Brief for the United States as Amicus Curiae

    Nc8&1968

natpsryerre @slrrluf thP gffiPn Statss
OooBEB Tfu, 1984

<

Llcg E Tgon"rrgtac, Er aL' AP?ELLJ[Ylll

a.

. B,1pS GE{r:rns, tf AL.

-
oN A,PPEAL FBOU tEts r/NITED'ST=a:4?F DIST,/-c,r-cooHt-" foi-t'{z-z-isrs;i iiiwcioF tIoHtE caRoLINA '

BBrEF 
"o* 

J,-o- ED .TATES
AS A}IICUS CUBIAE

BET E" I.c

Wu. BargroED3Er'{ot's
A sxlistatt Attangll @n'"al

Caraus FsED
DeYtdv Solicitor @ral

IrcgrE, W. McCoxlg't'
Assrstart to thc Solicitos e*eal

:. l{r-xctr G' Geonca

DePottma* of Jutbc
Woshingtun,D'C' ?05$O

(n2) 635-2917 
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llolltrs tt. Loiltra,46tt ll'S' ffli1 .- ..' ' ' " "' " 14' l$

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lluilail slnlr"r v' llt'ndoza'' No' 82-ll4!l ('lrrrr' lll'

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,rorrr. Itnst Cartoll l'nrhtlt Scfiool

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Vol.itrts lrlrhls Act of 'tg6l'r' 42 U'S'C' l0?il ct rcq': t

i2,42U's'ri' (toz6 erl') to?B I

$ 2, 42 t''S'(:' lg?3 ""'-"" " """""' lrcrrrfm

r 2(h), az u'h'i:' ll|?$(b) l8' 20

( ,t, ,tz u.s'c' lo?$u """"
$ 6,42 U'S'C' l0?ilc """"' ' t'';l

Mlsecll:rneottn:

11.11. :ll12, g?llr (long'' lnl Sr:sn'.(l$Sf ) lo

ll.ll. ltep' tt7-227i:;i;l C'rrrrg" lr[ Se*q' ( lt)81) " " 8' !l' lo

i-. i t,, r,. i,z -,r' ?, t'i iil l::';; :;?:t :s;"-' t t ut'l 
o,' i1,'$, 

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Vol.itt11 tlittltl* Aat': llent'in11s Bafot'e l'ha Stlbe'omu'

ort thc ttn"tii"ii'i'i'i tin satnla.contm' ot lh'a

.lttiliaiot'y,l)?tir Cong" 2rl Sens' (1082):

Vol. | "" """""'8-0' t:l' l0' 20

Vol' 2 """" l0' 14

lR Wcr:klv C'";' i;;;' l)oc' 84G ('lrrno 20' lg82) "" 0

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I I I t I It F l"l I t' niiix--rl' lN t )'ci'l' A' r l':s

AS Anll(:lls (;t'tllAl.:

'l'lre Srrllcitor Cetrernl stthntits 1'lris lrrief irr

il A;;i;;,,,1 to,' tnvitirrg *.tll.'l.::!:r essittg

iito U,,f toA Strrl'en rcgurrlitrg tltis ltlt;rc:tr'

s'l'A',l'ltlll ItN'l'

l. ln Jrrly lll8t, ns tt resttlt' -of- 
Lhp l!t8ll tetlstts' llte

Getrernl Annel.'ly t'r'ri'*'si ^it"nr 
Nt,. ttt (ltt t'rrlitr:t t'tt:tt:lul

rerllnl.rieting plnns it't''tft" -f'ttc'R llottst: of ltcptr:settl:t-

l,ives trttrl Setrnl'o' l;'lt1;i;";i*t lrtsr' :tppeltt'r's lik'rl srriI

Irr tlre Uniterl stnrm iiil'iri..t, (.ioru'|. for' lhe l')trsleltr l)is-

trict,f North f:""'fi"n""ff"gl"" lhrrl' the rlisirielittll 1tl:rtrs

hurl been ennel'erl t;;tt:t;t;.ti 1'rt'vi*lt'n" *f lhe Nor'lh (i:rt'-

ollttn (lrttstitrttiotr til;';;,|ttirerl' -lrtt[ 
lt:trl nol' rettitt'tl'

trreelearnttcn pu'"tt""''ft' '{t"'firrtt'6 
of l'lrc Voling llighls

hcl uf lllli6, 42 tr'il'i:"'iriiit:' ntrrl [h:ri' tlte ttse of l:trgr:

ntttlti-tlrettthor tf i'i''iJ"'--*ttl""tt''gutl t,tttt'tttt'trtirtlrs of

'l:rck 
v,lct'R ttttrl 

"tfii*'*f inittt''l'ty -v,l'ittg 
slt'etrgtlt itt

vi,l:tll,rt of l.he (t"';:iji;;ii"" "u'l 
Si1-1i"n 2 of llrc Volirrs

Itiglrl. Ar:[; of tt"i'i,'ii"ii's'C' I l!l?G orl'l ltf?3 l'l'S'

il:r-4rrl.'l'lterrt"tt'"ltt"*t'it'ttliotr:rl Il'ovision to rvhith llrc

NriI referrert rvrrs ;, 1;;;;i;;;.iul,,1,te,l in t!rli8 ;rrrrhihitirrg

(l)

t'eslxrnse ttl
lltc viervs of



2.

