Legal Research on Voting Rights Act Extension House Report
Annotated Secondary Research
September 15, 1981
Cite this item
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Case Files, Thornburg v. Gingles Working Files - Guinier. Legal Research on Voting Rights Act Extension House Report, 1981. e3f72982-e292-ee11-be37-6045bdeb8873. LDF Archives, Thurgood Marshall Institute. https://ldfrecollection.org/archives/archives-search/archives-item/6b77a215-8c75-4566-aad7-ee3edbdc661e/legal-research-on-voting-rights-act-extension-house-report. Accessed April 06, 2025.
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lg81.-Committed to the CoEoBittee of tbe 'Whole
State of tbe Uniou and ordered to be printed
H'rrr.; .. ;r- ':'
Au( C,J t^l /6 fL
9?rgCoxonrs.f gOo*oS*or'nppnr,SgNTerrvEs:f l--Er**
lst Session t '-* 1 No' 97-227
I
x, VOTING RIGHTS ACT EXTE]iSION
SnBte]Ises 15,
Eouse on tbe
\(r. Eow-.rnos of celifornia, from the committec on the Judiciary.
submitted the foiloning
ll, 5( Q,,,
J)
IEEBQEI]-i'l
together with
SUPPLE}TENTAL AND DISSENTING \'-IEWS
[To aceomPaaY II.R. &112]
llacludlng eost estlnate of tbe Congresslonal Budget O6cel
The Committee on the Judiciarv. to rshom was referred the bill
fff-.n. glfil to amend the \-oting Rights Act of 1965 to extend cer-
t"l"-orlii.i'"ns forun
"dditioraiteo
years, to extend certain other
ffir'{i;;;lo. ", ,aii,ionrl seven
'eari.
and for other p,rpoxs, hav-
il ";;.il;a tt. iu*., report favorabll- thereon with amendments
*rid ...onrrnend that ttre Ulit as amended do pass'
Tt u-
"-".rdment
to ttre texi of the bill is a complete substitute there-
for and a.DDears in italic tvpe in the reportcd bill'--hn.Jiti.'oitt.
Uilt is aniended to r6flect the amendment to the text
of the bill.
EspurxrrroN or rrrE ArlEr-plreliT Ix TE-E Narr.nr or e sUss1Trtr1rE
The amendment in the nature of a substitute differs from th9, intro-
dr;d bili trimarilt in the foilowing respects: the criteria for allosing
co"""".i iu'risdictioirs to be esemptecl. thirt is bail out. from the special
;;";'iili; ;ait. -q'.t are broadlned: the estension of eertain provi-
Sirra-;f ii,. .c..t for 10 searc is changed: and the amendment to
Section 2 of the Act is further clarified.
Pv*roo '
The objeetires of H.R. 3112. as amended are: (1) to estend
ouslv the'special pror-isions of the Voting Rights Act' '-
O, arid 8, (9) to arirend SecLion 4(a) of the -{ct to p"
to mmt a now shndrrd of cxcmption from the obligat,ions of Scction 5,
(:)) to clarify tlre stan<larrl of proof in Section 2 voLing tliscrinrination
cnscs and (a) b cxtcnd tlro latrgulgo tssistuncc pr'ovisions of Cho Act
until 1002.
,Iurisrlict.ions which tner.l, t,ho cri(t,rin sct otrt. in Section 4(b) of tho
Act rvill cxrntiluo io lxr srrbjer:b tn tho spcciul provisions of (,he, Act
until srrch tinro rus thty crur lnetrt tlrc trorv sttttrtlrr,rtl f<lr bnilout, ns
sct, lrrrth in Srx:l.iolr 4(ru), rus ttrtolrrlerl.
'l'ho slrurrlarrl for buil-orrt is lrrourk,nerl to 1rcr'rnit, lloliticol srrbdivi-
sions, ns dcfincd in Stvct.ion la (c) (2) , in covelul stntt's to seek to bnil orrt
tll,lrorrgh t,lro sltlrr'it.solf rlrtuy t-ettrtitt rxrvt:rerl. IIlrtltrr tlto trorv sl.ltttrl-
tr',1, whir:h grx:s itrto r'.([rx'l. on Arrgrrst, (i, I9tt{, t jtrrisrlioliolt lttttsLslrorv,
for itsolf run<l for rll pyx'cnrnrcnttl rrnits wit,hin its torlit.ory llrrrl, for
[lro l0 ycurs [)r(x'rxling t,ho liling of t,ho brilotrt, srriL: (l ) it, hrts n rrcorrl
of no vot.ing <lisctilnirur[ion rurrl; (2) it hus tokrn steps to irt<lretso
ntinority lnlitir.al purt,icipotion tnd hos rr..movetl obstncles to fair
n:pn.^vrntol,irn frlr lninoritie^c.
II.Il.3l12 nrnerrtls Socti<rn 2 of tho, Vot.ing Riglrts Ad, of 1065 tn
prolribit any vol.ing qurrlificotion, Jrrercquisites, stnndnrd, practieo, or
prrrr:rlrrro whi<:lr rrx;rrll.s in rlis,crirnirrrrl,ion. Soc,t,ion 2 rvoulrl lx.. violtlerl
if I.lro tllegrxl rrrrlrr.rvftrl <xrrrrlrrct lrts t.ho elTq:t. ol irnpnrt of rliscrinrirrn-
t,iotr on { lro bosis of rnr:e, color, or trrr',rtrlxrrship irr tr ln,ngrtttgc ruinr>r'ity
gr(nrl). 'l'lro unrclrrlnrcrrt is n(,ce^srury lrc<nrrso of t.lrc urrsetlling efim.t of
l,lro rlr.nisi<rn of l.lrc II.S. Srrprorrxr Cortrt ir (ity ol lllobile v. Iloldcn,
{.16 II.S. 55 (1980). 'I'ho urrrenrlrnont, clarilies tho nmbigrrilir-s rvhich
Irnvo rrrisx.n in l.ho rvoko of l,lrc llolrlut docision. It is'in{<vrr<lcrl lrt' this
r:ltrificll.ion l.htt. pI'rxrf of prlr';xx,e or intnnt. is not, u prenrlrrisito l,o
trslnblislring vol.ing rlis,c.r'irrrirru.tion violations irr Stx.t,ion 2 r:u,srri. 'l'ltc
ploJxxrxl ornonrlrnent tl<xs not crelltc o right, (o prrrlnrtion&l rcl)te-
se,nlation.
Tho Inngungc nssistrnce, provisions of Section 203 nrc extentlerl for nn
urklitionnl 7 velrs. Whilo Soc.t,ion 20ll rlrns not. expire rrntil 19811. lhe
(',ornrrlit.tr* folt. it, wos nppnrprinto to a.rltlre^ssthe,urprovisions irr liglrt,
of logislntion urnontling l,hoso prnvisions rvhich was pending lrcforo
tho Cxrnrnittco tluring i[s dolilnratiorrs.
I-Ilsmnv
On Mny 6, 1981, the Srrlrconrmittce on Civil ond Constil.rrt.ionnl
Rights convenul l.ho first in its series of lrr.ntirrgs on Icgislntivo pl'o-
lxrsnls to ext,ond untl nmend tho Voting Riglrls Aci of 1965, ecrtain
provisionsof whieh oxpire on Arrgust 6. 1982. At, tlrc outsct. thc Srrb-
cotnmitleo hnrl bcforo it fivo bills'which n<klrcsse<l nll of the rnojor
provisions of tho Act, cven t.hosc whieh do trot expiro next yr,nr. Con-
rrcqrrcntly. tho Srrlrcolnnritleo henrtl tnstilnonv rel{lu'ding tlro brorrl
rnngn of issues eonnecto<l witlr t,hc Act.. Tlrtr Srrlx'orrrnrittee lrelrl cight-
een days of hearings, inclrrding regionnl hetrilrgs in l\'[orrtgorrre.ry,
Altbnmn nnrl Atrstin. Texns, during whir:h ttslilrrotty rvts hetrrl fronr
over 1(X) witnqqs<rs. Witnessos irrclrrtle<l <'rrrn'nt nrrrl fol'rner ]\fenrbrrrs
of Congress, lwo formor Assist.urt Atlorrtcvs (lerrcrtl of lhe II.S.
Dcpartrrent, of .Iusticc, reproscntulivts of llrrr II.S, (lotntrrission on
3
Civil Iiiglrls. lrirliorr:rl, stute, rUrrl lrx'lrl r:iIil..riglrls l(.Irlcl's, Slnte' anrl
Itxitl g,,r't'ttrtrrcrrl ollici:rls. ttll'tt''t'trlttlirr's r'I r'ittiotts t'ivi'.' rttriolr tttrrl
,..iiiri,Tr- ,,i u,,,,ir,,r i,,ir-, 1,, iu',i,' r'il iz.r'rrs, rts rvt'l l its s,,,'iitl sr'it'lt( ists trtrrl
,rti,il,,,.i- itli,, *t,..,'i,,1ii..1 irr t,,tirrg rli-,'r'itrrittttliott i5:'rr('s. Ilt'ptt'sr'rrltt-
ii'';';'l',i,;',',i;:; ii.s. ii;'i,,rt'tttr.'r,l ,il'.',,.1i''e rrt'r't' irrr ilr''l lo l.sli[y Lrrt
i""i.,, i,ir,rt,l,, t9 rlo so 1,,'i,,,: tn tlrt'r'otrrlrlel iolt ol tlrrr Irt'rtrirrg lrrrxrt'ss' ltt
,,,i,tiri.,,i, tlr. Srlr..tritrriltt'r't'rt,',rtttt,[",] rvitlrcss,'s \\'lr() $'.1'o tttrtrlrl. ttt
;ii;i;;',,, 1,.'r's,,rrrtll.y l, sttlrtrril stttlt'rtrtittts f,r'i.lrt' rt't'.r'tl'"'t),,.l lrl' Jl. rrist, ilu'i,,lu,,,r,,rrrillr.c rrrct rtnrl lrv ttttrtltitrtotts voit'r:
t.olt or.rllr.t,tl Il.lt. lf iu-y1,1xrrt<rtl, rT'itlrorr( rttttettilrrrt'ttl, to tlrt: frrll
('orrr trt i( t ct'.
()rr.lrrlY Jll, lll), rrrrrl ill. llr() frrll.('ot.rttrri(lctr orl tlr.lttrlirritrrl'rnet lo
t,orrsirk,r. ll.li. ;]llJ. Orr ,irrlr' ;ll,llrr' l'rrll (,'rltrttrtitttlt', lrY tt vot'tr of 2ii
i,, i,',,i,f.i,-l it,,,t,ilt r',.1,,,,'tii.l to tlro Ilottsr', rvitlt tr sirrgltr ttrttt'tttltttt'rtt
in I lrtr ttrrt ttt'tr rlf il sttbst itrttr:. ' .
(ir:x r:lur, Srit'renr uN'r
t)ACKOI()uNI)
'l'lttr riglrl lo t'oft. is lrrlst't'r'ttli11r of nll r>tlrcl'l'iglrts"t\s tt consn'-
,1,,",,,.,,,',ir'. t,i.tt,,r t is pr1,lt,tr, *'illr rtr'l i.tls lr' tlrr'-('l,llg.rr:ss otct' tlro
Irrs( l(X)\'r'[rr'$toexlcttrlrrtrr'l-srt.ftgrrrr.r'tltlrefrrtlli'lrisc''1'111'\'otirrgIliglrl-s
.{,,f, ,,t'ltXiii lrrrs ln'r,ri lrtril,,,[ ,ii tl,,' trttxt itrtlxrt'lrrrrl- r'ivil riglrts lrill
Ctur,.tr.rl lrl ('0rrgr.(,s*. ll,,,l,r,'*tiottitl,ll', il lrrrs'lx'r'lr tlrt'trrosl r'fli\.livtr
i;;;i'i;;,
';,',;";:i?,;;
rt,,i iliiii,t t. v,,tii."l'lrr' .\r't ,r'ovir1's. r'r'irlt'rt.r' ,f
ilris N,,tii,rr'r,,,,r,,i,,itrr,,,rrl]to nr;'sl.lr'o llttrl ttr,tto rit its,'iliz''lts ttt'e tltr-
l;;.ir,.,,i;;i tl,i- ,,,,,rt l,rrsit: r'iglrt, grtut'rrttlt't'tl lry tlrr.l lottt'ltcttth lrrrtl lif-
Itx,rrl lr rttttctttllrlt'tll s.
7'h,' l'olitrtl Iiiqhts .lt'l ol 1065
,l'lrr, \,r>l i,,g iligl,r* .\r.t of l!)(i5 *rrs;,r'irrrlrily rk.'sigrrerl lo P.ovirkl
"r,.ifi,
u,1,,,i,,|'.t,.,,i-ir,,, rr,lit'f rvlrtrrr llrt't.'rvtts c,rrrip,'llirrg tvitlt'rtr'rr tlrtrl''
,l,.sr,iir,rt lrisl pr'\'of liligrul iorr. r'1,'irtl rlisir'r'irrrirrrrtir>tt rnttlintrerl [o
;,i;;;,;,: r'i,,,' ,,i,*.i,,,,,1 1,.,*I,*r, t.lr.rtlr.1' ,1.'rrfirrg trrirrot'iti.s -tlrt: r'iglrt
,i,, ,i,,,,.,.itr ell'r,r.t ive l.y ilrr.ir l'r'rrrr,rlrisr'. 'ltlrl itrcll'rtt ivclrr'.qs ol' t'ltc ctrs;rt-
l,U-,.,"r,. litigrtl ivrr ,,;r1rr,,r,,.1, is tltr'ttttrcttf r'rl itr t.llrr t'lrst, lttrv ilsllf, trs
,r'rrl' ,,. ;;; ii;; i"giJr,iri,,,' lrisk,'y 'f ,vrlirrg 'iglr1^s
1'gisl,t i.tr 1,tsv'rl
irr ll)iT, ltXi(), lli(i.l .'rr,,l ltttil-,. 'l'lr,' ll.S._'S,,1ii',',,,,, ('9ttrl , i1 ,Sorr.lA
'ii,,i,,l
i,,), t. Iiutz, ,,.1,,i,,:i,,;ttJtt ll.S. ilgl (tt)Ud) , surrrrrrtxl rrp I lro legis-
ltt.ivt' hi--(ol'y ns follows:
\Iot irrg srrils u1r, lrtrttsttllly (rrl(\l'olls 1o llrcprtt'tr. son,ttrt'irntn
r.(.(lllil.rng ,...- ,,,,,,r1, Is (i,lXXl ui,rn-lr,urts sPt,ri( r'orrrl,irrg {lrtrrrrglr
,','1ii"-t,',,iin,, t',',r,irls irr ptr'1rnl'trl.irltr for l lirrl' Lil igrtl iott lttts
iu,l,],i ,,*,ru,,,1i,g1.1, sl.u,, irr p*r't lx,<:rtttstr of I lrc trlrrlrlc ()l)Jx)r-
lrtrritils fr,r,l,,l,it' rrllor',lcrl i'rltirrg olli,'itls ittttl otlrtrs ittvolvorl
i,, 1i,,,f,,.,r.,,,,,1i,,gs. l,l'r,rr rv'lr.ir.frrv.r'rrlr1'rlc.isi,tts ltnvc
iii,,,f f v l,i4rr rrl,t:,iri.rl, sorrrr.r-rf tlrt strrlt's rrll't'r'ltrl lritvt'trtt,t't:l.l'
sl'itciit'rl trr rlin'r'irrrirrttlot'y tlcvi''{':^ lr()l ('()\/('l'r'(l lrl'llrr' {etl-
0r.rrl rl(,t:rtt,,r ()l. lrIr't,,.,r,,.,'t,ul rlilli{.rrlt ttt'tr'1t'sl r rl,'siglrt'rl trl
1,,:,rl,,ug f lr. r'xislirrg 11islru.il.y lx'lt'r't'tt rvlri(r'trtrrl N-r'grrr rt'g-
istrrrtiolr.,\l't r,rrrirti?,'1.y,'ttrkiilr kx'rrl rlllicirrls ltttvt'tktfitxl antl
I
I n.R.3lt2, I1.n.3108, lI.R. 173r. lt.n. t{O?. trn(l ILR.2t}{2.
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Even u,hcre nrinoritios lrlve [ecn cleetcd, fiSnrtes cntl $o drreept,ive.
fffn.tt nf tlre.se cler.le<l o[ficiuls tlrt cottcetttt'ntcrl in locnl positiorrs. Not-
,-liili.t,",,iittl tlrr, higlrl.l' Prrblicizerl trlcctiort of bltt'k lrrn\'()t's irr lnrgc
,,iii*r. ;i:"l,ii Z .l.nilv'iridicrrtcs tlrtt t,lrc ovct'rvlurlnrittg ttttrtrbcr of
ili,i.f.',r"yni." u.o chit'f ex,'crrtivcs of towns rvhirrh tro all blnr:l< or
Ircarlv rn. Fo. cxnnrDle, l-rlncks hold ?0 muyotal positions iIr tlresc
"r,:".tA'-i"Li:
of tl,o'to,'35 urc itt torvtrs rvitir tr lxr.rrlutio' of rtnclel'
I,000 alrtl rvhicir is 80 por:ccnt bluck''o
11
As isovirlent frotn (lris tr,viow of l.lro progress u'hiclr llns ltl<en plteo
prrii 'r tlre Acl , lrnlticrrlrrr l1'sitrcc thc ll)?i ex.tcttsitrtl' tlrcre is trrttclt to lre
Sotref rrl llprri.' ,\1, tlrt' snirrc tirrre. rlisclirrrinutiorr crtltliltttes l.otlay 1o
iiffl,"t ii,.' rrlrility of nrirrolit.it,s to lrult,icipnltr r:ll'cctivcly rvithin t.hc
politit:tl l)roccss.
