-

rn",,,l*,' lc.gisl:rlivo rlisl[ir:ts t'haI rvrrttltl ltC (ili'I i{' :tttrl

71.2% trtaci ria. ul, 20u). g,rlt_.r. lle 1,.eserrl ,l:rrr, rrr,r

l,lu"li r',,1,,'esetll:tlive rvlts eleclerl ;" ltf82; lre iq llrc [irsl'

htlck citiz,cn l,o lrc cler:llrl l.o the llottsc flttrl [\'lccltlgtllrttt'g

(hrrrrlv in l.his colllttt'v (irl. al' 34:rl' llc t'et'civcrl ffi')i'

of t,lre votes of rrylrile votet's in tlte It'itttltt'1'ttk'r:t,ioll, :tltrl

42')i, iu (,lrtt geltcr'irl elct:tiolt (irl' nt' 4l:r)' A srrt'otttl' lttt"

srrienssfrrl, 6lnck e:rnrlirl:rte 
'ecei'r,fl 

lll.lil ,I lle u'ltile ,.lrt
irr tlre l$82 pr.irn;rry ntrrl 211fi, itr llte gcttot':tl (llcr:liott'"

Ilrntso Dinirict,39. llottse l)islrit:t' il!). irr:t p:trl' of

Ii'or.s.yth corutt,y, lr:rs five al.-l:tt'gt' se:rls itt thc (lctlet';rl

AssJrrrSlv. 'l'he ;rrt,ttl:rli.tt of the tlist'it'l' is 2I''l'ii' 5l:rt'k'

ntrrl 20.81, of tlrc l'egistel'cd volel's rt'e hlar:k ('l'S' App'

lfla). ,l.lre lrl:rt:lr lxrpulnli,n is s, sittt:ttctl tltat. olle silrgll-

nrelrr[or. legistnlivc rlist,l'iel,, q'il.lt :t 70,O',i tollcottlt':rlirrtt 1f

hlack vol.el.s, corrLl lx-' rllnrvrr l irl. :rt 2(1il i . l ltttlr,t' llto
chrllengerl lilarr. l$,o lrf lht ftve t'e;rt'esreltlltlives (.lccltxl itr

l!)82 rvere hlnck: ttntlt't' l.htr lttprlet'('ssol' ltlrlll, ir lrlltcli

r.r:Prrrsflr(fll.ivr-- u,lrs Qler:lerl in ltl?4 :ttrtl t'eelccl t'rl irr lll?li
(iit.:rt ill-ru). 'l'1e lrvo hl:rc1 t'cpt'es.ttltrli'r's clc.l.tl itt
l9lt2 rtreiv,r:tl 25',/,, :rltrl 3G',1 of llio u'ltile volc itl tlrr'

lrrimar.y ckr:l,ion, !|lxl 42,)(, .|lni 41i'l i|l l.he scltol'ltl elt't'-

r Itr nrlrlll.iorr, llrc rlinl licl, r:ottrt ohsr','verl l.hlrt n lrllrck citizotr hns

lreen t'locl.arl rnnyrtt ol l.ha (:il.v of (iltnrkrl'lc' t'leoil'ittr1 llll'l I'f llrrr

rvhil,e vol.o lrr tlre lletterrl elot'li"tl tlgnitrsl' :t s'ltil'rr llalrtlrlir::rrt

(J.S. Ap1t. 36n).



0

t.ion (id. rl, 4il:r). ono ()f lfiese t'ept'esentntives harl Pt'e-

viorrsl.y rvon tlre Denrocratic notnitt:r[ion in 1078 anrl l!)tt0
(witlr 28t/n ol [hc whito vol,e itt t0?[l anrl 4ll'f' of lhc

wlril.e vol.e irr t0B0), bu[ lost l,he gcrrernl elet{ion in tlxrse

years (frl. tl, 42t-43t).
Setm,l,e I)isl,t'i.at 22. Sen:rl.e District' 22, in Mecklenbtrrg

anrl cnhnrr.rrs (iorrnl.ies, is a four-lnemlrcr rlistricl,. 'l'lte Iolt-
trlntiorr isz4.3% hlnck, nnrl t0.8/" of l.lre registet'ctl volet's

!rt.e lrlaclt (,I.S. A1r1l. l0a). .|.lre lrl:rclr ;xrprtlaIirrn is so

nitual;crl tlr:rI olre single-nremher rlistrict, eottltl be erelrlerl

wil,h n 7t1.0')(, hlrtck ;ropttlal,ion (frl. at 20:r)' [lnrler l'he

presrrrrL pl;rrr, lr0 black Scrrator is ;tlrl, 0f l"lre rlisl,rict, dele''

gatirtt; irn*uu,,,', ,nc 5l:rt:k eitizen w:rs eleeletl frrrrn 1!)76-

iOgO f la. at 84r). 'l'hc blnch senlt,orirl incumlrcnt (Alex-

:rnrler.) r.eceiverl 47,/n of tlre whitc vol.es in llre prinraly

rrlcclion in l$?8 nnd 41'/" in l.ho general elect'ion; his

sh:rIe of l,hc rvltit,o vol,e rlroplted lo Ll'f in t'hc l!ft30 uri-
m:rr.y. A sccotrtl hhclt canditltl.e (l'olk), rttnning in 1982'

g:rrwtt'erl ,\Tlh of" l,lre rvhite votes itt l'he prirnnry anrl
;,lill, in l,he getrertl elcclion. Iil. aL 42tr'

Alt(;u[lINN',f

l. A1t1rcllttrt,s' serotttl qtrestion presetttnrl is not, in our

,it,w, siri,st,ant,ial. Appelllrnt^s' challenge to lhe rlistrict

,r,,,,'['* irvalirlntirt, ni Ilutt.o Dist'rict' 8 nnrl Sen^te Dis-

l,r'icl, 2 is b:tsetl srilcl.y on tlre grountl t'hnt, nince l'hese rlis-

lricts h:rrl lleen prec-lcnrerl lty Ure Attrrrney General pttr-

srtrltl, l,o Sr:cl.iott 6 o[ the Aet', 42 U'S'C' l0?3c, t'hey nre

[lrar.elore no[ sutrjecl, to ehntlenge in courl, untler sectiotr 2,

42 ll.S.(1. lt)?3. i'his position, ltowever, is eontrnry t'o t'he

pl:rin l:rrrgrtitge o[ the stnlute, ltas beon rejecterl lly this

i'l,,ur.l, irr' r:l,sel.y nrrll.g,ss eirctttnstanees, :rtt6 is ittcon-

sisl.ent rvil,lt getterfll Prirrciples of r:rillat'eral esk4r1rcl' As [o

l,hcsc rlisLt'icis, l,he (lottt'1, shottkl sttinltt:tt'ily allirtrt l'he

jrtrlgtnotrt, of l,ho rlisl,rir:|, cotlt'1"' 
fir:cti,,n t-r ,f llre Vol,ilrg ltiglrls Ae[ ex,t'essly urn[em-

pl:tl,es l,l[rt jrlrlici:tl itttt'itrns mtry he btrrtrglrt l'o cnjoin elee-

ii'n lrrncl.iccs t.hal, tr:rve roeciverl socl,i,rr 6 ,r.ecle:rrance

fr.()rn tlro Atlor.ney General. lc skrles (42 ILS.C. l!)73c) :

,l

Ncil,lror ilrr :rllir.lrr:rl.ive ilrrlieutiolt hy lltc Al.lot'ttt'.v

Gcttot'nl Ult:r[ no 0lrjrx:l,iotr rvill he lll:ttltl, llt'r' llro
Attorrrcy (lerrfl.:rl's failur.e to 0bjer.t,, ll0l' il tlrlt'litt':t-
tor'.y jttr-lgrncltl; entct'etl ttttrlet' l,his sccliott shirll h:rt'

a s,rti.*c,iirerr[ :rct.i,rr t, errj,itr erf,t'cettt'ttl,,f sttt'lt

qrutliticnLion, 1rt'el'u;ttisite, stittttlittrl, lrt':tcl ir:o' .l' ltl't)-
cetlttre.

lrr ly'olris v. (]rasset,le, 4:12 tl.S. 491, 6(ll-r (l!l?71, l'his (lorrt't

itrttrrllt'eletl llrnt, latrgrt:rge t,p nte:ttt tltlt[ :t pt'iv:tln pllritt-

til[ ('(rttkl challenge l,lte erxtsl,ittrl.iontlil,y of it vol.ittg Pl:ttt
Iurlrvittrsl:rrrrlilrg [lre Al,krl.ney (leneral's pt'ecle:1':rttt:c tleci-

siott. 'l'here is no reasott kl sttp;xne t,hal; :t sl'nttttrrt'.y clutl-

lerrge rvoulrl lrc hlr.rrxl rvhere a cotts[il.tttiottttl cltltllcttgt' is

no[. See lfrrior v. 'l'reeil, 6?4 I". Strpp. 32!'r (lli.l). l,:r.
l!lB3); Sen.mon' v. llphnnt., No. l'-til-4lf-(!A (l'l.l). 'l't''x'

,lan. 30, ll)84), :tlT'tl sttntltt;1r'ily srI lt.rtllr'. Slrrtlie v. S'r'rt-

lrorr, No. tIt-1823 (Oct. l, l!184).'
IIr nn.y evenl,, collll,eral esl,ollpel catt only pt'evettl, ;r:tt'-

l,ies ftrrtt retil"igatirrg an isstte l,lre.1' ;1"un previortsly lil.i-
g:rl.ttl ttlsttccessftrlly in altother ael.iott. llrtil'ul ,\lrtfr:s v'

Il'loruhnn, No. tiZ-fl4!) (Jltl. 10, l!)tl4l, slip op. 4, 6 n.4.

