Attorney Notes; Correspondence from Winner to Guinier; Notice of Deposition

    rr"' 
'
I

l{o.8&1968

rr 
= 

- 
= 

il 
= 

rl: 
-

nntFSrqrrPmr Oo:rt sf the lilnttri Statrr
OcrosEE, Itsnlr, 1984

I*ct E ?goBNffnc, ET aL, A-PPEU'aNTS

Rar,Pg GEtcuns, Er Ar.

oN A.ppEAL trRoa rrrffrror*-s Dlsr,uff cqa*r
-'' ioiise aAsrsai DISTRIIT or NoPrE caRoLINA '

BBIEF FOB TgE UNITED S?ATES
AS AMICUS CURIAE

REX E.I,IE
Solicitor GaonJ

Wrr. BulSonoBEtxot,s
Asosiozt Attot*sY Ge*orul

Caur.Ps F?ED
D epzttY Solisitur Gct*mJ

Mrcu.r.u, W. McCoN rvar,l
,{sststaat to th.c Solist'tar Genetol

NrNcrs G. Gaoncs
' AttornrY

De?artment of Jttstinc
W oshin gton, D.C. 2C 5$O

(90e) 639-2217



o

I

I

QtI l'Xff lONS I'ltDSli N'l't'll)

I.Whetherlrrecleat'itttceofnrerlisl'r'ir:lingpl:tnh't'
the Att*ire.v Ge'er,al l)6t'Fuilnt l,g $iettiorr !-r o[ llre'\'o[ittg
iiigqf,t" Act grctlurle,* srr;errlttcttl :trljttrlic;rli.tr lt.r ;rt'iv;tlt'
plii*tilfs of the vnlirlity,f tlrc,ltut tttttlt't'Sccli,tt 2,[
the Voting Itighte Aet'.

2. Whottrer the rlist,r.ir:l r,otlt.l, rrlt.t,t.t:l,h' t.rrttsl t.ttorl

amerxlcrl liectlorr 11 0f thc voling ltiHhts A,.'1. :ts irrv:rlirl:tt-

ir* eer.tai,r ,rulti-urerntnr legislnl.ive rlisl.r'irts i, rvlridr

ininnyir.v crrnfl irlates lrlrl arhieverl signi lic:tttt t'[x'tot'itl sttt'-

ce&qe8.

(r)



'rn ltt,l.: olr (:oN'l'lrN'l's

Slntctrtetll.

Argttnroltl.

(lutclusiott

Itttgr'

I

(;

2t

1'A lll,l'l OF AU'l'llOltl'l'l l':S
Cnnes:

lllut:la l/olat'*, V. llr:l)ottttttrtlt,l>$6 l".2rl I l8'

Ilrttilus v. llttpiilt's l'ut'ish I'olicy 'Irrly' l-r0ft li''2rl

1109
lltoolex v. Atloiu, No. 8il-lSlill (Nov' l:l' llltt l) 12'

(iiltt ol lloliltt Y. llolilctt.446 t-l'S' l-tl-r It' l(l' I l' l8'

l)uliil v. Crtrli'rott. 55it li''2rl !)2lil

llora Y. Illoorr.6'",9 lr.2rl l162
I1ond.ri;r: v. .lo.scrrlt. t-rl-,g li'.2r1 l2G6 ." " 12'

lluior v.'l'reen,lt?4 lr. Supl)' n?r '

ttcGitl v. (,'rtrl.srtt (ittrrttl!t (lontrr'tr,6illt lr'Ztl 217

itorris v. (lr.4.s.selle, 4:tZ tl.S. 491 ..

Newlt. v. ^Sirlr.c' 6:tit F'Zrl l116l

lloqers Y. [,ulqe,46tl II'S' Gl:t ' ' ' "' 14'

Scrtrlrtrr v. I/plrotrr. No' l)-81-49-(:A (lil'l)' 't'rrx'

.trrn. 10, lt)tl4), ltl['rl srrh llolt' 'SIrrrl'1' v"$1'1rl1rolt'

No. 8il-182:l (Ocl. l. l$8{) ' 7 ' 12' l?"

'l'etruzrts v. (lltmenls. l-rtll lr' Srrlrp' lil2$ l:l'
Ilrtilei Slolc'c v. llotttl rt/ StrPrlt'i's ors' l>'l I lf'2rl

9l-r I I !-r

llrr.ilail.Slalcs v. llrtrcttrltt Cottrrlrl Cttmttt'tt ' ?iil lr'2rl

164G, nppc:rl rlisrlrisseit nlrtl t:t'rt' rloricrl' No' 84-

243 (Nov. 6, l9S4) 12

(ln.ileil Strr.lls v. llt'nlozn'. No' 82-tl4!) ('lrrrr' lo'

1084) 7

lYolhtt'c v.llttttst',611-r l''.211 Gl!). vircltlcrl, 4lf5 ll'S'
lt47' ltl

lVltileontb v. (iltnuis,40:l Il.S. 124 lO' 12' l!-r' l8' l!)
lVltilc Y. Rt'tleslct',41211.S. ?56 !)' l(l' I l' l4' l7' l'l

l!l

t8
I i-r

l$
l!)
l9
l!l
7

l!l
7

12,

I !)

I !-r

I l-t

o

I

(ilr)



lv

(lases--fiotrl inttrxl :

lVrl<:he Y. lludisorr' l'at'i*lt' l'oli'c11 'Ittry' 6il6

ilrr tlgr $ttprutttr 0rrttrt rrf
Ot;'tt lttl']tt'[']:ltfi'l,

tlgr Xlrritri)
I !t84

$lttllrr
[)itge

l,'.2r1

I ll-rl
Zirtmtttr v. I|lcl{ci(httn', 48$ F'2d 121')7' :llT'rl 'strb

t,tr',r,.. IlosL ()urt'oll Purislt' School llotn-d v'

Itlo;sholl,424 lr.S. 636 -

Slatutc trlrtl rulrt:

V<rl.in11 ltitlhts Ac-1. oI 196l-r, 42 tl'S't;' 1973 el' seq'z

A2,42 [J.S.C. ( l976 ed') l9?3 ' "
\ 2, 42 tr.s.(;. l9?:l - -

S 2(tr), 42 U.S'C' l9?3(b)

Misctlllltrcotls:
It.lt.:ll12, f)?t.h Oong', lst Scss' (l$81) lO

ll.lt. licp. 97-227,9?lh Corrg', IsL Sess' (l98l) ""."'8' 0' l()

S. Ilcp. ll7-417,!)?[h (lorrg',2d Sess' (1982) "' g' l0' ll'l?'
13, 14, 17, 18,2{)

Vr>lirt11 lliqltt.s Act: Ileuitrys Br'lot'tt Ilte Suht:ont'm'

ttn llte Ootlslil,u'lion of t'\rc Srtrtttt'c Cortt'nt.' ttn lh'tt

.lrttlit:ittr11, t)?l.h (iong', 2tl Scss' (1$82) :

' No. ti3-l!)68

[,lcy I I.'I'lltlttNtttllt(1, li'l' At", Al'l'l'il'l'r\N'l's

?,.

ItAt,t'lt (llNt;t,l':s, t.:'t Al''

0N At',t'l;At, ttrou't'tlt' ItNl'l'fiD s'l'A1'I';s Itls'l'Rt(:'r ('()llll'l'

trota.Ttlli l':AS'.t tiitN titst'tttt;t' ot" N()ti't'lt cAlit-)t't N 'l

lilultlr l,'ott'l'lllt tlNt'I'I.]1) S'l'A't'lts
AS Al\ltctls cl lltlAl'l

,|,hcsolicitot.Gctteritlsttlrnti[sthislrr.itlfitrt'eslrrltlscltl

l,lrc cour['s or.rler irrviting a hrief expressitlg the vittws of

tlro Ulril.etl litttes I'egurlirrg l'his aplrcal'

S'l'A'l'I'll\l ItN'I'

l. In .luly lll8l, as n t'esulI of, tlre l1]fl0 cerrsrts' tlte

Gener.al Assem[rly ,if t,l,u Sl.lrl-e of N.r'tlr (lat',litrt ctr:tcterl

rerlistlictilrg lrlans fol tlre sttte's llotlse of llept'esetttrr-

t,ives ittttl Senate. ltt se;rttrurber' 11)Sl, aplrcllt'es lilcrl srrit

irr the tf nitcd s[:rtcs llistriet (lottt'1, for tlrtl li)astet'rr l)is-

trict of NoIt.h (Iil'olirra, rrllegihg t,lrtlt' tlre tlistlir:tinp, lrliltrs

hatl trectr enactetl llttl.stt:tttI t,o llrovisirlrrs trf tlre 5|61.t|1 (i:rr.-

.li,a (-lolrstilrrti,^ tl*tt. t'er;rtit'e<|, lrtrl, lntl tt,l' t'trt't'i*t'tl'

prccleat'itnto lturstt:tltl, Uo Section 6 of tlrc Vot'irrg ltiglrts

ict, of tlllir,, 42 tl.S.(:. l!)?ilc, artd lhrrt' tlte ttse of lrtt'gtr

nrr,itir"u,,rr,".. rlist,r.icts sub,rcr.gerl c,rcerrtl.:rtirlrs .f
bl:rr:k vu[nrs fllrrl rlilrrl,e<l tttitro|.il,.y votittg sL[crrgl.lr itr

virllitt.itltl of tlre (lrrrrst,itrrtirln atttl Sor'titltr 2 tlf llrrl Vrrtirrg

iiigi,t Ar:t of l!xil-r, 42 US'C'. (lt)?(i erl') l{)?i} ('t's

il:r-4a). ,l.ltc stltte cotrst,il,ttl,irrtt:tl lllrlvisirrtt trr rvlrit'lt llrr,

sttit,t.efel.l'etlrvasitlrt'ilvisirlttltrlollterlirrllXiSlrr'trlrillitirrg
(r)

l8

'lrfi,stttrt
18,20

.)

$ 4, 42 U.S.(:. l!)?3lr

$ 6, 42 tl.s.c. l07li<:

Irerl. lt. Oiv. I'. t-rZ(t)

. ...- 1,2,6
ll

l8 W<rcklY (lontp. i',1*". ,ru". ,ni, tr,,,,* rn,

, 8-!), 13, 10,20
10, 14

r982)..,. $

Vol. I

Vol. 2



2,

l,lrc rlivisigl oI currrrl,ies for tlre pt1'posc uf t:trt:tl.irrg elee-

t.or':r I rl isl.r'ir:t,s.

A l'lr:r' tltis itcIioll !vils lilcrl, l.lrc Sttl'e strblrlit'[erl its

corrstilrrtigpirl pruvisiott f9t' sec[igtt 5 cltl:tt'itttr:e (.1.s. App.