'l'lro Chrnrnittee noles
t.ltrtt, eleclorrrl gnins by rnirrorilits sirtco 1965 lrnvtr not tnlre.n
ort sttclt n tx't'trtrttlctt(,ritrs to rettrlt'r lltcttt ittttttttttt: lo ttll'r'rrrlrts
l,.y o111,,,rrents of crlrrnlil.l'to dirDinislr llrtir llolilicul in{ltt-
enc,o.l6
(I)t is too ertrlY l.o cottclrttle thttt t'hc clftx:ls of dc<:trrles of
4isclirninnl iorr rrgirirrsl. lrlrrclis rrtrrl otlrt't' trtirroritics ltttvtr lleen
...,,..ii,lnio.[ rnd lfint llrcy nrc rrorv in r.Prrsitiotr to contpelc in
tlrrr Dolitir.nl n|.crrn rrguinst ttott-tttittorilios orl utt crlttrrl llttsts
rvitliorrL thc nssistnnce of thoVoting lligh(s Act'r'
COIIPI,IANCE WI'rII 'TITD ACT
Secti()n 5 reyietv is rlCsignr,<l lo rlelcr tlis<'t'irnirrttot'y votitrg clrnnges
rrrrrl fct t'el ortt rrt"ttsttr',is lfili,'lr cottltl tttrrlt't'r'ttl rrritrorilV vol cr' Plrrtici-
i,iit'i,,,, n,,,1 ,1i1,,1,'
';vitr.r
ill' r'r'lilrg slrerrgllr' '\1'1'r''rrirrilrlt'lv 0tt() jrrris-
lii::ii,;;,; i; ili'i,,tti ., 1,,ri:ti,lty i'i,r'"'',',i st:rlt's ri'r' t,'tlrtit'r'rl lo srrbrrrit
voting clrnttgcs.
ft,ifv-tivr, [lrorrs:rrrrl voting clruttg0s ltttvt'l,t','tr strlrtrtiltt"l lo tlro
nri.,':r,;v Cn,,uir,r r,ti' 1rt'",'1.,,1'r,',,'.' irittlt'' S.r'l i'rrt 5 .itr.r' l9(i5' T1c
,i),',.i*.ii :i"tiugri,,,i,,,ilv,:l(1,0()0. setesttlrt-rtillerl lx'ls't't'rr l97l-r rrntl 1980'
Olr ircl iorrs lrrr y1 t u,,,,,l'iir inr'1,,,.,',i ln rortglrlt' 8()() r'lrrr rrgr's ovt't' i ltrr. liftr o f
ii;l,i;i;;',;,,.,,'if,^,i ti0011'r,r'lrocrr inlorlrris,',1 .i,,,',' lt)75. Alrnost rtll of
iii,r.i,,t"- lru1,r, lrurl ,,* ,,,,,,ry .lrj.t'li.,s irtlct'1r.s.11. rvitlrirr tlrr' lnsl fir'c
rj",,,,.,,:i lrrrrl lreerr filcrl nl{rriirst I'lrern irt llre 1,i ,'r',',lirrg lt'tt 1't'ttts' Tllesn
'ii,;,;,;;;;;,,,.i,',,t;,;;,
",.,ii?
u.1,,,.r of r6c r,l,,.lt.r''l 1,r'i,,','rs. irs s6,rr'n 5Y
I lro clrnrt lrclotv.
;;;;;,"s. .rrrly lit, lost, l)rew l)t.ru, lll, r.rtrr('r ll s. '\H\lst'rrl Allrtrn.v (itntrtrl'
I)0lrtrrt rnertt (,f Justlee).
tr lrl.
Table 2
Populatlon 0lstrlbutlon of Cltles wlth BIack H'Yors
tltthln States Totallv Covered bl' the votinq Rlqhts Act
Source: llatlonal Roster of Black Elected 0fflclals' l98O' JCPS' vol ' l0'
U.5. Census Burelu' Correctlons to Advance Reports PHC8o-V' 1980'
r. l'ertluonr- of &lrlte lVllllan!8, dupru'
6
tl
3
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2
0
0
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I'DDDIIAL DXAIulNtilln ANI) oltslrltvElul
'l'lro Atl,ouroy Gcnorul, rus pttlt of Lhc .ltrst.ice l)opul'l,rnotr['s-cllorts
lo grrurrrrt.eo t.iro riglrt to votc trttrft:r tlrr: fottrtt:errth tntl liftecrrtlr
,\nicn.lrncnts urrd tlto \/ot.irrg ltiglrts Act, ltrts tlt(r lmw(rl' t,<l st'trd l"r:tt-
crul oxunritttrts utt<l o[-r,servet'ls t.o irrl'isdict,iotts covcl'etl'b-v t.lre Act, und
i., urry ,jtr[",r. ;rcliticul sulxlivision rvltct'c u colttt, ut,'tlrtl rrrgirig of
t[e Attornt:.y (ieirerul or nn ugglicvctl porsott, linds l.ltrtt srtclt ollit:ers
rrr.(r ul,l)rol)r-inte. ln [lrc forlrrt:tiiirt*, I.ltc tppoiltttiteltt is rrot ntttorttttic.
Sx'li;;l 6 rr:l.s s(undultls whiclr l.lrtr Attorilt'.y (it:tltrl'rtl ltlrlst, follorv ilt
rit,lorlnining iuto which covcre,rl jurisdictions tlrr: exrttrrilrrlrs rvill [x:
rrssiglred. Iii the luLtcr r:use, untlorl Sectiorr ll(t.) of the.At:t, u l,-orltlrtrl
.,r,,ii., in nrt itrterlocttt,or.y or:der ol'ilt & filtul jrrtlgrrrettt,, is tlre trbitcr of
Ilro rrr:t,rl for srrch ul,poiiitllr,,nls.so Ilr any (:rLs,c, exutttitrct's prcporo lisl.s
of votcrs wltorn Stafc tllliciu,ls uro te4rrirtd to rcgistcr.
l.lnrlcr Soc[ion 8 of l,he Act, whcnevtrr I,'cderal exotrriners &rc Serv-
ilg in o part.icrrlnr urcn, tho Att<lrncy (ieneral nrey roqutlst that the
( )iiiu, of irersonncl I\ltnugenrcnt, ossign olle ot nrorc pe,rsotts lo observe
tlrc colrtlrr:t, of ulr olect.iorr.'l'hesc lfetlerul obssrvcrs tnotritor tlro cusC-
irrs rrrd corttttiltg of lrullols.
I)uring tho eilliel scuges of (ho \roting Rights Act's life tho ttsc. of
oxnnrilreis utrd obscrverC rvns tttore proltiinetti t.ltun is tlro t'lrso toduy.
In tlro lust <lt'r.tdo, for insttrrcr:, srr<:11 lyfllgct'S wotc rtrspolrsible for in-
crr:using rniltority r.egist.r[.tion lry rrp to 27 1x'rceilt irr sorrre aroos.ot In
re,r'r1t yt:u1s, tlrg ALtol'rrcy (ielrclrul Itlts ussiglttrtl ot'r:r l].000 obsorvors
to llroriitor. suslrcct elcctir-urs.t, Itr lrrt.king s-rrclr nssigrrrrrr:nts, t,ho At-
2t
tornuy (lcrrrrtl lrns rlovolollerl utlnrilrist rntivtr <:t ilct'irr u'lrit:lr nrusL bo
cottsirlet'cr I Ix'[ot t'lrutttl :
(l)'l'lrc cx(('rlt to rvlrillr llrostr tvlto u'ill rrrrr ttrt cltrclion oro
grn'lltlorl so l.lrrrL tlrurrr ult.srrlliciclrl lo(inq ltortt's ttttrl frrcilit.ies,
irrrli'e,lrrlll t'ttlr's fot' r'otirrg ttt'r' tttlcr;ttttlclr' ;,rr)rli,'izr:tl, rtttrl ttott-
ilisr.r'irrrirrni,rr'il1' sclcck,rl liollirrg olliciuls rttr. ittsit'ttclt'tl in t'ler:-
l..iorr 1lr'or'r:rlttrcs ;
(2) 'l'lrc r.orr{irlcrr<'r'of llrt'rrrirroril.y corrrrnrrttil.','in.tlrc t'lt't'torll
1,t'.,,'.,is unrl llru irrrlivi,lrrrrls cottrlrtt:titr11 llrtr t,llct iolr, irrt'ltrrling thc
itsc of ttrittot'it.it's rrs ;,olI ollieiulsI
(:l) 'l'lrr. lrossil,ilii .y rlf fortcs orrlsitlrr lhtr ollir:irtl clccl iotr rtrur:hi-
lrr.r:y (strtlr trs t'rtcittl'r'iolt'ttt:t', tlrrr:lls ttf virtlt'tt,le, or n ltislorv of
rlivirirrrirrrrlion irr ollrr,r' tl'eus) irrlcrfrrritrg rvitlr lltc trlecl.it.rtt.6"
']'lrot', is rro cvirk.rrrl,(o srrggcst llrrrt. llris ntellrorl of I"etkrrrtl itrl.t'r-
ltrltir1r ilr r:lr,r'liotr prr,t',',lttl'i.-lrttr lx't'tt rurl'llriltg lrrtt t't'st.trtittt'rl,.tttttl
rrsr.,l sgnr.inglY irr ,,irlt' llrr. rrtos( r,sst,nliul'sitttrriiorrs. 'l'lrr' ('rttrrtrrittctr
u,orrlrl'pr,irri, orrt tlrni, tlrcstr oflit:iltls strt'r,c ottly'tvlrtrtr tlrc sitrrrrliotr
tt'tttt'rtttt.s.6r
\\'lrilr, lrol rrst.,l in llrr' .rrrrrt rrrtrrrlx:r's ts itt l,ttvit,lts.\'(:ltt's. extttttittlrs
trtr.t olrsctvt't's \1'('r'('trssigrrtrl to 5()() t'lct'tiottr; irr llrt'covctr.rl ,irrrisrlie-
lirlrrs irr lf)l.i0.$ ln ll sr'l)rrt'lrlt,rk,r'r'lr,prrrcrrl t.r'r'tIrll.l'l.lrIr'c r'rlttttticti ltot,
srrlr.icr,t lo Slr.l i,rrr .l rlor'.,1.r,g,, rt,'r',i rlcsigrrrr-terl trs si(r's. fot ftrlelnl
oxuirrirrcrs.'"''l'lrr, ('orntttill,ri's lrttirt'itt;5; otr ll.li.:lll9, if rtlr.1'tlring,
lr.lltct, llrrr r.rrntilruirrg cxisl r,rrcrr of trclivily tirrrt:rl nt. l.lrc intirrrirlnl,iorr
rlf 11r.irrl lrrrl ltrrgrrrrgry rrrirrr,r'ilY lx't'solrs strr'liittg to ttgislcr ttlttl vol tl.n?
liirr1ll.r,, f it lr I lrriolrsi.t of rrrrt i,lirri'i,le rotlrpot'lioirtttcttt. tt l)ro('('ss rvlriclr
lristrlrir.lllv lrrrs letl to ucliotts irrrl,rrilirrg ol rlilrrlirrg llre votirrg riglrts
of r.1,.irrl nrril lrrngrrrrgo rnirrorilics, uttl'rt'ltrxitl iotr r.rf ft'tlclrrl 1tt'oter'-
t.iorrs uorrlrl lx,rrirrvist,.'l'lrr' (lottgttss irr ll)75 slttrt'ililrrll'r'rlt'sin'rl trr
coyt'r'tlrcso lrrrrt{ir.cs tlrrrirrg tlul tirtt'lr'ttt t'xtcttsiott lrnlitxl itt t:otttlrtt
tlris ;lrtr'isc siittrtl iolt.58
'I'lrrrs. lrrrscrl uporr l lrc rct'ot',1 rlcvclopr',1 irr ils Srrlxtrltttttrilttx"s hcttt'-
irrgs irrrrl tlrrr r.r'1rirr1 of tlrr' l'.S. ('(}rrrrrrissiorr r,rr (-'ivil lliglrts.'l'lr| v0l -
ir,g Iiigl,t* A,.i: Ilrrfrrl(ilkxl (iorrls, llre (lrrrrtrriltctr cott<'lttrles tlrrrl. il
i"'cts.,ii ill trt t'.ttt itrrtrt ft'tl.t'nl exttlttittt't's ttlttl ,lrstrrvtrrs lrt,visiotts of
tlro Ac,t, irr frrll fon.rr trrrl t'llbct, in orrler to srtft'grrtrt'tl tlrc grtins lltrrs
fur ttr'lrit'r'gtl i1 trrirrrlr'itt' l)olil icril pttrticipntiolt, tttttl to lrrr:r'ertt frrlttrtr
irr fritrgcrrrtrrts rlf Vot irrg rights.
rr.\N(ltL\(lll Assts'r.t vt'r:
l}r\(lKOItOtINl)
As irrrlicllcrl pnr.licr., irr lt)75 (.oltgrcss rrot, orrl-1,r'xlcttderl llrc lirnrl
pcriorl for t lre (.()\,c1.:rl{(. of jrrr.isrl-ir.tiorrs brorrglrl rr.rrrlt'r' Se<'tiolr l-r irt
il,o or.igirrrrl All , lrrrl'ulso rJxprrntkrtl r'ovtrugo of llr(' Ar:t to clrforce
tlrr, l{t'lr urrrl l Stlr ;\ rrrrrrrrlrrrirrrls grrtt'utrt<rris rtf ltrrgttage. lllitlorit.y
r.ilizr.rrs. ('lorrflt,ss took llris slr'P (nci iorr) lxrscrl on tlto cxltrnsive. rocortl
o. tlerrlnSs, Juoe Brd, Ablgall'l'urncr lbl(|., Jtrtre loth ltsyltrou(l llrown'
r Ar lr tr'irc clscrhcre ln tltr /lct, lrreldrntr thnt woulrl tturntally ttrlulrt' ttllrolututertt
of ctarulurr! need trot requlre tltet result lf BIch lncldtntB wero urtllrte trrrtl llllllkrly to le-
o(cur. ltec Brctlr)r 3(r).
.r s?. llouie ll€crlngd, t075. 1r. l7l-l?2.r llrc llouec llearlnfr, 1081, Drew l)ay8' teutlnrorry, tt. 0-10.
rr lt.q. ('(,rrrrlhHlr'rr r'n ('lvll lllEltlH. htll'rlr. l' 2'.:
B Ste Sr','ll'll :11tr, trr(l Slcllrrrr ll ol llrn Yotltrg ltlglrls .\' l
Lt tl.S. ('rttttrttlsslor ort Clrll Illrlrtx, xrtlrt ll illlf{ :}(ltl
q ll S ('r,rulrl$sll)n on ('l\ll lllxltlc, sttprtr. 1t. 60 i-tl.
6r Sr,'. ("rntrtllllt llcrrltrrs. llilil.
il Stc Ilorrsr. t)olntrh. 1075.
t2
*roro it rcgnrding votitrg nnd other discriminotion faced by such
ciLizens:
'l'eslitnony rvrs recr.ivctl rcgurtling intder;rrtlo nttntllcrs of
lrlirrolil.y li'gist rtt i<lrr lre rsoiurcl, tttrc<xrpcrtt,ivo rtrgisl,rrtts
(ulrrl ) dispr'olrortiotrtto ctl's:t of ;rru'gilrg lttrvs ott non-llrrglish
s;rtking rlitizt,rrs becruso of lurgungt burrie r . . . (t)hc cxclu-
siolr of Iattgrrugr', rrrilroril.y r:itizcrrs is frrrtlrtrr nggrtrvrrtr:tl by
nr:ls of plrisir'ril, ,'cortottric, untl politir:ol intirrrirlttiolt rvlrett
tlrsso citizt'ns rLr nllcrttpt lo cxtrt'cisc tlroir frtrrclrisr:. . .I\ft'lrro-
ries of l)[sl, (lisc()llrtesics or' Plrlsicul rrlrttst' ttrtry r:rltrtpotrtrtl t,hc
prolrlcrirs frlr trtrur.v ltrtrgttrtge-lrriltol'it.]' 't'olets. Thc lxtoplc- in
i:lrtr';rc nro fnrlttclitly llre.suttre ottes rvlto so rttcetttl.y rrxt'lttdotl
lrrilrrlrilics ft'orir llro-llolitiorl l)ro(tess . . . 'flrt, Sttlx'oturrriltcrr
(tlso) hetrrl c.xterrsii'e t.cstinrony on llte rgrtestiolt of . . -. thc
tlttlts'trttl 1rt'ocr'rltttts by rvhich vol ing -sl rengtlr is trnnslulorl
irrlo polit irltl sl rcrrg{.1r. 'i'lro centnrl plo[,le ln is that of tlist rillrr-
l iorr of I Iro votc.6o
Ilrr rl lrerrnot'0, tlrc ()otrttn it I et, leu ltrcrl t lrnt :
Llrtrgttttgtr tnirroril)'citizens lttc trlso cxolrrtltrl frottl tlro clt:c-
l,,l'r,l 1ii,x'c..s llrrrrrrgir lltc ttstr of Iirrglislr'only eler'l ions. ()f nll
Sprrrrislr lr0rilrrgr, cilizt'lrs ot'er 2l-r.yenI"s old,-for oxttlttplt', ltltlrtr
tlinn 1ft.0 lrct'rrlltl huvo fuiletl l.o corrrliletc fiv-rl .yrrtrrs-of -school
cotrtlrrrttrl to l-r.5 lret'r'r'ttl fol the lotnl pollrrln'lioll. In.Texns,
,rt"ri:t;l lxrrcetrl. oi llr,r I\[exictn Atltet'icttt lloprrlntion hus ttot
courplelul thc fifth grnde.oo
'l'ho cornrrrittee. fountl that tlro high illilelney rutcs rr,felred t.o oro
ttrrol. i.lrr, t'rsrrlt of clroicc or nler'(. htqllxrnsltlrce; cr llre\' rtt'tr tlttr rt'sttlt
6f llre, fnilrrr.o lo llftrrtl erluul tdrr,:tl ioirtrl o;rpot'l rrnitics lo trtcttllrt'rs of
lnrrgrrrgo rrrinority gr.ou1,i.'l'his poin[ lrus lclreotcrll.l'lxrelr lriglrliglrterl
bv llre, t'ottt'|s.62' ,\s txplnirrrtl Bbrlt'tr,"t Colrgress npllronelred tlre rtngt'-of prolrlcnrs
ftr,ilrs lrirrurrtgt lninolilv cilizerrs iriri trvof,rl,l ttliltrrr('l':'l'lrc Sct:tiorr'l
f rigg;'i rsas reviscrl 5lt l)rnI llte tttot'c scv('t'e rliscrirrlirltlory.ltl'tctiees
enii'ilrocedrrr.us, rvlrich wcr(\ siltillrr in t,.ypc nrrd.rr{ft'c-t..lo llrpse plo-
Iibiti<l i1 tlrc carlier covercrl jrrrisrlictions, u'ortlrl lx, srrlrjccl, to Srr:tion
lI preclerrnnce. Tlro less seveie., brrI cqrrnll.y trorrlllirrg 1rt'rtbletrts rvetrr
tlrirso rcsrrlting fI'onr ltiglt illiterttcy Icvels of tnt'ttrbcrs of lrtngrrnge
lrrinot'ity llollriiut ions. 'I'i'rtddress tlrtxo 1x'obtcttts, Collgttss, irr Scctiolr
,-10:l of firo tttZf, Voling lliglrls,\ct, prrri'irlod llurl Itngrrugrr ussislturt'tr
for srtr.I indivirlrrrtls lte"lttttrlo avnillblc tlrtrrtrglrottt, t.hc election
prrrcnss.6'^ 'l'lro e<lnl irrrrilrg rrxisterrce of rliscrirrrirrnlorl' ;rrnr'l i('cs tttr(l proeerlttt'es
rvlriclr uro srrbjci:i to Scr:tiorr l-r pleclcnurnci.i,ns lx'ctt ttldttsse<l clstt-
wlrtrr.o in tlris rr,poll rt<ltllesm<l nLove. Othcr'ltrrgttugc rrssis(tllrce, isstles
rr rr. ttltl n'sx'.tl lxllow.
