Letter from William Reynolds to Alex Brock (Exhibit C)
Public Court Documents
January 20, 1982

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Brief Collection, LDF Court Filings. Jones v. Diamond Appeal, 1981. 9f024566-b99a-ee11-be36-6045bdeb8873. LDF Archives, Thurgood Marshall Institute. https://ldfrecollection.org/archives/archives-search/archives-item/1a3571e3-159e-47d5-a66e-f6d4c89a6a45/jones-v-diamond-appeal. Accessed July 08, 2025.
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IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT No. 7 8 -1 28 9 MARVIN JONES, on h i s own b e h a l f and on b e h a l f o f t h o s e s i m i l a r l y s i t u a t e d , P l a i n t i f f s - A p p e l l a n t s , v e r s u s FRED R. DIAMOND, ET AL . , D e f e n d a n t s - A p p e l l e e s . A p p e a l f r o m t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s D i s t r i c t C o u r t f o r t h e S o u t h e r n D i s t r i c t o f M i s s i s s i p p i ( J a n u a r y 29, 1981 ) B e f o r e COLEMAN, C h i e f J u d g e , BROWN, AINSWORTH, GODBOLD, CHARLES CLARK, RONEY, GEE, TJOFLAT, HILL , FAY, RUBIN, VANCE, KRAVITCH, FRANK M. JOHNSON, J R . , GARZA, HENDERSON, REAVLEY, POLITZ, HATCHETT, ANDERSON, RANDALL, TATE, SAM D. JOHNSON, THOMAS A. CLARK, C i r c u i t J u d g e s . * * RUBIN, C i r c u i t J u d g e : P r i s o n e r s c o n f i n e d i n t h e J a c k s o n C ou n t y j a i l i n P a s c a g o u l a , M i s s i s s i p p i , e i t h e r a w a i t i n g t r i a l o r a l r e a d y c o n v i c t e d , c o n t e n d t h a t c o n d i t i o n s and p r a c t i c e s in t h a t j a i l v i o l a t e f e d e r a l c o n s t i t u t i o n a l g u a r a n t e e s , —̂ i n c l u d i n g t h e ] _ / We h av e in t h e p a s t h e a r d a number o f c a s e s i n v o l v i n g p r i s o n e r g r i e v a n c e s . S e e , e . g . , M i l l e r v . C a r s o n , 563 F . 2 d 741 ( 5 t h C i r . 1 9 7 7 ) ; Newman v . A l a b a m a , 559 F . 2 d 283 ( 5 t h C i r . 1977 ) , c e r t . d e n i e d , ___ U.S . ___ , 98 S. C t . 31 44 , ____ L. Ed. 2d ___ ( 1 9 7 8 ) ; W i l l i a m s v . E d w ar d s , 547 F .2 d 1206 ( 5 t h C i r . 1 9 7 7 ) ; G a t e s v . C o l l i e r , 501 F .2 d 1291 ( 5 t h C i r . 1 9 7 4 ) . e q u a l p r o t e c t i o n and d u e p r o c e s s c l a u s e s o f t h e f o u r t e e n t h - 1 - * C i r c u i t J u d g e J e r r e S. W i l l i a m s h a s become a member o f t h e C o u r t s i n c e t h i s c a s e was t a k e n u n d e r s u b m i s s i o n . He e l e c t s n o t t o p a r t i c i p a t e i n t h e d e c i s i o n . amendment , t h e f r e e d o m o f s p e e c h c l a u s e o f t h e f i r s t amend m e n t and t h e c r u e l and u n u s u a l p u n i s h m e n t c l a u s e o f t h e e i g h t h amendment . A s s e r t i n g a c l a s s a c t i o n c l a i m u n d e r 42 U . S . C . § 1 9 8 3 , t h e y s e e k d e c l a r a t o r y and i n j u n c t i v e r e l i e f . The o r i g i n a l c o m p l a i n t a l s o s o u g h t c o m p e n s a t o r y and p u n i t i v e da m ag e s on b e h a l f o f a l l members o f t h e c l a s s , a g r o u p l a t e r e s t i m a t e d t o i n c l u d e more t h a n 8 , 5 0 0 p e r s o n s . A f t e r t r i a l on t h e m e r i t s , a t w h i c h t h e r e was t e s t i m o n y a b o u t t h e i n d i v i d u a l c o m p l a i n t s o f t e n c l a s s members , an amended c o m p l a i n t was f i l e d a s s e r t i n g p e n d e n t d a m a g e c l a i m s f o r v i o l a t i o n s o f M i s s i s s i p p i s t a t e l a w . Two p a n e l s o f t h i s c o u r t h a v e 2/h e a r d p r i o r i n t e r l o c u t o r y a p p e a l s — a n d , a f t e r t r i a l and 2 / On ly one o f t h e s e d e c i s i o n s i s r e p o r t e d : J o n e s v . Diamond, 519 F .2d 1090 ( 5 t h C i r . 