Il. is tlrrrs tlitlicll[ [o ttlttlersttrtttl ltow 1tt'eclent':tltt:e lry llrn
Attor'trey (ielret'al itt att ntltltitrish'at.ive Il'(ness t.o rvhich

nplrcllees rvere nol pat'l,ies eottltl crlllalcl'all.y eslrlp lhcso

lrlainl.itts ft'ottt itssct't.ing their rights ilt errltt'[.n

Nor rlo we believe t,htl, aplrcllntll.s' fottt'l.lt qttesliotr--
rvhetlrer l,ha tlinl,rict etntt't ertutteottsl.y rejeeterl cct'tllitt
ovirlenctr-is sttbstnntitl. Tho tlintricl, tottl'1, rlitl ttol' cx-

clurla tlre evitlence, tmt sirnpl.y gttvc it less rvciglrt, tlurn

r'l'hin irrl.crltrelatiott wna lxrltrlerl ottt [o lhe Slnte irr lhe At'
tortrey (!ettet'nl'n April :t0, 1$82 Iret:tenrnttt:e lel'lrrr, rvhi|.lt nl'rttrrrl :

Flrrnlly. rve fcol a renlxrnnibi!ity to lxrinl.otrl. lhnt scr,l.iotr 6 of
the Votirrg ttlr{hl.s AcL erprnsnly ;rrovirles lhnt [he flrilrrle of
Urp Al,torney (letlerrrl kr oh.lecl rlocn rrrrl. lrttr' rrrrl' srrlrsr.rJtlettl.

jrrrlir:inl nr:tiolt tn orrjoirr the eltforcttntettt ttf sttt'lt t'ltnttges'

r !Ve rvotthl erlecl, tt rlint.ritl, cottt't, to ntrrtrrl llte Al'Lrrtrfr' (iclt-

ernt'n clrrr.tusiotrs ngrprl;lrlnte rlofirrettt:e whetC stl[srrlrrerrt lilillnliorr
iilrpllcnten sonre of tlre nnnre r;rrent.krns corrRklet'erl rlrrrirtg lhe Pta-
r:lenrltrle ltr(r1egs. A;rprl;lrinto rtefertltr:e, hoyevcr, is lrot tltr: sntttrl

l,hirrg ne collntornl eahrppcl'



8

aptxlll,rnLs worlt(l rvish (,I.S. App' 48n)' il'lrat rnighI hnvc

,.elev,rnc. l.o it r.l:rinr l.lral, lltc ,ii*1,,'i.I cotttt'R fnctrrnl firrrl-

ings nel'e clenll.y erl'()llcolls; it' docs nol' pt'esett[ tn isstte

wut't'atrtitrg l,his (lotlt'L's plertnry revielv'
2. We cottclrtrk: l,htt ltp;rctlattl's' ol'ltnr qttes[ions' 1rcr-

tailring [0 r.ucitl bloc vol,i|lg ltttl tnittot'ity eleclflt'al srte-

,r,**, ,'o stths[:tntial :rnrl l,lr:rt' the tlis[r'ict' c(llll'1,'$ l't'eilt'-

ntr:ttl, 0f l,lteso issttcs witt'trtttLq Plenar'.y t'eview' 'l'he legis-

l:rLive bar.kgrrrurrrl of anrcurlerl sect,ion 2 utttlerscores ths

ccntr:rlit.y iif t.!,,,*o tcg:rl tottt:e,Ls l, l'1e l!)82 Voting

Itigtr|^s tnnrl,rTnrise. Arnenrletl sect,iolt 2 refleeLq l,lte con-

"o,i*u* 
of an ovet'rvheltning rnajority of l'lre Congress,

t.eucherl onl.y ufler. ilrterrsive anrl rtivisive rlell:rto. 1l'he lttn-

t{u:rgc lv:ls ltl'olx)ssl h.y Settal,ot' l)olc trs !r llleillrs of re-

s,rlviirg ,r rie*,il,,ck in tlrc Serr:rta Jurlici:rr'.y Contmitlee

th:rt oct:rrrrctl :tftct' l,lre (lrtnstittttiolt Sttheonrmil'tee h:rtl re-

jrclrxl tlre Ilorrse of ltepr.eserrtnl,ives' versitln of seclion 2.

h* r.ern"lnrl 5.y lhe legisl*tivc his[ot'y,' tlte c.ttt;tt'.tttise

encornl):lss(xl thlce key :rreits of cottsettstts'

Iril.sl,, tlrer.e rv:rs wlles,r.e,.rl ngl'eentettt that rlirecl, evi-

rlctrur 0f intnnI t,o rliscrilninrte sltottltl nol, be lle(c8silry

t,o eslublish :t viotltl,ion untlct' Set:tion 2' l'ro;xrttonl's of att

.ilcct.* lest :rr.guerl l.5aI l,his Co*r'['s lroltlirrg in Cil'y .ol
Moltiltt v. llolil,e.n,446 U.S. 66 (1080), insrtlaterl rliscrinr-

in:rtol'.y pt':rcliccs ftrrrn revierv lrcc:tttse o[ t'he rlifiicull'y of

,,l,Uririirg evirlerrce I'eg:rrrlirrg l,ha suhjert.ive mot,ivatiolts

of k:gislill,0r.s---especi:rll.y rvlren l,lrc llrircl.ices in r;ttes[iott

werc trlolrtrxl hrtrg ago' Sec, c'g., ll'll' ltep' t)7-227, O?l'h

oong., ls[ sess. 2!) (l!]Bl) lhelcirr:r[l.er cilerl :w Ilottse

It";,,,,:t l; I Vol.itto llighls Acl,: llea'tinp ltclore thc Snb-

,r,rrlr,.'rtt, l.lttt Ctmsl'i.Lut,ittrt' ol l,he Scnal'a Comnt' ott' the

n ln lixtrl. of l.tte rtrntlrontlRc cltnrnclar of tlre rr]timnte leglnlnllon'

urr,lril, r,rrr;,h:rsln rilrrsl. rrol he:rt.crlrrlrxl lhe.vlcrvs of nlty ottc [nr:tkrtr

irr firc r:6trl.16vr,rs.y. Ar:trrrrlirrgl.y. nLtl.etttcttts rtf l.lto lnnj6rlly irr l'lte

setrnl.c .lle;rorl. rnrrsl be ovrluntert ngrrlttnl nkttotttetttn of nrklil,lonrrl

vicrvs firtrl tlru rtx:orrl errkrhlinlrrxl lxrforo l.ltc lxxly ln n rvhille' 'l'hc

st,ll.,.lrl.'rrll.tltrll,tlrlrttttrl,lrrttRltfseltntrrrl)rllrr.l.hofilxrtlalllrlftlro
,r,,,u,r.,,r,,i*,t, lttttnl lxl givntt p:trl'ictllnr wcight' nx well ns tlro viewn

,,1 li,,r lrrcsirlrtttt, rvttosc stllrltrrrt ftrr llrc totttrrotttiso etrsttrerl it'l

l[lssfl*e.

!l

,ltul,icirrry, !l?l,h Cortg., 2rl Sess' lg!) ( l!lfl2) (olrotritrg slltlo-

rtrenl, by sen. Ma[hins) lhclrrin:t[l.cl' r:ilorl :ls st'ltrtlr'

llenr.irrgsl; irl. at, ttl:l-Bl!) (l.esl,intony rtf At'ttr:ttttl l)eIf-

ner). Anrl oll;xrtlents of [he elTecls t'esl' :tgt'r'trrl, ill os's{'llt't!'

l,lr:rt n linrlirrg of urrlirwful vote rlittr[ion t:ottkl itttrl sltottkl

ln nr:ule orr i,ire sl,r'elrgl,h of o[jer:l,ive gvitk:ttce. Str{t, rr.r7.,

id. :rt [rl(i (slntelttcnl. rtf Sen. llak:h) ; frt' :rt' l4(l!l (t'rrsl'i-

rnotr.y ttf l'trrf. It'ving Yotrrrger).
stcolul, rlur.ing tlre c0rtlse of lhe tlelxtte, :t collsollslls---

Senrlor ilole ,ti*cr.iberl il, Bs "fl ,,:lttinttttts c.ttseltstts"-
rleveloperl ngainsl, perrnil,l,irrg Scction 2 clrrims to lx' baserl

,n l,5a i1:rliitity ,ri u grn,,1, [o ncSieve 1't',t't'settl:tti,tt itt

;rrrrlxrr.tirn to its lxr,ulnl.i'n wit6in t6o jrr'istlicti.rr. S.

itqi. 9Z_AlZ, 9?th c,,ng., 2rl sess. 193 ( tltszt (Ar1lit.i,,:rl

Viervs of Sen. Dole) lhet'eittnfter r:iterl ns Sett:tl'o llc;xrrl'l'
See llottse lteport, 30; Senate llepo[t' 33; ttl Weckly ('irttrp'

Irr.cs. l)0e. B{(i (.Irrue 2ll, lll82l ( I'r'esirlettt.'s sigtritrg st:tl,e-

rrrenl,). ,l'lre tilost, sigtrificanl, fenl,ut'e of llre cottlptrrlttise

w:rs to rnrxlify anrl exprnrl l,he lalrgunge rll tlre llottse-

;rnssed bill to etrsul.e tlnt "equul 0p;xrt'ttttrily" ntttl ttttl,
;',ro;xrt'l,ional t'esults" rvorrll be l,lre leg:rl l'est' Seo Selrnte