23
Ssct'tt,n 20ll tlrlltr: At;'t'
ll tui s I tt r l'.' trat:l ttu' ttl,
'l'lro Votirrg Iiiglrls r\r'1, rrs trttut:lctl irr llXil), r'r,t'ugtriztrrl llrut liltrrrr'1,
t.ests rutrl of lrt'r tlt,r'iccs lrtrl lx't'tt ttsr,rl lo l)r'(,r'(,lrl Irlurrlts I'rrrrrr lr,gisl.r,t itrg
rrtrrl vot.itrg;c{)ni(,(lllolllll', tlrtr trsrr oIsrrclr lt.sls rrrrrl tkrvit:c.s rvrrs lltrtrrrl.
lrr llro t'rrr'11'lll7()'s r[ lrturrlrct'ol'frxkrrrrl totrtt rlo,'isiorrs foutrtl llrrtt.
l')lrglislr-orrl.y cltr:tiorrs irr rrrcus rlillr srrlrs(,urrtiul rrorr-l')rrglislr slrcrkirrg
ciliz.orts opr,t'rttr,rl rrs rt lt,>l ot'rlcvicc to lieclr ciliz,,trs l'rrrrrr vo(-ittg.
lrr lt)7i1, l.lro .Jovctrllr (lirtrrit. Corrrl, o[ :\lr1rutls t rtlrrrl llrtt,:
l f u pctsotr rr'lro t'.utrrrol, r'cutl -l)rrglislr is t:rrl"il,lt'rl l.o .,t'ul
ussistttrrr., il' t N,.grr, is crrLitlt,t[ [o cot'r'cr'liorr ol' crl'(rlr('(rl.s
itt:;t.t ttr:( ions, so t Slrurtislr-slteultirrg ['rrt,t'l o "ltir:urr is on(illt'rl
ttssisl rtlrr:u itt llro lurrgrrugo lul r:irrr rru(l or rrtrtlt.,tstrutl. ll'ru't'lrt
liir:u.tt ()t'rltttri,z,ttiott ittr l'o(itical..lclitttt,v. h'uspt:t'rl(,t) li.2ntl
ir75, ri60 (7tlr ()ir. tl)7:l) |
Irr lt)7.1 , rtttotlrr:t'Nr:rv )'ot'li l'crltrt'ul rrotrrl. rlt.r'isiotr ctrrlrlttr.siztxl tlrc
ittr;xtrtrtttcrr oI oll't,r'itrg lrilirrgrrul tssistrttrr'c irr orrIr,r'(o gttuLrrttLtxr tlt.r
riglrt, oI Sptrrislr slx,uliirrg l'uu'to llieurr citiz.crrs to vo(.c.'['lrc c<lrrrl,
rrrlctl llrrrt.:
Itrrlrtlct ilrul Ilrc;rlrt'rr:rutt(.lreliglrt, lovo(rr"lrctrrotut,lrrrtrurt
otrrpl.l, lrlutitttrlt', u r'ol (rl trrrtsl, lrt: ulrlt clli'r'tivr,lv lo lr,gisttrr lris
or lrr,r' ;rolit icul clroir'c. 'l'lris irrvolr'(,s ut(,r'c (lrrrrr 1rlr1'sir:tlly
lx.ing rrlrlr, to lrrrll rr lcvcr ot rrrurliitrg t l,ullot . lt is sirrrpl.l'
ftttrrlurrrctttul llr:rl vrrlirrg irrs(t'lr('ti()rrs rrrrrl lrrrllols, itr utlrlitiotr
Io rtttl,ot lrt't'trrnlt'tirrl ulritlr fot'rrrs put'l ol'llrt,ollicirrlcrltrrrrrtt-
ttir':tliort lo tt'gi:lltlrl vottt's pt'iut'lo rttr t'lcr:liotr. trrttst lx. itt
Slrrrrrislr rrs rvr,ll rrs l,)rrglislr, il'llrt vott,ol'Slrrrtrir;lr-sl)cllliirl{
citizr.rrs is ttol lo lx' :;r't iottsll ilrrprrin'rl. l'l'ot't', s r'. ^\ar'/r.r, i|oU
I,'. Srrl,|. ;tt)ll, S.ll. Ncrr' \'orlt .lrrl-1' :21'r, ll)7.1 |
I,lr,r.n irs crrl.l' us ll):ll}, tlrc ll.S. Srrlrrtrrrr' ('ourl crPIr'ssl.y t't',:r,g-
rrizr',1 llrlrl citiz.r'trs clrrrtrol, lx, rlcrrit'rl llrcil frrlrtlrrrrrctrlrtl riglrls lx'r'rrttr;tv
of llrt'ir lu,'li of litrorvlr,,lgc of llrc l,)rrglislt lttttgttitgtr:
('crttitr ftttrrlttttrt'trtttl riglrts Iltt'c gttiutttttct'rlI lo rrll llrosc
u'lr,r slrcrtli ot lrlr lrurgtutgcs ns rvt'll us lo (lrostr lxrrrr u itlr
Ilrrglislr orr llrc lorrgrrr,. I\'r'lrt;rs it u'orrlrl lrt: nrlvitttlttgeorrs if
rrll lrtrl rcr<1.1' trtrrltt'stunrlirtg of rtttt' onlitrirt y s1x'r,r'lt, lrrrl tlris
cntrrrot lur crx'tcr,rl lr.y tru,llrrxls u'lrit'lr corrllir'l u itlr llrr'(lorrsti-
l,rrtiorr-'u tlci,irt[rlt, ettrl uuttltot lrc ptrrttrottrl lr.1' 1,r'ohilritrul
t I lclt 1ls.0s
I,'rrpllrlr'lrr6l'r', llrl lT.S. Srrlrlr.rrro ('6rr1t in (lrr.slrttt ArttttLl 11 y. (ln.itrtl
,\'/alr.,v, ;195 I I.S. ilfil-r ( ll){it)), rr:cogrrizt,rl t lrr, irrcr( r'icrrl,k. rr.ltt ionshilr
lrel u'r.r,tr t lro <lcrrirrl of crlrtrrl r,rltrctl iotritl olryrot'l rtrtil i,'s unrl vol irrg rlis-
t'r'irnitrlliorr. 'l'lro Srrlrrtnrt f'ortrt. forrtrrl llrrrl l,lrrll<s u'lr,t lrisloliurlly
Itirl tr,r'r'ivcrl itrfclior r.rlttrrtliotr uctr,rlis,'r'irrritrirtot'il.t'trll'r'r'ltrl llt'llre
rrsrr rtf litr,r'rrt'l tcsl s itr lolirrg cvr'tr (lrouglr srrclr lcsl \ \\'r'r'('no lottgct'
irrltrritrislr,n,rl itr l ,lis,'r'itrritrtl,rtl, nuurn('r'irrtrl 1,t,,gtr':.r lritrl lx't'rt lttttrlc
irr i rrl t'glnl i rrg I lrr' ('otttrl 1's s,'lroill st sl t'rrr.G"
^',llt'lt.', \' A'r'Irlrlrr,'.ll;:l ll.S. :lll0, .lOl.
{Str ttlsrr l,trtxilrt \. Ntrrlhhtntlltnt Illccliurt r,orrrrl,:10(} tl.S .lj (lUiU,
6\'rrlltrg tlll|hts Drttnrlr)n, lle],ort No. 0{-ll)lt, Ilortst of Ilrlrrts('lrltrllrr'$ lll)71-r) ll{rrtl-
lonfler mlorrril to es lho Il)?ir Corirtnlttee lttp{rrl, at 1rp l0 18.
- lrl. lr. 20.
'r lrl.riire r.llnllons lroro fronr ll)?5 C')mnrlttre tlolnrt rtrrl vllttln lltrtllrt'z'8 slltl'trlolrt.
. !lrw rllsr.Urslotr lrr thr Gener[l Stelontolrl lrr)rllolt of lltls Rt'lrorl
q.irrrlnrllcllotrr u'1,,, *,,r,.',r,.i*rtrilry thc'.Stctlotl I lrlggor lll l!17-r nlsrt 111' rr'tltrlrlrl lo
trrovl!-le laugutrSr esal8lrtlce for lalr8uage trrillorlly tltlzclrH.
'l'hese ssrios of judicial Iindirrgs, togethcr rvith thc overrvhelrning
ovrdcuco u-r'esr:nlctt rrr rts 1975 lreulrrrgs,"' letl Corrgrcss to orruct Soction
20J of t.ho Votirrg ltiglrts Act (42 U.S.0. 1973 uu-{.
.r\ recorrt cuus rortcrutr:tl thc poiut. rrrutlo irt Gustttt Courtty v, United
Etatut, Eu?t:?., thu[ tho vr:sLiges of drsr:r'ilrirrutiorr ulo uoL eusily or
rluickly orudicutcd:
. \Vhilo rrmrry of the ovcrt forrus of discr.iruirrotion rvleul<e<l
uporr Aloxic&rr r\trrol'lc&rrs huvo l-rocn eliruinutr:tl, {,lro lorrg lris-
t.ory ot pre;utlieo urrd (toprivntiorr rcrrruins u utgnilicurii ob-
staclo to crlrrul educutiorrul oplrortrrrrity for thcso clrildren.
'l'ho dc-r:p srrrsr: of irrfcriority, cul[urul isolati<lrr, urrd ucct',pt-
ttrco of Iuilulc, instillctl itr u lrtxrlrl: by gcru:r.ut,ions of subJu-
guLion, r:unnot bo clrrtlir:utcd rrrt:r'e ly by irrtegrutirrg tlu: sclurols
urrtt r'clrerrlirrg tlrc "No Slrrrrrislr" stututcs. . . . 'l'lre scvurc oduur-
tiolruI dillicuItics tvhitlh A.lcxicarr ll.urcriciul childrr:lr irr I'exus
public sclrtxrls cotrtitruo lo cxperieucc uttcst to tho intensity
of [hoso lingoriug olltrcts of 1ius0 tliscliuriuaiory Crou[ureut.;,
ItrdrLr.rLf EN'I'A'I'ION
.. \Vlron Congn:ss cnrcted Sry:tiorr 2oJ, it lrtd as its goul u.ssuling tlrtl;
lirrritrd or norr-lirrglish-spt:ukirrg cit iztrrs d, worrld r.eioivo tho ruluisito
lulrguugo ussisl,trxxl nrx'us..july to pcrnrit theru trr ellu:tively exer.cis,r:
therr furrrclrrso. Whilo enuctcd in purL, in rtcogniti<lrr of thc iotrg-trlrrn
olltrcLs of urrrr;uul otlucutiorrul oplxrrtrrrritics le<:r:ivorl by such cilizens,
[lro lrur'poo,r: oI plovidirrg this ussistanuo was not to oncour.ugo or. dis-
courego thcrrr fr'orrr leurning -t)trglish. Lurrguago cil.izorrs tlisubled l-ry
cducaliorrul dispurities, not of tlieir rrrnkirlg, l,o r.egistor und to vo[o
i lrrrrrcrliatoly.
Spocilicully, Section 203 rcquinx thut olcttion, votcr logis[r'otiorr,
und otJror voting'1a161e<l uct,ivities lrc conducted bilingrrnily if (u)
rrroro. t.hatr 5 lxll'r:t:rr0 of Lhs citizons of voting ugo in u jui.ixlic[iorr rlro
nrorrrlrers <rf specificd ltrrguago nrinority grc7pi aM (6) tlre illitor.ur.y
rutc of sucll lrcnions, ns & group, is higlrcr tharr tlrc nationrl illitertcy
rnte. Illiteracy is tkrfinetl os failurr: to conrplete the liftlr prirnur.y grude.
Oovorago of this provision exterrds to politicnl subdivisions in 50 dif-
fercnt stotes, prirrrurily 'l'cxrs, New l\[oxico, Arizouu, Califor,nia, Colo-
rutlo, und Oklahoura.
. ll/lrcn tlrc U.S. Drptrl.nront of .Iustice issucd its guidclines for the
ilnplrrruclrtltion of tlris llrovision in lg76 urtl lt77lo it, correcl.ly in-
torptrrttrd tho trrurtrluLo <lf Sec[ion 201] to bo t,lrnt elec[ion reltterl rnu-
tcriuls ulrrl ussistunco (tbo provitled in o way designetl to trllow urenrllers
" ller-rlugE lleforc lhe Subconrnrlttee on Clvll ond Con8tlttrtlonal ltl8hls o! the Jurtl-clery, llousc ol RelrreBentatlyes, Nlnrty-Ii'ourth Con8re8s, l.lret Srrelori- (10?6)-hereln-
.ftrr rclrrred lo aE llrc Il)70 llouue llearlnSs.
-_.alt^aa-ci-tt,otcs v.. ?'ccca, No.028f (Il.D. Ter. Jan.,0, f08t) ut Dp.0O-0Zi (lnvolve(l
bllltrgual cducatlon lssuerr.
-Thr Ael. is ern€nded ln 1075, prorldea for lf,ngutrBe &BslaltrIce lo,'laogutge nrlnorlty',(lllreui, rloilned (ln {l l,.tt.C.1D73 aa-l} ar lirnirns of St,onlrh hrriirgi..,lrur.rl<.an
lrlrllllta, ,{iltrn Anlerlceltt, tnrl Altekarr Natlvcr. l'he drllnttlirn wao rlrttrrnlrrerl on lhebrrlr of the rvl(hnce ol vollng dlrcrlnrlntrtl(,u beforc tho Corrgrerr ln tt75. No evl(tenrerr4rrrllrrg votlnN l)rolrl('utn (rt (rtllcr langutge gr(ItpE BtrB rrctltrrl..tn tact, (.onKrrnB
crttnlrtel llrt volrr rr'8lalrrlft)n E(trllEllcE lor thr ll)72 lrreHl(leiltlrl etr.r.llon urrrl forrrrrl
lhtrt tlr?) rhowrrl I lrlgh dlgreo of ||rrllclnalkrn hy (,tlrer langU{go groltl,a: (;(tntnn,
7ll lrrr(.ent: Ilallrn,77.6 Dercent; Frenelr,72.7 l[rcrnt: I,ollrh,-Zli-8 Iiercerrt; anri
lltttrlan, N5.7 tlrrctnt.'fhlB cumt)nred wlth voter i)nrtlcll)atlotr lor all Slirrrlrh ethrlc
grout)E (IlerlcaDE, l'urrtu ltl(.f,ils, oihers) of.l4.{ percrrrt. See U.S. llurceu bf the CeDBuB
chert oI voter Dartlclpetlon lD the lg?6 ConrDlltee Beport et p. 23.n 28 CtsIt l'rrt 66.
25
of rrlrIli<'rrl,lr. lir rrllrrirgr. lrrir.r,,r.il.).gt.(,ul): lo lr,,r,ll'r., rirr.l1. irrl.ot.rrrr.rl of
:tttrl lriutrr.rl'illl r'rlr','rirllf irr rrrrrrrg.r.rirrrrt,r.lr.tl irll ivir i,.-.,"1'1,.,(irrirlt,.