1 9 7 9 ) . 3 /c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f t h e m e r i t s by a n o t h e r p a n e l , — we h a v e _3/ J o n e s v . Diamond, 594 F . 2 d 997 ( 5 t h C i r . 1 9 7 9 ) . h e a r d t h e c a s e en b a n c . The s c o p e and v a r i e t y o f t h e c l a i m s p r e s e n t e d r e q u i r e us t o r e v i e w e a c h o f them s e p a r a t e l y . We f i r s t s e t f o r t h t h e b a s i c c o n s t i t u t i o n a l p r i n c i p l e s g o v e r n i n g c o n d i t i o n s o f c o n f i n e m e n t i n s t a t e p r i s o n s and t h e h i s t o r y and f a c t s o f t h i s c a s e . A f t e r e x a m i n i n g e a c h o f t h e v a r i e d c l a i m s and t h e d e f e n s e s o f f e r e d , we c o n c l u d e t h a t t h e c o n d i t i o n s o f c o n f i n e m e n t i n t h e j a i l v i o l a t e d c o n s t i t u t i o n a l g u a r a n t e e s and t h a t t h e p r i s o n e r s a s a c l a s s a r e e n t i t l e d t o i n j u n c t i v e r e l i e f . We c o n c l u d e t h a t t h e c l a s s r e p r e s e n t a t i v e i s n o t e n t i t l e d t o da m ag e s , and we a f f i r m t h e d i s t r i c t c o u r t ju d g m e n t d e n y i n g him damages a s w e l l a s t h e ju d g m e n t d e n y i n g - 2 - s i x o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l p l a i n t i f f s da m ag e s u n d e r M i s s i s s i p p i s t a t e l a w. B e c a u se t h e r e c o r d d o e s n o t d e m o n s t r a t e t h a t any o f t h e f o u r o t h e r i n d i v i d u a l s who t e s t i f i e d was a s s e r t i n g i n d i v i d u a l d a m a g e c l a i m s u n d e r S e c t i o n 1983 a n d d o e s n o t a d e q u a t e l y s u p p o r t t h o s e c l a i m s h ad t h e y b e e n a s s e r t e d , we m o d i f y t h e ju d g m e n t a s t o t h e c l a i m s o f t h o s e f o u r i n d i v i d u a l s and d i s m i s s t h e m w i t h o u t p r e j u d i c e . We f u r t h e r a f f i r m t h e ju d g m e n t o f t h e d i s t r i c t c o u r t i n some m a t t e r s d i s c u s s e d i n d e t a i l b e l o w . I . CONSTITUTIONAL REQUIREMENTS J u d g e s a r e n e i t h e r c o r r e c t i o n a l o f f i c e r s n o r p e n o l o g i s t s . Even i f we had t h e e x p e r t i s e t o a n a l y z e t h e p r a c t i c a l and t h e o r e t i c a l i m p l i c a t i o n s o f t h e c o n d i t i o n s o f i n c a r c e r a t i o n , we would h av e no w a r r a n t t o im po se o u r v i e w s , f o r a l e g i s l a t u r e — s t a t e o r f e d e r a l — i s n o t r e q u i r e d by t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n t o o p e r a t e p e n a l i n s t i t u t i o n s i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h c r i m i n o l o g i c a l d o c t r i n e o r t o employ o n l y e x p e r t s i n t h e i r m a n a g e m e n t . We a r e m i n d f u l t h a t " c o u r t s a r e i l l e q u i p p e d t o d e a l w i t h t h e i n c r e a s i n g l y u r g e n t p r o b l e m s o f p r i s o n a d m i n i s t r a t i o n . . . , " P r o c u n i e r v . M a r t i n e z , 416 U.S . 396 , 40 5 , 94 S. C t . 1800 , 1 80 7 , 40 L. Ed. 2d 224 , ___ ( 1 9 7 4 ) , and t h a t i t i s n o t " w i s e . . . t o s e c o n d - g u e s s t h e e x p e r t [ o r a n y o t h e r ] a d m i n i s t r a t o r s on m a t t e r s on w h ic h t h e y a r e b e t t e r i n f o r m e d , " B e l l v . W o l f i s h , ____ U . S . ____, ____ , 99 S . C t . 