Itelrurt l!)3-l!)4 (Arlrlil,ionnl vie\.s of setr. l)olel: rrl. :r[
llfli (S.,,lernentnl Viervs of Se,. Gl'rrssle.y). 'l'ltis wits

at,cnnrl,lislie4 i1 trv, ways: lir.st, lry ittttrxlttciltg "a11li-

l,i11al laltgunge rlelineal.irrg rvh:tI lsg:rl stnttrltttrl sltotlltl

appt.v unrlar tlte resttlLs tesL" r :rtttl, Fecottrl, by "cln[i[yitrg

r orra oI l.lte principal criticirnrn levr,llerl ngnlttnt tlte nltlatrrteri

sar:tion 2 nn il, hnrl Insscrt the tl0trne of ltepreaettlnl.ives rvns llt,|l.

iI eollninerl tttt "core vRltte."--lto "rtltintnte 1r lttrlrfiolll crillrrilrr [y
rvlriclr n fnct-liruler enrr crnlunto lho evirletrce trefor0 il."-- otlter tlr[tt

the rclrrtrlinterl lxrtion rlf'ltqttnl eleclrtrtl rcsrllls lor rlnlitterl tttittor-

ll,y grottSrn, or pllr;xrrtlotlnl re;rrenettlll'iott" (Setutle Rnpnrl l!17

1ir,,ilun irigl,t" Ait: ttelxrr[.f l,he Sttlrc,ttlrrt. (tlr tltr' (irtlstitrrlirrtr

,rf tlre .serrnte Jurlieinr.y (.irntnr.) ). 1'lrn reslxrllso of tltr: Iro;xrtrcttts
.rlfthetltnttgervnstrrlxrintttltlrolnlrgrrngelrrll,Iilev.lklqoslo,t.,

412 tl.s. ?61.1, ?6!| (|$?n), tlrnt..[lre lllnlrrtlll'n llttrrlett is l,rl ;lrrxlttr:t.

evklerx,n kr srrlr;xrrt. tirrrllrrgn |.hnt l.he ;xrlititnl ttl'tx'ossr.ts lerrrlilrll [o

u,,,,rinnti,lr nrtil eler:tl,rrr nro ttot erfllnlly lr|lotl to pnrtir:lpntitrr lry Ihrt

1r,r,,1, i,, r;rresl,irrr." S*a I S.nnte tlenringn !ll-r!) ( tostinr.tt.v .f I'r.f'
N,,.r,,n,, liorserr). l\rrl of llte rrtlttltrolttlse ovclrltrnlly tttlolltrl tltln
h, ltrclrlx,rnte tfuis tnngurlge in l'he stst'rrte nn the glvcrrritrg lottnl



l0
t,lrnt, llris tesl, is ttot, a tnntttlate for proporl,ionnl l'epre-

sclrt.:rtiolt." * 2 Senlte llenrings (i(l (s[trtemenl' of Sen'

I)ola).
'l'hitrl, lroth sirles irr lhc cottl,rovers.y agl'oetl tlrnt l'he

t:orrcegr[s of tnrcottsl,itrrtionnl votc rlilul,ion develoPerl by

l.tris (irrrr'[ in tVltil.c v. llegexler', 412 U.S. ?FD ( 1t)73), unrl

l[tt,ikxnib v. Clm.uis,403 U.S. l2A lI9?l), antl applietl
lr.y l.lre lowct' ruttt'ts pt'ior lo Ci'Ly ol [llolfilc shoukl govet'n

Sectiott 2 citstl.s. Sce Ilouse llelxrr'l ilO tt n.l0'11 Srrnnte

llclxrrl, 27-28, li?-(iS (rnrrjot'ily viewsl; iil. n[ 104 n.24,

grar:1. (i (ArltliUional Viown of Strtt. llntch) ; dd. nl, l!)4
(Arklil,ionlrl Vir:rvs of Sett. l)ole).

'l'lre l:rlrgu:tge :tntl strttcl,ttt'e of alncntlctl Seotittn 2 re-

llecl, l,lrr:se irt'cits of colrsollStls. '['ho prrlvisiotl ltow ex-

lrlicill.y cst:tblishcs lxrth tlre ttittttt'e of the cvi<lence l.o be

crutsirlet'erl b.y l,he rlisl.r'icl, cottrt in resolving n vol,e tlilu-
l,inrr r:l:ritn ttttl [ltc lcg:rl stnttrlarrl by w[ich this evirlence

is l,o he cvalrt:tterl. 'l'lte evirlettce [o lrc cottsitletotl is the

"Lol,ali[y o[ l-lre cit'ctttttst:tttt:es," lt.y wlriclr (longt'ess ntcattI

l.hc vut'iorts so-ctrllctl "oltject.ivo factors" itlentilietl l'.y

Rtllytlrrl. As S4turllr'l)6le r.xplnlrrerl, Llre "t1g1l rtnnrlarrls to [o
npllirrrl rrrrrlur the 'rrnrrlta' tesL" wcrrt rlnlirrentorl "irr orrler 1.|| ntl-

rlrass tlr(} Iro;xrt'l,lottnl trl;rresctttlrt.irttt iaslte" (Sennte ltolxrrt 104

(Arlrlitiorrnl Viervs of Serr' l)olo)).
s'flte ;rrogxrt'tiorinl rcpresetrtlrtiott rtiRr:ltlinter, na iI npponrerl lrr

l.lra llounrr-gxrsserl bill (ll.lt' Slt2, 0?th (hrrg., lnt Sens. $ 2 (fu8l)
(ent|rltusis nrlrltxl) ), provkk:rl :

1'hc f:rr:l, thlt rnenrlterr of n nrltxrril.y group hnve lrot beett

rler:t0rl itt ntllnhers erlrtnl kr [ho groltl'n prrr;xrrtlon of the

3xr;rttlntiotr nltnll lrot, itt rttul ol itaall, t:otrstilttl'c tr viol[ti0lr of
tltis ner:tiorr,

(iritics of l.hr. tlortse trill objrx'lcrl l.ltrrL ttnrtcr thln lnnglrnga, n lnck

rrl pt.olxrrl.iltrnl lrprr:rre1l.1l.i11, lf nr.conrpnrrierl hy ulry ono lrI ttttnlcr-
lrrs lxrssilrl4 

.irltjcr.l.ivr: [ry'1,1rn," clrrrlrl Rrrplxrrt n litrrlitrg 1[ rr violn-

tirrr. 'l'Iis rvlrr]rl trtttrlttr l.[e rtinctrlltrllr. -ttte:rttittglesR. See, c'7',

sorr:rl.t llrr3xrr.l. l,l2-l4li (srrlxrrnrrrr. ltr:1xrrl.l. 'l'lto cltttt3rrttlrtiae

Irrrrgrrrlrurrrt, nrlolrl.erl lr.y lfio full Cottgrcs*, clitttittnterl tltc phrttnr:

"irr nrrrl .f itsr:|f," rvllich tlxr erltll:n hlrrl fotttrrl no lrorrbllrrg. Stlttttrl

Itejxrt.L $B rr.226. 'l'ho trrnJority viewn lxrrl,iorr of l.lre scttnl.a ltolxtrt
,,*ir.cssl.y rcj0r.ts l.lur irrtrrrlrret,,tiiln of ttrrr rlistlnitrtar tttrrlor wlrich
.,flrg l1t:h 1f pr.olxrrtionll rr.,prcsrrtrl.:rt.iott, r * f plttR thc nrhlitiotl of
orre otlter 'fttt:tor,"' wotlltl enhrblish n violntkrrr (dlt' at 84)'

I

It
tlris (irlrrll, tinrl ol.turr' (:r)lll'ls ilt rrrttsl,ittttiott:rl volc rliltr-
l,ion cl:tirtts pl'iot't(, Ciltl ol lloltile, ||ot:rhly l,ltose itt ll'hile
v, lleyesl.er.

,l'hL rlisl.r'icl, trxrIt lter.e f:ril.hfrrlly crinsirlul'erl thrrsu oh-

jective fit(tot's, :ttttl thct'o is tto cl:tittt th:rt ils linrlillgs
wil,h t'cslecl, ttt ltlty of llrotlt rvi:t'e clcat'ly cl'l'l,ll(t()lls. 'l'ltrl

issrro irr tlris qrsu is nolel.y rvlrgl,lrel'tfue rlislyir:t r:gtu'1, trrt'-

r.ecl,ty irrter.pr.ettxl tlrg ftgrrl st.ulrrllr.rl rrlrley rvIiclr tlresc

fuctrirs rtt:ty treat' tt;xrtt llte ttllitrt:rte (:olr(:lllsi(,tl l.lt:rl, tltet'tr

hrs h(,t:tt itnlret'trrisnibltt t'ote rlillltiorr. Alrlrellecs ltlrl'[lttts
rni$tnl(otr wlttrn Ilte.y t'll:tt':tctttt'ize tlris :t1r;x':tl :ls rttlc r:lt:tl-

lerrgitrg lirrrlirrgs ol' frtcI sttlrjecl, to [lre (:lc:ll' el'l'r)l' st:rtlll-
arrl ol'lferl. ll. (iiv. l'. trZla). ll a;r;rcitt's to be tltcit'
vicrv thlt, so lottg rs tltc tlislrict, cotll't, h:ls rntensihly
trrtrlgctl tht'ottglr enclt oI the l'ttclot's listerl irr lhe Scttltltr
llelxrt'1,, :rttrl il.s sttbsirli:rry lirxlings on o:l(:h of lltrtse fac-

lols nt'e lrot, ;rl:tinl.y ittcol'l'ecl., Ihet'e rcttt:titts ttol ltittg frrr

tn irppellrrl,o cottt'1, l.o tkr. Sce Itlot,. lo l)is. 21, ;15-:l(i.