Illr(':i ('.\l)lrt'r.ll.1 :l:rlt'llr:rr corrrlrlirrlr'r,is l,(,:r rrcirsulr.rl lr\'rlrl r.r,srtlrs
ltt lrtlttrl.;' 'l'lrr.t l'rrr.llrur. trult llrrrl .ir.jrrli-rlrt.ti,,rr i. tr,,',rr. lilicl.y t,r
ir( lrlr'\ (' ( r)ilrl,lrirrr( (' t I tl r'orrsrtlts tVil lr lrrtrgrt:tj{r, rrrirr,rt.rl }, !r.r}ul, tn{,rr-lr|ts rrrrrl tlrt'rr rr'1rlr.r,t,rrrirrir,,s.;. lrotlr tlr,' ,lri.ti,,,, Itr,;,ririr,,rrrL,n ,,r,,1( r)nl{t-r's.s lrirvr, :rrggr.str,rl tlrrrt. rrtr irPgr1.rylr1 jillr, nrirrtlr,t. iir rvlriclr (o r.orrr-
l)1.\'\\'lllrllrr. lr,l{r.r'irnrlllrr,slrir.il ol,:r,,,ir,,rr jt},lrslol(,(.ustlrr. lrrtrgrrtrgc
il:,:;istltttt'tr :;,r llurl orrl1,.1l11,*r. lrttrgttirgr, trritr6t.il.\. l{t.()ltl)',,,",,,i,.,,.1 ",i;,,:tr:1.1;111.1_,'. rrr,r,rl :rr,,lr ilisi:,lrrr(.{,. rr:lr,,tii.,r. u r.ittr,ir [,,,1r1,,. ,r,lrl, ,,,,.,,ir,,,tll,'rrr.'l'lris rrrt'rlrorl rrl ;rl,r'ir.lrrrgirs.islirrr,.r.is rr,lcr.rr,rl t,r., ,.l,rr:gt,lir,g...
\Vlril,.ilrc lorrr,st,l lr1, llrc l11,jll1l.1 rrrcrrl o[',lrrsl i,,r, tt,,g,,i,,ti.,,,ri,,, l,,,,ulurguirHt, rrssisrirrr.rr sir,,.rrlrl lrr: prrr,r,irrt,rr is rtrrrrrrr,,r.!,'ii," ,i..r,.t,,,,,,,,$lriclr lrrrs lrrlrr lrr.,rvirlt,tl 1,,,.,,r',rj.r,l jrrr.isrlictirrrrs lrrrs'i,r,r,lr l.,,rrrirl l,r l,c
It'ss. llrtttr t,tg()t'(,us. lrr ll)7ti, llrc (ieru,r.tl ,\t.<.orrrrlirrg ()llir,c (ti.\())
tcvitlrvlrl l.lre crrl'orlclrrt,rrr trl'or.l.s ol'(lrc I)t,pur.trrrclrl.'ilr tlris 1.fgrrrrl.r,Il frnurrl tlrirt irrrlrlt.rrrr.rrtir(irrrr of llrrr rrrirr,',r.i(ri l,,,igi,i,g., j,i,lIi*i,,,,,
crtttlrl l,r,trroll cllt:r'livc il'. rr.rrrorrg ot.lrt,r.llrilrgs,'ilu, l'lirl,rii.t.rutrrrl cltr.i-lilrl rrlrirt (onhlilul(.s ilr r,ll,".liit,t.r,rtr1,lirrrr,,,,',,1,1,,.,,,,_il, *rrrl if tlr.y
1r'ovirL,rl rrrolc rrssisl rr rrr,r' ( 1 ; gl 11{ 1, rrrrtl lir:rrl olliciul.s.
lIolr.n,r.r'nl st rrrlit's lurvr,rrlsrr r,r,lrr.lrrrl,,rl tlrtl. tlrc l)eJrlrr.l rnt,rrt. of
.lrtslit'r'(irritlclirrt's ltttrc ttol lrror itlr,rl rrrlr'rlrrulo rrssis(rrrr.r'l,r Slrrlu lrrrlloctl rlt,<,1iorr ollit.irrls u,1,,, iirr. r.r,s;,,rrrsiIrlt, frll irrrlrlt,rrrgrrt.irrg tlu,rrr.?s
.\lrst,rr( rrrolr. ,*lx',.ili,: grritluncc f rorrr llre Dcprrlt,rrrr,rrt, or. r,lr1; .rtlr,,r.
lrl{('lr('y.(rr'.olgrr-rriztti,rrr, r,irt'lr ullcr:tt:rl r:otrrrtl"rvus lcft. to rk:visr,'its orvrr
rrretlrotl of irrrplr.rrrr,rrl irl iorr.
- Irr lt)71), tl,t'l,-t'rlr,r'rrl ]'llr'r.liorrs Cr,rrrrnission (lr[lC) r.orrrlrrll r:tl tlro
Iit'st. r'rrtrrPt.lr.rtsiv. s(ttrl.1' l, tcvir,rv (lr. r'rrrirrrrs irrt.ll,rrls rrsr,,l lr1' corur-
lits (o irrrplt,rrrr,rrl Sr', lioir !ol|.r?'l'lrc (-'otrrrrrissiorr [orrrrrl llrrrl llro rrrost
strr'r'essIrtl (ounl] I'togt ilnls. ft.orn lrrrtlt u r'osl rrrrrl 1,r,1i,..y r.ll'r't.l.ivtncss
vir'rr', rvt'tt tlt.st'trlri,'lr lqrcrrlly rrtilizr.rl tlrr,r'r,sorrr',itl.r niililllrlq irr llrg
Itltrgttitgt'rrrilr,rril.l'('(,nurunitii's for rrll furcts of llrg n,gislr.1li61 unrl
i',fcctj1r-r1 l,t(x'r'ss..[lrrfor(tttrirtel.l', of tlrc rrrlrrrirrisl rutrlrs'rr'slrorrrling to
llro, Ii'lilC's.r;ucsl,iorrrririlr', 5l) frcrcont lr:;rort.r.rl rror Irrrvirrg conlnct,etl
sttt'll ot'girtrizitl iotts fot' rrtr\' ;,rirpost. 'l'lrc (lorrrrrrissiorr t.olicllrrrletl t.lrnt
locll oltcl iott urltrriltis( r'rrtirri lriivt'. cxertr',1 l lilrrilcrl cllor.l to Drovirltr
cotrrlrrrlrtrrsilr, lrilirrgrrnl r,lcr.l iorr st.r'r,it.cs. 'l'lrcy tlrptrr'rrtl.y lrrti-tr [eerr
lrrIrolirrg rrrrrk'r' l tvi,lcslrx,trl trIis(fotr(:optiotr :
I,'irsl l1', tlrnt jrrsl for'rrrtlisl it,tlly rrrtl<irrg lrilirrgrrtl sr.r.vir.es
lvrrilrrlrlr', u'illr.rrl l,r'irrgirrg tlrcrrr lo tlrr. lrrrrgrrtgr: rrrirroritits
llrr.uglr tlrc lirrl<s. r.f ,'.rrrnrrrrit.l' .r'girrrizitt i.rrs. rvill Prorlrrctr
urr.y-grcal rlcrrrurrrl lirr. llrr,lrr q tnrl stt.onrll.t', ( lrlt t lre lioirrt of
tlrr, k'gislrl ion is prirrrnr.il.y lo lruvt: hilirrg.rrul for.rns avnilnblo
urrrl llrtt. tlrrr ulrprolrriirlo urtirsrrr.r,of its'slr(.('(,ss. llrer.cfor.r, is
%
rr lrl., l'rrrt 55.2{b).rr Irl., l'trrt i)5. ltt.
?t Irl.
'. Irl., t'rrrl i-r5.17.
7t l(r.t'r,rt ol lhr. I'r,ilrlrtrilllr.r (lr.rrr.rtrl of tlrr, llrrltr.rl Strrl|s votllx lilglrlx ,\i.t lrrrfr)rcr_
trt..rtl l\'.,.,1H Sllr.rrr,llr,,rrlns. l.i,l.rrt,tr\ tl t!t7S
1r llilinilu(l l:lrtttoil st,rt,,rr lirI,rrl, \',,1x I. ll. rrrrrl lll, l r.rlr.rll l.:lr.(,tlr)Ir ti,tD[rltssl(,tl(flrTllf (lr"r(lfrrltilr Illr'{l rs lrl'll'llr'1,',rl) rrrrl'l'ir'l.tti\! litqhtB ltt; l illullillrl (joIlt,
lir.|ort ol thc llS l'r,nlllrilr,l,rrr ('llll lllglti IltltilI (lrlrr.lrrrrttlr r.ltr.rl ris the ltrsl
'('lvll ltlrllrls ('orrrrrrlsslrrrr llII',rl ).r, l,'l,)t' llclrrrl, rrIrr.
26
tho nuntber of bilingutl forrns uscd' Tho goal of providing
bilinsuul el.ctiu,, ""iric"s
is t,, fucilitute ttil purticiputiorr of
ioir"fruu" rrrirrorit.y citizens in t[e clectorul lrxrcess. r,'rovldnrl{
trili;,ru"ul trri.tctlirrutc'iuls is ottly o.o lllclllls towut'd LlIls (rII(l'
lF tt'ua ltti,,',t1, \'ol' I I l,tt P. 58')
,fho l,'li0 ltolxrrt {rrr.thcr cottclrrtletl thut to ilssoss tll(r trccd for
lurrgrrugr: ussislurrr.t,, r"il,,ir"rt",i,r,t if ,",,r,l trgt t.ly s91:ly 9tr slltis-
tics suclr us tlrc 1,t'r1,ti,tit'' ,f -r*gis[r'tetI v.tcl's rvlt, ttt'c lrt,grrttge
,rirrorrtv citiz.crs ,,. ",r
il,"',i.,t"ut .fiiii,,ua ,u elccLiort doy for rllilrolil'y
iililiiil" ;ffi;i,.i; ;;.r;;,;;;t rtssist u.ce.'t'5is 1,r.ucr1cc,,rcco,'(l i,s
io [i,o itePort, .lu"t ti"i'tttltltess lltc rttl'tt to irlerrtify.
-1t:]tI,.',"t:,1:t 't'
1'trgisttrrctt lrrngrrugc ,,,;;t;;ii;t';ti"'ti n'1"' trru'y Lrc ttrosl itr ttt'ctl of
bilinuuul e k:ctr,n --;t:i;":;.'i t,.tt,'*t, t lrc ltcpri.t. r'c(:orrrrrr('lrrk'rl I lrrrL
;;i;,i?;;,,,,t;ir ":r.t. t.krsell' r*itlr krcrrl r'.rtttrttrttily o.l{ttrIrT'tttrolrs rrr
.r.f"i:iu
"ttuitt
tr ltt,re uectlr;to lllottlls.f ttsst:sstttc.t'
ItDCouD l.otr coN'r'rNU/\NCll
,l.ho colrrurittec recorrl overrvlttrltltirrgly. slrorvs tltllt n'lrtrre lrttrgrtttgo
,,r;;i;,;.;"i;,'-*.gi.t.*ii,,r,',,^,f i,,, iiig i*"iu',,1,''nt'nlr',1 itt trrt 0lLrt't iv0
nrrrnn(,r., thc <:ost "",.r,,;;i:'[;,,tif/
li srrrrrll'f.*ctiorr ,I totrrl t'k'r'li.tt
t,xrc^st,s.,. 'l'his f*ct ;;'i;;,'ii,,,,i,if if i'vi.l*rrt itt t't't't'ttL .lc.ti.rrs rvlrit'lr
i,'Lli"iil',r,"1'.;ri;'i';;"''.i,','i',*i.i,,.i'"lgrrilit:u,l.lv ove I' lhc 1'ertrs''o l*'-
i:,;;;1,; bo,i,u,iitu. ilil i;.'i;";i,i"h, fr''v 1|,1 r:l,,s.ly (cxnrrrir*'rl)
i;;,iy;.ii'.i,illii"1f,riext.r,ssi*t, ,.,,sis rrer'" ttss.cinterI rvitlr tlt. ir.-
,1,rrr.rr(utio. of Sectiln'Ziii. ,i.-f h* lren'ir,g Itet'ortl rr.f,lltrl' il' lx'-
il;i"';ffi'"iili ;;;i;',i"."',r'',-";ilti,,r,,. coirl,l ttot btr strbslrrrrli^lctl'
11,,;,;;; ,"i;;,;*, ;iiJrrr.ovio.sly *sso.intcrl lti'rself wil h s,c5 cluinrs'
tr.,stilietl tlot it.u,, u,itloi[*'. i,,ii"iil"t,at'rl thtt, tho cos[ of providing
i;il;il" ;;ri"i,i*L in tt,Jel,crorrtl t)r.(x.oss is exr.essive.bo
'l'1rc t,cstir,o,,.y u,,,t'tl'r',,",""i,*f i,i'firl'tr tltc StrScorrrrrritt*cI' clt'trlY
inrli*rtc tlr*t u,lrerr. ;J';-';"i;;;b1,rir il.is so .^l.y lx.c*rrst' of fnr:l.rs
rrlirrrre lo tle reltrvuni'ii,ti.Aii,f itltt "2 utttl/rrt' lx'cuiistt tlt. ttr.tltrlrl rtstrrl
iii'il.llriili,i i;,,;;,;;',,;ri.iui,"" is rror efficit',rL o. crsr-elfecrive.
;;;1""r,""*v..rr l!:i: ;'lii"i?l.llJl',f,l;t"il"illf,1i;'r,,iillil:l'1" '11;.li
l,"','J,iJl^lil,i
vunri I\lartlner. I'rexlrlettt sntl r;en?r8-r- I ('trrrd(r'i.i'-.--i'-l'"i..i"i:j.',i^,,ii.^ riii",.r,,r ('lrlrrrrr
l:(lu(Ntl,,n l.\rnd t l\tll,I)l')n'i'iit'ii'l'ii-irt"'i:i;i;iJ IlPtr'l llor' l':rlcutlte lrlrellor'
Iii::lil',''$iir,i:lli,'ll*ili"l;ltirllii"tlj:,
i*L',1,,*ili'l"i;',,i"'iii"lli"J;t'i;.1,:'"""""
-'I'hp f.lk)wlns trl,er,,tttriJtll"itit.'initsu'isn o""tit""tn'iiijiii ieportrrl lo lhr'('r'rrtrrrll(oo:
Irr (lallfrrrnlt, tn lu?8, L'"']ii'lt'rl" i-l'iiittiil"r'i:"t $.::rrtittrxl'"r ''' ' lrcrr'r'rrt ('f irrtnl r'1.r"
,r,. c.irH: f.r (lrorr(o rr,,,riil',:,,ii,r,ilnree ri'rrr,,rerrr.r,,i,irrlri :t.'t uert;r'tt.t,f lrtlnl.l.r'll.rl
crrxtr: lrt sarrla clartr rt,,rn'ii'.'i h';;j;;i';ii irf tir. clr*ll'iIr t'uilg''t u;nn al)orrl orr t.tttlrllntttt':
arrrt ln Sr' I)log. C,rrrrty.,.l,',ri';tii,il,:'.,;,1i"'*"i,i,tf,,,,,i.i.'t ,r'ie.rrt ,f tirttl clc.tlrrrr l'rrrlx.l'
L lU8q. tn)a,tlrxeler,f,".',liIii'ii""'i."i''i,,. "i,iufiru,t''u'-i'i
il:U-'ottrt trrtl,f.1'tll,tt exl'orll-
trrrra of $? rrrllllurr, il,t,* rilitll.,'iiriiil{"t i-r''tttl"t Ior lnnFrrn!i'rs'lslntrcr'' ln N{'$ 'lt'rk'
acfor(il[,r ro rtre srtrre.lri,i;,i;.;";;;;*,iir isi.,'ht'Rrlrrg 0f.,ur','lnl slrtrt'up cotsr{ lrr'rr
llrF trr.ir r.orxl,.r u,,,r ut,,l,'iirl,'*,,'*,'r,j,,:i rr"ir lrlgh- f:tttirrxtrtto ntllllott httdgcl ftrr Nrrv
i:[i]fli:"I#iJB;il,,i: . l,,i':ii*lj;*l,llii;""';'i,"tllli,,ll;:l;i.:llJ'';'.-'l'.i':'ii"/i'illl'
hu(t{et !or tbe Courl}, rt.ii,r'iii'i:i|,.';'ti;,i;. 'i;; rie* lle'xti"' nir'orrllrr( t(i ltB l'l' (lt'v'
ornor (llav t3 Ilonrlnx),';'i;"i ;l i;;;tiiilng htrglltrNr rsulslttte. f,r t'lectl.ttt lx n't( ttr
trsuo: Btatr I)oya frtr r*'nr""i.-'rin"''""tt1;l'li;;.'It;-iU8i)' *ew rlt'xl''" 8l'Iroprlrlr'rl $ll-)'tl(xl
ii,i"'ii" iitiutiri eltctlorr arrd
-$ltlo'ofif i.r llte- gettt'rnl t'lt't ll,tt'
E,,l\,tst1,rr11 .,1 ll,'1(,rrt'l(: l'iiui if?;f,i*[uri t.triire l,'r Iloarllt(1. ll sltottltl ltr' rttrlr{l llrrrl
6ongrr.rurrrnn ltc('lrratoy ",,iitiri'"*
i; i,;;ffi,i'soi tlou 2t13. Sttt liirt-un tho Xr,lrrrrli .f ettxts
!"Jit;ti;"i;;;:t;,iJ"-iiie l'r.:r; ii"i.ir. irri,:o nrrrl lhe l{'srltrs r.t,r(l'
- ii'j'r,:lir,ii,ii,i, ,i'i ti,.-lr,,i"iiii;i"'rt;rt ii"irri"ir',i'riu"uir. s"er"trrt' ,f Stnrr' [r,trt ('.1.-
rartrr (Jrr1o :l:l tI6rtDF). *i;i;'iil;;i; oiri'[1ai-,itirrrtrts 111(rrr"o ',nslslrrr' r' ll rf .rrnrr ls n.t
Irrlr.renl.v crrrly. Cost t,",.;;;'J;',;';;.;i;i",ir'i,i,ii: ir,i.r,iirr. lrrlr srnlc rr.r;rrlr.x lrrltlL'ttli,tr. ltr
tl...r\\FtrrJrrr.,,t ntt rrrrtt,ji"..'ui,i'li-tiiii irr'1,r.i.tr.l,',1 lrr llr'olt'('l'rtto'lrriilr l{r trlr.lr{'ll'lr'
slrrco r'ul'llcatloo,'r"t" "ru
iilit;';;;;ii;';;;'ii;tstistiv, prrtrtluhlnF 6tr.h rtrrli'rlsle l)tllrrxtrtrllJ
rrl*en iuch costs ,or her Stite.