1 8 6 1 , 1 8 7 0 , ____ L. Ed. 2d ____, ____ ( 1 9 7 9 ) ( q u o t i n g l o w e r c o u r t o p i n i o n ) . M o r e o v e r , we a r e aw a re t h a t we s h o u l d n o t , " i n t h e name o f t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n , become . . . enmeshed in t h e m i n u t i a e o f p r i s o n o p e r a t i o n s . " 1(3. a t ___ , ____, 99 S. C t . a t 1 88 6 , ___ L. Ed. 2d a t ___ . s h o u l d T h e s e c o n s t r a i n t s d o n o t m e a n , r e t u r n t o "a t i m e n o t t o o lo n g ago h o w e v e r , when t h e t h a t we f e d e r a l - 3 - t o t h ej u d i c i a r y t o o k a c o m p l e t e l y ' h a n d s - o f f ' a p p r o a c h p r o b l e m o f p r i s o n a d m i n i s t r a t i o n , " _id. a t , 99 S. C t . a t 188(5' ____ l . Ed . 2d a t ____. A p r i s o n e r , w h e t h e r a l r e a d y c o n v i c t e d o f a c r i m e o r m e r e l y a w a i t i n g t r i a l , d o e s n o t sh e d a l l h i s c o n s t i t u t i o n a l r i g h t s when he p u t s on j a i l c l o t h i n g . W h i le o u r " i n q u i r y . . . i n t o [ s t a t e ] p r i s o n management mus t be l i m i t e d t o t h e i s s u e o f w h e t h e r a p a r t i c u l a r s y s t e m v i o l a t e s any p r o h i b i t i o n o f t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n , " id, . a t ___ , 99 S. C t . a t 18 86 , ___ L. Ed. 2d a t ____, i t i s o u r d u t y , when j u r i s d i c t i o n i s p r o p e r l y i n v o k e d , t o p r o t e c t p r i s o n e r s ' c o n s t i t u t i o n a l r i g h t s , f o r " [ t ] h e r e i s no i r o n c u r t a i n d rawn b e t w e e n t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n and t h e p r i s o n e r s o f t h i s c o u n t r y , " W o l f f v . Mc Do n n e l l , 418 U.S . 53 9 , 5 5 5 - 5 6 , 94 S. C t . 2963, 29 74 , 41 L. Ed. 2d 93 5 , ___ ( 1 9 7 4 ) . Among t h e c o n s t i t u t i o n a l s a f e g u a r d s e x t e n d e d t o a l l p r i s o n e r s , i n c l u d i n g t h o s e c o n v i c t e d o f a c r i m e , a r e : p r o t e c t i o n by t h e e q u a l p r o t e c t i o n c l a u s e o f t h e f o u r t e e n t h amend ment a g a i n s t i n v i d i o u s d i s c r i m i n a t i o n on t h e b a s i s o f r a c e , s e e L e e v . W a s h i n g t o n , 390 U . S . 3 3 3 , 88 S . C t . 9 9 4 , L. Ed. 2d ___ ( 1 9 6 8 ) ; r e l i g i o u s f r e e d o m by t h e f i r s t amend m e n t , s e e Cru z v . B e t o , 405 U .S . 319 , 92 S . C t . 1079 , 31 L. Ed. 2d 263 ( 1 9 7 2 ) ; s e c u r i t y a g a i n s t d e p r i v a t i o n o f l i f e o r p r o p e r t y o r a d d i t i o n a l d e p r i v a t i o n o f l i b e r t y w i t h o u t due p r o c e s s by t h e f o u r t e e n t h amendment , s e e W o l f f v . McDonne l l , 418 U .S . 539 , 94 S. C t . 29 63 , 41 L. Ed. 2d 935 ( 1 9 7 4 ) ; f r e e dom o f s p e e c h by t h e f i r s t amendment , s e e P e l l v . P r o c u n i e r , 417 U . S . 8 1 7 , 94 S . C t . 2800 , 41 L. Ed. 2d 495 ( 1974 ) , and p r o t e c t i o n by t h e e i g h t h amendment f rom c r u e l and u n u s u a l p u n i s h m e n t , s e e E s t e l l e v . Gamble , 429 U .S . 9 7 , 97 S. C t . 28 5 , 50 L. Ed. 2d 251 ( 1 9 7 6 ) . I n d e t e r m i n i n g w h e t h e r c o n d i t i o n s o f c o n f i n e m e n t a r e u n c o n s t i t u t i o n a l u n d e r t h e e i g h t h - 4 - a m e n d m e n t o r t h e f o u r t e e n t h a m e n d m e n t , we do n o t a s s a y s e p a r a t e l y e a c h o f t h e i n s t i t u t i o n a l p r a c t i c e s b u t l o o k t o t h e t o t a l i t y o f c o n d i t i o n s . Our t a s k i s l i m i t e d t o e n f o r c i n g c o n s t i t u t i o n a l s t a n d a r d s r a t h e r t h a n a s s u m in g s u p e r i n t e n d e n c e o f j a i l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n . See M i l l e r v . C a r s o n , 563 F .2 d 741 ( 5 t h C i r . 