6u). Whilc l.lris srrbllrissioll w:ts lrcttrlittg, t'lte Genet'fl1 As-

strurbl.y pitssetl lt t'cvisctl l'tlrlist,r'icl,irrg plrlt for' Ihe llrtttse,

lcrrvirrg ltrc sclrilte Pl:rn untouclrtxl (ilfil.l. ln Novetnlxtt'

ll)Bl, l.lre Al,toIncy (icrrur':rl in[er'lroserl an objecIir)il l)llr'-
su:url, t.o Sr:cLiorr 5 to tlrc corlstitutioltnl 1lt'ovisiotr rtplitinSt

rlivirlirrg t.0riltl.ies. 'l'ltc objttctirltt strt[ctl tlrilt l,lrc lrt'rlvi-

^siglr t'rxtttil'crl l,lte ttse gl' litt'ge tnttltitlrerttlrct' tlis[r'icLc nnrl

lrir,,i tlri*',,r*rcuss.r'il.y *,,ii,r,",'g"o tngnizirSle nril'r'ity
lxrprrlirt.iol r:orrccn(,r.irl,i6trs iltg lul'gr:r' wlritc clectot'tr[es'"
I ihii. ( citittiorr olnitl.txl ) ) . 'l'hel'r.ritf tttt', ttn l)ecttttltx-'t' ?,

I!)81,:rrrrl .llprrar.y 2(1, l!ltlz, t,he Atl,olrey Getret'ltl l,bjec[etl
'1,9 [lrc sr:1:tlI} lrrrl Ilorrse lllurrs. 'l'lre Attgr'1e.y (iellet'al's

l'()vi()\v lrctl,ititttxl only to tlre 40 Nrlrtlr (jarolirltr ctlttttlitls
(9rrl, gl' 1fi0) llrlt 1r.c r:6ve1erl jglisrlir:[ilus fttt' ptll'l]oses

of Strt:tiolt !-r. Stlc ;, 4, 42 [J.S.C. t!)?ilb.
orr li'chr.u:rr..y ll, ll)112, tlre Gflrelul Assettrhl.y ettacterl

r.eviscrl Surirtt: lnrl llottse pl:ttts, t9 whiclr [lre A[[ortle.y
(k:lrer.:rl ilg:tiil i|ll.cr.prxcrl objections on AlrIil l!], l!)t12.
.t.lrc 6lt.it_,t:tiorrs lrcl.tailrcrl l"o sgrlrl,e l)is[r'ict 2, whiclr lrarl

lrecn'rlt':trvrt l.o ettt:tttlll)ilss fowet' lrl:ttlk vtltcrs l.[an Sec-

tiorr 5 r.cr;rrir.crl, :ilul [o a plolxrstxl l louse rlisl,r'ict f0l'
(lrrrrtlrct'l;rlrrl Oottttty, wltit:lr sttltlttcrgctl :t rrlgttiz.itble blaclt

l,,,l,rrllli,rrr irr :r.llr.ge rnrrll,irrrenrlrcr'rlistrict. See.l.S. App.

-(iir-?;r. On AlrIil 2'l, lllg2, l,lttl (lcttttt'itl Asstrtrlhly enlctetl
l,lr0 r.crlistr.id,irrg Il:rils tlrut, lrle tlre sutr.iecI of this litiga-
l,iorr. lkrLlr t,lrt: I louse :rrrtt strrittr: pl:urs wclc pt'ecle:tt'etl

Ir.y llrc Al,lot'rtr'.y (ictrt't':tl on Aplil 3{), l!)112. lil'. itL 7tt.
2. Aftt',r' tlrrt rlis[r'ictirrg 1rl:lrrs rvctrl lttl'rltl,txl, il1r;lellees

:rrrrcrrrk,rl lhcit' lrlcitrlirrgs to clt;tllettgtl live lrtlwl.y-:trlrryterl'

llorrsc rlisl lir.(.s:trrl lrvrr Skrttitltt rlisl t'it'ls, ittltl l,o tttllfot'ln
l,o lJrP ttou'l.y-:tltlt'rrrltlrl fklt'tiott 2- Onl.y l.rvo of thc rlis-

l.l'icls' llo,lsrc l)isllir'[ ll:tttrl fitlttille l)istlicL l-1vs1'11 61lY-

' irlt to ;tttrl lt:trl t't't'givt'tl lrrrrt'ltlltt':tttt'tl tttttllly secl'i1n 5 rlf '

llrc Vol irru lliglrl.s At:t,. t'):tt'h rlf t.llc olltt:t', ttttpt'ct'lc:ll'erl,

rlistIit't.s is :r lrrttll,itttttlttllet' rlistIicl,.'l'lltt "gl'itvttlllell" of

3

rulllrcllccs' clairn witlr l't.fel'cttee (g tltesrt tttttltitttclttlx't' tlis-

l,ricts, its t'xprlititlcrl by tlre rlistrict' cottt't' l'''fi' A1r;r' 'l:r )'

is l'ltat' l'lte Plnll ttl:tkcs ttse of tttttlli-ttlt'tttlrel' tlislt'it'ls
wil.h sttbsl,arrlilrl rvllile vol itlg trt:t.iot'il it:s in s|,llr'r

ilt.(!ils 0l' tlrc st.:rle in rvlrich t.lrr.r'tt lu'e sttllit'irtttt t'olt-

centr.at,iolrs 0f hluck voter.s l0 f0r'ur ttr:r.iot'it), ltlltt'lt
silr.qlc-m0tttbcr rlistrict,s, * ' * :tll ilt :l ttl;ttttrrlt' tlrltt'

virriirl,es 
'iglrts 

,f tlro ,lnilrlilTs st'crrr'crl 5.\' secti,lt 2

of t.lrc Vol,irrg ltighl.s Acl, of l!fli5.

'Ilte c{lso \\,as tlittrl lx'f9t'e:t tlrt'ee-jrrrlgc ('()tll't orl

the h:rsis of extetrsive st.i;rtrl:rl,ions of f:rcl , rhrt'tttlttlltl.;lt'\'

evitlepet,, rrptl ()r.1l t,cs[irngny [:rlte1 rlrrr-i111' t'igIt tl:rvs ilr

Jtrl.y anrl Atrgtrsl, l!)Bn (,1.S. APlr. tia). Ott 'lrttrtt:tt'S' 2'i,

Itli4, the cotlt't' entet'ctl all t'lrl('l' ttttrl rllrittirttt t'otll:tittintl
exlensive linrlings on tlttl v:tt'igtls f:tctot's t,1,',,11[ilrl ilr lltc
legislrrtivg ltist.ttt'\' :tltfl pt'iot' ('ilselllw its t'clt:r'ltttt' 1t' ;1 1'trlc

rlihttion r.lriru. sec .t.s. App. 2ltr-f-rl:r. 'l'he t'ottt'l lrClrl

thal,, rrrrrk,r' tlre l.ol:rlil.v of l.lre l'elevlrttl, r'itttttttstitttt'es, llte

l.erlisl.i'icl.ing pl:rq i1 rrll sevclr t,h;rllt'-rrgr.rl rlisl,r'it'ls rlr:trirrl

black r:itizens arl erlrprl oplrortrrnitv t() pulticipitlc itt tltrr
lxrlil.ic:rl l)t.(xtess in violatiorr oI str'tiotr 2 ol' tlre votilrp.

itigl,t* Act. llrrl epi.ilcrl el.eti6rrs irr tlrr. r'l*rllelr{r'rl rlis-

It'it:[s.r ltt t'car:ltittg tlris tlltittrirtc' r:rtttt'lttlriott' lhc rlisl lir'l
r:0uIl, sct, frrr.l,lr tlrt f0llorvirrg inlfl'plclitliott rtf iltrtottrlt'rl

Ser:t,ion 2 (42 tl.S.(:. l$?3) (.I.S. Ap;r. l'l;t-lli;r (citirliotr

otrtil.lr,tl) ) :

'l'lro r-.ssc,rce oI t'itr:ial vole rlilrtlirrtt itt tlre ll'lilr' r'.

Iletlesler sctlse is tlris: lltat. It'ittt:tt'i1.1' lx'1';1111rc rif llrr'
intor.lrcl,iorr of suhstanti:rl :rlrrl ;rot'sislctrt t'lt<'i;tl ;rolltt'-
iz,fl[iort itr vrtt.inr{ Iilltet'trs (r':rt'i:rl lrkrt: votittll) u iIlr
a cllallengctl pk'ctttt':tl ltteclraltislll, :l t':tci:rl trtirlrll.it.v

l'l'lre rlistri.ct corrrl. rlel|ierl the Slntc's ltrtilir,tt fot'it sl:t1'. :rs rlirl

the (-ilricf .lustice 0u rolrrrrlrry 24, t984. ilttrl l.ltrl f trll ('{}lrrl olr

Ifl611[ li. l!)tif. 'f'Ic st1l,e lras silrcr' :rrlo1rlt,rl. tlttrlt't' ltrott':rl.' ;r ;,lrtlt
l.lrl|1. hns lrcetr nIproverl hy the rlistrict cotttt itt rrll t'rt:rlrCCls. 'l'ltrr

rlistricl. t:ottt'L rlcfcrt'crl rlet'isioll ott Ilrtttse lilsllir'l 8 Ilttrlittll lrtr'-
elcnrrrrrt'o lr.r, I.hc All.orilov (ir.llcrnl. on (k'lolrcl I, lllSI' llre Al-
lortrey (ierrur.l|l olr.ier'lerl [|} t]re rcviserl plrttt filr Ilotrso l)islt'ilrls I
(l.hr.ee rru.Drtrer) nrrrl ?() (silrgle ttt0tlrber). l)tr Novt'ttllrcr l(i. lif8 l,

the Att$rrre.y ('lerrer,tl Irerle,lrerl;rtarts for tlrose rlistllcts, llttrl llrrr

court ordererl Lhcir lrrl;rlelrtatttnl'iott'



4

witlr rlisl,irrt:l,ivc gt'ottP intet'esls l'ltal' :rt'e ctt;l:rlrle rrf

irirl rlr. irrneli,rr.:rtiurr li.y grrrer-nrnenl, is cllmtivcly rle-

iriurl l.lrc;rolitir:al lx)wer kr furLlrel. l,lrose irrlClesl.s.

l,trlrt nrurrlxrls i,k,lrri worrlrl prcstttttpl.ivcly give-it irr 
.a

u,,t,i,tg' trrtrsl.il,ttcttt'.y ltot raci;rll.y politt'izctl in iLs vot-

itrg lrt'ltltviot'.

3. 'l'lrc tlist.r'it:t cottt't, also l'evierverl at lcngl'lr l'lre rtciirl '

rlt'trrogt'ltpltir:s ittrrl voIirtg lrisl.ory of eaclt clrallerrgcrl nrtrll'i-

rnctttltct' rlisl.r'it't. I

llrtttsa l)isl.t'ir:|, 2t. Ilouse l)istrict' 21, itr Wthc ()ottttty'

rllecl.s six l.trptrrst:ttt.lttivcs [,o t'lte (lellct':rl Asstlttrbl'y oll trn
itl.-lit'grr l,rtsis. 'l'5c ,.1lrrl:rti,n ,f t'lr' rlisl'ricl' is 2l'tl'/'
lrl:tt:lt,; itttrl blltt:k vrl[et's'cotlsl'ittrte fft'l'7" of :rll registcrerl

volct's(.l.S.App.ltlt).'l'hcblack;ropttlittiottofl'hcrlis-
l,r'it't, is s, sil.rriti.ctl l.5at iI w,tt1l lrc lxrssiSle to tlt'itrv 

'tre
sirrglc-rrrrtrrrlrcr. logislur.ive rlistt'icl, wil,lrirr l,ltc Pt'esettt lxrttn-

,1,,,ii,'" of l)ist,ricl" 22, with it ltl:tck ;xr;rttlit[iott of li1'/o

(irl. ll. 20rr). lltrtlrtr tltc chrrllcngetl plln :tntl iLq 11113-
,'1'lrsot' ( wlriclr wlts $tll)stilrrtirrlly t'ltc s:ttrlc ( irl' :rt l!)a) ) 