27
SuLvo.1,,; rlotrrlttt;Ltrtl irr lt)?(i o" tlIItl 1980 8r fotrntl tlrtt lrrovitlirrg bi-
lirrgrtrrl ir,gist rltiorr:rrrtl voting rrr:rtt'tirtls uttrl ot'rtl ttssisl itttt'c ltl llrrr
1,tl|.i.s ,'rtct,trr'itgcs vott'l l,irtlitilrirtitrtt lttttt'ttg lttt'lttlxrl's oI ltltrgrtitgtl
rn nl()r't I J' gr'(,ul )s.
'l'lrc (l,irrrr,rilltc Ilr,rrrirrg lr,,'or',1 is rr,1rlr,tr,r'illr lt'stitrt,rttv I'rtlllrt't'
tltlt'ttttttrtt{ing (lrtt ;r,silivt itrrlrrt.l rr'lrit'lr (llt' ll)7rr lttttgttitg. ilssislltll('(r
r.t,,1rrirr,r,,,,rri' ltn:r
'lrirtl irr l'rrtlilitlt irrg lrrrll it'ilrttl irrtr irr t lrt' l,rllit it'rrl
lrlrx,t,ssIot'lirtrgtt:rgt,ttritt,,tit.r','itrz.t,rrsl-itttrtlttrf iltsltllt,'r':,srt,'lrttsSisl-
rltt,',r ,,tt,',,unrgi'rl iilnl-litttr' votct's lo t'xt'ltisrr llrt'ir' It'rlttt'ltistr.n"
'l'lrt, 9r.t.r.*'irelrrrirrg rrru.jolitl ul' u'itrrcsses rt.il'r'tcrl llrt. t:luirrr llrrtl
plotirlirrg lirrritr',1 r,i' ,,,,ri-l')rrgli'lr-s;x'rrliirrg ,'itiz,'tts lttt,grtrtgr' rtssist-
irrre.r itr tlrt'rr,gisl lirliorr itrrrl lol ilrg ;rlot't'sst's lrtotrtolt's. r'r.rlltt.l'itl st:p-
lrulisrrr lrrrl rlis,'orrrrrgts lirrgrrisli,r trrirroli{irs l't,,ttr rtssitrrtlltlttlg tttttr
trrrr i ttsl lt'rr trt .'\ tttt' t ictt It srl,'it'1.\
()rrr rvi(rrcss u,lro tcs(ilictl'r't'gtltlirrg tlrc irrrlttttlitttt'tl ol'{lrt'st'lrlovl-
siorrs lo ;\sirrrr ,\rrrt.r.i,.trr ,,,rrrntrrrrritir,s g,,rirrtcil ortl llritl l,('t's(rlls \\'llo
()lll)osc llrt,.;c plovisi,rrs ",lo rrol rtttrk,t'slrttrrl llrt'rli:r'r'irrrittittol'l'('\-
1,.ii,',r,',,r llrrrl'('lrirrr,s,' .\nrr.r'i,:irns lrrrvt lritrl lo strlli'r'itttrI rvlti,'lr lrrrvt'
irr,rrlc il tlilli,'rrlt l'or' (-'lrirrcst. ,\ttt,'t i,'tttts lrrtll it'rrlitt ll l lrt' r'lrltl ll'. trr
It'rrlrr I')rrglisll.')s'r lt tlrts tto( rllltil ll)ll|. lrt trttlt's. llrrrt ('lrirrls('l)cl's('lrs
wtt'o lrt't rrr il l crl l o l x'r'ot rtt' ttrtt t t t'lt l i z.r'tl t'il iz.t' rrs.
'l'lris lristoric prrolrilri{irttr rrgrtittsl citiz.r'rrslriP lrt' Cilri.rlt'se
,\tttt't'ir'rttt (lrts)'lr:rtl tr tlt'r'trslirtg irrrlrrrcl ()ll lllllll)'ol'lorllt\"s
clrlllly t'ilizt'tts tvlto rvt't't:,lctricrl ('(llllll ('rlll('iltiottttl o1'prtt'trl-
rrit ics rrrrrl sot'io-t'r'ottotrric opltot trrrritics rlrn'irrg Ilrtir lorr.ttgct'
rl1.\.s.'l'lrrr lrr.rrlrrlill ol'llris ft'rl,,r.rrl l,rrrlrilril iorr l'orr.r'rl ('lrirrcstr
A rircr.illtrs t,l lqoli irrl rrr.rllt' lg llrl Clrirrll6rytrs rtl' Arrrr't'i,'tt
1v111'1'1r ittl.crtt<'(iorr rvitlr olltcr ;\tttt't'it'ittts lrccrtt'tttl itl-
fn rprently.8?
'l'lris rvitrrtss irrrlir,rrltrl tlrtl rles;ritt tlris lrislor''1' of rliscrirrrittitlir,tl,
('llrinr,sr,rrrlrrltslrr's(ill rrrolivtlt.rl i<, l,'ut'tt lirrglislr tttrtl t'trt'ttll irr urlrrlt
I,)ngl islr l tn gr rir g,' r'lnssls.
r\rr crlrrtlly r.ilrrrpr,lling rr,lrrrtltl rvrrs t'rtisetl lrl lr rvilttr'ss.rvltrr ttrtlt'rl
llrirt ,\rriclirittr lrttlirttrs ut,tr. ttttt tt<'r'ot'tlt'rl t'ilizcrrslrilr rrrrlil 199'l rrrlrl
tlrut. il. tvts trot rrlrlil tlrc l9(i()'s tlrut llrr.r,l'r,t't'rrl,lt lo fttllt'sccttt't'llrrr
liglrl to yottr in ft,rlcr':r'l elt'r'iotts.t"l'lris tt'sl itrt,rttv rrrnrlc cltttt' tlrrlt
siirco llrcrtr llc r.rrrrtrrtll,206 rlifli.r'r'rrl sp,rlictt Itr,lirrtr ltrttgttitgls
iull{)lll{ tlrg lriltcs ulr,l ottl\'80 lrrtvc u-titirrg sl'sl ltrts. llrrr lrlovisiotls of
<lr.rrl lrtrrgrrlgrr ussisl rrrrr.tr
'irr llrc ok,clorul t)r'o('(.,.ts _is of prrrl i,'trlitt' irrt-
lror'(uncir lo r\rrrrrricutr Itrrlittrr cotttltrttttilit"s. 'l'llis is lrnrtir'rtlnt'ly srl
E [lr.rlcnl Arrrtrlcnrr t,]rlurl lll(lrts I'roJoct. "srtrror' r,f ll"' lllTt'el.(r.r. of..ltlllllqllnl
ItloctlonB ltr 'l'lrrcr. Sortlh ''l'r'xrx ('outttlt.s lr ll)7{l: A Srrrrrlrrrrrl 'rf lflllrlltr(r,'' (lllllttll,'
llshrrl) lhr.r'rrrlx.r ll)itl, Sort AIloIlo.'l'r.rtF lS,a' .\1r1rIrrrllr l] r,f llI'Slrrtrrs ol Clrll
fllqlrl* lrr'l'r'xtrs llrtrrrl. \'(rl. l: -l Ilt'ltrttl tn lh( l'tttlittttttltt)n t'l .llr..ir'oll .tlrrlUri('4tri,
Illriakt trrd l,'cntilltE ltt thl: I'olltitfil lnrlllutlt,ili rrtrtl I'torr rdlx ili 'l'r.riln. lltll'l l0?8.
tr llourlrrgr. Nttry rl, l!)gl, \lllllrlrr (1. \'elnsr1rrr.z, l,:rrr'rllr" lrlrr'( l()r. Soullr\r'r'8t Vottr
lllgislrntlol l,l(lIerrllr]r I'ro.lr'('1.
B Sr.o lllllr,rrrlrrts r)f lrr ('ilrnrlr.x ('otlrrll. lrrofl'ssor rrt l'r,llll''rl s('ilri11. Sl. Nltrl"$ lllll-
r0rhltr (iIrr 1.)7 lrcnrlrrg: IltUilI'l 1'engrrlrrr.. ll[[rfi[ llr.lrrllr'rrs Itlrr.r'lor,,1lrf,'CI0 anrl
l'rtslrir.nl, Strrlr rrf'l'r'xrrs Lrlror ('orrncll for Ltlltt,\ttr'rlrrrtr.\rlrtrl!('i'ltlotlt, (.lttlto 5
lIeflrltrg) l)tr{l(l l}rtll{tr. (llrtlr0l ('r,lll}Afl. Nlrtlr)llrrl (-'ollrtr'-s ol \lrrlrli tll Ittlllattr.- (Jttrle
l8 tltriilrr(i; llertrr l\'r', l')x|t'tttlv0 I)ln'r'lot trf ('lrltt|sr f0r .\llirtrtrrtllt A''llorr (l\utrrr)
nnrl .lotrltrlrr Avlln, .\sror.lllo Crrrnrsr'l for ll'\l,l)l')l'. Snrr ,\tttottl,' 'li rls (.ltttte l-l Ilrlrrlng).
{ ttoeilngF, .Irrrre l{), ll}ttl. II(.rrry l)er, Ii)x(t('ullIr, lrlrlr'tr'r r,[ {'lrlril'*t f('r .'lfllrtrtatlvc
Acllot
dld
6IIonrlIgs. I)&\-l(l I)IIbtrr, (irlorlrl Coilnsr.l lor llrt Nrtll,,Itl ('rrtgrt,rs rrf ArncrlcRtr
Iu(lltrna, Bolrrrl.
28
"iu,,,,
i,r sonte &rolrs, tlrrr Pt,rcorrtilgu ()f urlrrl(s.living rltl lnrlinn lnrrtls
irlii,,,,il" rr,it llrr,'rr( i'rr l,)rrglislr r,,,iy t',,',g,'rts lriglr rrs (i() to 7{}.Pcrct'ttt'
,,,flLllll: :lfii,lill'l:lllf*lillf 'lilH:; 1,.''::',X ll';:t,11,.'J,i:,,l,l";llx,tl,'lllliili
lrr"i't tr"t,,,irrtrlv irr ,]i,'ri.t"''I'osl,inrorty t:lcirrly slrorvctl lltitL colrtt'itt'y
to suclr..luinisisrr,.l, rtssislurrctr lrns lhe ellr:ct.of lrlingtttg lllto.lltc llt-
i;";iii ;,,,;iirrtrlsrutruI wor.liings of t,rrrrrrnrrrritics, r'it lr sttlrstrtt.rl irrl lurr-
f,i,gu lrrirr,,rity i,opul*tio1s, 'iu serrso of colttrutlct J', ttrttl pitt't tt:tpitt.11'
rlctu<lcrucy.t"o"i:1,,.if,-i.fx.lying
such clrrirrrs is t.ho lriglr rlt'grrrc of Prrrtit:iPrrliorr Lr.l'
I\lcxi,.u1,\,,,"i.i.,,i,, r,itiz.,,rrs irr llrrr llolitit'nl 1itrr,'r'ss rritlrirr llrc Slrtttr
;i N-*r" Irlcxir:o. Ner*l I\I,rxi,'o, s'illi un Ilisfirrrri('p(,l,tllrlliolr of il6'(i
1",",".ui, iii*-ji."ri,f-,1 tili,,g,,ot uotcr ussist unco rtltrrost r:,rttl itttt,ttsll'
sintte il, lrtr:trrro rt "tutt,.
.{.,, .?,,.,,,;,tcltr:e , Nt:rv ]\lc.rit:o is llrc,rrlll' (rrruirr-
irit,ff- "int-
iri rulricl,'iiiri,u,,ic"'lro1l itrrto*'itle .llit'r's'-irr firct' Ilrel'
i,.ra'r,l'p"r;;ri ;i-;,,;li lio.ili,,t,.1 il rtls, lr*s (1c.lrt'gesl Ittttttlrt't' .f
Iii.tir",ii..'".ltxrtcrI to ollirc]-:lir pcrce-trt of iis St1.te S.ttrttols,2tl pct'ct'ttl'
"i i[- Si"r- tt"1r..o.iiiti.,.r,,i,,.l l]{) pcrcertL of its (-lourrty g.,rrrrrris-
;i,,,,;; "
r,., f irrli,iir:.j.,r No otSc. strrtti*,,t.trt:ltcs tlris rpgrrr.,f irrttr-
"i:iiiii,r,
of Itlciicurr-.r\r,,.,ri,,uu citizens irrto it-s lmlitierrl systerrr' Otto
t:ii;;; ;,,;:i;;i",llruJ.i,.rr politit'll irrt.grrtliorr "rtrt)vt's tts lorvrtttl tr
rrrorrr ultitod &tttl lttrt'lttotlitltts ctlttttt11"" "'-
ii ir oilltrc busis of nii .i trtir,,"il,,,,,to that, tltc Corrrrnittcc bclit:vt's
il, rr0clcssrry to extt:nrl tlr(, Stx:tion 203 pr'ol'isit.lrrs ItL this tilne.
'-
i,"iiuiudn n""i"turr".,'i,i lrrori.ttxl lrirtrltlress tlrc vt'slillcs of r-otirrg
rliscruiirru-tiolr uguirrsL lurrgrrugo rrrirrolity t:tLlzotts trrld ls llll lllt(',lrltr
iffi;ii,,;;i,ii,if lt,* 1,r.,t"[tiufis,rl1it,h tlit: -r\ct,lrtrs s.ttgltt t. t'xt.tttl lrr
ull rrrirr<lritiss.
AI(DNDMIIN'I'8 'IU BI}C,T'ION ]: Otr. IIID A(/I'
As tliscussetl throrrgluluI this lr?ort,,..tlrot'r: ltl'e tllltlle,"r,,t
;r:ljll5t,r'*"iioit oi,r[ ,r'tr:rtrlrrr?:s rvlicl ."'t'li itt dist'I'ir.i.ut i.tr' Itt I lrc t'r
i,i.Jiili;;;r. i,,"i-'irittl, rlisc'irrritrut.r'y votirtg .ltttttges nt * lr'.lrilriterl
til:+;tr;,;l iii t: ;;;;ir-ijotli'e u"a r.ir.r:tio. iir*,:tit:cs t'ttt rt'trr ly i. cf -
;JJ';;;;;i,i;';i,; ;,iit," of tT," Acl's l,rcr.ttlu.rlrrec ,r.visiotr, .illrer'
;;;r;; tfr"y *.." in'.ri.i"t.,,.,o beforo igOt-, n* lrccutist, tlruy trt'istr in
irrrisrlictiolt^s ltol t'ovorotl lt-y Su:tion 5'
' 'iir,,i". f i* Votilg Itighis Acl., rvlrt:tlrcr rr rlisclirnirtittot'.y 1rt'ttt'tlt'c ot'
,r.ocetluro i* of rr,,'i'irf.,I'igi,, 6lt'errts only lhe. tttttcltnltisltt llrrrt lriggcls
i;ili:'i;- ii;i;.ii,,,r ,,. t,.L't,,ru'*nc('. 'l'lro ltrv f rtltrt'ss trf srt,'lt rt p.u.l i.r'
:i;;;,ill';,;i';,,i:v,i"i,"'rrl'ig u1,n', wlre, il rvtts ntl.,.'rl, i'e' rvlxrllr.r' it is
;;fil;,g,:. i'"ilirt,irl, in,,,,.iii.,l,'i,rrirrrrl.r'y ;rrrrct icei :tttrl 1r.ocr',ltrrt's lttt'tr
i;;;;fr,,;.:.rfrrlly cl,,rllcirgcrl rrrrrlcl se,'t'irin'J of llrtr Yolirrg Iti{drls At't'
i'r;, s",,ldf;-C-,!U;ii43.p,q1n1iorr ,f Sct:lirn 2 in ('titv of ilobik: u-'
-,l.lt.! ll0ltorf,lrlo Ilrrlraru Jorrlarr, frrrtner ^\lt[rl,or, ll.S. llottrc oI ll(!l,rt6('llttrtll'er ('luttr:
I s ll|irllrg).