1 9 7 7 ) ; W i l l i a m s v . E d w ar d s , 547 F .2d 1206 ( 5 t h C i r . 1 9 7 7 ) . The due p r o c e s s c l a u s e a c c o r d s p r e t r i a l d e t a i n e e s r i g h t s n o t e n j o y e d by c o n v i c t e d i n m a t e s . W h i l e a s e n t e n c e d i n m a t e may be p u n i s h e d i n a n y f a s h i o n n o t c r u e l a n d u n u s u a l , t h e d u e p r o c e s s c l a u s e f o r b i d s p u n i s h m e n t o f a p e r s o n h e l d i n c u s t o d y a w a i t i n g t r i a l b u t n o t y e t a d j u d g e d g u i l t y o f a n y c r i m e . B e l l v . W o l f i s h , _____ U . S . ______ , _______ n . 1 6 , 99 S . C t . 1 8 6 1 , 1 8 7 2 n . 1 6 , ______ L. E d . 2d ______ n . 1 6 ( 1 9 7 9 ) . H o w e v e r , i n c a r c e r a t i o n o f p r e t r i a l d e t a i n e e s , w h e t h e r o r n o t s o i n t e n d e d , n e c e s s a r i l y im p o s e s r e s t r i c t i o n s on th em . A b s e n t an e x p r e s s e d i n t e n t t o p u n i s h on t h e p a r t o f p r i s o n o f f i c i a l s , s u c h a r e s t r i c t i o n i s v a l i d i f "an a l t e r n a t i v e p u r p o s e t o which [ t h e r e s t r i c t i o n ] may r a t i o n a l l y be c o n n e c t e d i s a s s i g n a b l e f o r i t " u n l e s s " i t a p p e a r s e x c e s s i v e i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e a l t e r n a t i v e p u r p o s e a s s i g n e d [ t o i t ] . " _Id_. a t ______ , 99 S . C t . a t 1 8 7 3 , ______ L. Ed. 2d a t ______ ( q u o t i n g Kennedy v . M e n d o z a - M a r t i n e z , 372 U.S . 14 4 , 1 6 8 - 6 9 , 83 S . C t . 554, 5 6 7 - 6 8 , ______ L. Ed. 2d ______ , _______ ( 19 6 3 ) ) . " T h u s , i f a p a r t i c u l a r c o n d i t i o n o r r e s t r i c t i o n o f p r e t r i a l d e t e n t i o n i s r e a s o n a b l y r e l a t e d t o a l e g i t i m a t e g o v e r n m e n t a l o b j e c t i v e , i t d o e s n o t , w i t h o u t m o r e , a m o u n t t o ' p u n i s h m e n t . ' C o n v e r s e l y , i f a r e s t r i c t i o n o r c o n d i t i o n i s n o t r e a s o n a b l y r e l a t e d t o a l e g i t i m a t e g o a l — i f i t i s a r b i t r a r y o r p u r p o s e l e s s - - a c o u r t p e r m i s s i b l y may i n f e r t h a t t h e - 5 - p u r p o s e o f t h e g o v e r n m e n t a l a c t i o n i s p u n i s h m e n t t h a t may n o t c o n s t i t u t i o n a l l y be i n f l i c t e d upon d e t a i n e e s q u a d e t a i n e e s . " I d . a t ______ , 99 S . C t . a t 18 7 4 , ______ L. Ed. 2d a t ______ ( f o o t n o t e o m i t t e d ) . Wi th f u r t h e r e l a b o r a t i o n when n e c e s s a r y , we a p p l y t h e s e p r i n c i p l e s t o t h e c o m p l a i n t s c o n c e r n i n g t h e J a c k s o n C ou n t y j a i l . I I . H i s t o r y o f t h e L i t i g a t i o n T h e J a c k s o n C o u n t y j a i l was b u i l t i n 1 9 4 9 . I n 1971 t h e P a s c a g o u l a n e w s p a p e r , The M i s s i s s i p p i P r e s s , r a n a s e r i e s o f a r t i c l e s a b o u t d e p l o r a b l e c o n d i t i o n s i n t h e j a i l . The s e r i e s , a t l e a s t i n p a r t , p r o m p t e d t h e B o a r d o f S u p e r v i s o r s t o p r o p o s e , a n d t h e e l e c t o r a t e t o a p p r o v e , a bo n d i s s u e t o b u i l d a new j a i l . The