Wa beli0v0 tlris ;rosilion is lxrl,h slrrrl'lsip,lrl.r:rl :tlttl ittr:ol'-

rect-shollsigtrtetl ltet:itttstt il, rvoukl rlisrtble ftll ttt'e 1rt:ritt-
Iills flonr efTtx:l,ivcl.y clr:rllctrgirlg tlecisiotts lvllel'c, (tll !llr
essentially sl.attrl:rtrlless h:tsis, :r rlistrit:t (:olll'L rlct(!l'tltitles
tlrilt l-hc "tottrlit.y 0f l.lrc tit'ctttltst:tltces" rlirl rt0l sttPjxrt'L

l.hait' casc, itltrl ittcol'trtt lreetttlsc ii, cott[tlstls Ilte issue of
l'clov:lnl, evirlultce rvitlt Ilrc. isstte oI leg:tl nt:rtrrllrrl.

!'lre rtt'afl.et's of the colltt)l'()lnisc Secl.iott 2 wctr: r;ttite
sl,ecilic t'cg:tt'rling ttre leg:rl statttlltlrl to lrc aplrlicrl (sc:e

Senlte llclxn'|, l!14 (Arklil,iorr:rl Vicls of Setr. l)olel) i

tlris rvus tlrrruglrl. ltecttssitl'.yr ilt lritt'| , hec;ttlsc irl llre lh-
sencc oI an explicil, st:tlttlttt'tl t.he tuttt'ts rrright :rtkrltt
sonre ver$ion oI tl lrtrr;xlt'lirxlal I'elrl'ostlllltlirlll lltt'ot'.y.

Moreovct', strrtes trttrl lrrrtlil.ies tteetl rllr ilrlelligible :tltrl
;rlerlit:l,ubkl sl:tnrlitt'tl Iu whit:lr llrcy eetr (:rttl[ol'lll. A;r1rcl-

lirte cottt'1, t'evietv, ilt, tttot'o l,ltiltt :t !)el'ftlll('t(rt'y level, is

rrcerlerl [o lrulrl l"he rlisl.r'ict, (:r)ttt'[s ttctrrttttlllrlc l.o Llte in-
lerrliott of (lottgt'ess. ltt :tlt.y evcllt' trplnrlllrle cottt'ts hrllt
lrcfirl'e (iilt1 o.f llohilr ttttrl siltr'c llte p:tssttgr: rtf lttttt'lttlttrl
Section 2 ltavc cttg:rgcrl ilt lttol'e neat'cltittJl ltlt:tl.ysis of
lrrgal stnrtrl:u'rl thirn tl4xrllees ntlvu::tte ilt Iltis c:rse' l{ce,



1',}

0.{1., lVhit.eottilt v. Ch,alis, s'tl"'f i Uni'f'eil Sta'tlls v'

ni'i,r',rr,1u Cortttl.rl Cttnnn''n, Till l"'Ztt 164(i, l6(i3 (lllh
Cir. liin,t), nprpenl tlisnlissrxl ttntl cert' tlenietl, No' 84-

24:l lNov.'6, 
'tilg4t 

; lleudrilu !. ,loxeph, 661) li''2rl l2(i5
(6tlr (lir. N;nll i Neuel.t, v. Srilcs, l-riJ:I F'2tl l3(il, l:l(i4-

l3(i6 (liilr Cir. 1976).
3. As tp;rcllants eontenrl (.I'S. ?-12 (Qucsl'ion l); l:d'

il 17-21 iQrrestion 3) ), tlrc tlislriet' cotlrl"R ilrterpreta-

[ion of nnrenrlerl secl,iorr 2 is llawctl in two fttntlanretrlal]

rnrl t'elntetl, resltecLs. I"irsl,, lhe cottrl' fotrnrl I virllation

of Sml,iorr 2 in ihe abselrce of evitlcnce that the "l'e'ul[8"
of l.hc tnttltitrtentber. rlisl,r'iets chtrllongetl itt l'hin case

wet'o ttt rlclty bl:rck vtltet's ;rlt et;tt:rl op;xrrl'ttttity lo ;lar-
ticip:rte in l.l,,r lxrliticill Ir'ocess. In light of l"he signili-
earri, clccl,0r'al successes ol' cantlirlittes suplrot'tetl hy lhe

bl:rck cotntnunil,y-in l,ht'ee rlf tlte live rlistricl's, Ellcccss

as gt'eitl, :ls (,1' gt'efl[er tlrnn l.lr:rl, wlrich wotrltl lrc ex-

1,o,rio,l utttlct' a single-rlember tlistrict'ing ltlnn-the only

irx,lannr.i.rr f,r llre rlist.r.ict cotr['s conclttsion is l,hnl" it
crr',rtteou*ly erlttalerl l.he legat sl,lnrlltrtl of Sccl'ion 2 with

rrtte rrf 11,tirrrrri.t""1' electoral atleccss itt ,trr,orlitln to the

hl:rck Pcrr:trnt:rge 0f t.lre ;xrprrlal.ion. 'l'lre tlecisiott l,htts

r:onllic[s rvil,h lhe legal slnlrrlatrl ;trescriberl b.y Congt'ess
(see, a.11., Scntle ltclmrl, 19't (ArltliLional Views of Sen'

I)ole)), itntl with lhis Cottrl,'s stllllmirry n[[irntrnces in

Slrttl:e v. Scfl.trtrrn., No. 83-lB2il (Oct'. l, 1t'84), atttl Broolas

v. Alla.in,, No. B8-lBGl-r (Nov. 13, ltt84)."

o ln Scrt,,rort, tha rlist,rir:t courL rcJectcrt n Socl'lon 2 clnlm tltnt
rnltroriLy vol.crfl rvere errl,itled l,o tt "'nnfe' rllntriet in whleh the

mlnrrrll.y ;xrPttlntion nJrplrut'ltcR li6'/n oi the overtll popttlntlon"

(sligr,rgi. il-izt: rrrrrl.r lhe thnllcrrgert ,lnn, tninorlty vrrtera, while

rxrt grrnrnnl.r:erl tho nbilily lrr elr*t otte of l.lttrir owtt to rtlllce. were

f,r,,,,,! tr, "t'xttrt, n nigtrifientr[ itnpnct" nlrl ln "plny pivol'nl rolcs itr

key olrx:l.iorrn" lrr two lrigh nrirrority irttptrcL rlirrtrlctn (id. nt lr).
Slirilnrly. lrr Ilrrrol..r. nrlrxrrity v.l.ern nnkerl ttrin C.rrrt t. .vertl,'tt
n eorrrt-rrrrlar.erl rlinlriftir|tg lrlnn crefll.irrg n rlinirlr:t wil,h n "a'trz.or-

l.hl|| l-r2.8 prrrr:errl. hlnr.k v0ti|lg rrge ;xrSrrtl:rliotr" ltt filvor of rrlte ltr

whir:h trlnch ent|rlirltrtrrs rvorrlrl hc elfrx:l,ivoly gtttrrtrtrtocrl the nant'

g3-l8lit'r J.S. tl. lfi. 't'lris (irrrrt'n trllllllrl,rl'y nllirttttrltct's onl!tblish

l.h[[ nrirxrril,y votori rkr lurt have n right tt||rlcr se('Lirttr 2 kl the cren-

l:l

Seultttl, :ttttl ltlol'e exllicill.l', llte t'ottt't' :trkrPlcrl :r rlcfi-

rril,iorr gf t.:rr:ilrl lrfux, r,llilrg- rvtrir:tr il, trrt'lrr:ll)' ir['lrlilicrl
tus t,ho "littcltltitt" rtf :t voltt rtiltrlirltr eltsrr ('l'ti' AII' l5:tf

--urrrlrrr. wlritlh t.:rcial lxrlur.iz,:rl,iorr is rl*rttterl trt !xr "sttb-

stAnliVel.y sigrrifit,lrrr[" 0t. "s0vor.o" ]vheltevel' "lllc t'esttlts

of tlrc irrrlivirlrr:rl elettiott rvottltl ltavc lx'ett rlill'nrcrrI rlc-

lrcnrlirrg ttgxrn wlrolhet' it. It:trl lrct'tt lrr:ltl :llll('llg oltl.y lltc

ivtrite v.lri's ,r. rurly tlre lrt.ck v,l.'s itt llte clec1iott"
(irl. al, il!la-40:t). 'l'ltis tllenlls, of eoltt'se, llt:tl, cvctt :t
rrrinor. rlegr.ce of r.:rcial hkx: vr;littg is "sttltsl :tttlivQl.1, 3ig-

nilicnttl," ot'"sevet'e," rttrrl llt:rl, iI rlrns ltot' ltt:ttlrlt' rvltctltct'

0r. tro[ ltre llhr: r'0lirrg :tel.rrilll.y "t'esults" iI blnek ck'c-

t,ornl tlefe:tls.r" 'l'his irrler'pt'tttttliotr ;rlittcs tlte srttt't he-

low ilt rlit'r'ct. r'trttflicl rvilh '/'rrt'l'n:(t.s v. (-llorrclll*, 5l{l lr'
Srrpp. l32tl, l36l-l3!-,2 (N.l). 'l'cx. Itlfl4I (llrtrre jrrrlge