I'l,ll,",r,u,,r.r of llr(! llorroriblt llotrcrto I\lottrlrrtgtttt, t'letltttlltlrl (lovernor of Ncw lrttxlto
,'ll-"rlllli,ill,.l|",,,r tltrl,.
r,r,,u.u,,re lror.,crt r\lrrnrns, .\n()rnrJ. (itn(,nrl of ilrr: srntt r)( Nrrv
Iurt I lltirllra of Jutrt l8).
lJoli(:1,t,r 11115 1r1'grlo.1 .',,11f11siolt tts lo llro prtxrf ll('('csslrl'y to tlstnblislr
i[ l'i,rlrri iolt tttttLtt' t'lrttt ''r'cl iott'0r
' Itrior' ,r, 11,rlflt:rtt,t'"i.,f,,t'ii"i trl St't'ri1111 ! 1'ottltl lrtr (,strtlrlislrtrd lr1'
rlir.t,t.t.r irrrli'r,,:1 ,,t',:l;';;;::',:,;;,,",:,'i,rg tlt. t',ttlt''rt, ttttlttt't: rttrtl..tcsttlt'
;;i'i,i,;,'i;,,..,ii,;, ,it, ir.,,"."1.,, ii,,,t,i,1,,, irrsti,'.' Stt:rrri'., r'r'it irrg l',r' llttr
rrlrrnrlif v. r.()nst ,.,,,,,t i,llt i,,i,':,,t llrtr r\,:l trs lttctt,l.l'ltslttirrg tlrrl 1.ltrr-
liii;iii;;,'r'.;i"ii;,'iiii';;;'ri,"^rl,,i.i',r,,,.:rrt. 'l'lrr, (:.trrit lr.kl rlrrrr tt clrrtl-
i,:,tg,'.i'i;,;,,,i,.,, ,*,iirj''',,,i'r^' ,,lti,,i-rrrI rr,,'l''r'lltrtl st't'li,tt ttttlt'ss Irr.li-
vrrtctI bv tliscttttttttrtlor''y'irrtr'lrt"l'lrtt (]orrrrrriltcr' tlrx's trot-rlgn'tr rvii lr
iiiiJ.:,,,rltri,,'ii,,,r',,i.s,;.ii,,i, j,ii,.rix'lit,r','s(lrirtt'lrt'itrl.rrt,f tlre vx:ti,tr
;ii;;;,],i i;, ,'i,,,lili,',1. ,:".i.,,ii,,i,;^;;i'ii.ii.;tll2 n'ill rrrrrcttrl Sr','li,tt ! ol'llrrr Acl (o ttttlitr trltrtt'
tl,,,t, rrr.,[.f,lir;,..r'irtriltol,,,n 1,,,,1*,sc rrt'itttt'tll is tt,l. tlrlttittrl itr t'tu"r's
it:lil,illiiltjtl,llil'l[t'liijliill,:i'll,ill,lT:;: r:];iiiil'iil'ililll;t"lli,[iI;
,,,,,,,,r,,1,, t,-l*l,lislr rir,.irrl tlis,,rrrrritrrrtoi.y l)lul)(rs('ol itrtt'ttl itl'('.ll()l
ir,iv f,,fil,,.t'? lrrrl. irlt.luvltttl. lo t'ltt: r:otrsirlcttttiott rtlrtrlltt't tltsctttttttlit-
l,rrv l,tt,, r uirrlt,'rl l't ottt sttt'lt tlL't't iott pt rtt'l it'cs'
"'}if,,,',,,,i,,:;:.,':,i'ri,.,,,,,",,,f,,u1rr1 i,, s.cl irt.2 is t, t't'slttlc (lottg.r'ls'
,,,,,]ti",. 1,,i.1"i, if ,,,i i,l,,l,i-r i,,t,,..f llrr' \'rl irrg liiglrl- ,\rrt' irr''lrrrlitrg Sr"'-
ii:;,,'1, ,'.,,,f,i'f", ,'t,,,i,ii*i',t.t l'1' slrt'r'irrg tii'' rlii''r'ir,ittrtlrrt'.1 r'lli'ct t'" ,I
ii,.,',1',,,ll,iuu,',1 r,,,,,jii,'". i,,"11,,'llXii llt'rttitrgs, r\tl.ttrt'.1'(i.rtt'r'rtl
iii,rr,:',i,'i,i,'i,,rtin,',t llirrl tlrr, sccliort rtortLl tt'tt,'lt. rtttl l<irrrl <'f prrtr''
ii..i . . . if its l)1I'l)os() pl r,llct'l rytts l6 tlt'ttv .r Ir5r'irlgr, llrtr r iglrl' trr
i,,,in ,,i, u,lerrrr,,t',,f i.rii. .,,' t.olot'." t"' I ctrt;tlrttsis rrrlrk'rl | ,\s I lrrt I )c1lur t-
rrrr,rrl, <rt,ltrslicrl r.orrt,lrrrlt,<l in its atrt.,r,rr.y britrf it l..1trl.r1rt 1'..lJ11tl'ottr"")
lltrDlvittr, :[ "ltttt ltttst:t'slttttrlrtt'rl rttrtlct'St't:l iorl :-l rvlriltr rr;rpl.yirlglr."1'rrr''
;;i;I; 1,;: ,:li;,r','sr1,,,,1,,,,I rrrrrk,r'tlr.otlrcrst,r't i.tts.l'tlrt'.\r't rt<,ttlrl l'ttts-
i.r'rrlt, I.lrrr brtsir, polir:it's oI llrrr.i\t:t.
llv rtrrrt'tttlittL S,"'ti,',, J rrf (llr' '\t t ('otrgrt'ts iltt.ttrls ('o tlslortr lllrr
,,r" Hti,i,,,, ii,ii.,*f ,,,,,lirrg of llrr' 1,t'o;x'r l,:girl siirrr,lirrrl. rllri, lr frx'ttst's
1,,. ri,,, r.,,",irr, ur,.1 .,,.,,,or1,i,,,,,.,'s ,,1",rr,'tllcgi',il1' tlist't'itrtitttttor'.y vol'irrg
\ T 5 JIIS
s l l(l l' S. r-rli I ll)lttrl
er(ir,ffffrIf.fr ,llc.lltlt,rn \.. ,.jN(.(rnl,lrr ('ountl, l'lotil.tl, ll:ts l']rl l:.::tll l;rllr Ilr l:lsl)$'ltll
t.rtttttr t. r,u.rto,r. rl:llr r..j,r r'iiii.'iiiiri i;i,:.'iirnl l, (,'rosr r' ,'{'r'r', ti ilr l"'ltl l:th;}.{l-'th ( lr'
i;;;f;,',,,,1i"i);;li,,l',iliri,,-ii,,',li,i,,l.i.irri,'t. 't'tioitrtt I'tttnty. tito'ttt,t. {i:rl l.:.:,1 llsl tir(lt
('lr llr*l I' 'il tl'"a.litt;*, .llrrrr :ll, l:)lil, ('. \'rtrtt \\'rrtrrlrsltrtl J llrrlcrtrr Nott ' r't
,,i Ll.. .l Il.fE.rr I.i,,rr,..,.r, .in'ri,,,*'iii,i,.1.r,,..: l,ollr r ,ltrtr/,r. li:tl) 1"-:rl l:l;i (;'llI t'lr
iltsl)."'rr"i'111 5111,rrrli.l'ortrl ttttrl r'ttttttrtt'ltltt(lrrs ltnt't'lrrtlr''l lllill llqlslrrllrr'lllr'll\ll-l.lt'll.li oll('tl
t,,,1,,,.*it,t','i,,,r.,,'rlrrlrr t,'ff,iii,:"-i,i',"t tlrlx ^lrrrrrlrrr'l ls lrr.lrlr"-.'rr"l..ll{,.r'l'lllrrrll,r}rr trrrrt
l.rrtf lrr rrrrrf.rlr:rlrl. rrtr,l ,",it:,,lii"i''i'j't,fix S" I'rrlrr' t t t tt"tn1'^r'tt' lrr'l l's' -:':l7 il;
Illl7l, |'ll lx rlltlll,rrll llI lt'lIxlr'|l||t, lIlr xtlr (.|rllrl t.r rl.t.r.lrtr,,jtllr''srrlr.,ll|, ..|.'tllIl||ltll'
,';r,ii,:.,ff,,,i'f,,.f,fi,,f if"' ,i,i'f,i'.',,r i, ilr,,,ri' ol llt:lHtrrti'r" lrrrrllr'rrrr.rr" llr.r'' ls xrr I'lt''rrlrrt
i'1, tlllitr lrr rr jrrrllr.t;rt ,,rr,li,,t,t'i,i'-t,,i'rrli,l,,i,l r, Irrr l,r'rrttt , r'l tlr' lrrrrl trtttllrr'-r .f lls
;;,t,i;;,,:i;.;;,.'il ir,i,iii* t* "r'i,i,ll,l,,*rr
rr,r rltx r.,,,(,, 1 r,,rrl'l t.r, irr,rr5lr ;r 'nllrl
n{ s,r,,.:rf 1*,t.alit,rtrrrr.,,i r,:i,i;,,iii',,,,r;,.ir,trrg tro,tr rrt,rr::,.t tr l,,r 'lrll,r.rt r.rsr)Ix.''):
Ltittt sttttt6 \. (t'tttttr,lrfii'fi 's :iitZ, :ts:t sl -( llrliit { lrr'lrrlrl' ' lrrl'.' .r'ort!risslotrrrl
rrr,tlr.r,r t,rrrt,,rNr.s,,r,.,, riiir,,.,r',,ii- iii,iir,ii . \\lrrrt ttrrrll\rrl''' r'rr, l.t'lhlrrl,r li) nt8[r'
ii"*ii"" r, ,rt,',,ri',, rt,rr,rr,' r"'lii,i"r,.i:,.,i-,irillr slr,,t rrr,lllrl,'. 'r,rrr':i ,l rrllrtrr l. I'rrrr('l ll'
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,n,,iul *u,l lltrrgrrage nrinorities in tlro covertxl juristlictions, thc pros-
;;;,;i;;i,;,',,i;g G n lt',gllr.v, trtt'l.,stl.v liligntion I)rocess is contrary
[o tho trurtrrxo oI tho Act.
'" ii:;;;ll'ifi;iii'",^*;;;" fncrors lc<l ro rhc decisio. ro rror ,ursuc rhis
proposril.
N a.t i otlt okl c Ii r t cttt ion / li .r' 7t n s i on' o I t fu A ct
,,;Xll*";:fl ;;1i,,'.lll,l3'llilt-.'iii'*lx';t;1fl if '1,:,1,Ii"^;l..l;6
ti-.irl:ir il'J i Ii; il I i*; i:li *r lli * * : : tni t I lll I ffi Jr i' m i #
wide. rutlcr tt,o,, ."roiiiiil;'l;'""", 1 focus ort votitrg di.sc'ir'i,uLio,
nlobltrrrs in certuilr rcgions of thr: coutt[ry'u'ilh;r"i;,ii;.;il*'llri,rr" rvt're trttrtltr r^ r'('sporrso. tn tlris srrggt'slion:
, t i'iil,"vl-,iili"iri-i,it ,\r't hus nrrrrlcrotrs li.ovisi,.s *'lri"lr p'r>v'r'il,:
,\i.1,:i,'i,i,i'Jil;;Il;.-:iil.;,,,,a'iii*'*r,,.". u,rrrrr^'irle .errrerlies fot'stttrn
;iil;riil;;i;i't,'l;,;,i;;;.;;';i'.':;";''; [l'n'v. 'rc"i',.'"'
]\rc*;( of rhe'sr: ril0jor'
p.o'lslo.s n,o 1r"..,nn,i.,ii p,:t'n'i'in"s wliielt n,1ll1' rrnt'ionrvirlc;.(2) t5o
trrgge'tng ,,,.",,u,,,-,,,',,i tit" '\t'l r'tts <lcl'iscti itintl'lr'"** tt ,rolrl.lrr of
substlntinl ,,,r,lu,.,.,,1,,:,.^.r.r,f'',iiri,'i,iiii,iitt,,t'-llurticiprtlion of lll:leltily
.it,izt'trs *'lte r*'or l.l,;,i l;;'';l'it'itr t'xi"terl nttil it .nl 7"''' .s. regi.nrrl-
;f:i,,,,(,",riniit-,-1,.,,.t.,ii',,t1,", ,trreerlttt'tt rrfir'cts trll or'prr'rt ol':'12 slttltrs tn
llro t'ottltlt'\'. Itt frrt:1,,utii:t''f i't'1'tt'lrl'r)r'()v(11'('(l tttttl.l'Sttlirlrr 5 (ovt'r'1'tt
liiiiiillii'i;l ,i," ii,iil"',r*,'i.,..['u"rv \'.r'k.c.u,tits lltntt ttrrt t:ovt'tt'rl itt
tlro Stnto of Al,,'barrto'ii.llt'irrl""),lrti'*i**i1'f i (.?;i'rrrilliorr) o. Sorttl
i1:i;;,ii';;,, i't.i ;;,iiii,,,r). Ilv.r'.rrtl)rt.so.,.1",.11 rrrilli.. ttt'o c'r'r'trrtl i^
h::;ili;'','l;i'i,.:iiiiiirl,,'f i,,'i'i,'si','1,,i."' {it; rvitlr,rrl tt lrre.is't'slt'rvitrg
of rrer.rl.,rs llre.xpulrsirrl of S,,,it iort 5 r'ovr,t'tce l.o irrttlrirk'rrll crrttttlies,
"r,,i,1.,'n,,a
i;"1'ii;i'ir,'ii.:ii"i,. itr tlrt' corrtrl,'1' *"tt'" rt'lril '*r'.y
ntttl rvrt'slt"-
ful, cs,.r.iully.rrt n ri,r,,r'.rii"ii tiui." i.s r,,ir"1 corrcer, ^lrrrrl
oxc.ssi'o
rrr.r,r..rrr.rlr,t ,,,r,.,,*,,rir'ir,ir, -i ni,, rrttrl lrx'.ttl rttntlcls; ('1) ilr tlte.ttlrs*ttr:e
;;';';i,:i;,;I,,,i "iir,ri"g.,i,rn,,it,
r*,riorrs c.rrstitrrtiontl rlrrt'slioDS tr'o
rni:.r.rl rrlxrr rt ,. PplY ilrg ilr is tttt rt.'()ll lll loll e xott isn , rf cotlgtr'ssiott n I 1ro$'e t''
t o t lro r:.rrnt rn {rs n r*f ,ni..i,,;iiii* ii.C. i,,1rr
"y;1s
().rr r'l in ,sorr//r Otxtl in,t
v. I(rrlzenharn. r,,2rri n,itl Aiy''1 nn'i.''',f 'uit"l 'Srrrr/r's'
3tt.l',ra.' rr;r1e1l
tlro co,stitrrtioltnlily'.,f S,,,.ti"o^'1, 1r*.civ'l.y 1ro',,11vt.it rv*s tnilore<l lo
urlrlr.r.ss u s,etilir,: 1,r'ni,l'.'u,'r,l,.r,it *'f,i,'lt ('.irgtessJrrrrl ntrtnsvxl rlcl*il.rl
e'irlcrrr.o i, its lrenlir,;'r";,;;';l ,;i,,rl (l-r)-rrnti[rtrvitle ,r'rtk'nt'ttttee-r'r'rtttLl
r,is* s.r.iorrs n.l,,,i,,ii,r,ii-,"f ,,*,i,.ti.'f,r' tlre I)e,nrtrrrt'rrl .f .Ittsl ico,
r,s,r,r.inlly si.<.o it ,,,.;-;";,;.;,;*;',iit iul,,t,is.i.,,r ,til5i. 6(l-120 tln.t's.
Ll nlit i tt ll I' recl ca mttcv
It, hns nlso becn sttggt'slerl llrrtt' llrtr tvlles of rrle<'lot'ttl lltttltgtrs sttlr-
iecl. to,rtx:lenr.rrree r:F.i,';';i,;,ii,i tn', ti'i,it,',1. F.t'r'xrtttt;r1" orrl't'llr,st'
l.i,;,;.1";i;i.i, l,utol,..J,*.,f itru Irr,,st. 6bjectiorrs frrirrr tlrr' 'lrrsli.l
-* *."-*,.*,,rr 2. il. lr). ll. l2 ntrrl 2(|l ')f llro.1('t-'{2 ll s'(' ll)?:tl s'ellrrrr { trlEcrr
tlrc lrrrlxrilr.tlond s.hlcll ar,i'i",tiiiiri-f, srrlrnrl.t eltttttgrls-rrnrior tlru Se|llon 5 IroclotrItrce
rrrollslott: Socllons o tt' u'a'riti"iir'i"iiin i" ttro.apl'nintnii'rit ntrrl rlrrlles rrl f('(lcral etnln'
i,,,,rurrrrt ,,t,F(.rvfrd. s,."rr,,,!"i'.r';;,;i;i;,; iii,tirrrrl,,ir" ,,i'i:i'ri:iu'i,i lr'rtrrs rrsr{l lrr- llrr' '\r't:
ser.u,,rrs ttl tlt enrl rn'.:
"ill',,ii'^."ii^,i':"it"'lrrovlrlonx
:"trin'i'aiitii"t; ;l the Aei nlEo rohlrs
io rnlrctllttcottr lxnrtm.
llr 1'r.alllloIt' of Nou' 'l'ork Sltrll' lllnrllol' O.r'nornl Itohrrt '\l)rnlrlF fil"'ro'
rr! \l'l,ll,. crl.ttskrtt ,,l s'l iil'i''n
'"nliii""'t't'' t'". -';;;i'^i;'i'ii'- ti"' i" ntl"'t*
^
rrrt rloclllr'
tlkk rr(r' .,1 uollrrx 'rr*''r""il'liiiil""r'i"ni"n"
nitt"l'r" rr"ii'iii'''i'i'ilrl "'t''r"'l lvrt8 DrIHlrtlc(l'
;:iiii#;i[t t',{i;diiltli,iir;lrl',',l;';r''li'illt"r'i,:!::\,}i#,1'lrJtt;,"iir*",.!',r:tt"J"
rorr,ii'ii.ii."li""r"iioi .,rtii"iiej {;etteral cltll ltlsltts
I)trportmont.. \Vlrilo sottio <rltttrgcs nluy ttrlvtrl'scl;' ullect rt grerrtct'ltttttt-
ber of llcoplc, othors Itru.,;' ltuvc lrtct-'isr:1.1'tlrc l1';trr ol'rlist'r'irrriltrrtory
inrlltcL-wlrich Crlrrgrcss sorrglrt, lo lrrt:r'cnl, cvctr tlrotrglt (lrt' tttttttlxtt's
involvcd 1r'o srrrulliri."o ()rrr.*rrclr tilrrrl,lo is (lrrr clrrttrgc itr lrlt:rrliott of
lrollirrg lrlrtt:t's. r\s troltrl titllir'r', llrtr plttclttrcrrt ol' lrollirrg 1,lrt, r's is tttt
ilrlurr:tui,[ [uctol irr dotlrrrrirrirrg rvlrrllret' trritrot'ilies r:xtrtr:ivr llrrrit'
riglt trr vote.. N rrrrrrrrorrs insl.rrrrt:r:s'of lxrllir16 lrltt:rrs.lo,.ttt'rl itr rlr tttovtxl
to lllrttx,s *'lriclr trrr irrcrrrrvctriorrt, inrrr'r'r'ssiIrlc, ot'rttllttttrltttlltg kr tttt-
n,liiti.x lrrrvc l.x'r,tt tktt trtrrotttcrl.rro 'ltllt lt'svrrr rvlrit'lr lrotlr ()ottgtrr;s ttrttl
LIrrlcurttls lt'tttrorl ftottt Llrulrlt:-ltXil-r litigrrtiott r'\lx:li('lrr:oistlrtt. jrrris-
rlit:liorrs rlitl nol, lirrrit, tlrcir r.ll'olls lo rlist't irrritrirlc lo ttttt l.y'1rt'of vol irrg
lllrt<:tir:c.