B o a r d o f S u p e r v i s o r s d e d i c a t e d h a l f o f t h e b o n d i s s u e t o c o n s t r u c t i o n o f a j u v e n i l e f a c i l i t y , w h i c h was c o m p l e t e d i n 1975 . However , an a r c h i t e c t had n o t y e t be e n employed a n d c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e new j a i l had n o t b e g u n w h e n , i n A u g u s t 1973 , t h i s s u i t was b r o u g h t a s a c l a s s a c t i o n u n d e r S e c t i o n 1983 on b e h a l f o f p e r s o n s c o n f i n e d i n t h e J a c k s o n C ou n t y j a i l a g a i n s t t h e s h e r i f f o f t h e c o u n t y , F red Diamond, t h e j a i l e r , Roy T o o t l e , S r . a n d m e m b er s o f t h e C o u n t y B o a r d o f S u p e r v i s o r s . I n J a n u a r y 19 7 6 S h e r i f f L e d b e t t e r r e p l a c e d S h e r i f f Diamond and J a c k B r o a d u s , S r . was a p p o i n t e d j a i l e r by t h e new s h e r i f f . — The new a d m i n i s t r a t i o n made 4 / C o u n s e l h a v e i n f o r m e d u s t h a t b o t h Diam on d and B r o a d u s a r e d e c e a s e d . v a r i o u s c h a n c e s t h a t somewhat a m e l i o r a t e d j a i l c o n d i t i o n s . P l a n s f o r t h e new j a i l w e r e d r a w n i n 1 9 7 5 , b u t c o n s t r u c - - 6 - t i o n b eg an o n l y a co n s c o u n t y s o u g h t a n d e v e E n f o r c e m e n t A s s i s t a n c e was n o t o c c u p i e d u n t i l i d e r a b l e t i m e t h e r e a f t e r n t u a l l y o b t a i n e d a i d f A d m i n i s t r a t i o n [LEAA]. F e b r u a r y 1 9 7 9 , —̂ some b e c a u s e t h e rom t h e Law The new j a i l m on ths a f t e r 5 / By s t i p u l a t i o n o f t h e p a r t i e s , f a c t u a l d a t a c o n c e r n i n g e v e n t s s u b s e q u e n t t o t h e t r i a l wer e made p a r t o f t h e r e c o r d i n D e c e m b e r 1 9 7 9 , s o we know t h a t t h e new j a i l was p u t i n t o u s e on F e b r u a r y 15, 1 9 7 9 . An a f f i d a v i t f i l e d by S h e r i f f L e d b e t t e r s t a t e s t h a t t h e o l d j a i l i s b e i n g used " a s t emp o r a r y h o l d i n g c e l l s f o r p e r s o n s who w i l l be h e l d i n j a i l f o r j u s t a m a t t e r o f h o u r s . " C o u n s e l f o r t h e d e f e n d a n t s a l s o s t a t e d t h a t t h e o l d j a i l ' s f a c i l i t i e s a r e b e i n g u s e d f o r m u n i c i p a l p r i s o n e r s o f t h e town o f P a s c a g o u l a , whose j a i l was d e s t r o y e d by a h u r r i c a n e in 1979 . t h e a p p e a l f r o m t h e t r i a l c o u r t ' s 19 7 7 d e c i s i o n had b e e n h e a r d by a p a n e l o f t h i s c o u r t . I n a s e p a r a t e a c t i o n , a f e d e r a l d i s t r i c t c o u r t , a f f i r m e d by t h i s c o u r t i n 1 9 7 4 , f o u n d c o n d i t i o n s a t t h e M i s s i s s i p p i S t a t e P e n i t e n t i a r y a t Pa rchm an v i o l a t i v e o f t h e f e d e r a l c o n s t i t u t i o n and l i m i t e d t h e number o f i n m a t e s who c o u l d be c o n f i n e d t h e r e . 6/ T h i s r e s u l t e d i n t h e d e t e n t i o n 6 / G a t e s v . C o l l i e r , 349 F . S u p p . 881 ( N . D . M i s s . 1 9 7 2 ) , a f f ' d , 501 F . 2 d 1291 ( 5 t h C i r . 