'
otrt: lrl;rt:h kgisl:rtrlr wil$ clect.e(l in l!lB0 :rltrl l'eelet:tctl itr

I !tft2 ( irl. lr t ll!-ur ) . I n l,lrosu elett,irltrs, t'tlspct:l,i vtrl.y, he

r.(.(.cive(l t.lrc volos of 31fi, urrrl il!)/" of [ho white votet's

irr lh<r lrlittt:rr.y, alrrl l'he votes of 44'l' ani 45'l' of Llx>

rvlril.e virtt,rs ilr tlrc gotlel'al eletIiott (frI' tl' 44a)'

llottsa l)islr.it:t.93. lkrrrse l)ist.rict 23, in l)ttrlrnnt
(lruttt.y, elu:l.s tht'cc ttt.-lal'ge l'el)l'es(lltl'lrtives to l'lre Gcrl-

t'r.,rl Asscn.l,|v. 'ltrc ;ltllrttllrIirltr rrf llre rlistr.icl, is 3(i.31,

lrl;rcl<, irrrrl llrr.k v,t.erls c.rrsl.il.rrt.e 211.6')l' rlI l,lre tr:gistererl

vol.Cl.s (.1.s. ApD. l!)tr). 'l'he blatk;ropttlirliotl of t.lre rlis-

t,r.icI is so sil,rrirlr:rl tlr:tt it wotttrl lrc lxrssiblc [o tlt'itw otltt

silrglc,rnenrlxrl legislrrt.ive rlisIr'icl, wil,lrirr t.[re pt'esent lxxtlt-

,1,,ri,,* of I)istlir'1, 2ll, rvi1h a lrlilt'lt ;ropttlat'iotl of 70'll'l'
lirl. :rl 20:r). Ilrrrt(!r. tlrc chitlle|lgcrl Pliln rttrrl il.s pt'erlc-

(.(,ssol., 0rre of l.he l,lrr.rr: rlisIr'ict. t'ept'cserttittivcs hits lncn

lrl;rr.k, (:v(il..y vclil-sirrcrr ll)?3 (irl. ril, il[tit). 'l'ltc hl:rclt lcg-

,.t't,,r ai"t.i.I r:ortr[ rlirl not lrtlve nvailahle rl:t|.tl olt tlto votittg trgr:

;xlllttlittirlrt rlf tlrl: r:ltrtllrrlrgr:rl rlisl.rit:Is. rvlrir.lt is l,tttr lrt.efrlrl.rtll lttttits-

,,r,'. llrurha v. Illttiis,ttt ;',11j'r[ l'olit'y 'lut11,61tfi F'2rl I ll-rl' ll(il-

lltiz ll-rth (lir- l!)81 ).

6

islul.0r. w:ls lul0l)lroserl irr llre g0ttot'il1 ctr.cl iotl irr ll)711, irrrrl

iu lxrth ur.irrrtrr..y:rrrrl gorrr.r'il1 clu:ti|)tts irr l!tt{(}. lrr ll)'ilt,
Irrr wus rileeltxl witlr lli'r1, of the rvlrllt'volt'irr llrc It'itlt:rr'.\',
:rrrrl irr l!)s2, lro r.r.r'r,iverl ll7,l, of llrc rvlrilc voltt itt llto

PIirr|lrr..y rrrrrl 4l],)1,()f lhe rvhile vott'itl tlrr'11r'tttrt'lrl ok't'-

ii,,,,. ,t set'.tttl lrllr.lt cltllrlitl:tt. :tls. g:rt'tt.t't'rl 2li',:{' ,I tlrr'

rvlril.e vote irt tlre lllll2 Prirtur ry - ld. irl' 4:l:r-44rr'

ll,trtsrt llislrirl :tti. l L,ttse l)isl licl, illi, irr [\'lctlilerrlrrtlg
(lorrrrly, h:rs ilrr r,iglrl-rrrerrrhet' llorrso rkrlr'11:tliott, r'll'r'lt'rl ltt,

lirr'11tr.' 
;f'lte 

1,,,1,,,1rt1 iotr trf tlrtl rlistlit't' h 2i'h',)"' lrl:t''k, :ttttl

lrlix,k volor.s ilr:rkrr rrp lfl"4, of llr(} t'tuisl{it?rl votots (,1 .s.

Apjr. l!)lr). 'l'he hlilr'k lxrpullrli0tr of tlrrr rli$tIicl is srr

siirrnlerl lh,l, il. \r,()ul(l he ;r,ssible lo tlt'^tv l.rt'rl sirtgk'-

nlcnrlx)t' lngislillivu rlistr.ir:ts llurL rvortltl lx. li(i.l"{' itllr!

71.2'1, black (rrl. ;rl, 2()a). Iltrtltrt' tlrt' It'r'serrl' Illttt, r'ttr:

t,t,,";, 1'r,1rr'{'strtttitlivt' rt'lls olcclt'rl in ll)f{2; ltc i'r llrt' lirsl'

lrt:rt,lr r:iliz.trn l,o lre elr.t.ltrl lo llrc llorrsc flotrr [\'let'kL'rllrttt'11

(l(,rrnl\. in l his r.errlur.y l irl. al, il,l;r l . llo t'e<'eivcrl 5(l'li'

of l.lre volrls of rvlrite voters in tlre lrt'ittrtt'1, ok'tl,iott. ittrrl

42?i, 'ttt t.lre gelrr.r.ul r,k.r.tiorr (irl. :r[ 4llr ]. A trt'r'otttl. tttt'

succossfrrl, lrlirtk currrlirllle rr.r'r.ivr,rl i]!]'ll, of lhc rt'ltiltt vrrltt

in thc l!)82 lrr.irrrrrr.v alrrl 2{l'li,irr llrc getrCt'rtl t'ltctirltt."
llottsr; l)istriel. :t9. llottsc l)istf ict :ll), ilt lt lltt'1. ol'

li.or.s.yth o0rrnl.y. lrlrs live flt-t:il'gc sc:tts itl 1111' (11'111'1 :rl

AsseiDbly. ,l'hc po,rrl:rtiorr of tlrc rlistlicl, is 25.1')i hlirck,

nttd 20.8'1,, of t.hc t'r'gistelrxl volttt's itt'e lrlirck ('l 'S' A1'lr'

l$:r). 'l'lre bltrck polrrrllrliou is s0 silrt:rltrl lhitl oltt' sitlgkr-

nrenlf x.t. tqlisllrlivg rlistlicl., u,it,lr a 7ll.ll',', coll<rt'tttt':tliolt rrf

lrlltck votct's, c(ttlhl lrrl tlt':ttvtt (irl. :rt 2lll l - lltrrk'r' lltr'
clrirllerrgcrl lrlurr. lrvo of {lrc livc ;ept'<'r,t,ttlllliyt's t'l11lt'rl irr

l9B2 tvcr.e lrlirt.k; rrrtrlcr. lht. ;lrcrlt't'r,ssot' ;rlrtlt, lr lrl;rt'lt

t.|jl,t.0soiltitlivr: rvirs elor.lcrl irr lll?.1 ltlrtl l<'r'k'r'l0rl irr lllTli
(irl. :rt 35rr). 'l'l1p lrrro hlltck lt'lrt'r'sctrtltlivcs ck't'lcrl itt
It)tt2 rTccivo.i 2lt')4':lrrrl il(i';l ol'llrc rvltil() vrrlt'irr llrr'

;rIirrrirry t'lct:l iott, ttni'12'l'tnxl 4li'l irr llrc t1r'ttCr':tl ck'r'-

I Ilr nrlrlitiorr, lllrl
heel r.lecl.txl tttnt'or
rvlril.o voto irr l,he
(J.S. At,p. 35n).

rlislri<'t t'ottrt ttlrst'lvtrl lhlrt:r lrl:rlk t'itizt'rt lurs

of tlrc (lity of (ilrnrLrllr:. rctt'ivittg iitl', r'f llrc

,(crrrrrtl,'11'1'lir;tt rrgaitrst rr n'lritrl llr'Ittlrlir':rtt



6

l.i0n (irl. ilt 4fltr). oile of urcse t'e1rt'eselttatives harl 1rt'e-
. viousl.y rvon tlre l)enrrxratic notttinaliotl in l9?fl anrl l!)80

(witlr 28'1, of tlre rvhilc vote itt lg?B anrl 4ll'l' of lhtt

white vot,c in l9ft0), tnrl lost [lre gencral clecl,ion in l.lxrse

yeat's (itl. at, 42rt-431).
Serrojn Ilisl,r'it,t, 22. Senate l)istl'icL iZZ, irt Mccklenlxrrg

itntl Calxt t't'trs Cottnties, is lr frlttr-tnclrtber rlisl'rit:t" 'l'lte polt-

rrlation is24.lll, blactr, arrrl l(i.Bl, of tlre rcgisl,ercrl votct's

ilrr blut'k (.1.s. Alrp. l9a). 'ltre blitck lxrltttlatiort is so

situal.erl [lr:rL ole singlc-nrcnrber rlistricL mttltl he creitled

wit.lr ;t 7$.ll,l, hlack 1xr1[rlirtion (irl. at 20'l). tlnrler thc

oJ;xx:ill,ilil::,'il:;'il*,'Jil'Xil;j;*";:l;'i,"'iff 11*T',"1?;-
illttO t1il. al, S4.). 'l'1e Slach se,a[,t'irl ineurrlrc.t {Alex-
rrrrrlcl.) r.ct:eivcrl 47,f, of t.lre wlrit.e v0tes itt llte pI'itnary

r:lccl.ion in lo?tl arrrl 4l /" in thc. gettet'ltl trlect ion ; his

slrrrr'o 0f l.lr0 rvhite vote rlropperl Lo \il'f, irr lhe lt)80 pri-

nl:lt..y. A sccorrrl llt:rck canrlirlate (l'r.rllt), t'ttnning in l!|82,

g,,,'nn,'c,l 32')6 of t,lre white votes in the prinrary antl

ilil'1, in [lte gcttct'al elcctiorr. Id. aL 42tt'

AR(:T'I\IITNT

1. Alrpellitnl.s' sttonrl tlttestion 1rt'esetrtetl is ttol', in our

,i,,w, "i,i,*tantial. 
A;rlrcllttnLs' challenge l'o the rlistrict

,.,,,,['* invalitlltt.iol, ,rf lln,,"e Dist'rict fi anrl Setlate Dis- '

l.r.ict 2 is birserl solely ()n the gr0ulrtl t.h:r|,, since these rlis-

l,r.iet.s lrlrrl lx'crr pxtclealerl b.y the At.l,ot'ncy (lener:rl ;tttt-
str:tttl l.o Set:tiolt 6 of the ItcL,42 tl'S'(l' l9?ilc, they ar.e

i,helcfor.e rroL subjecl, to clrallenge ilt cottrt trlttler section 2,

42 tl.S.(:. lt)?3. ;l'his 
lxrsil,itttt, ltowever, is c,ntritry to tho

plirin ltngrtitgrl tlf tlre sl-rtute, has hcen rejocLed hy t'his

il,lu'L it cl.sel.y .lt:tl.g*tts ci.t:ttlnstanctn, itntl is incott-

sistcttf. witlt gelreral prittcillles of collatet'al estl4lpel' As to

l.lrcsc rlistri,:t*, [l,e Cottt't shoulrl sttirttnat'ily allirrtr l,he

jrrrlgtnetrt of l,ltt: rlist,r'ict, trrttt't-" 
dc.li,n l-r ,f t1e V,ting ltiglrl"s Ar:[ ex,l'essly c,n[cm-

pl;rl.t:s llurt. irrrliciill ilr:liorrs rnuy lx: lrt'ottgh[ to cttjoin elec-

i,i,rr ,r.act,it.r:s l,h.t lrave nreiverl Sn.tion f) l)t'eclcitl'tlnce
fr.urrr ilrc At.tor.ncy (lcneral. lt stiltes (42 tr.s.c. 1!)73c):