tlre rlivisiort o[ cotttllies frrr l'lre lrtll'prlsc of et't:tl'ing elee-

tot'trl rlistrir:l's'
Aft,cr l,lris ncliott wtts liletl' tlur Sl'rrte sttlrtnittul il's

cottstitttli,,*,,1 1"'t'ui*lt"''iut S*t[it'n 6-cltt:trttttce (J'S' Altlt'

li:r). Wlrile ll'i* *';i;:;i;;ilt ]'!t-. pctrrling' l'lre (leneral An-

sctn'|.y.,:tssul,t t;i;i 
-ricrlist'r'iciirrg, 

lrlrrtt f.t: l''e ll,tlstt'

lc:tvlttg tlre Scn:rta'l'i*it ttnr't"rclrcrl (ibirl')' ltt Novetrtlxtr

l!)Bl, tlrc Al,t.orncy'(lnt"'t'ltt intet'posctl ttr objecl'ioll l'llr-

sttitttl. t, sccl.i,tt 
'l 

t'i'* tttt'-iiiti'i'tiitr 
'r'""ilit'n 

"g'iirt*t 
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rlivirting r:otlttl'itrs' 
Iillto'ut'it'ttitrtt 

-sllrttrrl 
thn[ l'he provi-

siott trrrlttit'ul l,ltc tt''t'''lf ini'rlu tnurtimetttlrcr rlisl'ricl's rlnrl

t,lurl, l,lris "'t,,'tt'ssott'il.y trt'ii'uo''gn* cogniz:thlc -nrirtut'ity

;xr;tttlitl,i,tt ",,,,"t"tt'tluti,rrs 
i,l', l:irgr''r' wiritc clccttll'ttl'est "

(ibiil. (t:ihrl,i'n,*,tL"'|iif . ii't,u,'*i,ft.r', (,ll l)er'.entlxrr. ?,

i:l[' ll*l;t#' *lii;t'*:l iiru x,ffi 'Iqq{ii
revit'rv lntrtrrinul rtt;ly'i;; tito Arl. Norl'lr Cnrulirur cottttllcs

i,,,iL ,,f'l(l(ll tlr:ri' "it' 
*t"""'ntl jrrrisrlir:l'itttls fttl' lttlrlnscs

uf 
'S",'1i,,,, 

6. Stc $ 4, 42 U'S'C' l!l?:lh'
()rr li'chr.rr:r,'y t"t,"tiLlz, i,f,u (Jtrnct':tl Asscttlbl'y ettrtr:lntl

rrrvisrxl Sc':rt* un,i ii,,,,*., pl:tns, l, whir:lt l'lra A[tornc'y

(!*tt.t':rl ttg:titt t:'iilil;f t't''1o"tit'n* ,rt A,ril' lt)' l!182'

'l'lrc rttrjctl.i,r,r* 1*,f nittrxl tt *r:nnfe l)isl'rir:[ 2' wtrir:h lr:ll

lxntt tlt':trvr, 
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t;;;;;;;'; r-*-t' hlrrck voters l'ltiln Sec-

l,iott 6 trxltlit'ell, trtttl ttr rt l]rttlnsfll llottse rlinl'rict for

. (lrrrIlx.r.l:rrrrl (!,,urri,vl'ruiii*r, sirlrrn,rrg,xl il cogniz$ltle hlnck

;xrlttt:tl.iQtt i" " i"t*lt "'ittr'itt*tttr""'ili*lrit:l'' 
$ice J'S' Alt1t'

li:r-?:t. r)rr April 2i, ii;$'' tltc (iettct':tl As'senrbly enttcletl

l,lrrr t.ertisl|.i''l'irrg ;;itt;-ifutr' ntu l'he srrbjecl of [lris litign-

l,iott. lkrl.lr l'lrc'tit'i'*tt :tttrl Settttlr' ;tlilrrs wet'c 1lt'cck:trretl

h.v llrc Allot'ttcy ilt'it-t'ttf olr April 3ll' l!)tlz' lrl' n[ ?:t'

2. Afl.er rrtt" tii*r''i"rilrg 1't:rirs- $'ttt'r: tttlctpl'ul'- nppellees

:ilrrr.rrrtr.rt tt,,,i,. t;i;;;;:ii;,;-i,; r.,h:rllerrErr live trervty-:ttkrptetl

llrrrrs* rlislr.ir.l"st,,r,i"i-J, Si.,,,it,, ,ti*it'it:ls, :ttttl t,tt etttt[ttrln

ln l,lrr. ,,urrty-,,,,u:trrl,rrl ll,xttirrrr 2' Orrly l'rvtt oI llnr rlin'

l.r'irls- llorlso iii-it:it'r'8 :tttrl Scn:tlc ltistrict' Z-rvertt RttlF

i(.(.|, lo ,,,ut l"tti''"-"'i'"f lrtr:clc:rt':ttttrt ttttrklr St:clion 6 of

. llt|. Volirrg flitdti*'nt'i"'fi:t"f'- o[.lltc ol'ltttt" ttttltt't'clc:tt'etl'

| :ii:,J;i;"ii ;'ffii'i.,"'r,-r rlist'irr. 'l'lttt "g'nvitrttett" *r

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nlrlrcllces,elnirnwillrl.(.f0|.0ll(|.ltllltesrttttttlIilttt.tttlrct.rlis-
l,riets, rrs cxpl$itre,r'i,i'i.t,n rlislrlcl. couIl. l.l.s. App. 4rr).

isl.lrrrl.l,lrrrlllrrtr,.',.l.n"ttsctrftttttlli-tttr.tttIrt.l.rlislt.ir.trr
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Itrc:ts !rf ttto *i"itt'i'i rt'ltit'lt lhen' :rl'e sttllici..ttl tiltt-

r:orrtrnl.iiltts ,'f 
"ili'it'i;' ;'i;; l" ft'r'tn ttutiot'ilv hl:rilk

sittgta-tnorttl'.'' ;ii;i;iti;: ' '- i :rll irt :t ttt:ttttt0t' llt:tl'

viot:tl;es rights t'i'tft"'iif-fttlilT'q-sfl'ttt'orl h'v srtlirrtt 2

;i iii; v,ilii,rr ltighls Ar:t of llrrirr'