1 9 7 4 ) . o f some s t a t e p r i s o n e r s a t c o u n t y j a i l s , i n c l u d i n g t h e J a c k s o n C ou n t y j a i l . By t h e t i m e t h i s c a s e was t r i e d , t h e J a c k s o n j a i l was b e i n g u se d t o c o n f i n e a s u b s t a n t i a l number o f p e r s o n s who had b e e n c o n v i c t e d o f f e l o n i e s and s e n t e n c e d t o s e r v e t e r m s i n t h e s t a t e p e n i t e n t i a r y , some who had bee n c o n v i c t e d and s e n t e n c e d t o s e r v e t e r m s in t h e c o u n t y j a i l , some who h a d b e e n c o n v i c t e d o f m u n i c i p a l o f f e n s e s a n d a s u b s t a n t i a l number o f p r e t r i a l d e t a i n e e s - - p e r s o n s c h a r g e d - 7 - w i t h c r i m e s and a w a i t i n g t r i a l who wer e n o t e l i g i b l e f o r o r n o t a b l e t o p r o v i d e b a i l . So o n a f t e r t h e s u i t was f i l e d , t h e t r i a l j u d g e d e n i e d c e r t i f i c a t i o n o f a p l a i n t i f f c l a s s and d i s m i s s e d some o f t h e d e f e n d a n t s . F o l l o w i n g an i n t e r l o c u t o r y a p p e a l , we o r d e r e d a c l a s s h e a r i n g and r e v e r s e d d i s m i s s a l o f t h e Board o f S u p e r v i s o r s a s a d e f e n d a n t . J o n e s v . Diamond, 519 F .2d 1090 ( 5 t h C i r . 1 9 7 5 ) . A f t e r more t h a n t h r e e y e a r s had e l a p s e d f rom t h e t i m e t h e s u i t was f i l e d , t h e t r i a l j u d g e i n F e b r u a r y 1977 c e r t i f i e d a c l a s s o f " a l l p e r s o n s who were i n c a r c e r a t e d a t t h e t i m e o f t h e f i l i n g o f t h e c o m p l a i n t , o r a r e now, o r in t h e f u t u r e w i l l b e c o n f i n e d i n t h e J a c k s o n C o u n t y j a i l , e i t h e r t o s e r v e a s e n t e n c e o r a w a i t i n g s e n t e n c e . . . . " At t h e same t i m e , d e f e n d a n t c l a s s e s were c e r t i f i e d , c o n s i s t i n g o f t h e s u c c e s s o r s t o t h e p o s i t i o n s o f s h e r i f f and j a i l e r and members o f t h e Board o f S u p e r v i s o r s . T r i a l o n t h e m e r i t s b e g a n i n F e b r u a r y 1 9 7 7 b u t , a f t e r f o u r d a y s o f t e s t i m o n y , was r e c e s s e d u n t i l J u n e . In A u g u s t 1 9 7 7 , t h e t r i a l j u d g e i n a f i v e - p a g e o p i n i o n d e n i e d b o t h i n j u n c t i v e r e l i e f and damages t o M a rv in J o n e s , one o f t h e p r i s o n e r s . The j u d g e h e l d t h e c l a s s c l a i m s i n a b e y a n c e , a p p a r e n t l y p e n d i n g c o m p l e t i o n o f t h e new j a i l , w h i c h h i s o p i n i o n s t a t e d w o u l d be " r e a d y f o r o c c u p a n c y i n a b o u t a y e a r . " By t h e n , t h i s s u i t f o r i n j u n c t i v e r e l i e f had a l r e a d y b e e n on t h e d o c k e t f o r f o u r y e a r s . The p l a i n t i f f s a g a i n s o u g h t r e l i e f f r o m t h i s c o u r t , a n d i n N o v e m b e r 19 77 we d i r e c t e d t h e j u d g e t o r u l e on t h e m e r i t s o f t h e c l a s s c l a i m s . I n December he e n t e r e d h i s f i n d i n g s . The t r i a l j u d g e f o u nd a g a i n s t t h e p l a i n t i f f s on a l l t h e f a c t s and c o n c l u d e d , " [ s ] i n c e c o n s t i t u t i o n a l v i o l a t i o n s a r e n o t i n v o l v e d , t h i s c o u r t w i l l n o t i n t e r v e n e i n t h e I o r d e r l y f u n c t i o n o f t h e J a c k s o n C o un ty j a i l . The F e d e r a l j u d i c i a r y m a i n t a i n s a p o l i c y o f minimum i n t r u s i o n i n t o t h e a f f a i r s o f l o c a l j a i l s and p r i s o n s . . . . " T hen , w i t h o u t e x p l a i n i n g t h e a p p a r e n t a n o m a l y , h e s t a t e d , "T h e J a c k s o n C ou n t y j a i l i s i n a d e q u a t e and s h o u l d be p r o m p t l y r e p l a c e d o r s u p p l e m e n t e d . . . . T h e r e s h o u l