.r,,i,ll,) (lcsl, is n'ltcl.ltet' "sttt:lt bkre votitrg xs llllly nxist"
Jl)eIaleB so its ttt "1ret'sisttrtrll.y rlefe:rl, lttrirrot'il.yl r::tlrrli-

rl:tl,os") ; :tccot'tl, Srrtlltolt. v. llphtttt, slill. o;r. l(l rt.4. ln-
rleed, ttntlef Llic rlislt'icl. utttr['R tlolilritiolr, villrtfllly :rtry

clocl,or.ul rlistr.icl. in llre courrtr..y rnighl. lrc rlet'rrrrrl l.o sttf-

fer "stthsl:tttl ivrll.y sigrrilic:rtrt" r:tt:ial hhx: r'ol ittg. lhrt
seo I selrute tleilr.irrgs t{2t (ern;rhusis:rrlrlerl) llcstittrolty
of Arttutntl l)erfner) l"seetiott 2, rtf cotll'se, rvill :r;r;rly

rrrrly in'tlttrse 1rl;tces wlttt'c l.lret'o is irlt'e:rrly nt rilruoxli-
,ror'r[triloilnt. of lt':rt:i:tll rlivisiott") ; Setl:rle llelxrl't, llil
(irr "nlosl, corrmlltlilios" ntittrlt'il.y cttttrlirlltles "l'(!c('il'o

suhslrurt.i:rl srtppot'1, fl'rltrt rvtlite vtttct's"). ln ottt' vitrw, if

l.ilrr 1l ..Rnfc" nrin,rl.ity-c6rrl.rlllert rllnl.ricts-.-evc1 w[ore qtlter 1['
j<x:tive fr|rJflrn rrrrrtr.ilrrrte t{) tlro [hrrllrrg |)f n vhrllrl.iorr rrrtrlar l.lte

"totnlil y of thr: t'ircttntRtnttries."

lo /\llgrallnttls' rcslatontettI of l.tre rllstIict ('ttttt'1,'R sl.nttrlrtrrl [or
rnelnl bkrc vrtlilrg (J.S. l?) is ltrrprt'r'lse. ()l,lrnr tll:rrr in;xr'ssittll
(J.S. Aplr.40nl, thQ ilinl,rh:1, rrrtlt't rtirl ttot slltto tltnl';xrlrrt'iz;ttio|l
exintn trrrless s,hlto vol.ors ntrplxrrl. blnck trorrllrlnlas ltt tltrtltlrars nl,

or crt:oetlitrE l-r0'.'1,. ltnlher'' l'ttlt cortrl' wotlLl Jlltrl lr[x: votittq u'ltctt-

lrvor tha vrrl.os oI l.lrrr rvltil0 lxrlttllrl,ilrtl. ntnlrrliltg nftrttt'. rvottIl ltol, lxt

rtrlllrlcrrl. 1.r' r.lorrL n hlilrk tntrrlirtnl.rt lJ.S. ApI. illln-41):rl. tlrtrler'
Norlh (ilrolirrt'n cltx'hrrnl nl'gl.eltl. thin tenl' l'ottlrl lxr snl.lslirrrl hy

fatver [lt:rtt |i,ll')h oi tho rvhite votes.



14

rv,ite ',[,.$ :u'e willirlg l.o ct'tlss *rcinl. lincs in sullicicttl;

;,;,;;;"t'" l.hrtl, "rninorily cantlirlttes lrlol not krse r:le'c-

Lirrns srrlely llct::tttse of tlrcil' t'irctt" llltttlct''1 v' ['odge' A(ttl

ii"s. (i|3, (i23 ( ltlftz) ), [lrett i!- io llrgely irrele-vnnt

*i,,,U,o. ihe black 
"nnititiutu 

wottltl h:rve wotr evctr if [he

elccl.iott "hatl been hcld ulttollg only lhe whil's volers"

(,t.S. ApP. 40t).r''' 
4. Af,f,"lfces tlo noi, rlispute tlr:rl the'qe are suhslanli:rl

is.sues. 'Iltcy t'espon<l only ( Mol" {'o l)is'. 401 l'lrtt'. llre

rlistr.ir:|, courl, tlitl nol, "reqttir[el gultl'ulltec(l olctl'l(lll''

Irul, ,,folkrwerl lhe skrlulory itr:rnrl:rto hy c,ttsirlet'itrg lrlnch

elcckrral succcssl anrl f:rilure as olle factot' in tlre totnlity

.,f 
"i..u.,*l,itttceg 

leatling [() i[s ctlttclttsitltt of tlisct.itttintt-

i",'y ,"-i,1f.." " '['ltis ,'u,i,li"g of the o,ini.n is b*st' ev:tlu-

ufro,f f,V exatnining l,he courL's trelt[ntent of I'lre rlis[r'icLs

ll, isstte.r'-llach 
0f [he rlis[ricls is a lnultirtteltlbet' rlisl"r'ict,; how-

ever, it, is welt es[alllisltetl l,hal, lltrrltinrcntlrcr rlisl,rict.s

n..r'n,,t inhcrcnl,ly ttnllrvful' Scnttle ltclxrrt ll3; 1ee 
2

i"r,,tu llcuritrgs itl ("t*tl'"tncttt of Sen' l)ole) ; Wh'il'c v'
'iin11o*t,rr,4l2 

U.S. :rt, ?(il-r' Anrl rvlrile il' is t.re th:rl' in

uu"i, uf l,tle rlis[ricts itU isstte in t'hls c:rse iU woultl lrc

posLsible lo ct'eal.e otlo or tttot'c single-tttclnlrct' rlisll'icts

wiUr cttecfive bl:rck vol,ing ruljorities (sac prtges 4-(i'

r,,i,,.ri, llris poirrl, 
",,uttof' 

lrc tlalct'tninntiva' Mlnority

,.,1^-,r" i,*ro uu righ[ l, the cre.tirn of safc clccl.oral rlis-

tr florrel.holosn, even rttrrlcr tlre rliatrict cottrL't nlnrrrlnrrl, llortso

l)isUr.ir:t2lrrrrrlllrrlrsot)isl.ric[2llnhrrtrlrlhnvelloettrrlrlrelrl;tlre
rvhitr: v1;tern irr llroRc rllrtrictn att;rlxrrl,r'rl ttro blatk leginlnt'orr ilr

nurrh rtrrntlxlrs thnt ttrey wottltl htve lrcen eler:Lerl on the ntrongth of

the rvlrite vote nlottr:' tr thc'rllnlricl rrrttrl' forrlrrl (J'S' Alrp' 40n lt'ill ) '

re lf lptrcllles 1to11 t1 nlggest ( Mot. l.o I)ia. 16, 2l ) l'hnt

clet:l.ornl rosttlLc nre tnntoly "otte cirttttnRtnltt:o" ntnotlg mtttty ltr lxt

cotrsirlerert, irr l.hc ranro LltnL t Srxltkrlt 2 enRo trtthl he l)r('vell

,,rn,, ,uh*ai, nrlrr.ril,y r.^trrlllnl,as hnrl irr:lrieverl nlgrrilicntrt 
'u(:l'es$es

rrt tlre lxllls, rvc ttlnngroe' A llnrling rlf nrtvrlrse electtlrtrl .,regltlJn.' in

,.-,,o.o"*u.,-.-tlrrlrtt{lttrrltgullhierrl,--.alttntrttttirrthelrlrrirrtil['nctrna.
|rlVerlotttll,rlirr:ttsRIlrlrrsel)is[r.it:tsrrrScttntr:l)intricl,2.nitrce

npllellnirts'rltllyttrgttntetttclrlttlerttittgl,hetrrinllngerlrrttl,hentt;l-
f,serl rrrllnternl entlppel elfttct rrf pru:llxrrnttr:e'

l5

l,ricts tttct'ety lrcr':trtse lhcy srttkl fcasihl.y ltc tlllly'll'

llrtxilcs v. Alloiu', ttttlrt't,; St;'ako v' Sea.nuttt' $lr"''(t I lVhit'
cotn,lt v. (ihttt:is, *,r.1,rnr ; 'l'r"rro'io's v' ('ila,tnmtls' I'rfl l lr' firrpp'

lrt lill-r4. N,l.-ruti il, ln ,trisrr,rrxl t.lr:rl, "sirf." se:tl.s f,t'

ii,i,u,,'it..v o(litlttltollttts rryottltl neurssnt'ily ln itr lhe ittlet'esls

rrf nrirrririty t'til.ars. See l/rrilrrl 'r-lolr"s 
v' llutxl ol Sttlutr'

li.sor.s, fr? i li'.2r1 !16 l, !l6li ( 6tlr (lir. I !l?B ) . 'l'lttts. if lho

"gltvi,tttt'tt" oI npptrlitrrs' cl:tittr is siruply llr:rl' Nol'th (ltrt-

olin:r t.lrrlse 1,0 use rnrrlt,irl|entber tlisl.r'ir:ls lvltt't'e "lltet'e nt'o

sttllitictrl crlnt'ctttt'itl.ionR ttf lrlnck votcrs l'o fttt'ttl rlrajorily

bl:rt.k r,irrglc-nt(ltnl)r.r rlisl,ricts," ns l,lre rlisl,r'icl, eottt't. slitl,sl

i:i.S. ipl; 4:r), llreit' t'l:tittt necessafil.v falls slrot't of es-

l.ahlislri ng :t violnl,iott.
In thr.eo 0f lhe distIir:ls, hlirck cntrtlirl:rtes stt;t;xrrtrrrl h.v

tlro trlack eornmrrnity haYe bcen eleetetl tltltlct' tlre clr:rl-

innge,l ;rl:ttt in nur,,lrt.'l's lls gl'eal' '15 ol' lrenltr llmu'

ir,,il,r lrn cxlxtctcrl ttnrlct' a single-ttlelrll)er Pl:ttt' :tnrl

lrlnr:1 vot.et.s irn'c rvietrlerl ittflttenee tlvet' ,tltet' se:tls :ts

rvell. lilvtr sittr:e l9?il. the ltl:rt:k votels o[ [lrrttse l)istricl'