'l'lte r:ttstl 1l'ns l l'iorl hefrlt'e :r ilrree-'irrrlgo t11111'['' ott

l.lre ltnsis ,,f n*r'ontiuo sliPtrhrl'irrtts of fltcl' tlx'tllttt'ttl:tt"Y

evitlettt:e. ur,l t;t'"1'tn-fit'titty tttlterr rlrtritrll r'illltl tl:t'l's'itt

Jtrty rrrrl Attgttst fiis:r f 'l'S' App' [l:rl' ott 'l:ttttr:tt'y 27'

' l!184, l.'e c.ttrl' 
"ttitttt.rf 

'uti 
tt''tfot nltrl ,,itti.tt t'r'ttlttittitt!{

ext,ensivtltlrr.tirrgn.,r,-llr.:r,:rr.iottsf:tt.lrlt'sirlr,rllitiorlittllrrr
legistnl.ive lrisl'ory "ttti itif" 

ettsel:trv-tts t'rtlor':tlrI lo :l vt'ltr

rlllrtl.iorr tltrirn. il;;'i'h'- n1'1'' 2l:r-61:r' 'l'ltc trilrt'l hckl

lltttt,. ttntlct' t.lrn roilrlir.v t'f l'iro t'clrtt':tttl' titrttrltsl:tttces' lltc

rr.rlisl,rir:t.ing 1,t,,"'i""'iff"*o'ott-r'lr:rtlclrgetl 
rlislricls rlrrtticrl

,lrrr:k r.itiz,*ns arr ;;,,,;i ,ii,,,rtrrrrit.v lo Iu'tir:iP:tl. 
jtt.lltr'

gxrlllir:il| llrrx:ess i"'''iut"iiu't rlI Settiott 2 of llrc Volirrr{

Righls Atl, tttttl -t'i"it'-ti-cleeti'ilrs irr llrp t'11;1111'11gerl rli'r-

tr.iets.r rn r.e:rehirrg rhis rril"i.urte corrcrrrsi.rr. llre rlisl.r'i.l'

r.orrrl. ret, n,rrf, ii,i ft'llt'rvilrt{ illtl'|l'pl'olnliolt t'f :ttttt'ttrlt'rl

Seel,ion 2 142 tl.il.t:.'ii'ilr 
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A1'1'' l4n-16:r (cil:tliott

,r1il,l.rxll ) :

'l'lre esselrt'a r,f t'ltci:tl vole tlilttliott itt thc ll'iilc-.r''

llotlostiJ. on,i*n'i* ii;il; lirnt 1,r.itn:rIilv lx'r':rtt:*o rrI lltr'

int0r.:ret;iorr #' -;;i,i;;;ilri iu,,f ;xrrsisl (,rrt 1'11ei:tl ;rol:r t'-

iz;rl.ion it' "i'r'i"ii 
'r"irtn''tt* 

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( r':tci:rl hhx: vol ittll) r[illr

:r r:lr:r,errse,i""i,:ilIi.ii'i,inrl,,,r,i*rtt, :t t':t.i:tl tttitt,t'il1'

---'rU-,f,-,''lcteotrrl'rletrlerllheslnle'np3'lillorr[rrt'nslrrr"nsrlirl

lhe ('lhlcf Jrtsl'l"e':;'i;;i:t'i:t';v 2'l' t!18'l' ltrrl llro fttll rirtrrl rrtt

Mnrr:lr fr. lltgl. ,f,,".'h,,,i." i,rn alru.rr firftrIlerl. ttrtrltr Itillrtsl. n I'l:rtt

' I.hnI ltns troett "l{';;';;;";;; 
the rllntrh'l' t'ortr[ ltt nll rerrlo''ln' 'l'lrrr

rlistrlcl,"ttt't tluft']'oti-titutt't"u ott ltrxtno llislrk'l' I I+ttrlittll ;trtt-

clonrnttrc hy lhn iii;; ";' 
(ir.ttcrnl-' orr ll'lrrhat' t' l:18'l' llro Al-

Iorrrol (irrrrprnl ,,r,i*.i,-i"r.,, ll," r,,vlne,l ;rlnrr for ltorlse l)islrir'ls [l

(rrrreo rrrernrr"", ,lii'i,i t"rrrro,,,u,nl,n1 1. r)lr N,l'...rh.!r'lti. lltltl.

thrr Al.l.rrrlroy ffn"tl'"f i''"t:f-'t"tf ."lnlrn 
[or llrrrse rllstrltls' rrttrl lhu

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uli;

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'*i,til:::'l',)'l,l^Jilh15;:;'iill'hxx"'il;i:'J#i[:il,ir, tr,tlr (iir'. ltl?fi)-rrlerrrl 
(J.S . 1-tL (errestion t)i 

11.

^r,'i 
#, "f [J:lf'lL[,'I'i'i, 

"ir,"",ii*r ri.u "u,i't'n 
i nterpr.'ra-

tiott of tttttelttlett s-"iil"'z'i" ll:rwul itr two frrnrlnnrotrlnl]

rurrl relttlul,'o*,'*il'"'i";'i; -ilto'"t*r'r 
fotttttl n vi,lrrli.n

o[ Srr:l'ion 2 irr rlroTht""* "f evklcttce tlrn[ l'lro "rcstllls"

,f l.hc tttttll'ittttrtttb:li'lffit'il chnll,ngerl iu tlrin ettse

,in, 
u'i,, :il;;;, u ",t,'.;*i{l,il.::, tl lli'.Il 

,.i 

I'ffi i _I,,il,

l;,,,t" li,ji:,,llli' .1,|;.;* i,i' *,,n,*,t,,t.ir'",,1,1u,rtcrl 
.v r h*

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crr,r.unityJllitr,'. ,,i ll,o. 