d , h o w e v e r , be a r e a s o n a b l e t i m e f ra m e imposed f o r i t s c o m p l e t i o n . " He o b s e r v e d t h a t t h e a s s i g n m e n t o f p r i s o n e r s t o c e l l s s h o u l d n o t be made on t h e b a s i s o f r a c e . A l t h o u g h he f ou nd no v i o l a t i o n o f p r i s o n e r r i g h t s i n t h e me th o ds u s e d t o impose d i s c i p l i n e , he a d d e d t h a t due p r o c e s s s h o u l d be a c c o r d e d p r i s o n e r s f o r whom " m a j o r o r s e v e r e " p u n i s h m e n t i s c o n t e m p l a t e d . He o r d e r e d r u l e s f o r d i s c i p l i n a r y a c t i o n s t o be p o s t e d and g r a n t e d any p r i s o n e r w i t h a c l a i m f o r v i o l a t i o n o f t h o s e r u l e s t h e r i g h t t o have h i s c a s e c o n s i d e r e d by a U n i t e d S t a t e s M a g i s t r a t e . F i n a l l y , he d e n i e d any damages b u t r e t a i n e d j u r i s d i c t i o n t o " a l t e r a n d / o r m o d i f y " any p a r t o f h i s r u l i n g " f r om t i m e t o t i m e . " S i m u l t a n e o u s l y , t h e t r i a l j u d g e i s s u e d a p r e l i m i n a r y i n j u n c t i o n . I t o r d e r e d t h e d e f e n d a n t s " t o c o m p l e t e t h e i r new j a i l , w i t h a l l e q u i p m e n t i n p l a c e , r e a d y f o r use a n d o p e r a t i o n on o r b e f o r e S e p t e m b e r 1 5 , 1 9 7 8 . " I t a l s o o r d e r e d t h e d e f e n d a n t s t o r e f u s e t o a c c e p t p r i s o n e r s c h a r g e d w i t h m i s d e m e a n o r s by m u n i c i p a l i t i e s , r e q u i r e d them t o p o s t a l i s t o f p r i s o n e r r i g h t s p r e p a r e d by t h e c o u r t and e n j o i n e d them f rom r e q u i r i n g o r a l l o w i n g any p r i s o n e r " t o s l e e p on any m a t t r e s s on t h e f l o o r . . . and t h e j a i l s h a l l n o t be o v e r c r o w d e d t o s u c h e x t e n t a s t o r e q u i r e s u c h i n c i d e n t . " The t r i a l j u d g e ' s c o n c l u s i o n s , h i s i n j u n c t i o n and h i s r e t e n t i o n o f j u r i s d i c t i o n a r e n o t mere n o n s e q u i t u r s ; t h e y r e v e a l t h a t t h e j u d g e , who had become t h o r o u g h l y f a m i l i a r w i t h t h i s c a s e o v e r a p e r i o d o f f o u r y e a r s , r e a l l y was aware - 9 - o f c o n s t i t u t i o n a l v i o l a t i o n s . A b s e n t p r o o f o f su ch v i o l a t i o n s he had no j u r i s d i c t i o n , i n h i s own w o r d s , t o " i n t e r v e n e . " W h i l e t h i s d o e s n o t o f i t s e l f d e t e r m i n e t h e i n c o r r e c t n e s s o f t h e i n c o n s i s t e n t f i n d i n g s o f f a c t , i t i s n o t i n c o n s e q u e n t t o t h e i r e v a l u a t i o n . Having r e v i e w e d t h e e n t i r e 1 5 2 0 - p a g e t r a n s c r i p t and t h e r e m a i n d e r o f t h e r e c o r d , we f i n d t h a t t h e p a r t o f t h e t r i a l c o u r t ' s o p i n i o n s t y l e d " F i n d i n g s o f F a c t s " c o n t a i n s many f i n d i n g s t h a t a r e c l e a r l y e r r o n e o u s c o n c e r n i n g c o n d i t i o n s i n 1 97 3 , when t h e s u i t was b r o u g h t , a n d , i n many r e s p e c t s , e q u a l l y so a s t o t h o s e p r e v a i l i n g in 1 9 7 7 , when t h e t r i a l f i n a l l y o c c u r r e d . See Fe d . R. C i v . P. 5 2 . - / 7 / B e c a u s e we c o n c l u d e t h a t t h e f i n d i n g s a r e c l e a r l y e r r o n e o u s , we d o n o t c o n s i d e r t h e s t a n d a r d s f o r r e v i e w o f c o n s t i t u t i o n a l f a c t s . A n u m b e r o f f e d e r a l c i r c u i t c o u r t s have q u a l i f i e d t h e c l e a r l y e r r o n e o u s r u l e when r e v i e w i n g c o n s t i t u t i o n a l f a c t s f o un d by f e d e r a l t r i a l c o u r t s . See C o u s i n s v . C i t y C o u n c i l , 466 F . 