7

Neit,lrcr alr ttllir.rrrlrl.ive irrrlir..lrtirrrr b.v tlro Allot'ttt'v
(iener.ill tlrat rrtl olrju:l,iort rvill lxl ltt:ttlc, lloI tho

Attolney (lerrfl.rrl's failrrr.e t0 ohjrx,t, ll()l' it rk:t'lltt'lt-

l,or..y juilgrrr.nl, err[er.etl rr.rler t.lris seetiorr slt:rll b:rI
u s,rli*e,ju,r,[ .r:l.i,rr t, crrj,irr epf*t'ectttrtltl, ,I sttclt

r;':rli lit::rli6tt,,t'orctlttisitr:, stattrlit t'tl,, t':ltll'itlo' tl l' lll'tF
cerlut'e.

lrr tlfo,.lirc v. Gressett.e, 4:12 tl.S. 4!)1, 501-r ( l!17?), t'his (lotrt'l'

ilrter'pt'ct.etl l,lrat litrtgttilge l,o nte;ttt tltttt a 1tt'ivitIe lrlailr-
tiff corrkl challenge tlre constituliorralit.y of it vol'ittg Plart

turtrvitlrstlrrrrlirrg the Al,t.orley (lencrll's plet:le:tyiutcc tleqi-

sion. 'l'herc is ttrt t'eas0ll l,o sttpPtlse tlurt, a sl'attttory t:lrlrl-

lerrge rvorrkl trc b:rr.r'erl rvlrer.e a corrstil,rrtiorral cllxllcttgc is

rrot. See tl{aior v. 'l'reeil', l-r?4 lr. Srrpp' 325 (l'l.l)- l,a.
l$8:l); Srrrrrttotl v. IIphuu,, No. l')-Bt-4!l-(lA (li.l)' 'l'e'x'

Jrtt. 3(), l!)84), :tll'tl sttlntnrrlily sub uttrtt'. Slrul,:4 v' $1rr-

lron, No. tl3-1823 (Ot:t. l, l$84).'
Itt atty evenL, collalel'al estop;rc| catt ottly pt'rlvettl, pat'-

ties.frrrtu ilelil.igating att isstte tltey ltilvc pleviotrsly liti-
girl.ul ttttsuccessftrlly ilt atlothct' ar'[itltl. Ilnil,ul .Slrtlc's v'

Illrtnrktzo, No. U2-tt4t) (,littt. 10, ll)ll4), slip o1r- 4, l-r tt'4'

It, is l,hus rliflictrlI t(} uttrlersttttttl ltow lrtecleitt':tttcc lr.y tlre

Attottrey Genet':tl itt an ltltltilris[t'ative 1rt'rrcess t.o wltich

$P;rcltets rvet'e not Prrl't,ies cottkl collltte[lrll.y eslrtp lltoso
prlnint.iffs ftrrttt itsset't.ing their riglrts itt cottt'1,."

Nur tlo we lrclievr: that, :tpptllaltts' fottt'l,lt t;ttes{iott--'
whel,her the rlis[r'ict cottt't et'tutreottsly t'ejrr:terl crrt'l,rtitt

evirlencc-is sttbstantirtl. 'Ilrr: tlisl,r'icl, crtttl't rlirl ttt,l. ex-

clurle l.lre evirlenet:, hrtL sirnply g:rve it lcss rvciglrI l,ltitrr

I 'I'hls iltcrprettrLion wns ;xrlttterl out. to tlre Stlrte i* tlrc At-
toriley (ietret'l|I's Alrril 30, l$82 Ireclelrttttte lellr:l', $'lrit'lt st;rtr:r]:

Firrally, rve frol a realxrlrsibilitv t0 lxrirrl, orrI llrilt set'tiorr l-r irI
the Vrrtirtg llighls Act exPressly ltnrvitlos I lr:rI t]rrr failrtt'rl of
l.hrt ALtor-noy (letle rnl l.o obiett ,;.,g5 ttoI lrtrt' ittt.l' slthstltlttettI
jurlit:ial nctiorr trl elljoirr t]re elrforcerrre lrt of srt|lt rhattges.

r,!Ve rryotrlrl expot't tt rlislricI tlrtlrl, trt acurrrl tlte Attortre.t' (ictt-

ernl's urtttlttsirttts ttppt'oprirtte rleferottr:e where sttbsr't1tlr:ttt liligrrliorr
inrplir:nten s()llle ()f the natne r;tttlnliotts grltsitlt't'erl rlttrittg tltrl ptlr-

r:le1rilrce t,rix,ess. Aplrroprirte ttefert'rrce, lurtvevrlr, is ttr;t tltrl sntttc

thirg as collrtteral eskrppel.



B

al)lrcllilrrts wotll(l wish {'I'S' App' 4Ba) ' 'lllutt rniglrt h:rvc

,'ulnur.,,"*, l.rr :t t:lltittt t'lr:rt l'lr* tii"t''i"I rrout'l,'s fiteLu*l linrl-

inf* nu.,,',-. cleirll.y el'l{'tleotls; i[ <locs nrll' pt'esctlt an issue

warlanl,irtg tlris (lrtlt'['s lllett:tt'y revierv'

2. We cotlcltttle l,httt itp;rcllaltts' rttltcr qttcs[ions' 1rcr-

tailrirrg [o r.aciirl bloc v(|tirrg ltlttl tttittot'it.y eler:[ot'al srtc-

. (:css, ,ri.e 
"ul,"t,,rrl.ial 

nnrl tlurI thc rlist,r.icI courl,'s l,t'eul,-

,r,,,,r[ ,,f t]ttlse issttcs witt't'ittrLs pleltitt'.y t'eview' 'l'he legis-

laLive lrackgrourrrl of antottrlerl licclion 2 utttlcrstu[es l'ho

ct:rrtt':tliL.y ,rf tlttlse lcgll toltctrltts [o tlrr: I t)82 Vrltirrg

o*lj[.,i::i;ii[,nlr,lliii{;#t[*rir,;L,'-.*il:i:[
gtlltge \v:ts l)1.(,lX)sctl lly Stllrirt,tlt. l)rrlc irs il tlteillls of t.c-

solving ,r ,[ci,,il,,cl, iu t'lre Settit[e 'Irtrlici:rr'.y CournriLtee

l,lrat rxr:rrIr.Crl :rfteI l.lre (]onstil,rrtiotl sulxrrmtnit[ee lrlttl re-

jectrxl tlrc Ilorrse |)f lltrplcsentatives' versiolr of section 2'

A*,',-'ur,,l,.,rlh.ytlrelegislativehis[or.y,nt'ltectttlt;ltrltlrise

I
,luiit:ittry, !)?l,h (iong., 2rl Sess. lt)g ( lt)ftz) (opt'tritrg sl;ttr'-

rilenI by Scri. fUaltiias) lhet'cin:tfkrr t:ilerl fls Sctr:ttrr

llearings|; irl. al, ftl;l.sl!} (testinrrrn.y rlf At.ltr:ttttl l)cr.f.

ner'). Anrl op;xltlellt^s of tlte elTeels test' :tgt't:etl' ilt cssetlt:c'

tlrflt, a firuling of unluw[ul vol,c rlilrrl.iorr cottkl atttl sltottkl

lro tnittle u,, i-h" stl'ctrgl,lt g[ gbjccl'ive evirk:ttt:tl' Sctt' rr'r1''

fd. a0 5l{i (staternerrt irf Serr. Itatt'tr); irt' at' l40lf (tr:st'i-

ruony of l'r'of. lrvitrg Yotrrrgcr)'
Secontl, tltlt'itrg {lte cout'sc tlf tlre dtllxtte, :l (:{)tlsellslls-'-

Setrator- i)rrle rlcscrilrerl it, *B "it ttttttltittttllts r:t)llseltslls"--

rlevelopcrl ilgninst pel'rnittirlg seet.iolr 2 clititrts to lxr lxtsctl

,rr tlre i,utiitity ,ri ,, g,.u,,;, l.o ttcltieve t'e,t'esettlitIi.tt itr

pr.o1xx.[iorr t,o its p,,,1,,ilutiun witlrin_. llxr jtrrisrlit:l.iotr. S:

ir-ii. r,z-at?, r)?rtr i;ung., 2rl Sess. ll|3.t ltllt2) (Arllili,rr:rl

Views of Sen. Dole) lltcreittaf[et' eiterl as Settrtte llc;xrrt'l'

Setr llottse llelror.t ll0; Senrrte lleprrr.t, i}:}; lft Wet,kly ()rlttl1l.

I'res. l)rrc. tidti (.ltrrre 2{}, 1t}tt2) (l'resirletrt''s sigrtirrg slttLc-

nt(trr[). 'l'lle lrrosL sigrrifictrtrt feltLul'e rlf the cotttlrtrttttistt

wttsttlrnrxlifyatlrlexlrittrtlthelallgtt:tgetlftltellrrttse.
,asserl hill d e,sure [hat, "etluttl ,,1t,t'ttttrity" attrl ttttl,

:'prolxrt'[iotrirl t'esults" wottltl be t,lre legrrl tes[' Strtl Setrltttl

tL1n,,'f tt)3-ll)4 (Atllitio,*l Vie'rvs rtf Sttt' I).le); ril' rtl'

Itlg (Sttp;rlernelrtal Viervs of Sctt' (lnrssle.y)' 'l'ltis wls

uc",rri1,li*liorl i, l,rvo wn.ys: li'st, lt.y itttt'txlrtr:irrg "ittlli-
li,u,nl' la.gulrge rlelirreatirrg rvh:rl, lcg.l stattrl:tt'tl slt,ttltl

a;,pt.y untler. tiie resrrlts tesl," r u.rl, s.courl, lry "cla'il'vi.g

cncortrl):tss(xl tlrlec lttly ltt'cirs of ctlnsetlstts'

lril.sU, Llrcr.e rvirs wi,lesg,r'ea,l itgtrrtttttcttL tlrat rlirec[ evi-

rklrrcc 0f irr[errI to rlisc[irnitrlte sltrtttltl tro[ he lle,('essill'y

to est,lrblislt it virllatiotr ttnrlcr SecLiorr 2' Pt'oponettts,-of an

.,if**,t* ttrs[ :tr.grretl tlrlt [his (]6urt's lrotrlin;4 in Cil'11 .ol
frlttlilL, v. Iltilrknt, 44(i U.S. 65 ( l1)tt0), irrsttlatetl rliscrirtr-

inut0r..y pr.ut,l.iccs frriln [cvic\L ltcr::tttstt of tlre rlilliculty of

ol,l.rririing evitlettce t'egttrlitlg l'lre srtbjrul'ive tnot'ivatiorts

of lcgisllrt.ot's-- cspecillly wherr l'ltc pract'ices in tlttestirttt

welc urkrlrtt:tl totrg :tgtl- Sctl, c.r1', ll'll' Ilep' ll?-227' 
-9?th

(Joug., tst Scss. 2l) ( lt)ttl ) llrcreirrlft'er citerl as lftrttse

li,,1u,':t l; I l/ot.irt11 lli11ti.x Acl.: lleu'irtys llclorc the Snlt'

,,,ri,,,,,. ott llttt 4.ints1|tu1iort' ol the Sewl'a Contn" ttrt' t'he

r o.c of l-he pritrcipal critit:isrrls levtlk:rl tgnirlst llte ilttterttlttrl

Ser:tirln2anit,lrnrl;lrrsserltlrallrlrrserlfllellresr'rttrrlivasrvaslltrrI
iL rr}'ttninerl no "core vulue"---tto "llltinrnl.e or llrt'cslrolrl cril'eriott bv

rvhir:lr n rrreL-fillrler r:nrr cvnlttato tlto evirlclrco lrefo[e it"-'otltt:ll'lttttt
ilre rellrrrlinterl rroti0rr 0f "er;ttatl ele(tor&l rtstrlls for rlt'lirrerl tttittot-

ily gr,,rrpn, or plolxrrtiotttrl represtlltl:tl iott" lScrrlrlc lkrlxrr'I llli'

ii,,ii,,* itigt,r" Ar:t: lkrlxrrt. of the srrlx:rlu',n. r)u l.lrr' (hrrstilrrliorr