tll' rlistricls' strceosa

irs gre:tl, "' t'' f#ttil-irt"n tlurl' 
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2 with

orre rrf u uur, u.t 
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a.c(:(!!rs t',,liltli*ilil,,lt,llll
hl:tth pcttttttlttge oI ltre lxryttlnlirrn'

l[li,fi :ffi irlilut;1\1i6rriiv:,j'i,:i:i*
tr,rlrit t, :rrrrl rvit't'iiii* t:ntt't'" lttl"til"ii]*;',T:::;l5ffi:
si,,,r"'v.'srrtrrtr(rtr' J[; lfill'|,i lt;h t ..
v. Allnitt, No' tl3'

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n etrrtrl<lrrlnrrxl rl

l',",'i'ru:*i',"ffi 
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lhnl' nrlrtorll'Y vol'r

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rrll.i,tt of r:tci:tl 
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rrR t.lra 
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- ttntlt'r rvlrich t''i"i"i";:i;t;;;tiit;'t is'tkrrttto.l lo lx"'sttb-

ntntrlivelv 'igttili''""ll"r':::'11;:';;;':l' 
*nltttut'unt' "llttt r0sttlls

of rltrl irrrlivirlttnl t"l'tt'ititt """tftf 
lt:tl'tt 

'lroell 
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is "stthsl:tttlivlly sig-

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il,lt'* ttol' ttt:tllct' rvltlltlttr

,i,',,,n', r,,, r,'r- .:::,i.;,t,,illi*li .,,',,-,.,.|l:::"' ii,,i 
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.'i T:t,rnt rtef.:rlR.r' 'l'ltis ittlt't;f;1,::):::: t"^',,i",,,,,,,r*, 6st t,'.

i,,*"i,,'-,ii,:t'cl' trrttllit:l' rvillr ?i:r'ro'"'* Yl,

ilti, 
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tkntl, ttntlet' tf"' tfi'i'l*i' "utt'r:t 
rleliilil'lorr' virlrtnlly :ttt'v

rultr:l.ttt'nl rlistrit:l 
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tttigttr lx' tk*tttcrl l. sttf-

fer "stthslt,ntinul.j' il;';t';;;;;'l :"ii;l' 
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rt.trl, trrrl.rlnr' nr 
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ntrhslrttrtinl "u1'1'":i"i''t'trt 
whil'e ttttcrs"l' ltt ottt' vicrv' if

*i,i.",u"', nri,rrrriry-o':i:l,ll',:,t;tlilli'l:, X-il,,:]l;::l,::l# i;li.
lfi'llvc fnr'tt]l'n trltt
lr,,,"iit, t'r tlr* r'lt'tttttlRtnltrrea"'

r lplxrllnrrln' rrrnhlettttrttt t'i tl'o rllrr[rh't rrttttl'n olltttrl:trrl [rrr

rnrrnr rrr.r: ,,,tr,,o i]].i.';; i; rrrrlrrr*rnt.. ()rhrrr ururr lu rr,rnltttt

tJ.S. Altp' nn"'' t'ltl'iii"rti"r ''""tt'trrrl' 
trot nltrle llrnl ;xrhrrlznll"rt

exlalr ttrrlosR *-rtrr"ttnt'il* "u1'l'''t 
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,r n:tc.erlltttt nn'''" iliiiit"t"iitlt ...,.rtt rv.tthl llrtrl l'li{' u'rtlrrr wlrort-

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nt'|rrrilrrr: nrl!rrr'. rTorrr'r rr.'r' rx'

riltllrlerrr to r.tr.r.L 

tl 
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N,rth (inr.1,,,,'" ii*fiil'i -t''i,.itt.'ir'rt tasl' rrrttkl ha n'llnlk'rl hv

i..r", tft"" lill'l' ol 1l1s 1vl1l[1; votec'



1t
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)-

l4

rvlrito *rlurs .ro willilrg [o eross rnclal-lines in nu0lcierrl

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l,irrtts srrlely lxr:ttttso tJ-ilt"i;' ;'tt-r:" (/lo"cl'tt v' l'u/4p' 46tl

tl.S. lil:1, (iz:t t runZfJ,-'lfton it. is lnrgely irrclevttnt

whel,lrer t.lra lrttck t"itfiJf"i "ottkl 
httve. wtrtr cvetr if tltc

clecl.iorr "ltatl lu:tr ;;;i;t""g only tlro whil'o voterg"

(J.S. A14r. 40n1.'r' 
o ure sulntnnl.inl'"1- iifii"rrees tl' nol' rlinpul'o tlurl'.thcs

issttcs. 'fltcy rospo"ti '"iV qfUol (ri l)in" 40) thnl' llre

rlisl,rir:[ crntrt tlirl "t*' 
*qtti''tel Hrt:rrunlcetl elct'tltttt"'

lrrtl, "followerl t'he "t"t"tt''v'f 
i'i'ittutti l;v. or[sirlcritrg hlnck

eltttrtrnl sttccc$s ^"O"i"iitti't 
il$ r'trc fitchrr irr tha I'utnlity

of r:ircttttrst,,"t'o* luutling-tt' it" ctlttclrtnion of rliscritninn'

;;,.;",;J;;;; ;u'i;';:;'Xriiig or r'lre r4rinion is lxrst' Gvrlrt-

:rl.crl by ex:tttrining iftt' "tnrr"t"" 
t'rc:ttntent uf tlre rlist'ricln

:tI is.stte.rt

l.lrrctrrrfl,herlist,riclslgrrlnttltllttettrlrcrrlisl,r.icl,;lxrw-
cvor, il. is well *ffir'r,uJ ilurl, r[rrll,inrcnrbcr rlislrictq

:rro tr,L inlrcrerrlty r-r-r'rtnrvful. sentle 'ltolxirl' lt'!i..::- 
-1

Sctt:tto lltrnt'itrgs nt.-i*t"tn*ctrt of -Sen' 
l)ole) ; Wh'il'e v'

llolloal,ot',412 tl'S' n;'?d;' Atttl rvlrilo lt' h trrre th:rt' in

cuch o[ t.ho rlistricis "i'i*tt't 
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rxxsiblc l.,r'errrrrlc i"'u' "'] tttnt'c sitrgle-ntetnlnr rllslt'icln