tt'l'lrc tlisct'itritrtttot.l' ;to{r'ttlirtl itt :;,'t'trril,glf itrrrot'ettt, lrt
irrsigrrifiltlrt, r;lrrtngcs crlrr orrll'lru rk,tcrrrrirrtrl rrltlt llrr':;1rr','ilit' frrcls
of tlro r'lrurrgo llrc nlurl.yzcrl irr t'orrttxt. '-l'lrc , ttt rt'rrl lirlrrrttlrt rtlloss
fol srrt:lr fu<'l,rrtl rrntl.yflis." "'
l?r?((l in(t I.o nrlu<tr1rt il ssirlancL: l' t'rtt,itittrr,s
At tlro l.ilrrrr tlrut, tllr Srrlrctirrnnitl(,() orr ('ir il :rrr,l ( 'orrsl iltrliotrrrl
lliglrts irri(iutr'rI ils trrvit,rv oI tlrtr Yol ing liiglrt..\r'l il lrrrr.l lx'fotrr il
tlult'c i,lcrr(i,.rrl lrills "t rvlriclt lrtolrosr,tl lii,lll,'l{.()t t('lrt'ill llrc gtrrctrrl
litttgttttgtrtrssisl rtttt'tt1,t'r,visi.,lri,""itsrrcllttslltrt.r';,t,rti'iottsoIllrtr-\r'l
rvlrit.lr'in l{}7fi lrlouglrl. jrrlisrlictirrtrs srt,'lr tts'l','.rrt.; rttrrllt Sr','(iott l-r
covonrgt,.t20()rrrrclli,i't,of llrislrrllt.r'urrrr,trrlrrrlttl rrortlrl l,r'tlrrrl irr'li'-rrrs
lrcillrt'i' blrrt'lts or lli:rlrtr.ttir;s u'ortlrl lrt' 1rt'olt't'lr'rl lr.1' St', liotr li. 'l'lrt'sc
llills rrlso prrrproscrl sti'iliirrg ccltuin lrrirgrr,rg,' I'r'otr.r. llrr, .\r'1 , rvlrir'lr
rvollrl Irnvir resrrltr.rl irr rrrrrli,r'lrrirrt.y rrl,oril llrt' ',1;rrr,litrg.,,l' Ilisl,rtrri,'s
nutl ollrtrr ltrrgrrrrgo rnitrr,r'il1' r'iliz.rrrs lo trliltzl llrt t rtt i,,tts t'r'tttt',lit's
Proyirlcrl irr tliit ,it'i, illclrrtliirg llrrr trPlroitrltttt ttl ,l l'"lr'trrl t'trtttritlt'ts
tttttl r'l'l.'r't'vt'ts, llttt Sr"'l iorr '') irrrrlril'iii ttgrritrt'l rli:i' I rrrrllrirl,r'1'. vol itrg
lrurcl ir,r's trtrtl sl trrttltu,lt. rrrril lltt. St'r'l.iort il tctrtltlics l,tovirlcrl l,r
rrl itrti nttl c sttclr rl iscri rrritrttI ot.1' pt trt't i,'r's.
'l'lrr' r'r.irlt'rrr.r.irr llr,.(',,r,,irritllr, rt.r'olrl slrrrtrgll'r'otrtt'rtrlit:ls I'ltrilrts
rnist,rl lr.r'srrlrportr.r's oI llrr: pt'o;rosrtls I.o t'r'pcrrl Srx'li,rtt 1t]i].-f rrsl.ortl
it s(rrrrrgll,
"iri,g,,,r't.i
llrrr ttr'lii,,,,il'llrr, (l,rrrririll.tr l, l't',,t't.rrll,f tlrr'
ur.,,ri-i,li,i,rt it.ll. illl2 lo llrrr lIottst,.'2' Nrt t'r,itletrcrr rlr tes(ittttltty rvtts
lrrltrr,lrr,'.'rl l., jrrstiflr ('lilll lrrrt,irrg rtnl' t'ttvctt'rl jrrrisrlictirltr ft'otrr Sec-
tiorr I r.oylr',,g.1. It si,,rrrl,l lxr rrol rirl tlirrl srrlrp.u'i for llrt' ;,ir-sstgc of nll
of tlrt, plovitiirrrs of ll.lt. ;ll12, irrclrrrlirrg llrosrr lo r'xlt'trrl St'r'lion 201],,
r,r,,l S..l.ti6rr i t,ovr,r'irgc for tf)75 lrrrisrlirri i,,tts, tvrrs lrrt,r'it't'd frorlr jrrris-
rlict iorrs srtlr.itrr'1. to i(s t'crptilt'tltcltts.r2'
rESr:o leBtltrrotry ol t)row I)ayd,8trpro:1,.8. (1,rr[rrtBxl,,o on ('lvll lll*lrlB lltl]ort, Brll'rtr
(l081t"ii;if:.,,, for trtrrilt)lc, Ctrll ltl,rlrtr (-oDilrrlrxlotr ltrl'ort (ll)8lt SrrIrrr.: t|Elllrrr)lr)'of l)r.w
I)[r's. SIIr{.
tr, l)rr! l)tr1.a, srrltr[.
r" il tf. tZ:it'(lrrlr,',1u,,'l I'v ltot,rr.r.'nlftllrt ltr'('lort ott l"r'lrrttarv 5 l!rRl ). ll.tt. l{o7
tlrrtrirtii""A tlr:;i1'1,ri'x.rrtntlt,''1111i1,,.trt1 r'tr.lnttttarJ :]R, lll8l), nrtrl ll'll 2l'{2 (lntro(lucrrl
l,J' llt'Dros!'Illtlll'o'l'llrtnllts otr l\lnr(lt :tl Il)ltll.- ttr (('cllor 20il ol thn Act llMl S (' lflT:ttru 7I
,n Secllortt 4 (l) ('l ) I l'.1 ll S (:. lfls;ltl.
,r S,,r. I'revltitts rllarirrgrtort ol th.8r! lsHllrB ln lltc IrlnKttflgtt Aaslstance Porllott ol tlllr
ll r l,ortirjii:o tr.rtlrlorrr (,f: llltrl'[rtr,lorrltrr, irrrrrr,r l\lltttbt'r of ('(]llBress trotll'l'.xtr4,,lll,/tr,'
l(obr.rt AhrilIrts, Slrtr.Attrrrrr,l: (;i.rr,.rnl of Nls Iork. ruPra; llohrllo Ittorr(lrtrs0tr. l,l'rl'
t(rrrnt l;{,1r.rr.;r of Nr.s lr,ii;:,,, "rIi,i. ilorrglrrr l'rrlrlr'. /r'rrrtlr l')lrr''{"r' 1;1t't 11'1nx l)lvl
*i,,ii.-'irrn,,,,l tlr,.'l,.rrs Sr.rrr.trr:1 ,,i stnt,' (.irrr,,,li'l'rrirr",rlt,t): jurl l)r (lrrrrxc Sltlltlntt
t,;l..irlu Sl,,t,.Rr.||rcxIrrtrllrr.(.lirrr,.'.!jl'frillrscrlll) ,1lh() \\rltl('ll (()lrrlrllllrlr'trtlolls u('rr:
irtr:elv,,,l lI llre ('rirrrrnlll|r froIr: llrc lr,l:lrlrlrrrr'of tl$ Sttrl( i)f Alttkll, lrutlt l]tt'(;ol'trrlor
of,trlzorri. frunl llrc Surr !'rtucltco Iloerd ol SuptrvluorE.
Iilactusiuc Jurisrlictio, of the ,.il ,*r*rt cru,rt for th'e Dktrict of
L'olunbia,
AIrot[er issuc rliscrrsscd drrring tlrc Sullcornmit.teo's de]ibe rt{'iolls rvts
tlrosrrugt,slirur thut. llrel).(1. I)isi i'ir:t Llottr['scxclusive jrrrisdit:tiorrover
St,..tirir"C rrreck'arrrrrr't.srrils tntl buiLrrrts srrits be t'cPculed.'I'lrc lccorrl
.1,ur,." tlrli tlre rlrrcision ('orrgn.ss ltritrltr itt lgtil-r thtt iho ft'tlcrtl irrtercst
ir, sc,,rrri,,g Iiiftccntlr ,rrr,,'ii.lrrrt'trt. pt'ott't'tiotts is scrvotl lry.gl'urrtirrg
;;.1;;at; firr.isrlit,tiorr oler r:tr.tnirr -rllpects of votitrg lights litigrttion
to t.he D.('. l)istrict ()ottt1., is still volid''2'
iii f UUti, rlrc [).S. Srrlrrcrrrc. OorrrL, citirrg ot hct'fedctul sttttr1cs lirn-
itii,rr i,tigi,riol of ,:luirr,s lo cottt'ts iir tlrt'Dist-r'icl of (lolurttbin, fotttrtl
iit"itiiit-ri',iituri,,t, rtf irrlisrlicti(,rr \{lIS utr ullprrrpriitto trxer':ist: of tho
r.onstitrrliorrul trrt[(,r'it"1, of ('elgt'css rr1,-lei-Aiticlc I.lI,.$ t of tlrc
ili,ii-,f Sttt,,s ('onstitritior r ,\ttutit Ctt'olinu. v. lt'ut:ztntbrtr:/r, 3l{i} lI.S.
;iiri, iiif-tfZ (l1)$6).'l'lrt, tltrision.to gronI cxclrtsivo jtr'isdiction rvns
l-,,,r,i,1 ,,P,,r, t',ltrsil'.r lo nssttt'o rrrrilorrri-intt',r'pt'etrrtiott rtlttl cttforcellrent
"i f l,i" rirrxt irrrprllturr(.,\<tt. ,\s (lrc [).S. Strlrn'rrrtr ( jottrl, t'trct'rttly ttototl
in ils r.uvierv ol tlrc Seotiorr l-r lrteclctrltrtco retlttit't'tttellts,."... octl-
iii,tir",t r.,ivicr,.t,nlrurrr.t's tlrt, liliclilrrxrtl tlrtt rr:,'rirrilrg prrrblcltts rvill lxr
iLr,rf ,',,a i,, ri consistcrrt unrl trxl>r.tliti<ltts n'tty.",.ll[,'l)unit,l .v. S,tnchcz,
t',:i. =-- (,lrr1o 12, ll)ttl).-1'hc Oorrrt, frrrther rrotetl tltttt tltc cetr-
trnlize.Iinvierv fr,rvi.le,l'llv the I)cllrrr[rnerrt, of .lttsl ico untl tho l"ctlurtrl
i;i;i;:i,,i-Corrrt i'or tlrt,. Diirrict o['('olrttrtbirt ltns playetl tr tnujol rolo
irr nrukirr11 Sc<'tiorr 5 rvot'k ellicicntl.y rrrld flirly'"'Si",..
if ,,,' ,1,:iit,'ir"" st rorrgl.y siip1,r,r't s rrririntlir-ring this cxclrrsivc
jui'is,lii:ti,,r,, thc proposrrl l''rrl ri:lrcrtl ri'tts rrot' pursuod'
A n u:ntl h u1 t he (J urrt: t d J I ail o wt l' ro u iai on'
,I.lre firrul pro;losnl cotrsitltlt'etl tlrrtilrg. llto rcview of tlro Votillg
Itiulrts .,\r.l \1.rrs ono lo,,,,r.,r,l lhe rrrrrrr'lri lxtilorrt, llt'ovisiotts of,tlrc i\ct
,',ifi,1, i,*i,i;i;.;.;;i;;;,i j,,,:iriti.ti,,r,s *'ir1 rr r,oclri.isr. tlrrougl rvlricl
t I i. v,i,i,.y I crrrr i trtrto t.l rei i' Sq:t iott l-r respottsi bil it'ics'
,l'lr. crrrren[ 1,.uroi"ir-itiows j,,r'is',licti.trs rvil,lt *.gentti^c history
.,ti,oi,,iio-,.ir,ririntiori to lrnilout.hrvt'rrl.y-fotrr'.jrrlistlicl'ions huve sttc-
r.tssfrrllv brrilerl ,,,,t,,,tt"t,i,i otttr siltr'e ltt?5. Iltiiorrl' srrils ntt lretrrd ll.y
,,*;;,;il'|,ili;;; ji;,iil in tlrr: I)istlicr ('orrrt of llre I)istrit't of Colttrn-
ili". iii." rJr.ilai.ii.,il,nit* oru tlo entrrb reLnitrs jrt.isdict'ion for n'
rr.r.iorl .f 5\,r,ur.s,,r,,i.iitsrti,i,'r,rinrollret'ottt't,,,,,y,,,1,,r,, lrtotionof the
U.S. Attot,iey (itrrrerul, r(rol'erl llto cnsc' -
On .Irr'c 17, tgfrl,lr'r;i'iiri;,: i;11r. Srr5cornt'ritteo's fi.nl l-r doys.of
l,;l:i;rgr;;; r,"r't i*giJri li'.'1rrr1,os*l rvrs irrtrorlttce(l.r21 1'his bill, rr*liko
its t$.o trr0rk,r.r,ssor.s itt.tt.':f ttiX rrrrrl Il.It.:ll?3), r'r'tnitrerl tlre.<:ttrrt'nt
;,;,;ilii;.,'ili;,ri;i, ;,i i.,o ;r'n.lnn.ttrtce rettrerly o* rrrr i*rlr'fi *il e 5nsis,
;;;i;il i;';- j,i.is,li.iion 5nili,,g.ottl f rottt rr,,Ii' rr .ovet'ttgc.t'f. Secliorr
;-,.
,I.lro hill rrro,ose,t "i;;,';;';i;iilo ,.r ir.r i* rvlricl tlxr juriitlicli.,r scol<-
i;; l; i,r;'.,,i, i'iii i""i,,?.1. C.,e'nll.y, lle jrr.isrli.l iorls. *'ortlrl lrnvo
i;:,,1";l,i;;;i'i.'i;;;;;.;iii1iii,',r rvitlr rlie r*.uiretncnls of thc lurv i, tho
lil; ;T'iliiil;i;;i;i.i' 1;;;.. r'eceiv,,,l rt,v s'trl,slnrtti*l objr*l'i.r1.l.v l]19
i;;;";i,;;; ir j.,"ii"" ;; ti,; F;,t"rnl liistrict ('ourt {or tho I)istlict
,;;,* ',1,,t:ll",,u*"1',;ii;:.f-ti*li$iil;jii,,,,:ffiriilliiilltiJri,ll';,1:"';rill;
",'lL"ii l, i"l'b JJ'
-ii[i.l'J,'J
g7
of Colurubiu, to a proposul r:lrungc duling tlro lctr yt:uls 1ttrl.:cding.tho
tiiirig ot tlro Luilurit ruit. 1,, rr,ltlilit.,u, tlrt'lulisrlit,tit,rr rv,rul,l lruvr; lrud
t,r-, errgugo irr colrstrucLivo oll'olts tlt:srgrrcd pcrtrttttrctrt,ly t,r.r itrvolvc voL-
crs ploLock:d l.ry tho A<:l irr tlro pr.lltUcul l)rocos's.-
1i,i,"u this 1-rrol,osul lvus iritrotluced-, r'e<xrgrriLiotr rvrts givett.l.o tho
flct, tlr6t tlror.o urc j urisr-lic[iorrs rvlrit:L ,[us*rr'" to t trtuititt truvt'rctl utttltrr
ti,o S"t,tirrr 5 pru:ltut'rutcu lrroviSiott bccitusr: Lltctt: itttr "r't:stigr:s oI dis-
cr.irrrirrutiorr pir:srnt, irr t,lroii' r:lcctolul systt-rtrr ttttl l-,ecttttso tto cottsLl.uc-
iir,t sU"1," lrirro l,,r,cn tukorr to ultr:r ilrrrL 1ir(:1.)t rrr' '['lru Uotrrtrtitte,r:
l,"r,,.ii,g^,.",.,rr.r1 r:lctrly urrtl ovr:ru lrclrrrirrgl-1' sul,l,ol'[s {lutl, usscttiott.
i1,,,'ii,g llrr, lrt.rrririgs, ('(rnc(.r'us ucrr: r'rttstrl tilrottt ltrrtv lltt: l-ruilorrt,
t:ritq1i4 iir II.fi, ilU.ttiirr-rrrltl llr irrter'lrrctcrl. lrt ottlct'trt lrrriI otrt. ttttdrlr
ii.ii. lruri, u jtrr.isttit.t,iorr u,orrLl lrrrvr: t.,r slrow' tlrrrl it, trtitrlt tr.ll srrbrrris-
rliri,i t" t,lio ilt,rr.rr"y Ut'nurul or tlro l,t.U. l)i:,t,'lr:[ ( otltL tltrrirrg Uho
nnrviotrs [.t.rr !orrts rri lc,ttritr.rl tttrtkrt sct'tiott l, itttrl llrirl llrt: l\ttortrey
ii,r,rr.,,,,l rli,I ir,,t 1t111'11rrlsc tt "sttlrslrttrtial" ol'jr'''ti"rr rlrrrittg'thrrt' tittro
i;;.i,r,i. '[tlii, 1,,,,g,,,rg,-, rr,,,rrl,l trot. r't,r;rrirt, jrrr r.s,lr, tr(]rrr l(, 5rtl]trrll, uloc-
iit'tr t'l"tt'gts l"'it'rti'ilrtlrlt'rtrt:trtirrg Llrt'l'r'- ll,tt"'tt't' il ltutrttrtI s.lttr':
S.,.1i,,,r I?rbjct:t.i0rrs rrs irrsigrrilir:rriit, rvitlrorrt. gitllls slrocilir; grtidurrco
trs tt> lrorv stti:lr u dt:tt,r'trritruiir)rl \vils to lrc tttittlt:.'l'ltt'so t:oltt'trtlls \vOr(-)
cslu:cinlly trorrblirrg irr liglrt oI l,lro [tcr, tlurl I l.li. iiU ll'j ttrtlroriz.trrl lruil-
u,it ri,,i1"i,, lx: lilt:d'irr ,,1,I l,*,t,1 lcrlt:r'ul dist lict r:ottlt. r\:; irrrlit,ttc.d pil:-
,in,,rf V, lxt:lusivo l.ovi.,ri oI vot ing clrurrgrs by llrc.r\tttrt'ttt,1',(ictrtrt'tt]
urr,l tlio I).O. .l )istrigt. (.lrrrrt rtot ii, lrtrgtl;,lrt lrerlilt'tl Iot'.llrtr clli'c-
l.ii,cntss of Soclion b.'['lro rrccrl lor cciitriliz.,,,l lcvit'rv tttrtl ttttitot'ttt
sl.utrrlurtls is ot't,rt ,,,,,r., ,',rt,,1u,llilrg u lrcl'tl lrolititttl sttlxlivisiotrs rrit'lrirr
f u I l.y covct'r'r I sl tr.t t:s t:rttr li lr, l'rrt' llr i lottt.