,,f tl,u .Su,,,rte .lurlir:inry Oornul') ) ' 1'lra roslxlllse rrI tltt: llrolxrtlcttts

of tlre tlt:rttge w{rs to;xritrt to thtt lntrguage ill ll'lrile v' fil:q<:slcr'

4l2tl.s.?l-16,?G1|(l!)?:l),thnt"thephilrtill'nlrtrttk'ttistrllr'(t(ltl(r(!
evirlettte to stll;xrrt'lilrrlllrgs tlrn[ tlrc politic{l Il('(:cils(:s lcflrlitrg trr

,,,,,r,i111tirltt atlll elcctiott rtre nt't eqrrarlly opelt to plrl'icipntit'rr lry l'lrrl

ut,r,,f, i" tlttestiotl." Sce I Scnnte llenrirtgs {l[r$ (testinrotry of I'rof'

N,,rnu,r, liorserr). I'trt of Llle trrttlPrtrlttise evctttrutll'l':ttltlttcrl tvits

i.. ir,a,rrlrrrote tltin lnlrgurtge ilr l'he shtute tn tlte govet'ltirrg logrrl

,rlu liHht 11[ 1.1111 r:rrttt;ttrrtltinc tltntlcl'cr of thc ultinrnte leginhrtiotr'

urr,ltt,t .ttttl,ltitsis lltttsl' ttol bc itr:cotrkxl Ilrrl-Vicws tlf trtty rltte ftlr.tiolr

i,t ur,: r:,,,rtr.,rvr,l.sy. Ar:rolrlittgll', RLrt.etttettts of l.!ltl ntnjotity irr l'he

liett:rl'tl llr:1xll.t lttttsI lle r:virltttlttyl nglritrsI statertttrttts llf :rrlrlitirltt:rl

vitwstrlrtll,llr)l.tlrlttl.tltlstrrlrlislltlrllxlfilt.cl,ltelrrlrlytnrrlvhrllc.,l.lro
slnl.r,rrrlttrt:tttrl lrltl:tttirLirttts of Scttittor l)ole' the fllxrlls'|r of tltt;

torrrptotuist!, tttttsl, lxl givcrr lxrttitttlnr wciglrt' an well trs tlro vicws

,,f Llr,, l'rt:sirlrlttt, rvlxrstl stllpot'l' f0t [lrlr r:rttttltrlrtrtile trtlstlretl its

Iilssll l{t).



,o

l0
t.hlrt, llris l.Csl, is uoI a rnirrul:rl,e for pr0ltorl"iorral l'ot,l'o-

sCtrt.ilti0tr." * 2 serraLe lIc:rIirrgs (i() (sttt[etllettl, 0f sclt.

l)olc ) .

'l'lti|rl, lxltlr sirles irr l.hc (Irltt'trlvct's.y agt'ecrl t'lrrrl' [lrc

colrt:cIl.s of rrrrt:orrsl,iLtrtioiltl v()tr: rliltttiotr tlcvcloPerl lly
t.lris (irrrrlt h ll/ltittt v. llclles|ct',412 tJ.iJ' ?61-t (tt)?3), uttrl

ll'ltilr:rnifi v, Clmtis,40:t lJ.S. 124 (ltt?l ), ittttl itlrulitxl

lr.y Ilrr: krwur. t,0rrr.Ls 1rr.i0r. 1.0 ()i.l,y ol Molilc sltrlttkl govel'll

Srr:li0tt 2 r:ascs. St}c llottsc lte;xr[L ll0 & n'[(14; Sr:nillc

llclxrr'[ 27-28, l;?-(iU (ruiljoIiLy vicws); irl" at 104 n'24,

lritr:rt. li (Ar1liLi,r.^l Vi.ws ,I S.tt. ll^[c1l; id'' at l!)4

- I Arklit-iottltl Virrrvs oI St'tt. l)olc).

O 'l,lr. l:rrgtrirg. ir,rl str.uct,r'e ,f arnctrrletl Se.ti,tr 2 t'e-

llct:t, t.lrcsg irr.girs 9[ (:ons(]1sus. 'l'lrg lrtuvisitltt ttgw cx-

Ilit:ill.y r:st.lrblislrtts [l(,l-lr l.lre nttttt'e of tlrc evitlttltce t.tt lrtt

,:onsirlt,r.crl lr.y l,lre rlistrict, goul'I in t'esolving it vol.e tliltt-
li0rl cliriI|r rtrrrl tlre l0girl stitrrrlalrl by which this evirlence

is to lre t:vllrrlrtr:rl. 't'lre evirlcrtce trl be ctltlsitlet'ctl is tlre
"t.ot,:rlily of tltrl t'i|.ctttlrst:ttl(:()s," l).y wlriclt (j('llgl'css lll()illlt'
tlrtr vlrr.ious so-e llltxl "objer:tivo f:tc[ors" irlcrll.ilitxl b.y

st:rrrrl:rrrl. As sr,rrirlor l)okr cxpltincrl, l.he "lcg:tl ntltrtlat'rls tID bo

;rlrplirrrl rrrrrlcr tht-.'rcsrrlts'lust" wr:rc rlclirrelrtcd "ilt orrltlr kr ntl-

rlr css tlrr: l)tlrlx)r-l.i(|turl Iopl'csctrtlrtiorr issue" (senato ltelxrrt l!14

( Arlrlil,i,,rr:rl Vicrvs of Sclr. l)oltl) )'
s'l'lrr: lrlololtiotral te;rlr:scrrL:rtiotr rlist'ltrittter, as it n1r1x:ltr'crl llr

l,ltr: llotrsc'I:rsscrl bill ( ll.lt. :tl l2, 9?tlr (iorr1;', lst' Sesr' .s 2 ( l118l )

( r.nrlrltirsis lrlrlcrl ) ) ' provirlrlrl :

,l'lre f:l(:L tlrlrt rrrt'trrlrrt.s 0f n nrirroril.y gr0up ltavo ltot lto*ttt

Ik.(tr:rl irl trrr$rlrcrtr er1uill 1,rl thc grotrp's;rrolortiott of tlte

;xr;rttl;rtiott Hll:tll ltot, in ontl. ol il*dl, t:oltstiltttu tr viol:tIiott of
tlris sr:r:tiotl.

l iritir.s ol l.lrr, tlrrrrs(l bill 0lljt:r.tr:rl tlrllt trnrlcr this larrgrrngrl, n llrck

of 1rr.01xrt.l.i0ilirl t.r.ItrrrcrrtrrIilrlt, if &r'r:Urttlutltiutl lry tllry tltle (tf rttttttcr-

,,,rs ju,**il,le ,,oh.ifl.tivr: filr:l.ors," r.orrkt srtpltot't tr lirrrlirrx of tr violt-
l.iorr. ,l'lris rvorrLl tC|ltlct l.lre rlisr:l||itrrt't' -ttteitttiltgl(jss. soc, c.7.,

lir:rr:rl.r. ttglr1r.l. l,l2-l4l; (sglx:rtt1ttl. ltr:1x'rl.t. 'l'[c t:gttt;ttrttttistr

:rrrrgrrrllrrgrrt, irrlglrl.rtrl lry llr6 [rrll (irrrgrrlss, t'lilttirrtrtcrl tlrrl lrltrrrac
,.ilr trttrl rrf il,srllf,,,rr,hir.lr tlttl t:ritir:s ltirrl frrttrtrl srl tt.rlttlllittg. Sr.tttt[rl

ItcI(tr.l. (ill rr.226. 'l'lrc rrrir jority views lxrt tiotr of tlrc se tutto ltolxrIt

,,*i,r,**lv r.r,.ir.r.l.s l lr. irrt.r,r'.tuti,tt ,f t1t: rlis.llritrtttr lttttl't wlti<:lt

"1.1,,, l,,.l .f pt',1r,rl.iott:tl rrllrtt:st:ttL:rti9lt, r I r lrltls tllc nrlrlitigtr 9f

()rc (,tlrcr'1i111[ot',"'rvoulrt csl:rblislr tt violtrtiotl (irl' at Il4)'

tt
l,his (iorrr.l,:rlrrl ollrct.(.('llt.ls itr r:orrs'[iltrlil)ltirl v0lc rliltt-
l,irrrr t.l:rinrs l)l'i0t. l,(, ciltl of llobile, ll(,tirbly l,ltosrl irt ll'ltilc
v. llt'qexl ttt'.

,l.he rlistr.ict urrrr.l, lru'e Iitithl'rrlly urrtsirlol'(xl Ill(!so ob-

jectiv() l'trctt|r.s, iut(l llt(,1'o is tto t'litittr llrlrL ils Iirrrlirlgs

rvitll r.t-,s1rct't. [o tny ol' llrtrn w(!t'o (:l(.:ll'ly ('l'l'(]lloolls. 'l'ltc

issrro iil this t'ilsr: is s0lCl.y rvlrr:t.lrct'tlro rlistt'icl r:ottt'1, eot'-

r.ectl.y i||ler.Pr.cttrrl tho k,g:rl sl.:Utrlal'rl ulr(lol' tvltit:lt tltesrr

I'tcl,ir.n utily hcill. ul,oll lltr! ulliluirto (:(,ncltrsioll tlt:tl, (lrerc

Iras beerr irrr;relrrrissible votu rlilrrtirrrr. A1r1rr:llt't,s :rl'o thlls
rrrist:rken wlrcrr tlrcy t.lr:rllrc[ct'iz,e tlris ;ll)1,('lll :ts otttl r:lt.;tl-

I0lrgirrg lirrrliDgs 0l' f:rr:1, srrlrjr:el, t0 tlrr: cl{f:ll' (}r'r'r)l' slirtrrl-

.r'ri,l'lrerl. lt. (jiv. l'.52(tr). ll:rl)lreilt's l, lrc tlrt'it'
vierv th:rt, so l()||l{ il$ tlt() rlislrict c(rlll'L llils (lstellsi[)ly

Ir.rrrlgrtrl thr.orrglr e:rclr 0l' lhe l'ltt.toIs listerl irr lltc sr:rrnltt

Itelxlr.t, iltxl it.s srrbsirli:rIy lirrrlitrgs r)ll o!l('ll of tltr|sr: fac-

[9r.s 1r.e rrol, ;rlirirrl.y int,or;cct, tlrt:t'e t'g1ltitts tlo(llittg l'ot'

tn :tt)petlltl,e colll'L [o rkr. See It'Lrt,. lrl l)is. 21, :15-:l(i'

we ltclirrv(l tlris lursiliorr is lxrtlr slrUltsighlcrl :rttrl ittr:ot'-

recL- slror.lsighturl lltrt:irrrsr,) il, rv0rrkl rlisirbk' I'rrltrlrr Il:rirl-
till's ft'ottt r:{l'rtr:tivt:1.1' t:lrirllt'rrgirtg tlecisiotrs lvll('l'e, r'll iltl
osseltiilll.y stllrrl:rrrl[,ss birsis, lr rlistlicl, (:r,11'( (lct(!l'tuittes

lhlrL tlre "t0lrrlit.y of tlre cilurrttstiutctls" rlirl rtrtl sttPprlt'L

[lrcir. c1se, a1(l ilcr)l.l.lrct. [et::rrtse it, t:gtrfrrsgs llrs isstte ol'

l'olev:ult evirklllt'rt rvitlr llrc issttt: 0f ltlgltl stittrrlitt'rl'
'l'he rlt'itfttrt's ol'tltc collll,llllrlise ljrrcliott 2 wt:t'tt tlttilc

sl)ecilic r.cg:rr.rlilrg llre leg:rl slattrlitt'tl l0 ltc :tPlrlierl (strtr

St.tt:ttr: ttelrot'1, lll'l (Arklitirtrral Vietvs ol' St'tt. l)olc) );
tlris rv:rs tlrotrglrl. ll()('oss:ll'.y, itt pitt'1, lrtlt:ltttsg itt llle:rlr-
$once of atr t-'xplieiI stlrttrlittrl lltc cottt'ls lrrigllt trrkrlrl,

S(,lne vet.Siun 9f it pt'o;rttt't iottltl t'e1lt'esgttlttt iotl l ltgrlt'.y.