$l;J"Ir;l;;"il;"il";oiing rnnj0ritins (sec Irrg-es 4-n,

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vorr:r.B rruve rro ,,gi,t-rr,'ilr" crention of grfa creclornr rris-

--l*",rrtl,rrlcnn, 
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ntntrrlnrrt'' llortro

tflnl.rir.f 2l nflrl lf,,,,rn"il't'.-U.l"i-Zi "tur,t,f .hnve 
boott rrlrheftl: tlto

rvltllo votorn ru rr''"-l"tri*t'it'i" ""r'r-ttrt.rl.tlro 
hlrrck leglrlnhrrr ln

rttt:lt ttttntllarn u"tr tlt*y'*t.rtiiitrrvei'"-t-eler,torl orr thc attcngth of

urcwhlte vot0rk'lrG. nlff,u,ii"trf"Lrrrrrrl for[rrl (J.Sl' AIp"l0rr ||'ill)'

r: tf lppellcci lllc11lr hr attggert (Mot' Lr llh' l6' 2l) thnt

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eotrRltlercrl. lu tft' *tt"r. ittnf " 
Srx'thtrr 2 cnRo erxttl lm pl'ovotl

r:vtttt wher0 utt''''lty tl"tttfitiuf'ot hnrl irrlrlavnrl alItlilhxrllt ittr{'ei'qoi

n[thalxrlls.rvatll*lrr'on-n-Otttil'"ttfntlvrtl'scelerJornl"tn6llltr"18
n nGcrlif,lrry__tf,,,,,frl,"r,,i i,,ffi 

rf,t,,i-.clrrnrttltt ln the plnllrtll['a trtre'

ulVe rto rrol r!irl:tlm llorrro lllntt'ir:l' 8lr Sicrtntc l)lntrlct 2' rlnco

nnllrtllnirls' t'uty u'*'iltnttf'trr'u'n"t:ttg- l'helrr in bnncrl ott tlre ltt;l-

tJ,Li',,lii"t"tui e"tt';4nt ol[*:[ .l Srrrn:lrtrrEnt:e'

I l-,

trir:l.n tttcl'el.y lrcr':tttsc llrcy rrrttkl-- fi:nnitrl'y lxr tlt':ttvlt'

l l rooks v. Al ltt i n', r"li":" r'ir'lnl'n v' St'n tn'ott"t'r 
"''rt 

; l'l'' h i t -

r:ou.h v. (ihtt t:is, ru'y':" 7' i":''ttt:n'x v ' .Clet't(:" 
1'{' rt"l I l"' lirrpp'

nI lil64. Nor r:ttlt ii, i'*-i"'tttttlttrxl tlr:tl'. "F:tfrt" Rt'ttls fot'

tnlttrrrll,.v olliutlttililrtt'' "t"tftf 
ltetrrs'qnril'Y lrn in tlrt. ittlot'tsls

of ntittrtt'ity t'olrrs' itc tlrr;tt't lilrlcl v' Ilrxtrrl ol Srtpor'

lirrr,.8, 6?l l".2rl $rri,'ilr,ri (t-rtlr (iir' lll?8) ' 'l'ltlls' if lha

"grnvnutt'tl" ,,t nl,1,olitn'"1 ttl"i'' is sirrr;rly llrrl' Norlh (irrt-

olinn ttxpe to tlstl tnrrll'itrrtnrller rlisl'r'ir:ln ttll('l'("'lltct'e :tl'a

nrrflh.ir,rrr r,rnrctrr,t.:rr.i,,"* "r 
rlrnr.k votct's l.o fotrtt tttliot'ily

,l:ttk nitrr{,',-urotnt"'tl'tii-rti"r.';; rrs l'lra-rlist'ricl' t'.ttr[ sl:rl'rrl

(.t.S. App. 4n), llrclr tiittiui it*'tt"":rril'v fnlts slt,t'l of es-

I nhlintrirrg tt viol:tl iott'

ln lhroe rtf lhe ttini'ittt"' hlerclt r:nrrrlirlrtlcs stt;r;rrrlrrrl l1v

tho hltch "tunn"tniij;'i;;;; 
i;;*tt oleel'r'rl tttttl*r llre ch:rl-

lengerl 1rl:ttl itt ,,r."'Ltln"'* :ls grenl' 11s rtl' 11rcnltt lfunt'

rv(lrrkl ln cx;xrcleJ";;i;t' ,, 
^sln;5le-tttetrtlnrr Il:ttt' ttttrl

lllttr:k volere ltnttt rvieklerl lnllttettr:c over ollret' Re:tls ltR

rvell. llver sinr:e rfiiif. rt'n hl:rr:k vrrlet'n of llotlsc l)islrir:l'

2!1, whrr tttnka ttp lti':ri' 'f lhe popttlnliotr nnrl Zll'li'fl' ol

Itro t'eginlot'o,t 't'ro'*,'iJ'i't' 
tttt"nntlerl .in 

eterrtittg otto bl:rtlt

rnenther of llra ttttlotl-iiintttt*'r tlcteEnl'lon' Scc lurges 4-6'

nr,,,'n. tn llottsc fli-ii:iti 2l' llre 21.'lly, hlitck rtritr,r'll'v

Iutn clcr:.etl oltn .f ift"'"f 
"-''q":n't"ttt"tives 

sittte l!lfll)' rvillr

fi,n *iiltfrt,'f, t,f l'ol'wecn 317" rrnrl 46'/t' 
-ol 

Ilro s'lrila volers

ln t.lre tlislriel. S;;";"tt*; 4' atqntt'. Inrleorl' l'he rlisl'r'ir:l'