2S, wlto tttttke ttp llli.S')L of lhe lxrlrtll:tliott anrl ZS'GI' of

ttre r.egisler.erl v,ilers, lr.r'e slte,:eerlerl i, eler:tirrg ,tta hl:rclt

r entl,ei. of t.lre tlrr.ce-nrernlrer rlt,lcgnt.iott. Seo pnges 4-5,

*i,r,r'r. In tl,trse Dist,r'itt 21, the 2l'8%' ;lrrck rrtino'il'y

lurs clpt:t.crl otta of tlro si'l t'e1lt'esentalives sitlce I98l)' rvi[h

llro sttp;xrt'[ of hel.rveen 3t7' :rntl 4l>/" of l'he u'hile votcrs

in f,f,n',li*t,'i.t,. flee ,age 4, sttpra' Intleerl' 1he rlisl'r'icl'

glttt{'frlrtntlth:rl,tlrchlrrckrelrt.esrtnItttir'einl)islric[21
ivorrlrl h;rve lrcon electerl in I!)82 even if lhe cloelirut lrltrl

hcen ltr:ltl erttty ntnonJl rvhil'cs ('I'S' App' 39"-{0;rl.--l'll
irr llrrrrs. lfisti.icI ilg, rvlrerr hl:tck pet'sllls tlt:rke ult Zlt.l1L

of tlre lxtprrl:tlion, :r hlnclr crttrlirla[e rvns electerl to the Iive-

ntentber rlclegnlioll ilr ltl?4 trnrl !$?(i, antl two hlat:lt t::tn-

rlidales-40f,, oll the rlclegali6ll-1v1'1'p elecletl tttrtler lltc

challengerl pturr irr 1082, lxrlh $,itlt sttbstanlial wlrilo srr;r

;xrrl,. Scc 1t:tues l-r-li, .srl/l'o.t' lly cont't'nsl' ttttrlel' l'htl

lr lp;x,llets soek lo tttittlntizc l.he signlficnllra of lhls oleclrtrnl

.,,".n""',,,, thLr gl'ounrl (ttlot. l'o l)ln' 26-2?) l'hnt tlre l$82 eklr"

ii,,rr r*-r rvns..,rlrvl,,unl.v nlxrrr*ti.tr*1"--.tlritrrrlirrg l.1is c.nclttgi,lt



1G

lll.erlurtivc fitvtlrctl by :rppellces, in enelt of llrese tlis-

Ir'icts hl:rclt volet's rvottlrl lxl lclcgat'txl to one sirrgla-

lnunber.rlistr.iel, rvil,h lr l:rr.ge [l1clr rnljoril;y; hlitck votel's

rvoulrl ellcrl,ivnly losc thc oplxrr'[rrrril.y l0 cottl.esl, Ilte trl-
r1:rinilg s*nts :inrl (tnol'e im;xrt'l:rtrtly) to exer'l elctr[ot'ltl

inflttettee ott 'tlre othel' t'ept'estrnt:ttives. 'lurlgcrl silnply on

tlro hasis of "t'esttll,s," t.tle nrull,imcmbel' ltllttts in l'hese

rlisl ricts hnve altlurt'cn[l.y enhllteetl-nrtl rlilttle.rl-rninor'-
il..y vot.ing stl'englh. !

In l.he ltvtl t'elttaittirrg rlisl,r'icls ;tl, insttc'-Ilotrse Dis-

tyit:|, illi antl Sr:n:rle l)ist-rit:|, 22, lxrlh ilr Mer:kletrtrttt'11

Clortnty---hl:rek c:tntlitl:rl.es htrt'e lxxrtr less sttccessfttl'

Iilven the[e, ltttwevcl', lhe Zli-h'f, hlitch tttinolily in lhc

llorrse rlisl rir:t, elct:lcrl onc hlltt:k lncnrlter lo the eiglrt-

tngtnltet. rltrleg;rl.ion in 1f182, :rnrl :r srr:orrrl bl:tck canrlirl:rle
(rvho losl, irr llte gettct'al eltx'l,iolt) r'ecciverl il$7' of the

white vote in the pt'intnt'.y. In the Sennte rlistlict, al-

l.horrglr lht: 24.i1/,, llllrek rilinolit.y h:ls nol, lreen able to
elccl, r hlach senllor in the l!180s, n bl:rek cnnrlithte pt'e-

vailerl l,ltt'ottgltottI l.ho periotl 1!175-1980.

'l'tre rlist.rit:I eottt'1, nevel' :ll'licrll:tlerl a stanrlartl ttntler

Whiclr .,1'csltll,s" Srrclr :rS thcsc ctntkl sttltlot'|, :r e0nclttsiotl

1,1 fira rlislrilL c6rrrl.. ltlwcver. l.lre tlisl,r'ir:t. eolr'1.'r rv6rrls htrve heett

l.alelr orr[ 0f corrl.ext, 'l'he court'n Iirulirrg (J.S. AIrp. il?n (footltol.o

otrriltcrl ) ) wns ns follorvr:

'l'ltnIe nre irttinlnl,iotts lnrnl t'rtr:ettl. lristor.y, lxrrticrrlnrly fronl
Lho l$82 el0t:tiottR, l,hnt n ntoro ntthHl'ttlrtinl hrenkl'hrottglr of
fllt(x:ess rrrttkl be imltritrelrt--lrtrt thnle rvol'e elxrugh obviottnly

ahcrrnl.itlrutl nspN:ts prr.Relrt irr l.lrn nros[ ter:eltt clcctiottn l.o

make thnL t tnlrl'ler .f Rlteer Rper:trlnii,n'

In n frxrl.ttol.e, l.trc r:ottrt rthscrverl l.hnt lxrl'h lxrrl'lea ltnrl olTercrl

evirlcrrea to osl.nhlish eithtrr l,hnt l,hc l!182 alectiolls pt'esngerl n
.,lrrenkthrorrgh" rrr l,hnL [lre.y wore "rrhatritl,iottnl." 'Ilte rrrttrt nlnterl

l.lrnt il,n "fitrrlirrg" ln tr:xl;' (rilroterl nlxrrle) "reflrtets otlr rvnirrhllrF of
l.lresr: cgrrllicl,irrrr ilfercrrcen" (ril. nl.3?n 1.2?). ll; is l,hrrn lttncr:ttrntc

for u;rpallor:s tt lssert tlrll. tlre rlisl.rir:t trtttrl; ntftrltl.ttrl tlrcir viorv

ilrnt i.lio l0B2 ek'cl.lorr rcsulls slrorrkl lxr rlirrc;sntt!flrl nn "tlbcrrlr-
tiontrl..' Al rnosl.. il, ctlrr he nlrirl ltutI l.hc courL rojt<'l,erl thc olrlxrsittr{

vierv-thnl tha lll82 rcsrrlts shl,ukl lro rtrtttnctl avirlcttte thnt hlnr:k

t7

l,hrrl, thc Inull,inlentl)cr. ctrrl.(|r.tl s.ysl,ettt in lltesc rlislri<:l,s

is "1gI otl11[), ppptt I.9 l):ll'ticil)!llioll" lty bl:tctt vrtl ct's'

't'htt r:ottt'1, oltly st:tlcrl-'-tvillrrlttl. l'(lf(ll'oll('(! lo :tt:ltl:ll l'(r-

ssll.s i, :rtry.t:lr;rllclrgcrl rlisl,r'iel---tlurt' "tltt: sttr:t'ess lhlrt'

hits lreclr rrr.lrir:vcrl b.y hl:rt'k t:ultrlirlates lo tl:rla" is "ltxr
rnitrilnill in lol,:rl nunlhet's :rtttl lrxr I'oectll," lo srtlrlot'1, :t

lirrrling llr:tl, a [rllrck carrrlirlirle's t.:rco is tto lottgel'":t sig-

rilic:rtrl, :rrlvct'se factttt'" 1,,.S. ApP. ll?:r-ill{:rl'ti llorv-

ovot., t.tlc ck,r:t.ion of lelr.enelrlntives itt ntltttlttll's :ls gl'0nt

a$ or gl'cfllet' ltt:tll t.hc :tpIt'o,rituate hlntk pt'o;lttt'liotl of

Itre lroirrrhrlion-ns itt llottse l)isl.rir:l.s 21, 2:1, anrl iflf is

srrr,cl.y trol, ,,rrfinirr1ill." I't Alrrl in Ilrruse l)isl riet, 3{i :rrlrl

cntrrllllnlos s,t,ttlrl ntltiave ovell t{renl.er allcco.qs lrr Ihe "itltnrirretll"'
frrture.