M0t'covt:t', st:ttes :rrtrl krcillititls ttt'ctl :lll illtelligilrle :rrrrl

lrltxlit:litblo slirltrlitl'tl ttr tvltit:lt llttl.y e:rtt ('t,lll('l'ltl. A;r;rcl-

l;tte c0ttt'I l'Cvirltv, llL lll(,1'c l.lrlrtt lt 1rt'l'fttttt'tot'.y lt'r'el, is

lte(xlcrl to lrulrl Ilru rlisl,r'ir:t, (.out't.s ir(:(,oultllll,lc t.o llrc in-

trrtligtt of (iottglrtss. ltt ittt.y gt'ttttt, a;ry1ll1lc ('(,lll'ls lx,tll
Jxrlot'e Oit11 oI llobilc itutl sittc<l llte ;r:tssltgr: ol' ltltttrltrlctl

smtiou 2 lrilvc eugtrgcrl itr rrr0l'e seirrr.hirrll lrrr:rlysis ol'

[:gal stlttrlalrl Iltittt ttplxrllrtes :l(lvocilto itt tltis t'1stl. Stle,



o

l2

0.!1., Wttitc,nittt, v. (,'ltn't'is, $'rr)'l'{l'; l)tritttd Stole's v'

fii,i',',,rr,,,, (ittttttlrl (itttnnt'u, Till l"'2rl 154(i' ll-r(ill (l lth
(lir'. tirS't t, ir1,1,,,i,1 rlisrrrissrxl itttrl cet't" tlrtltitlrl' No' tl4-

24'J(Nrrv.5,'lllU4);lltttulri"t;v"/('$(rr)'t'l-rt-r!)1"'2rll2(i5
(5tlr (lir'. lt)?? | ; NeurtLl' v' 'Sirlcs, l-rlijl li''2rl t3(il' t:l(i4-

I il(il-r ( t-rlh ( )ir. I !)7(i ) .

il. As rtppellrtnt.s colttctttl (.1'S' ?-12 (QrtesLion l); irl'

ttl, l.l_21 ii)ru.sti,u i|) ), llre rlistricL eorrr.['s irrter',r'*ta-

ti0rr 0l' :trrr()rrrtrtrl scr:ti0lt 2 is lllrwtlrl irl two ftltrrliltrtetttillj

Irnrl r.cllrr.txl, r.esprlcts. l,'it.sl, the colll'1, f()llntl lt viol:tlitltt

0f srcl.i0rr 2 irr l.lre irbscrrr:u 0f evitlclrce Llrat tlre "l'(lstllts"

of l.he tttttlIirrttltttlrt:t' rlisLlit:ts cltlllltlttgctl itr l'his cilse

wcr.rl lo rlutry blltck votut's ittl Ctlllitl 0lrportttttit.y to llar-
tit'i1r:rtr: in tL,,t polit.ic:rl lrr'o(css' trr liglrL of tlre sigrlili-

r::rrrl, cl1,:l.9r.al srrct:gsscs ol' c:tnrlirlirlcs sttplxrl'tctl lly llre

lllirt:lt t:orttlrrtrtlil,.y'--itt tht'rlc tlf tlrc livtl rlistlicls' sll(:(:csri

irs gt'e:tL its ol' 11t'tlitttrl' t'ltlrlr tlr:rl' rvlriclr wottkl be cx-

1,,,"i,,,1 ttttrlttt' ,, "ir,gl.,-r,,,:lttltel' 
rlisll'ictirlg ,llttt - t'lre ,lrly

cxl,llrrr;rl.i0n [or tlrc rlisl.t'it.t (:(]rlrLts collcltlsioll is t.lrnl, it
(lJ'r'otr:rtttsly trrltritttltl tlre leglrl slittttl:tt'tl tlf Sectiotl 2 wit'h

rrtt. .f 11,,irr,ritrr*l t'1:r:lttt'irl !rtl(:(:ess ilt ;lt'rllxrt't'i,tt trt -tltc
lrllrr.lt lrClr.orrtlrge of tlre;lttllttllrt.iott. 'l'lre rlttisir)ll thtls

<'orrllicis rvit.h tlre lcgrtl stitttrlill'(l l'l'escrilrctl b.y (lottgt'ttss

(stx,, rt.t1., Srtttlrte ltcport, l{)4 (Arklil'ionlrl Vicws of Sett'

I)oLr) ), atrtl wil,lr tlris (iottt'['s stlrlllnill'y irllit'lltlrll,ccs itt

.Slt'rr/,:r' v. ^Strcrrto,r, No. Ul|-1B23 (()t'l'' l, lt)tl4 l, attrl llxxits
v. tlllnin, No.83-1865 (Nov. 13, t0fl4)'u

i r,, 
"r,nr,,,,r,, 

llrrl rlistrit:t coult le.ietlcrl t Ss:tiort 2 clailn tlrlrt

tttirrrlr.il,yvrllt}rsrvett:crrtitlerlltrn...srrfe,llistrir.tirrwlrithtlle
rrrirrrrlity IoIttlilliotl lt;l1tt'oitr:ltt:s lilt')l' of thc ovtlr:rll ;xrjrttl:ttiott"
(slip op. ll l2); ,,,,,1,'. tho tlrlllctrgr:rl plln' ttrittority votets' wlrilrt

lrol. gttilt'itttll't:rl l.ltr: alrilil'y trr cl<x:t tttto o( l'lreir owtt to olli(lr' were

forltxl to "t'xt'tt a si,{rrifrr':rlrL lttt;r:lr:[";t1rrl Lr "pllry Iivol'rr1 roles itr

k(lv Ckx:li0rrs,, 1n tw0 high rrrirtot'11.v itrtpltr:L rlistrk'ts (irl. at lt-r)'

Sirrril:rrl.y, itt Iltor'lis, rltittotil'y vol'r't's ttsht:tl this (hrrIt l'o ovtlttttrtt

il r:0ril.1. orrler(trl rlis[rir.tirrg pltrlt ct'rtitlittg lt rlistlir:t witlr tr "l'trzor-

l,lrirr52.tl;xlrt:tttttlll:rr.ltvrrlirrgirgrrlxlllttllrtilltt,,ittfttvrrrlrftlttt-.ill
wlrir.lr lrl:rCk r:ltttrlitl:ttls rvottltl lrtl rrll'r:l'tivt'ly gtlttrttttttttrl llre ne:tt'

ttlt-ttl(il-r .1.S. at lli. 'l'his (lrrtrt's trlllrrllrirly ttllitttt:tttr'''s erllblish

l.lt:tL rtrirt,rritv vrtlrll's tlo ttol ltltvtl t right lttttlllr Su:Lioll 2 to tlre treil-

l:i

scr.orrrl, :ilrtl rn0l.r: ('xIlir.ill.y, lhrl ('olllL il(lr)l,lt'rl :r rltl{i-

rril.iolr 0f r.irr:ilrl bl,x, v(,iirrg- rvltiClr iL crlt'ltcth' irk'rrtilicrl

lls [lro "littclrlritt" of :t votc rlilttliorr t'lt'sc ('l 'S' App' lSrrl

- -rrrrrktl rvhiclr r:rr.ial 1r(}lilr'i2.il[iott is ttt:tltttrrtl lo lttl "sttll-

St:rl|tiVcl,y Sigtrilit.itrr[" ol' "s(iv0!'e" !vll(-'lltlv(:l' "llttt l'(lslllt!l

of tlrrl iiirlivirlrrlrl cL,t.tiorr wolrl(l h;tve lrtlett tlilLrt'oltt rle -

llenrlirrg rr;rort rvlrulher. iI lrirrl lxlt:tt lr0kl il]ll(,lll{ ottl.y llttr

rvlrite volet.s ot.onl.V (lro lrllrt'lt volet's itt llttl tllt'ctiott"
( irl. al, il!):r-41)lr l . 'l'ltis tttoitlts, o[ (]olll'sc, tllill' ev('ll ;t

l||iil(,1. rl(lgr.r,e |lf Iirciirl lrhx: vrrl irlg is "srtlrsl:tttlivcl.y sig-

trilicirrtl," ol. "scvct.e," irrrrl tlrirt, it rkrt's ttot, lttltllt't' tvhr:thtlt'

0r. n0[ ltlo hhrc v0liilg tr(.luull.y "r'esulls" itt lrl:tt'k tllcc-

l.0r.irl rlcl't ltls.r,' 'l'lris irrltrr'lrIe tuti(}tt Pl:tt't's tlttr cottt'I lre-

krw ilr rlir.ecl, t.orrllicl rvillr ?ir|r'o.?rr.s v. (llcrrrrrrtls, 5l{l ll,

lirr1r1r. l:J4lt, l:l5l-l:15:l (N.l)- 'lb.r. l{)1.t4 ) (tltt'co jtrrlgtt

,*,,i,1[t (t*sl, is u,hcllrcr' "sur:lt llloc vrll itrg lts llltl.y (,'xist,"

.)l)et.ales so :ts IO "ICIsislttrlt.y rl(,fe:rt. ltrtitrrll'ilV l clrlrrli-

rlrrl.es"); itceot'tl, ^Slttrrtolr, v. !tyhuttt, slip' o1r' l0 lr'4' llr-

rloerl, rrrrrler. llr0 rlislr.it:1, coril'1.'s rlefiili[i0tr, villtrirlly lrrry

clocl,0r.al rlistr.it:t irr llrc (.(,liltlIy illiHhl. lxr rk'ctrtt'rl lrl sttf-

fet' "sttlrslirrtliv0l.y srigtriliclrtrL" l':tci:rl hhx' voliltg' llrrt
sce I Scl]lrte lleulilrgs tiz I (ctrtpltasis:rrhlt'rl) (tcs(ilttolty

0f Ar.rrrirrtrl l)()r.Irrcr.) ("sct.l ion 2, ()f (:olil'so, rTill lrllrly
orrl.y in tlrose lrlirr.cs lvll(,r'c tlrelc is irllOrrrl.y :ttt r':t:/rrt0rrli-

14.r:l/ trllollrt ,f lr.rrr'itrll rlivisi,rr"); St,11l. ll.,,r'L ilil
(irr ,,nt()sl, Colilltlultiti0s" rrritt()r'il.y ciutrlirl;tles "l'ttg1'11'1'

srrbslantirrl sltplx)l.L l'r'orrr wlrite votet's"). ltt ottt'vietv, if

l.iltr qf ,'srfe" lrrilorilS,-r.ollrollerl rlisllicls -r'r'rttt tvlt+'l'e ()tlttll'ob-
jrx.tive f11.Iot's lottttilttttrl t1 tlrc lilrlirrg 1f tr vi'rlltlirttt rttt<lgl'tltr:

"tol.nl it.v lrf I llr: r' i I'ttttrtstit ttt'r's."

rt A;4rell:rrrls' rosl.iltr,rrrerrI of tlre r]istrict cttttt l.'s "1',,,,111111 fol'

rar.istl hhrc v0tirrlr (.1.s. [? ) is itrrlrlt't'ise. ol.lrr.l' tlt:ttr irt lrirssilrg
(J.S. App. 40tr ), l.lrr: rlisl r.ir:t courI rlirl lt0l slirlo llttrt 1x,l:rt izitl.i,rrt

r,*isls rrr,lcss rvhitc t,r,lcrs srrplx,tl. llllrt'l< r'itttrlirltlllls itt ttlttttlrt'ls :lL

or oxfcftliillT 511;,;,. ltrrlhur', llrc cottrt wortlrl liltrl ltl0rl l'otittg rvltott-

cvr,r tlrc vol.cs of l.lrr-. rvlrilrr Iol)llllttl()lt, st:rrtrl'itt;1 trLrttr', rvottlrl ttol' lrt'

srrllh.ir:||1. lo |llrx.l. rr lrlirt'k r.iltrrli<l:tto (J.S. AlrI. lll):r-4Orr ]. Illtrlor
Nortlr (itlolittit's olttt'lorttl st'stttlt. tlris lcsI t'ortltl lrtl slrtisficrl lry

Iervet tlrart 60';'n of thlr rvhite vltes'



o

14

whil.c voters :rle willilrg to ct'oss racial lines in su[Iieient

,,u,,,t,"r* tltaL "tttinuliiy cantlitlrtl"es- ltlol noI kse elec-

l,iorrs solcly lrtlt:tttlsc of ttrcil t'ilce" (Ilo'r1('t'$ v' lrul17c' 46t3

U.S. Ot:1,-,iZ:t ( ll)tt2) ), tlrett i-t- it ltrgel'y irrek:-v:trrb

*i,utf,u,' ihe blteh ctrrrrlirirrte wottltl hitve wtttt evetr if the

elccl,ion "ltittl bt:etr lteltl itlttottg turly l'he whito vo[el'g"'

(.1.S. ApP. 40a).r'
4. Appcllces tltt ttttt tlispute tltat' these are sttlxtantiitl

issues. 'l'ltey t'cs1rt,nd t'niy (Mol'' to l)in' 40) thrtt'. t'he

rlistr.it:t, .r,,,i[,li,l tr,l, "t'equirIel gu*t'itttLectl elocllorr,''

lrut ,,{ollowerl t.lre stlrl,utot'y ittnntlilte by cottsirlet'irrg blaek

elcctnt'al stl(:cesll arld failule as (tllc fac[or in the Lolalit'y

uf .,i.'"...n*Litttct)s teatling l,o its crlttr:lttsirrtl tlf tliset.itnittn-

t",v ,*,,r1.'r rt 'l'his ,uri,li"g,f tlte rt,ittitttt is lrcst evaltt-

at.ul l,y exlttnilting lhe cotrit's l'rr:alttreltL of tlrt: tlistrit[s

itl, isstte.t"
l,lrtelr Uf the rlis[ricLs is it tnttll.irrtctttltet' tlistrict.; hrrw-

"u",.,itiswellest:rlrtislrerltlrtl,lrrrtll,itnenrltetrlistrictsuro',ruL ilrlru'err[ly ttnlawful' Senittc ltelxrrl' 3il; 'see 2

serNrte lleilrirrgs [ll (skttemettl, of sen. Dole); lvlt'ite v'
'lte,1,:sl,,n',412 

{r.S. aL ?66. And while it is tlue that in

c,,"i, ,,f l.htr tlistricts t[ issue in llris case it would lrc

lxxsilllettlct.eit[e()tlcorltttlt.esitlgle.lrtetltllet.rlistricts
*lt.tr ellcetive bllttft vol,ing ruajoritics (see p:rges 4-(i'

",i1,r,,l, 
llris Point "r,,,,,t 

t' be rlctet'tninat'ive' MinoriL'y

,,,1,,,'* i,,,ro n, riglrt 1,, [he c'e:tl'ion 'f safc clec[oral rlis-

15

trir:ls Inet'cl.y lxrcrttsc llrev cottltl fensibl'y lxr tl1'lll*':l

llrottks v. AIluitt,, sltl','tt; {iti'uke v' rS('flr'r'('?r' slt"')'(t; llthit'
t:lnllt v. Cltuttis,",,1,r',r' ;'1"'rxtz"s v' (lltTtlcttls' 51ll lr' lirtp;l'

ll, lil!-r4. Not' t;ttr il, ltc pt'esttttrt:rl thltt "silf(t" soitls [ot'

trritrolil.y tt.lli.t:t*rildtn'.s wottltl neu:ss:tt'ily be itt tlrr, ittl'r:t'ests

of nrirr,rrity frolr'l's. Sctl l/rrilr.rrl ^Slrllc's v' lkwnl of Suy'r-

rrisor$, fi?i Ir.Zrl !ll-rl, !l!-rli (6tlr (lir. l!)?tt)' 'l'htts' if thc
;'g,'un,,,u,',," oI aplrcliet:s' cl:tiltt is sirn;rly llr:rt Nor'tlt (]:tt-

0li|l:r clto-*rl trr ttse ttlttll,inrelttheI rlisl'r'icls lTltetr: "tltet'e :tt'c

strllit'icnl t:oltctttLt':rl.iolts (,f lrtttk vrlttlt's l'rt fot'nt ntllirrl'it'y

Slirek sirrgte-tnetnSel. rlisl.r.icls," us l,he tlisl,r'ic[ c,ttt't st:tLtxl

i.i.S. nrrii. 4r), tlreir t:lirittt net:essaril'y falls slrort ttf cs-

l.:rhl ishi ng :r vittlttiott.
In thr.ee of the rlisIr'ir:ls, bllrck trtttlirl;ttos sttplrol'terl b.y

tlre biucl r.,rutuu,ity hir'e lrr_.crr elt-,ct.tl rrrrrle' llrc c1:rl-

le,rgo,l pl:rn irr,tr,,rlnt''t lts gt'eal';1s {rl'rlrcnltr lhQtt'

wottltl be ex;xrcl.erl tttttlet' a singlc-trlel)rllel' plittt' attrl

hlitck votel's hlve rviclrlerl itrltttencc ovct' olltet' se:tts :ts

rvell.llvct'sittr:el$?:t,theblirckvotersoIIlottscl)isl"r'icI
i3, .oh,, tttltke rt;t l$.il'f' of thc loPttlaliotr :ttttl 28'6%' of

tlrc registele(l vl)lers, l,lut' sttc':eeik'rl ilr electittg oltc hl:tclt

rrre,nlret. of the tltt'tte-ntetnlx'r tlelegal'iott' Scc lrttges 4-5'

rsul)r'o. In Ilottse I)ist'r'icl. 21, the 2l'tl'!l' black nrilrot'it'v

lurs tttr:t.erl olra of thc si'l t'ept'esctllalivt's sittte lllflO, rvitlr

flto sttlrlxrrt, of trct.rveclt ilt'fl' ani 46'/'' of l'hc n'lti(e votct's

in tt,,, ,li"t,'i,tt,. See page 4, stqtrt' lrtrle0tl' l'lre rlisl'r'ict'

rurrlt. f(}trrrrl thtt, tlre hllrek reltt'csrttrtittive irr l)istIir:L 2l

rvllttkl}rlvelret.tttllet:l,crlirrl$S2cvetriflheelr't.tirrrrhltlI
lx:ett ltt'kl ottly :ttttotttl rvhit'cs ('I'S' Alrp' 3{)a-40;r},.-1'l:l

ilt llrrrrsu l)istrict, 3!), rvht,t'e hlttr:lt ;ret'srttls tttzrke up Zlt.l11"

of tlre lxrprrl:rtiOn, n hlar:k cantlirla[e rvirs cle<:tetl to the live-

n,n,,,lrer rlelegntion in l!)?4 nlrrl !0?6' nnrl lrvo Lrlat'k c;rtl-

rlirlatcq-4(lit^ of the rlctcgalitttt--rvet'e elet:ltrl ttlttler lhe

clraltengerl 1,larr in lt}82, trtlltr rvitlr sttltst:tnlirrl wlrit,e strll-

1xu't, Sec pnQcs 6-li, 'srt2rrr'r' lly cottl't'nsl ' rttrrle t' l htt

!tN,)tret,helo$s,evcnrtlxlr:rLtterlia[r'ir:l'fi)tlrL'askrttrlrrrl'llottsc
l)is[ril.l. 2l arrrl llrrtr.stl l)isl.rict- Zil sltrrulrl have lreerr tr;lhrrlrl; l,lre

tvlrite voters iu th0se rlisIr'icts srtp|lrrrtorl tlre bliltlk legislal'ora irr

sur:lt rttttttltt:t's tlrtI tlrcy worrkl ltnvc lx:ett ele<:Led on the stretrgtlr of

l.ht white vo[e irlotte, ls l'llo rtistricl' tortrt tound (J'S' ADp' 4Oil il'ill ) '

r! lf lrlrpcll+ros .1o:yt !r suggcst ( Mot' Lr l)is' 16, 2l ) tlrrtI

r:l*l..rlrl rcs,lts arc nrul'cly "otte cirtlttlttsl.altr:e" trtttott8 nr:tlly [o be

corrsitlcrerl, in lhc getlse tltnt tr se'r:tkrn 2 l:ltso cottlrl lle lrt'ovell

r,rn,rtrl,"rtrrnirroritycatrrlirlal'csltrlrlar'lrievrrrlsigrlilicrlrlL$u(:(ts$ea
at the ;xrlls, rv<: tlis;tgrcc' A lirrrlirrg tlf:ttlvcl'so elet:torlrl "&rsttlts" in

,.,'.,.'.*"..,y'.thrltrlrlttrrltstlllicit:tl[.--r:ltltltrltttirltlrelrlrrirrl,ill''gcase.
l: Wc rkr nol rlisr:uss llorrsrl t)istri('L 8 r,i'Scttittr: llistricl 2' ailrt'e

:rppcllirttls' ottly ttrgttntellt trtttcr:rttittg l'lrctrt is baserl ott tlte sup-

lrrsrxt .xrllatilt'nl s5hrppcl ellrx:,i' oI prtx:ltl:lrnltcc'

rl lppellcls sccl'i to trrirriuliz'c tlre sigrrifir:ntrt:e of lltis tlecloral

",u'.tn*"'orrtllegrottttrl(lltot'l'ol)ls'2(i-2?)tlrntl'lrel!)82olcrr-ii,,r, ,n*, lvirs "oltvi.tlsly nb"tt'lrtiottrrl"-.-ilttrilrrrtirr'{ tllis cttttclttsiott



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1B

Strnltte [}islr.ict, 22, wlrilrr t,lrc lrrsttlls arllrrittcrll.y fall short,

of it stitttrllr|!tl of pt'r4xrt'tiotritl rc;tresetrl':t[i<ltl' ttrinority

c:rnrlirllrttrs trilScr n,lo ,i,. lrtr'e lleen stttccssful ttrrrl lrlainl.y

ilr'tl cotrllx!titivc.ir
(lrtr11t'ttss t:ottkl not h:lve expt'cssetl lntlt'c elearly it's

intcrrtiorr rurt, t0 invalirl:rt.c tttttll.ilttetttber rlistt'it:tittg pl:rns

wlrer.c rnirr0r'it.y cilrrrlirlutcs h:tve lttttl att er;ttal olrlxrt'trttrity

to lx-. elet:terl-.-cv<trr if Lhc.y tlirl nol, ltet'esslt'il.y witt tt pt'lll

1r,,r'li,,ltl sltat'e of l.ho sttltts' Setl, tr'11" lhltirttl ltr:port Il3;

rrt. ,,t l!}i} (Arklitiolt:tl Vicrvs of Selt' l)ole)'r* Sttplxrt'tet's

of rrtttrttttlt:tl Scr.'l.irlrt 2 rc;reitl'erlly ilsstttttl the Serral'e Sttlr-

(:ornrrrittoc t.h;rL lhis w,,tritl not lle tlrc l'estrll" As At'tnrtlrrl

I !)