urttrl. f,tlntl t':rl' tito'l'i*"k 
'l'e1't:m*nltrllve in l)lsll'ir:t 2l

rvrlttltl hnve lrccn ctct'tett irr llliZ evett lf lhe olccliott lt:trl

l,onrr lr*kl ,,,,!.v u,"t"-tlr "i'itt" 
('l'S' Alrp' 311:r-41);t':--ltl:l

Irr llrrttstl l)lnll'iel, il.'*t'o* hl:tck ;nrsllls !tt:tkt' ttp \fi'lf"
ofthepopttl:tlion,"'ftfn"ftr':rttrlirl:tIervttsclcr:terllollrellvc-
nretttbet' rleloEnliorr i'i IOZ'f trllrl t!l?li' ttltrl iwo hlatk t:nn-

rlirlnles-401' of the tlck'gnllott--s'olt eltx:lorl ttttrlor lhc

,]r,,,ir_rl,",r pt:rrr irr l!t82. ln,th $,ith srrtrslnrrlinl whilc sttp-

;xrt't,. Sce pnges'.f'-ii, 
-"'p'n'tt ll'v eonl'rttsl' rlttrler lhc

ltir"nr,-'n rcek lo trtirrlntlz'e tlrc rlFrllOrnrtca of llrln olorl.rRl

irr'.'ei.'r rrtt tho *''ut*f 
"i-lit'i' 

Io lllr' Zfi-2?l llrnl llrn l!182 olrr'-

tkrn yanr,ru" "t'f''l"tt*i.''ni'""ttlt"'nl"--ntlrlhrrtlrrr lhls I'onrlltnlolt



.ts
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!
N.

;

l8

Sen:rial)islrir:t.22,wlriletlrerrrqrrllg:rrlnritl,crll.yfnlltrlrrrr.l,
of u Rllttttl:trtl oI prr4xlrt'irltt:tl re;trcsettl'nl'ftltl' trtinrlrily

r':rnrlitl:ttrrs eillrcr *"' t'' ltnve lnelt RttctlenRfttl :rtrrl plnlnly

nre trrttlpel i[ive.rt
(iolr11t'css tottltl nol' ttnve ex;rrcssert tntlt'e cle:rrly ll'n

inlcnlkrn rr|ll, lti inv:rlirl:rle lnrrll.irrrelrrlrcr rllstritrl.ing l)lilns

rvhcre tnitrot'ily .,,,,litl"tn* trnvo lrnrl nn erptrtl o;rporlrtnily

l.o ln nknlerl-.-evett lt l.lrr:y rlirl nol. lrntn'su'lly witt n pt'ttt

g,,,,:fi,r,,f Rhare of t.ire *",it". S",,, rr.r1., fielr:lle ltelxrrt ilil;

i,i. ,,r. l!):l (Artlif iott:tl Viervn of Sert' l)olel.,i Sttplxrrlcrs

of :rttrcttrltrl. Srxrl,iott 2 reperrlcrlly ttssttrrxl lhe Sennl'a Srth'

totnntittce l.h;rl, this *rruitf trt'l' i'o tlre resrtll" An At'tntrtttl

;;;:,;;i,,,* lrn*rr clot:'rxl rogxrrrlorlly; ntrrl llr.re lr trrtt lhe rllghlorL

nnlqgenl.lott tllnt lhny t"'tt'"f*'f-tf l*i'utt*n Lhe nrnjtrlt! r:onnltlerorl

l.ltottt "snfi'."
I lt ln nho nltlrlllrnrrt tlrnt cnlxlhlnto rlnillrg trnr ttoL heatt rlrrtn-

lrrnl.r.rl try ,rl,ll.,', ,t'tnr'.'ti'"1-"'i'l-ii'rgla nlrrt vrrtllttl ,r or,tlvnlrrrrt

t'crlttlrrntotttr f,u,n ut't i'nt.t''n'||i'itty|ltf''nttrl l'lrnt thore ttrn rtrt ;|r'crettt

trnrrlcrs lrr ntlttorily :;;il;;it"; nr r:ttttrllttnc-v' ltr llf.a-cittt ol

llohiltt..nsor ltt *ltlt'h ;;iii;torirlT'r rlirtrk'lr hnve hentt ltrvnlldntctl'

s.rn.! or nll of tlrruta nttlitti" rvora ttrttnlly ltcsortt' Son' r'7" lYftitrt v'

llollesl,:r',412 l,.S' ni-ica'Zaf t lVnllatta v' llol,sa' rrltr lr'2rl 0l!l'

liz:t-cz'l (rrth (llr'). '";"i;:i 
utt-"tttnt l""t!!!11!'42rr U"S' !'4? (t0?r'l;

T,intnttt v. lrcl(rrillren"inn'i':'ztr l2!i?' t:torr-t:tfii (rtth (!ir' l!l?il)

(trrt lrntx:|. nl[1] ort t'ttt".t' n"uttuln rrrlt rtrlr' l'hst (furrtll l'rrirf,

.srrrr,,t fl,,rr, ,. ,,;;;;1. i-zi il's' li'10 ( lu?c) ; r:f' lTllilco,rtr v'

(llrnrrir. tttlsxt; ltlaak;;;;'';' ile'ltotto.r,flt' trG6 F'2rl t' G (lrt (ilr'

l!f??l : llrr,dr,'' '' 
nt'rii""'itt'i"il 

-|"'li,:n't"t'y' 
608 lr'ztl ! l(n' I t 12

(rrth (ilr. l!t?l'r)'
ri'l'he rllatrk'l tottrt ovklnnLly ntl'qnllrrchotttlr tho rlglrlllrnllco

o[ ('?ottgronr'R '"i"*u:;'tt; 
iitn i"t't'|Ir.1'iil rnt'rn"nut'rtlott rtntrrlnrr!'