AS4tnlloen trlso ratrtltrlr rlisFlrngirrgty l.hnl, ltlrrr:k elorl'ornl ntte-

cesneR lrr l!)82 rxr:rrrrerl "n[l.er I.his lnrvnrrit rr:ts lilotl" ( l\lol,. l.rr

l)ln. :l!l); ltrtlot'or, l.ho rlinl,ricl.irrg plntt tlrey r:h:rllentle rvnR rrttly

errnel.ert ilr l!182. 'Io rlinregnrrl l.[rc resrrll,s of thn lg82 olocl.i('tr rvotthl

be I.o rlisrnfirrrrl Ihe otrly eloct.ion ol'or ('ol1(ltrcl,ort tttrtltlr tltc r:h:rl-

larrEr.rl lrlnn.

In ll. in Inrl.icrrlnrly lrorrhlirrg llrnt, nll.lrorrglt tha trrrrrl; lttnrle ftrc-

Lunl fitllltrgs 6rr a rlistrft:t-[y-rllstritl; lxrsis, il. rlrerv its trllirlrrl.l
lc;Inl ilrferr:lrt:es regnrrlirrll rnl.inl hkrc vol.itltl nttrl lho rlllott olt lllittrtt'-

il.y elact0rnl o14rrrrl.[rril,ies l|rr l.lre bnsin of "llrn orourll rrrsttll.s

n,lhl,'vl,l trr rlnte trt nll la'cls of elncl.lva,tllce" (J'S' A,,' il?.)' lt'

is rrnl.v rllt sttr.lr n llltnis l,lrnI llre cotlt.t t:ottltl fllll('lllllc llrnI lrlnr.k

elrx:tornl 8|t(,coss is "lrrlnlrunl" irr n rlintritl. Rttt'lt ns llottsrr l)isl.rir:t

Btl, wlrere Lho 26.1f" hlnr:k tnittorit.y hns, rvith nrrbsl'nrrl'ilrl rvhitrr

rrr;,p,rrt, electetl 40",/n ltl tho nl.-lnrge rolrrrtsettLrl.ivrls. 'lir ittr'alirlt|[o

n rpr:cilie rllntricl, orr l.ho lrnsis t|f getrornliz,etl nl,nlorvirle rcsrtll.s nt
.trli levelr of nleel.lvo ollice" in elont legnl ot'ror. See ll'hilr. v. llt11-

esler, 412 tl.s. nl, ?Glt ( rcrluirirrg nlr "iltl.ettsrrl.r, lrx'rtl nlpt':risttl" of
the elnctornl stlteltte).

lo Alllrellecs rtrgges[ (Mllt. |'ll l)in. 2?. 4l) llrnl, l,hrr rlinl.rir:t

corrrL's 
-,lirlr,rngnnrnrrl, 

of l.he t11n.L elst:lfirnl sttct'r'ss ilr l,ho (. hnl-

lengerl rlial.r.ir:l.s is Rrr;r;xrr.tart hv lnlrgtlngo ln l,ho scttltle relorl.'

llorvt_.ver, l,ha. rclxrrt.sirrrlly sl,nl.os (setlnto Rr';xrl't 2!l rr.lll-r) l,hnl;

l.[o elet.l.iorr 1f n "ferv" rrrllroril,y tnnrlirlnl.es oltotlltl ttot [o l]r'ettrorl

conclrrsive. nirrre it rvoulrt eltllllle ntetttlrerR rrf the lttrtjorlt.y to evnrlo

l.he lnrv h.r' o,,o,,,,rnrr,lrr Ihe r'lor:l'ion of "n'snfc'tttlttority cnrrrlirkll'o'"

'l.lul rrxurrrl hore slrou'n th:rt nrirrorit.y catrrlirlnl.en in l.lre r:hnllerrrrcrl



l8

Sen:ttn Dislrir:|, 22, wlrilc the resttlls lrrtnil'tcrlly fnll shor'[

of rr sfanrlittrl of pt'r4rrlr[ionnl rcpresentation' nrinoIity

t::rnrlitl:ttes eil.hcr ,r,lu ,,' ltave heen stttreessfrtl :tn<l lllainly

nre ctttnlrel.itivc.rT
(loltllrlss crrtrkl ttrlt, htve ex;rresserl tnot'e cle:rrly il's

intenl,i0n n0l, to irrvatirlflte ttlttll.intclttltcr rlistrict.ittg ;tl:ttts

rvlrr:t'e rnilrot'ity c:uttlitlates h:rve lr:rrl :rn eqttnl oPportrtnil'y

to lrc electetl--even it they rlirl nol' netrssat'ilv win n 1rt'o1

1,,,,:tir,,t"l shat'e of l.he strirts' Sett, rr'9', Sennle ltelxrr[ 3!];

il. :rl, l0:l (Arlrlitiontl Views of Serr' l)ole)'" Sttplrrrlct's

of :rttretrtletl Setrl,ion 2 r'epenlcrlly nssttt'etl the Senal;e Stth-

t'otttmil,tee lh:rl, l.his *nri,l lrot; be lhe lestllt' As At'tn:tntl

rlistrir:l.s h;rvo benn clor:l;erl relxr:rlerlly; nttrl l'here in not Iho nlighl'ext

sttqllesl,iott thal, thcy rvere trlet:terl bctittlne l'lre llnjoril! considerorl

l.hnttt "sn fr'."
r?Il; is:rlno sillrrilir:nrrt l.lrnt carrrlirtnto nlnling hns txrt hcetl rlonl-

irrnl.erl by whil.c vol,r.rs, l,hnt :rtrl.i-sirrgle nhot voting or cqrtivnlflrt

reqttirttnorrtsltnvettoLbaent'tnl'lt'.yerl'nrrrlthnl'thot'enreno;t|.esettL
lrirrrir-.rs l.n mirr,ril,y rogial'rniloir .r r:ttlttlitllrr:'v' ln lte'CilU ol

lloltil/-r:nsns irr wlrirrlr nrrrltilrtettthor rlistrir:tn ltnvo lteett irrvalirlntcrl'

sr[n(! (rr. nll of tlrosc [nctors rvere ttstl!lllv jrresertt' See' o'0" lVhitl/, V'

liellaslrn',412 u'S. nt ?6G-?G?; lVoll.at:a v' llonse' 6lIt F'2rl Gl!l'

lizil-tiz,l(6th(lir.),vlu'nterlonothergrtttttrlR,'126Ll.s'04?(10?rr);
T,inttttet' v. llel(ttil'hetr. 48t-r F'2rl 120?, IilOl-r-lit06 (ftth Cir' ltl?il)

(ctr lrnrrt:). nl['rl otl rrther grottttrls 'qrrfi larrr' 15u31' (ltxfll' l'nfish'

Selrtttl. lltnttrl v. lltlr'*hrrl'' 424 tl'S' li:16 (tll?G) i cl' lVhilaonth -v'-(l:l:ho.t,ir, 
s,,r,,',r; ttlnak' Voti't's v' lil,.l)u'tu"11ft' 666 F'2rl l' G (lnt (jir'

if,ZZf ;' Brln,l,t, v. lktlides l'tt't'ish ltolirc 'lut'lt' 608 F'z'l ll00' ltl2
(lillr (iir. lflTFr).

rr 1'lre rlisl.rir:t cortrt avirleltLly nrisnplrnltcnrls t'ho signilltnttce

o[ (lotr;1t'ess's 1'1'.in1:l,irrtt of l'lte prolxrrl'iolt:tl rcpreRcntntiotl R]nttrlnrrl'

,|.lttrr'tltlrtrlisnrillrrxll,ha..llrr,lxrrtillttnlrrr;lroseltl.nlitrtt',lllgclnirrrer
itrsecl,iotr2(b):ls,,,t,.rliltll"t'u""nl'lurtrthrll:tltcflrr:Ll'lrntbllrt:ks
htrv. ,,[ lxxrrr ele.t.erl i1 rtur,,[ern pro;xrt{iotral l'o l'heir 1x'rcrinlngc of

ttrr-. lx,lrrrl:rl.ioll "tloos ttttt ilttrto' esl;ahlish l'lllrl' vot'e rlilrll'iotr ltnR re-

nlltcrl" (J.S. A1rp. lhn & lr.l!l (entllt:rsis nrlrlerl) )' An rlinr:ttnrerl

nlxrve (ttole [l),l.lle rlinr:lninrr!r wns exl)l'(tnnly rtrnfl'erl to nvoirl nttclt

tr nitt'folv lltl.erprel:ttiott' lrl ctl'mt' thr: rlistrir:orrrttrl; lutn interprelarl

llraAcl,trsittrlxrsittlltt..SrrrrsrlrLirlttnlttr;rrrrrrett[trl.irltr;rltln''rl,nltrl:rtrl
,',, ft,n. tt,,, r, ntr "tttlrrtl oplxrrl'trlr it'y" Rl'tt ttrltt rrl'

I!)