I)er.fntt., lu,url 0f llrrr Vo[ilrg ltights l'l'o.iotl, exlrl:ritletl Irr

tlre Settittc Sttlrcotttlttittto (I Siclt:tte llcltl'irrgs ltl)il) :

l,he rtl,-lrrrgc eltx:l'irrtts tlrat I ' * ' llflv(-' lx't'tt lirttsiltg
(,ll:l|.()['ltrlsrlittrvlrit,ttllltrtrlsttll,oft'ltrrsr.:tt.llrt.gcclcc.
ii,,,,* i* lrusi*tllV to sltttL ,rtt. tlttt lrtilr,l'ily .v.tct's' ll'

is ,,,,t it rlttestiutt ol' rvlrctllel' t'lrt'.Y rvill gct lllol'o ol'

lo**r,'wlrcthct'tlrctrtajot'ityvolet'srvillgttl'lllol'c()l'
i"**. ll, is l rlttt'stiott t'i sttlt't' vel'srls trot'ltittg'

sr(| rrls0 lrl. :rt 1201) (lestitntllt.y rlf li't'irtth l'lrt'ker); cl"
-ll,,,11err 

tt. l,txlr1tt,45[t tl.S- ^[ 
(illi (ottt,lt:tsis irr ,r'igi.:rl)

(,,ii,ult.i,r,n,rrlrrrr.rlistl'icls terttl to tlrittitttiz,* tlr. votittg

*t,1",,*tt, ,f urirro'it.y gr'oill)s by ;r.'rrritting (lre ,,lilit::rl
,,,,,i,,ilit.v to rtlccL ,rll 

-,',t1,,'tt*ottliltives oI tlttr rlistt'it:l'" ) ;

It,iitt:oitl, u. 1,'/111.pi.s, 4l):i tl.S. rtt, l!-r3-l!-rl) (rrrrrllirrtetttlxrt'

rlist.ricts eh:rllengerl l'0r. "thcit' rvinttet'-tttke-:tll as1rccts")'

tire prc-City tt! l[oltile tlecisitttts of l"lris atttl otlter

c,rrr.l.s lr,,:,r. ,,ril, th:rl, ,rrrltil,ur,ller tlist'ir:ts a'n ,.t, rrrr-

iarvf*l rvhLr.e, .rs 1er.e, nri*or.ity c:rrrrlitl*les at'c lr.t. effcc-

tivclyshttl,rrttltlftheelcttrlt.irllll'(lct'ss.,|.|tecloscsl,
arr,rli,gy l.o tlris citsc is l)ttua v' Illoore, 6iltl lr'2rl ll{tZ
iff,f,'iji,.. ltf?t;), irr whiclr t.he crttt't. ,li rrgrlreals tr,hclrl

tlre valirlity of iln :rt-lirlge s.ysletn ttltrlttt' rvlrieh lhe 4ll')('

iri""t, t,,i,,ut'il.y clt:trlt'il otte ttlettlbet' to att cigltt-lttetttltet'

eity e.,,r,,.i1. ilrtletrrl, itt ttllrtty cases;rt'itlt'to (:iftl ol llo'
6itir inv,6.i.g rrt-lrrr'11. r,.lirg sysltrttts rvltet't-' t1c ;tggl't'-

g:rte 0f flrt:rot.s rvils tt1t(lttcs(iotrahl.y lc.s.s f:tYot'ltble to tlri-

iin,.ity r,.t.l.s ll*rrr in t5'is clrsc-*-ltt.s[ ;xtt'lit'ttlir'lV, wltet'tr

rr, 6tircl eiLize, lrarl e'e' lrt,ctt cl'ctetl ttttrlet' tlte s.yslcttt---

clr:rllcnges [0 llre voting pl:[ts rvet'c tttltretltelt'ss lrekl [o lrtr

irrstrllitjirrrr[. Sec, c.r1., l)luclc llot'e'rs v' l.1,cI)onoutlh' lt(il>

|...2r11(lst,(lir..ltl??);Ilarulril.'v.,loseplt,It5lllr.2rll2(i5
(l-rtlr (lir. lt)??l; l)qUil. r,. (Jrrt'r'i.sott, [rl-ri] l"'2tl !)2il (5th

i;ir. f f,ZZ l; ilIrGilt v. (Irrrl.s.rt (lon.,l!l (lttntrtr'tr, Silt-r l".2rl

277 (6l.lr oir.. lt)?(i). lt, is sigrrilir]ltttt. (hal. lhe sCrtrrtc

rrrrriorily attrl ol hct'srtppot'tet's rlf :ttttt'tttltrtl Scct'iott z

lxrilrterl t,slx-|r:irrlly lo llrese t,:tses itl rvlrit'h tltc rk'[ettrlltrtt,

itr'isrli.ri.ith 1rt'e'ititt'rl' -irrrltrrlirrg l)'rua v' lllrxt'tt"st""'('- -
ls irrrlierrtitttts of l.lttr rt':ty in rvlrich Ihe ttcs' ;rtuvisiolt

rlistrir:tn h:tve bcclt cltx:tcrl n:lrtalerllv; atttl tltore is not Ihe nlighl'esl'

srr;1gt'stiott l.hlrl. thoy .,,trc eltx'tul l'e":tttntt the rrrajrrrity r:ollsirlerctl

tlrtttt "sttfr'."
lTltisrrlsrlsigltilirlttltttlrrrtcarlrlirlartoslnl,ingltasnrrlllccntlrrtn-

in:rtcrl hv rvhil.c voters, tltat lrrrti-siilgle slr$t vrttitrg or erlrtivnltrtrt

rcr;ttirctttt'ttl.s lt:rvc ltol. lrrlt:tt ent;'Ir.ycll' nttrl tlur[ thrlre lrrc nrl;['csellt

lrirrriers l.rr rnittoritv regislrniit'rr or r:tttrlirlrrr:y ' h ltre-Oillt. ol

Itloltilt; cascs irr whi.,h n,riitirrretnber rlistritts hlrvc lxrot irrvnlirlnttd,

sonto ot.:rll 0f thosc faclors were ttstllrlly prcscrtt' see, e'g', lvhile v'

llr11t'slt:r',412 tr.S. :rt ?66-?6?; lVullat:a v' lloustt' 616 II'2rl lil$'

(i2}.liz.l(6l.lr(iir.),vltt':rtetloltrltlttrrgrrrttntls,42|-rtI.S.||,17(l!}?6);
Zitnntttt'v. llrliailhetr,4tlti F'2rl 120?' Iit0t-r-llt0G (nth fiir' l!)?il)

(rrtt lritttr'), :rl['tl otr t'tl'ot rt'tt""tls sttI troltr' 
""o1 

1'lrril l,l.r.i'sh

Srlttxtl lltxtrtl. v' llntxltall ,42'l tl'S' 63{i (ltl?6); cf' l/[iteolrb v'

(.'Irrtrris, sttl,,'o': lllot:k 1.tl t'it'" v' Illrl)ottttttu[' 6(i[t F'2tl I' li (lst (iir'

l!)??) ; l!rodr.x v. lltt1tida* I'u't'i'tlt l'rilit:e 'l ut'tt' 6()8 F'2rl l l0$' l l l2

(fitlr {]ir. lt)?l-r).

rfl'I'lre rlisl.rit:t rrrutI cvirlctlUv ntisnppreltettrls the sigltificnltca

of ( krtt11t'tlss's r,'.ict:ti'rlr of tlre ;trolxrrtiottrrl rrtpresetttlttiott stanrlarll'
,1.6t .,url. rlis*risrigrl the "prrojxtltirtttitl l ttltlose rrtntion" rlisclaitiler

irt Ser:tiott 2(b) :ts "'n"tti*li 
t"' 

"tt"o 
tllillr thal' tlto ltttrL l'hat hlil:kn

ltavtl ttrll, llt:ctt rrleclcrt i, ..u,.,t,"..^ llt.rllrrll"tirlltal l,rr t,lrcir lrr'rr'cttl,nge rrf

tlre lxrllrrlatir)t1 "(locs nttL (tlo"(' r:sl'irltlislr tltlrlvol'c rlilutiorl ltts re-

sttll.rxl" ( J.S. Alir' lblr & lr' l jl (rlttt;ttr:rsis 
.nrlrkrrl 

) ) ' As rlistttsserl

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2t

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20

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ii," 
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,:,,,,g,.,,""i,,,ra1 i,,tcnti.rr rvill lrc h.n.r.crl i. l,his a*rl future

r:ils(ts.l"

rolf llrc (Irtttt rvcte tn t'olrcltttle lhlt llre rlistritt cottrt crretl'

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itl tltc t.er.rlrrl, llrrl, rr,lllrr'lt,rl irr tlrc rl;rittilllt.rrf lhr: rlistrlct lrlttrl.' firr

torr,'lttlliltr( llrlrt tlro lr:llrlivrl l:rtlt of slrlrl'os:t lrf bl:lck vlrtrrrs at tlto

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ir rlr.rrial 0f |lrilrirl r,1r1,,,rl'rtlrilv for ol[cr:tivrl plrltlfiltrtiort, ilt viola-

fi,,,,,,f S*:1.i,,.2. ll. is rlillk'ull. to itu:tl:itrc ttttv lritsiri' givcrr thrr

f,,,'t,,,,1 ftrrrlirrgs, fot' itrvltlirlltitrg llotts<: lrisl'rir:ts 2l' 2:l' or il!)' It r. r. rorrrrrrir ?tttltra otrrcai toBt 
"l'rl 

lo?o_i



IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES

OCTOBER TERM, 1984

LACY H. TI{ORNBURG, ET AL., APPELLANTS

vs. No. 83-1968

MLPH GINGLES, ET AL.

CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE

It is hereby certified that all parties required to be
served have been served copies of the BRIEF FOR THE IJNITED STATES
AS AI'IICUS CURIAE By MAIL on APRIL 10 , 1985 to:

JERRIS LEONARD, ESQUIRE JULIUS CHA}EERS, ESQUIRE
KATHLEEN HEENAN MeGUAN, ESQUIRE IANI GUINIER, ESQUIRE

' 9OO 17th STREET N.W. NMCP LEGAL DEFENSE &

SUITE 1O2O EDUCATIONAL FI]ND, INC.
WASHTNGTON, D.C. 20007 l6th FLOOR

99 HUDSON STREET
JAMES I.IALLACE, JR., ESQUIRE NEW YORK, NEW YORK 10013
DEPUTY ATTORNEY GENEML FOR LEGAL AFFAIRS
ATTORNEY GENEML'S OFFICE LESLIE J. WINNER, ESQUIRE
NORTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE FERGUSON, WATT, WALLAS, ADKINS P.A.
P.O. BOX 629 95I S. INDEPENDENCE BOIILEVARD
MLEIGH, NORTH CAROLINA 27602 CHARLOTTE, NORTH CAROLINA 28202

ApRrL 10 , 1985 REX E. LEE

Form OSG.7
APR 1978

DO.,

u//,