Iirr,l,'r Il.l{. :tl)lS, ilro irr.istli.tir,rr rt'tts t't'rlttitr,rl lrr ltttvr',r'trgrrgr.rl
irr r.onr;l l ttt l ivl ,.lt'9ris to itrv6lr',: trrirrgr'it5' v,,i"ts lx'l'lrrllllllllll irr llrt'
clcr'tot't I | )roc(lss.
'l'lrt, ('rirrrrrrillr,o ugr.r,crl llrc llrrrrsl of llris ptol.rrrsctl.sttrtt,lrtt'rl cottlrI
lxr irrrl,,r.lurrt ,,r
",,,'.iipug:irrg
jrrlis,lictiotts.lo iilrrr'll.y ltrlir'slr-1ts to lt'tttl-
il,,i" 1t,,, r.esrrlts ,,f u 5i],,i.tl oI r'<,t ing rlisclirrririul it,rr' 'l'lrrt lrrrrlrkrttr
i"itli tl,ir inrporlull,.stul,llrirl \r.s its t:,,.gu,',t,'rt slrit'll corrld,krtrtl lrr
irulur,"irr"ur, lt".iri,,,,*.',,,i ii,. .u,,,o ,,r si,,iilrr,' frtt'ts lrrt:st'trlr:tl-to lrtrlrtl
fcdt,rnl ttislrict.,',,,,,itr. i)f t,,1rrul c<lnccl'rl \\'lls 11," til151'1tt:tr of ttrt olr-
i."ii"",,r.ii,ri,,,rr,r.,r,f of tlrr'*,,,'..., t,f lltr,sc r:ottslt'ttr:tivt'r'll'or{s to irt-
l;";; r;;i,,,;rii ; prrrl ir.i,uli.tt, i..., ,litl t;e't' itt,'rt'ttst' ttritt.r'ilv v.lt'r'
;;i:i,,iii;',, ,,ri,l 'v,,t ir,[, ,,r,,1 .li,l ilr,,.y t,lirriirrtlr: tlisclirrritrnloty bar'-
rii,rs lo vol itrg 1,t'rx't'rltttt's ttttrl t lttt t'Iet'l irltrs lJl'o('('ss'"-']i1,.,(',,rur?,itlr,r,ugrcltl
llrrrl rr,'trtr'fttllv rlrrrItcrl itlrl(]lr(llrrolrl to
t1,,,, fr,it,,,,r: j,i.ruiri,,ii?..,,rlrl irrtlt't,rl t,'t ,rs rrri itrccrrtivc lo.,irrrisrlilliorrs
io tnl<o s(trlrs lo 1,.,, i,,,rr,itfly irlrio!vtr trrittot'ilics $ itlrirl tlrtir' ltolit it'tl
i".ul"-r,-n.i,,,r.i*li.r, ,..'i",ii i,,.i.,tir.ti,rrs r.r,rrlizt,,l llli.l l,y, rloirrg
.so
l lrty
i.,,,it,t ti, ,,i"r,'1,t,,,1 ir:;;;i S,',ii.rr 1,. rt'r1rri.t'rttt'ttl's.'l'lrt'(l.rrrrrrill*r' lrxrlt
iiri",,f 11,,, Ju,.i,r,i* (.(,1(.(rpns ltisr,rl. I')r;rrrrlly;ts itrtpol'lrtrtl, lo tlro
iln,rrn.,ittetr wns tllo nor:ri ftlt' cotrsislt:trt' tirrtl ttttifirt'ttt
't1rlrlit'ttl iorr of
rurv rt*isr:rl lrtilorrt. "irii f .i',f r--llrut is, trrttirrtuilrilrq r'.rclrtsivc jrllis-
,ii;Ii,,,,',,",:, i;;,;i.;,;i, ";ii' i; ttr.I)istr.i,.i O.rrrt, fo.l,hc I)istriet, of Co-
f,ii,,i,i,,. 'l'lrrrs, lx,g,rir llrt gr,lrt'sis of llrr' (}rrrrrrriltt'r' rltttetttl'trtotrt to
lli.lt. llfl2 rvlri,.lr .,r,,., ,.,1,,,,:t,,rl lr;' tlro cotttrttiltt'tr ltl tlrtr IIottso.
,E Sro (lDrIlDg atutenrrnt of lteprcxcutallve ttetrry Ilrrle, IItarlng, 'lulte l7' l08l
onnibtu Propoml,
38
Imrne<liateiy prior to full Conrmittce consirlerntio. of II.Il. 3112'
* i,"*-Lirirlili., 1,.n1,u"ai-,,t,,,,r,.1ir,g t5e Votirrg lliglrts Act wus i,-
trorluced.rx'-"Ot;;-;;"rision ,f tSis legisl*tio. proposed antendi*g tlte. crtrrent
rrJ,,rr1Ii..'a'"i"-,i,iir,s iii";rrpti,,nlirn'of t5o slxrcinl-.rovisi.rrs of
lho .\t.t. lJntler tlris Pl.iivisi0n, r;rPlit'rtlion of llrc.slrcctul.l)l'ovlslolls
iiruiif f"irnsetl,,rr rtreo'trl, l,y'n ilir"o judge,uncl iri nny {cdernl dis-
tricg court of a linrrl ;,iJgi..;it tlnt n'1,ofto,:n.t',ructico of votittg
discrinrinution exists'-' Til';;;.n. i"i"*t *5out t lis,rovision inclutlcd : ( l ) .tlru errr,hnsis
or, .uu"itiii, to I6e lir ig,rtiu.,, 1r:o.i'tr for ('putt ertt or'.,rnr:l ictr" of vot ing
;i;i;;il;;.;?tt'i;i;;"i;;i:ioi[-trnrrl,lesortic uecttttse ii .,cc trgrtin lrlrtct's
t5o burtlcn ott t1c,,d.i"";i f-tii"* t'o show tlrnt tho,rnctic-r:'s urrl
;;JJ;il ;; ;;,i!lii.ii, i,i"r!.y. lVt re. con g rtrss 1,nssr!<l I 5e v.t i n g
ijff["i"'i;'iil5, i' i:"."g,riria t hc i*nerent rlisnrlvarrhrgc .rvn ich
;;fi';".,;;; pi*"4'i,rt-tr,n.o-*r", lrutl cxperienced voling tlisc.itrrirrrr-
i.i;;i.
-C;;;qientty ,,n.i".-'So.Uii, 1,, Cloigress pl*ced tiru tru-rtkrn of
prrrof ott theicovcied jrrristlicliotrs sinee llrey nre the otles tlrot Pl'?)rlsq
irn,t.ri. trlrrl ittrttlclttent. tlre voling ltlvs' \Vhen llrc U'S' SltPnttne t
,"'rr*rli'r.i "'ffi;iii,;i
i,;;,;lit; ;F Stret'io. 5,. i0 slecificullY f.rrrrrl t'lr't
li'ii'r'li,ird'i.';ii;. il,';;;;;'ri'ii..rr *"s o rttionol trpProtch to prohibit
voting rl iscrinrinal ion'"'i'&,;;il-.oin.
"t,n,,go
m.flcctcrl in tlis ptoposnl is tlrc estalrlislt-
,,,ouf,.-nl-u ne,r',,intciii,tri"*t vot,ing I'iglrts iasei.'I'l,o ntttendntortt to
S;;ii ; z o i- tt, ",r "t'
*"o,,1.i ri.nt, iE i t ;"tl\%,tl:Hij,i1,il;,f,T:i$Xf
;liih'ir;t; ilio p,,.1,n.u or thir "rensonttblc
i;;;; o'bridgirtg-tlro, voting rights of nrinoritiqs'"'i'il -a;;'.it?ee
believ& tiiot' tlo "'"e,l,n33i:llt li'l'liil'i'i[.f.u,tiro itrirrrlnrd to tt.so is l.lrrrl' r'otttrtilrerl
,fhrtt nrDen<lmolrt llroscrilles prnct.ices or nrocotlttrcs rvlriclr rrrsrrlt ilr
tlenill or abrirlgnr.,,l*"i"rr,.irg' il"[iit. "f
rnirrorities''l'lris "resrrlt'"
or.,elTcct,,test is one, iviri"fi
^i.,.,iayTrns
u jrrdici,.l history rrpon *'lrieh
iuristlictions uttrl nggriovcrl purties can dencnd'
'
" rli,; ;;;i" ;;i;; ji;;i.i.''' i'i u' i' p'np&nl ch an gcd
-
t'nc tri ggcr
,,,n,iiini.*'f;;'i;'""'i;;,g iiiii-.iti lnnlut a", assisttrrie' It worrltl ro-
;,,i,;;iii,is,inr^rnri;;";-;i;;i;]. "u,r,l.i*.ilianep. wlrt'rt livo 1x'r' ce.t
or nrore of tho cilizfrrs <lf voling agc. rrr rr stnlQ tI'Politienl srrlrrlivi-
;;;t;';;; -n,,i*." of u'singlc Itrngtiag" r.inoritY group ntrd't'lra rnte
;;i';,,;;i.-,r;i;r;.i1'- y,,t"r:.*gilii,.ri"ii ,'iir'*,1* llre i''.Ie of srtclr lttrtgrt:tge
'"',!Hil,l,H:"XJiL"li
t;,]'liif
ii:l;St'i;n, r ) ilr n r r *n grr nsc nssist'a n ce
Norrlrl lrc based on "ro.gistrnfioir rnles rntlicr thnn on literacy ratcs
rvhir:h is n bcu.r ir..,li;fii;;;i'[i;"-;",1 iot s,,.h assistntrccl2) it' rlous
not uso tlre level .f *t;;;nctivity ns-o.trigger.brrt insteodrelies only
on resistrntin^ rotoiJ; n,"l ii-;; pitt'ii" #-privotc ngenr:y,cttrrcnl'ly
liJrr...t'"i,,iii;;;;;;'.Jgiiltotintr oi sln(isticf on I .eotttrlv trv corrntv-
sulxlivision lru.ir. tii!';l*;;];;'"'"rrrently impossible to uic one of
tho proposcd triggers.
I
39
lior rrll of ilrr: l.0nsons set, fo|.th cn|.litr|' rrx tll(', (
"rtrttrritlce
rCCOrn-
l,n'.n,L\; r'ctrrinirrg tlto r:ttt'l't:ttl' lllttgrtrlgt: ttssistttltt't: tt t11i1er'
lil'l(''l'l()r-ll)'-i'ili("1'lo\'\ \'\ l'\ sls
,\t:t'tirttt. .l (tt)
'l'lrr'tll't'r'l oI tlrisit.tttt'ttrltttcttl is to n'lrtitt lltt'r'ttttltrl l':ril ortt sltttxl-
rurrI rtttlil .\rrgrr.t ir, ll)8'l .
,\('(ti(til, llb\
'l'ltc tttttt'tt,ltttlttls lttittlt' irr ll'li' ill ll to Sr'<'tir>tl -l (rr )' r'r'lrrlirrg lo tlrr"
,,,,u.'"t,i',;;i,,;,i l',,r.lrrril,',rrt, rrtc t'llrr.tivt, trlt ttttrl rrItt'r'-\rrgrrst (i' ll]l't-l'
'l'lttr ('otrrttritllt' ltlliurrs tlrc l\\'r) \'t'llr rrrritirlg lx'r'iotl is r't-r'ntirrl lrr
,rtt,,tt'fi,,r'.1*,,ti,:,, l)r.1;ir'lrrr,'trt :rrllii,it'trl tirtrt' t, ;tt't';rlttt' lr t'lltr'' t'x-
rrr,t.tr,rl i.r.r.r.ir-r,i,, t,,,ii,,,,r'ii,if,,,i,tt rtitlr,ttl rtrr,t,'t:r,rii,irrg tlr* I)rr1r'tt-
i,,r'rrt's t.rtprtt'ilt' trr t'lt l'ol't t' tl"''\'.1'
,\ctl irttt I ll,l l!l
'l'ltis urrrt,rr,lrrrcttf 1rt'ot irlls llrrrl l,rrlitit'rrl sttlrrlivisi()tts s'itlrirr. Irrll't'
..,rri,,j.i,j1'st,,r,,r,,,,,r ir'iii,,1,, ,r ,1,','l,ri'1111,;t' jrr,lgrrrcrrl itllirrtt v'r'kirlg ttr
i,,,ii.,,,t irrtlt,l.r.rr,li,rrllr.,l'tlrr':ititlt'.'l'l.r.is.t'r1,rrtr,ls.tlr'r'('trl, I:r\\''
\\,lr.rr r.t,f,,r.,.i,,g t,,'',,"i,,,iiii:,,i .rrl,,li'isi,,rr tltis itttt.ttrltlr.trl t.ft't's
orrlt. t, r,orrrrli.s ,,,,,1'1,,,, i.i,,1-',,'4.,','trt irr llro:e t.tp ittslttltt't's itt ulrir:ll
l'i,llt,;,ll,l;i:'li,ii. ,',,i',l,,,,trr, t r,t.rl .r'gislt'rrr.i,rr; r,rrl.f irr *,'ll,ll-].:t'" itt-
li ,,;r.,:..r'1,;, ,,-i,,,i,.r,",,,t,'',,','iri,'ti,i fi.gi,ir,,,'rrrr,lrr'is'lit'li,rtstrrrtl-
lr'.t ilrlttt ll {'r)llllt1 r,t ;'rtt islt lilr' ltrl lrrrilorrl'
ll slrorrlrl lrr. rrol.,rl ilrnl l',['ir sr rrtr,or' 1,rrliliCrrl srrlrtlivisi,rrr to rlrrrtlif1'
[.r. l,,il,rrl.ull,f tt,,",,i,i't.,,-l g,,t,',,tt,.,,'irl.rritlrirrtll*lr;ittl.,r1l,litit:rrl
srrlrlilisiolr tttttst ttrccl lllc l'rrilorrt ('l'llr'l'tll'
l,*stlt.. f,r,. 1,,,,.;',,.,,,.,,i:'r,uii,i,,t. 1xrliti rrl srrlxli'isirrrs u'e rleli.erl rts
.f llr. rl*tr, llrr,1.rr.rr: ,1,,,1,',",1 rrrrrlti' S.r'li,rr'l(lr) .I llrr''\r'l'
,\e.t'l itttt lt I l,\ l.l\
'l'lris sr.cl i()rr PI0t irles tlrrrl rt rlt't'lrttttl{}t l' jlrrlglrrt'rrl.fol' lrllilorrt' lvill
lxr lrirr.*,rl rrrrlcss rf,."i,,i:ir,ii,'t i,,,,'.r,,1,1i", t li,"l,rriit,'r, of lrloritrg tlrtt it
unrl rrll rrrrilsof g,,,.,'1,,,,.,ii rr i(1i. ils.t.l'r'itort'lrrt't'l llrri lxtilorii s(rtntl-
rurrls f,. llrr. l() l',,u,-'i,,',,,',,.tiirg fl," lililrg.,f 'tlrr'.srrit f.t'tle<:lrut'u't't'.Y
i-,i;,;;;;,i'*,,,i ,|'i,,:i,,g'tlr. t.irrrtls.trclt srtil is.l,rrrrlirrg' , l
\\ritlr r.r,st,(.(.t t,r 0urlr tlf llrc lrililorrt r.r.il0r.iu, llrtr (irrnrrrtl.l{{1. llits ('(}ll-
tirr*c<l r.xisl i.g t,,,, r, iil,',,j*ii,'.'f r,, tlr,' lrrrr',1'li ,f ,trr.f"l'lris lrrt'rlerr is
r.usrrrrrbk, lx't'ttttst, 'fril;';..'i;',,,;tr r"''rt" rttr"'1x't:ttlirrrilv *illrirr ltlrrr
irrr.isrlir.tirlr'sl litrorrf,r,ig".';,S)rilih- (:,rrol it,,r v. Ii,ttz, trl,tr,'h,:tlt;l lI'S'
;1111. :l:|2 (ll)(i{i) rr... ,r..." ''i
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