,l.lr* e.*rt ,ti"r,tnuu,i it,n "1rr.,1',':titt'tltl rrrprlreltlnllrrn" dlsrlnltrter

tn Sn:u.rr 2(trt n,r ,:,,;;::i,,J';;;,,u,rn ll,n,, ihnt thn fnr:L Ihnt bln.hn

Itnvo tt,f l,,u'n nt*'tt'i i;;;;:tttilt; pr.lxldhrrrnl trr lholr 1x'rrrirrlnga ,f

llro ;x4rrrhrtiiln 'tt'''r tttti 'J""' 
tt"t'rl'lhth -tllnt' 

villo rliltltlon ltnr ra-

nlltrxl" (J.S. Ag4r. ii"'a'tt'it' (cttt;rlttnlr rtrLlnrl) l' Ar rtlrn'ttnnerl

tlxtvo (txrlc 8)' lhe tii"tilr"tt"'*"" rl'1"'rtolv rlrnflorl to rt,kl rtx'h

n |mrrrrlv t,,r,,rprntuti,rr."ir, ,,lr,t.t. tlro'rllrtrl,'L r'ortrt hnr'lrrterlretetl

lhG A|'l' n* itt'i''*l"i'"";1"'1''r;l'lt'rtnl roltr*rtttttnth't| Ilttn" ntntrrltrrrl

,r,il*. tf,ut' trtt "ttt;tttrl ol4xrrtrrnl[y" nllltttlnrrl'

l!,

l)erfttot, ltt.:ttl rlf l,lrr. VrrtittI ltiglrts l'rr{trr.| . ex;rl:tittrll lrt

ilu, S,t,,,,t,, l{ttlxrrttttttitlrtr I I fleltitl'tr llcttt'ltrgs l{llil):

l,lrc ttl.-l:tl'gc eln'liotts thrrt l '-' '-ltttvt-' lxttt fot'ttsittl{

Otr !lt.(. tlrrse lrr ;i;i,.|, ii,,, r.,,srrll. u[ llroso ill-l:rlgc t'lt'r--

llorrn is l,nsit:rrlly'ft' -fiitf' uttl' llto lttittorll'y volet's' ll'

i-'t,,,r.',,-iiirr:stii'lr rtf *'lt*llt*t' llrr"v rvill 11ot lttttrrr ttl'

i,;";;;;' wlr..l,lrr:r ltrc trrrrjolil'.v volerH rvill gel' rrrorc rtr'

ffi. ll, In n l;ttcnt'iotl t'i Rt'ltttt vel'nlls ttol'lrlttg'

Src ttlso irt. trl, l2(l!l (ttrnlitttotty of l"r:rttk l':rt'ker): r:['

ir:;il';';,,,,iru, ,1r,n u.S. nt, riiri tcr'grh:rnis irr ,r'igirr:rl)

i;;iir,,iiir*,rrlxir'rlintri*ts terrrl [o ruirrirrriz.c the rrrlittg

il:;;;;ii, 1f rlirrglily'grr)trlrs hy 1x'r'rrritl'itrg lhc lxrlilicnl

,rr,i,itlrv [. elccl,'iit'i'u1"t'*n"ittii"nt,f llrn rlisl't'it'l'") ;

ii;iiii,,,,r,r, u. (,'[rrin, 40:i U.s. nt, trrS-ll'r!t Irrrrrliirn*tttlx't'

,fl-iri,,f" 15.ll*rrgurl f,r "llttrit' rrittttct'-lttka':tll ttslre.ls")'
"";iil;' 

a,;"_a,iity" ttl ltotite rter:lsi,rrs ,f this ,rrrl ,llr.r'

c,ur]is jn.,,, ,,,ii, tir:rl, trtrrltit,c,rlrir. rlislrir:ln t,tr tt,l lttt-

i""iiir lr,hcro, ns ltct.o, trrinur.il.v r.ilrrrlirl[les rrle rrrt, elfec-

ii;,ttt rr'rrl' irrrl, rtl i*a elec,r'rrt ,l',('osn' 'l'lte el.st'st

;,;ilt.t l.o lhln c:tnc ls llrrtrr v' llloolt" ['ltl li"Zrl l-tri?.
'ii'tiit ?iit'. ltl?li), in whir:lr llte t:otrrl' of ttlltttls- trlhckl

llre vnlklil.y of nu trt-ttrtge nyslerri llllrl(lr' rvlrielr lhe tll)L

blrrck tttiltoriry olcetr"l t'ttn t-ttut"llr'r lo tttt oiHltl-tttctrthet'

.iiv',r,r,tn'if. in,lcrxl, ltt trt:ttry tnseR priot' ln (lily ol llo'
i,irl i,it,,ftitrg :tt-lilt1lr totlttg 8l'Bleltts rvltctT lho :tg;1rc-

' gnLc of [:tclttt's ,rttt't""1t'n*tirrrtril'ly lrn'q fttlot'tthlc lo nti-

In*i.y ,,,,f *rs llr:r, ln tlrin c:rsr,--t*.s. ;r:r'lir.r:lrrt'ly, lvltttt'l'

ii,, i,li,,,f, clliz*r tr.rl tvet' lrcctr ek:cletl ttltrlor llro s.yslttttt-'-

"iu,il",rgn" 
I.0 llrt, vol irrg ll:rrrs rver.e lrorrulhcless lrr.kl [o he

innrrttl,jin,,f. Scc, e'r;" tilncte l/olrrr"r- v' Illrl)onottqh' $lift

ii.z,i r ( lnl (lir. rrlzii; llt'nilrittt v"loseph' 66!l lr'ill lui6

Itrl.lr (iir. ltl??l ; tlut'itt v' ("o''ti'qrrtt' 6r!l li"Zrl !l2ll l6llr

if".- ri,izr ; Mrlitiit v. (ittilxt,n (iouttt11 cotnm'n.6ill'r l.'.2r1

izl lfith (lir. t!t?(it. lt, is sigrritk,:rrrl, llr:rl, llrc serrrrlrt

I-,i,,tli, tttrrl olltor ntl;r;xrt'l.ot's tlf ltlllt'lttlt'rl Srr:lilrlt 2

i,iit",f'*f,r-'rri:rlty l, llrtlso rrtsos ltt rvltlt''. llte rlofi'ttrhtttl'

lrrlirrrlk'lkrtts plrrvttiltrrl' -lrrrlttrllnE lt""tt v' lllutt't" sttl"'t,-'