I)et'fttet', ltt':ttl of l,lro Votirrg ltiuhLs I'ttjtx:l'' oxPl:tittt'tl Irr

tlc Sur:ikr l{ttlrcotttlttil,lcc ( | Sett:tl'e llcrrt'itrgs tl(lli) :

tlrc ttt,-l;tt'go elrlt:l,iotts tlurt' I ' * ' llnvc lx'ctt lirttsiltl{
,' 1,.(t ll,ise irr rv;i.lr 1h* tr.sttll,.f llt,str :tl-lltt'gc.lec-
i,iu,i* i* lrlrsi*rlly l, slrlrl, ,*1. l,ho .ritr,r.il.y v.let.s. ll,

is tr,l. lt rlllostir;tl ,f *'ltcl lt*t'i'lrr:y rvill !{(lI lllrt'c.l'
Icss or. rvt;(.t,hcr tlrc rnrrjtlr'il.y volfl.s rvill geI rnor'c or'

i,r*s. ll; is t (lllosl,it,ll oI srrlttrt vel'slls trol'lritrg'

srn :rlso irl. :rt, l2(ll) (testirllotr.y 0f li't':tltk I'ilt'lrer); t:f.

llo11ers v. l,txt11e,4tifi l l.S. nt (ill; (elttph:tsis irr ot'igin:rl )

(,,rnull,ir.errrlxii. tlistr.icls tenrl [o tttittitttiz.t-. the rrrlitrg
strengl.lr of lrlinority gl'oLlps b.y ;x'r'rrritl'irrg lhr: ;xrlilit::rl
ir,*1,,ilit.v to elecl, ,ill ,.n1,,r'selllrtives ,f lhe tlistt'it:1.");

itiliitrr,r,l, u. 6,'/16lrfs, 40:i t,.S. :rt, 158-16!f (rttttliitrtetrrhet'

rlistr.ir:ls chlrllcngerl I'01' "theit' winttct.t:tke-all :tslecls").
'f'lta .1rt'c-()it11 o! Illtiltila tlecisions oI l'his altrl otltet'

cout.ts iie:[. ,,uI tlr:rl, nrrtltiril(,llrl)et' rlistricls rll'(! turl, llll-
l:rrvftrt $hcro. lrs ttel.c, rrrirr0r'ity call(li(l!ltes !ll'e tlol, ('fre(r-

l.ivtrly shrrt, oul,0f lhc elec[0t':rl l)l'ocess. 'l'lte t:loscsl

rrralirg.y 1, this cnse is l.)ore V. Ilurre, 6i!tl lr.2rl I152

(3tlr 
'ijir.. I9?ti), in wSiclr [he urttt'I rtf :t,,ertls trirh*11

thc vnlirlity rrf :rn :r[-lat.ge sysl.ell| ttnrlttt' rvlrich llro 40ii
lll:rck lrrinirt'ilV elcclerl rrtte tltclttlrct' to lrtt trigltl-tttelltltt't'

cily rntttreil. inrleurl, itl ttt:tn.v c'rscs lrl'i(rl' 1o (iil11 o.f lllo-

Lflt invrlvi,g :rt-ltrr.lg.r: r'.ti.g syfile,.ts rvltet'tt lhe ,ggtt-
gnte of ftrclrir.s w:ts ll!t(ptesti,tr:rbly le.q.s f:t'ol'it5lc l. ttti-

iinrity volcl.s l.lrfln in this c:tstl_.lrl(Nt lttll'licttl:tt'|.y, lvlttttrr

lto blirck citizan.lrilrl rlvel lrten elttctetl ttltrlet' llte sysl ctlt--
ch:rllenges [0 lhe vol.irrg ;rlulrs $,et'e ltottetltt'less lrrrkl [o lre

insrrflitlierrl,. Setl, c.g., l',lnelc' ltol't'rs v' il'lcl)onouYlt' fi(ift

|i'.2r1 l ( lsl, (lir.. ll|??|; Ilcndrirl v. Joseplt,116!) l.'.2}| |2(i!-l

(Irur (lir'. lt)??l ; l)ouid v. (Jrlltl'sott, 66il li''2rl !'l2i1 (6th

tjir. ttlZZl ; IllrGitl v. (Irtrl'qrtt Co']nl!l Ct'mut'tt' 6116 li"2rl

277 l!-r[h (lil'. lt)?(i t . lI is sigrrilir::rttt' (lt:tl' l'ltr'' Sctt:rlC

tutj(,l.ily flil(l olher stt;r1xrl'tol's of ittttt'tttlerl Slft:liolr Z

lx,iirl-(,rl tspr-.r:ilrlly lo lhese (ilse$ itl rvlrit'h lhe rlcftrrrrlltrrL

irr'istlicli,tts lrttv:tiltrrl' -ittclttrling, lhtne v' llltxtrt"s"r"'r'----

fls irrrlicflliorrs 0f l,lre rv:ry in rvlriclr lhe ttrtrv lttrvisirllt



?tl

slroukl lrc ilrlct'prcterl' Serra[e Ileporl' il!]; I Senlrt'c llenr-

inus ?ll!-r-?!lli, 7ll7 ( lest'ilttony of Armtnrl I)erfrrer')'
"'T,,*',ilini,,,, t,,,t,,,, thus i'lriscs Et:r.i,uR ar*l suhst:rtl,iul

,1,,u*ii,,n* t'cg:tt'tlittg l,lte itrlt:t'pt'el':ttiott rlf aecl"otl 2(h)'

dan llrc ceirh':rt-ttro "linclt,in"-litrtling of 
'*ci:rlly

irli,,tir.,i u,,ti,,g lrc sttsl'nitttxl in l'1e f:tec .f sttSsl':rtt[ial'

antl rlecisiv,r, *i,it." sttp;xtrl for hl:rck catrrlirltttes' tnel'cly

llec:rttse a wlrite c:urrliririte wottltl ltitve rvotr if tlro elettion

harl lxrot lrelrl onl.y alllolrg wlrit'e volcrs? ls a rlist'rict'

t,-tl-ttr't jtrsl,ilietl irr irrsistirrg ttn "s:lfc" sittglc-tnctntx'r selLq

oron *t,u,'n, :ts its ,,rvn f"iitrr^l lintlings uttrx;ttivtrcrtlly rleln-

orrstl.al.0, hiack vr,ter.s untlcr n rnrrlt,irnernber plarr h:rve tttt

;;i,t;,i ,4r1xrrl.urrit.y ln plt'ticilxrte in thc lxrlil'ical ltnrcess

:rtrrl ltt clecL t'eptrtse,rt:rtives of t'heil' choiee? 'l'he rlehnt'tls

irr Cotrgress fircttsetl in l:rrge llnrI on tlreso isstte'1' atttl

ii;" ;;;;i,;rtnise arlopl.etl hy-Congrc-ss. rlcpcnrltrl in largc

rr:rt'Lttlxltt[lteltnswet"Asl'histlecisirttrtlcttrottstrateR'
;,,i;,,;;i;'f,';;;; ai'. c,trt'r is neetlxl l', etrsut'e t'hal' tlre

l,,,g,rt**i,,nnl irr{.en[ion rvitl be honoretl in l'lris antl future

tilses.rr)

tolf lhp (iortrI rvrrn in t:onclttrle ural. llre rllntrk:t eottrt nrretl'

wiLhoul. l.he ttccrl for fttrl'lter lrriefirrf{ nttrl trt'lttrltetrt' the nlprrrprl-

nfr-.,ll"fr,,*if i,rtt rvottlrl hn [o renlntttl for lltrtllrr prrrcer:rlings' An lrr

llorrse l)irl.rict illi nrrrl Sottttla llisl'rict 22' llrct'c tttn'v rvell lxl n hnnlR

i,,t1,,, ,",r,r,1, ttnl. rt'llrx'l'orl lrr lhe opittiop'of llrll rlintritlt cottrl" [or

,rrrri,r,f i,,o llill. tho rollrtivn lrrr:k of T tt(i''rl'qf, of blrrrk votors nt tltc

i;,ii"i, nl.i.rilrrrl:rl,lc 1,. ns;xx.l.s oI l.hc elr,tlrrr.rrl n.vsl.orrr lh:rl. r:.rrntittrJc

n rk:tti:tl of crlttal r'14''rl'rrrrllv for clfrx'tivc lurrtit'iprrtiotr' ltr violrt-

|.irrttrrfSl.r'l,irrlt2.ll,isllilllr.lrll,l,r,intltlrirlt:ltttlvtrttsin.llivottl,lttr
;,r;'it,,,i litrrlirrlts. for ilrvtrlirlntittg llottsc llislrir:t'q 2l' 2ll' rtr 3!)'

ZI

(:oN(:l,tlsloN

'l.lrc rk,r:isiorr of llre rlisl.r'icl, r'otu'1, sltotlhl lxl sttlttttt:tt'il.y

IrlliIrrrr.rl iusolirr. :rn it. hokls l.lr:rl, tlrtttso l)isl Ii(.t fl :ttttl
scrrulo l)isl r.ir,[ 2 :U.rr rrrrl:rrvfrrl ttttrlet'sttcl.iott 2 rlf l.lr0 Vol.-

irrg liighl.s Acl.. 'l'lris (lOul'1, sl|(rttlrl tt()Lo 1rt'olxthlc jtrIis-

,tl,]ti.,,,' 1,, ;'svitrrv llrc tlet:isiotl oI l.lrc rlisl.r'icl, cottt'l' lvillt
les;x'ct. l.o l.llc l'(rlllllillilU{ rlisl.r'it:ls.

llesgrer:[ftrll.y stthnr i t l,erl.

Itl|;x ll. lnl}:
.Solir:ilor Genoro.l

Wll. llunt ottlr ltnYNtll,lls
Assist,rnt AllorneY (lcne rul

('l r r Aur,F:.s Ftttl :tr
l)opttl y Solir:ilor' (lenernl

M u:u ;tRt, !V. l'tcClttx tttil,t,
Assislo.nl lo lhc Solirilor (icnt'rul

NnNt:tn G. (ltirtnr:n

AllorneY

Arntt.l086

t t. r. torrrrrtrt trlillra o,trcar lonS 
'clttl