1,.'itr,ii",,rl,rrr"s 'f llt* rr':ty irt rvlrl'lr lltc ttorv ;rtrt'isi.tt



20

ntr,ulrl lrc lnler'prel,erl. scttnl.a ll*;xrr[ 3!]; I Sennta Ilenr-

i"u, i0r-zt,li, ?il? Itcsr'itrtotty rrf At'lrtttnrl l)erftrar)'

'l'ltc tlccisio,, t,,tt'*'iitti' ittl"'t serhrttn ntxl stthnt:rtrllnl

rptrstiolts rtg:rrrlirrg l'l:to--i"tt"l"ttLrl'krtt of !{u:l'lotr 2(h)'

(lnn l.lre cerr[r:rl-tlin- "lin"lit,i,"-li.rlitrg,f- r*einlly

i*i,,.i"-i ,i,ti,,g l* *ti*r'niii"'tl irr l'lro f:trrr .f stt'sl'ntrl'ltrl'

nnrl rlrcislve, whll.e "iti'ftt'* 
for-hl:u:k tntlrlitlntes' tnel'cly

lxr:ntme n rvlrite *,,tttiiiitiro wottkl ttltve rvrttt if tho elrrl'ion

hnrl lxxrrr lrelrl only ninong wlrlta votern? ls n rlislr'lct

.'.*'i'i,,-r.l iie,l in i'r*i*tiug'i'rt :*nl:" ni trglc-trternlx't' senls

cven wltr:re, :ts il.s t'iuii f"tttt"l llnrlingn ttncr;ttivrrcttlly rlcln'

,r,,rirur.r,, l,inrtk vt'lt'i's utttler n tttttllilttenllrct' plntt ltnvo ntt

;:;,;,i ,,t;tt,,rl'rrrril.y ln ptrt'l'it:lpttte hr llra lxrlil'lenl l'r)ecsn

tuttl to ttlttl, t'nptrrt"titulii'* i'f tlretl cltoitt? 'l'lre tlchnteR

itt Clrttgres.r fix:ttsrxl in t:tt'go ltnrl' on [ltesrt issttes' ntttl

;i,,';;;;;;,;;;,,i*', "ti"1'tttl 
hv'('lorrgrrrss.tlclrrtttkxl in lnrge

i,nrt ,,1",,t l,lrc :rrlswel" n* [lrls rleclsion tletttottRtrtttes'

gttlrl:ttteo frrrrlr l'lre i:t'utf' l* trcerltxl fur ensure thn[ the

:;;;;;';;""i,,^nl iru'cntiun rvitl trc ltonoretl irr t'hls nntl future

r:rscs.r'

- 
;;;;," c,ttrt rv*rc l'o ronrlttrlo Urnl' lho rllatrlet e,ttrt orrerl'

rvlLhottl. Ihc ttoerl tt'' ftttll'ltn' lrrlallrrg ntlrl nrtlttntettt' llto nn|rrrrprl-

nl., rlln;xrnltl,tt rv.tl,l l'n'it'-ton'utl it'r frrrt.er ,rrrtnrlllrgn' Ar [o

llorlre l)irtrL't llli nrxl i"'uftt iif'fth'[ i!2' lhr.ra trrny rvell lxl n hnrln

lrr I.lxt rurrrrl.,r't t"'tttoiiuti lt' fttn t';rlrtlttp'of llro rllrrtrk't clrtlrt' ftrr

tott,'lttrlltrt( llrrrL tho "tr"ii'"-i"t'rt 
t'i *ttt"1'rR-of bl'rtk votcrn nt lho

lxrlls ln nl.trllrrrlnlrto f" 
""i"''f " 

t'f l'lrr. elrr'krrfll n'vnl'ottt llurt rrrlratllttlo

n rkrttlnl .l rrr;lttrl ttr','''i"l"iiy fttr rrllctLlvo pnrtt'llnrtl.tt' ln vkrln-

lhrtt of Stclhrtt Z' ft i"'tillfi"ttll [o lnrnplrrrt rtlty trttrln' tilvclt lltc

fnttrtnl lltttlltr;1n. for irrvnlhlntltt;1 tlnttxrt l'lrrlrir:lr 2!' 2ll' or $tl'

; l,

aala.aaraa talilata t'ltcll l'il 
"lltl 

lo'll!

2t

r:t)N(:t,l,sloN
,t,hc rk,r:lsilrrr of llre rlisl rir.l, r.|lttt'1, nltottkl lxt sttttttrt:trily

nltit.trrr.rl lrrso[:rr Is il, lrokls l.lt:tl. llotlso l)istl'it.l, tt:ttttl

s,,,r,,1,, t)isl rirl,2 ttt.0 rrrrtrrrvfttl tttrrk.t'srrr:l iott 2 of llrr. vol'-

ii,rr';i1,,|,il n,.r. .l.1is (hrrr.t, slr.rrlrl 11111. ,rrr5.1le jrr,ir-

,iiif,ri-t,, rr:vicw lhc rlu.lnlrtr ,f llt. rlislritl, c.ttrl' s'illt

rcR;x'tl. l.o llte rtttttttirrilrg rlinl rlcl*

tlcn;nct frrll.v ntllrrui l'l'erl'

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