2 d 830 , 8 37 ( 7 t h C i r . ) , c e r t d e n i e d , 409 U.S . 89 3 , 93 S . C t . 8 5 , 34 L. Ed 7~ ld 151 ( 1 9 7 2 ) ; G u z i c k v . D r e b u s , 431 F . 2 d 5 9 4 , 599 ( 6 t h C i r . 1 9 7 0 ) , c e r t . d e n i e d , 401 U .S . 94 8 , 91 S. C t . 941 , ___ L. Ed. 2d ___ ( 1 9 7 1 ) ; U n i t e d S t a t e s v . B a k e r , 364 F . 2 d 1 0 7 , 110 n . 4 (3d C i r . ) , c e r t , d e n i e d , 385 U.S . 98 6 , 87 S . C t . 59 6 , L. EdT~2d ( 1 9 6 6 ) . ----- I I I . F a c t s The J a c k s o n C ou n t y j a i l o c c u p i e s p a r t o f t h e f o u r - s t o r y J a c k s o n Coun t y c o u r t h o u s e i n t h e c e n t e r o f t h e c i t y o f P a s c a g o u l a . The s h e r i f f ' s o f f i c e and o t h e r l aw e n f o r c e m e n t f a c i l i t i e s a r e l o c a t e d on t h e f i r s t f l o o r o f t h e b u i l d i n g , t o g e t h e r w i t h one c e l l c a l l e d t h e " h o l d i n g c e l l . " The j a i l k i t c h e n and an a p a r t m e n t f o r t h e s h e r i f f a r e l o c a t e d on t h e t h i r d f l o o r . The t o p f l o o r c o n t a i n s two l a r g e c e l l s c a l l e d " b u l l p e n s " (one w i t h t h i r t y b u n k s , t h e o t h e r w i t h e i g h t e e n ) , s e v e r a l f o u r - b u n k c e l l s c a l l e d " l i n e c e l l s , " a maximum - 1 0 - s e c u r i t y c e l l , a t r u s t y r o o m , s e r v i c e f a c i l i t i e s and two c e l l s u s e d f o r t h e c o n f i n e m e n t o f m e n t a l l y d i s t u r b e d a nd v i o l e n t p e r s o n s g e n e r a l l y c a l l e d "pa dd ed c e l l s " ( a l t h o u g h t h e y had no p a d d i n g ) o r t e rm e d " t h e h o l e " by p r i s o n e r s 8 / Each "p a d d e d c e l l " was 6 ' 6 " by 6 ' . A l t h o u g h t h e c e l l s w e r e n o t p a d d e d , t h e r e w e r e p l a c e s w h e r e m a t t r e s s e s c o u l d be i n s t a l l e d t o s e r v e a s p a d d i n g i f n e e d e d . S h e r i f f Diamond t e s t i f i e d he knew o f no i n s t a n c e when t h e y had b e e n u s e d . T h e s e c e l l s had no bu n k s o r a n y o t h e r f u r n i s h i n g s . Each had a h o l e i n t h e f l o o r t h a t s e r v e d a s a u r i n a l . I f t h e c o n f i n e d p e r s o n had o t h e r n e e d s , he had t o c a l l a t r u s t y . The t r i a l j u d g e made few f i n d i n g s c o n c e r n i n g j a i l c o n d i t i o n s a s t h e y e x i s t e d i n 1 9 7 3 , a s c o m p a r e d t o t h o s e e x i s t i n g a t t h e t i m e o f t r i a l i n 1 9 7 7 . However , t h e t e s t i mony, p a r t i c u l a r l y i n many i n s t a n c e s t h a t o f S h e r i f f Diamond and J a i l e r T o o t l e , and t h e d e f e n d a n t s ' a n s w e r s t o i n t e r r o g a t o r i e s w a r r a n t t h e f o l l o w i n g c o n c l u s i o n s c o n c e r n i n g c o n d i t i o n s when t h i s s u i t was commenced. J a i l e r T o o t l e was t h e o n l y p e r s o n d i r e c t l y c h a r g e d w i t h r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r j a i l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n . He u s u a l l y was on d u t y f rom 8 : 0 0 A.M. u n t i l 5 : 0 0 P.M. and was o f f d u t y one day a week. When he was p r e s e n t i n t h e j a i l , m o s t o f t h e d e t a i l s o f a d m i n i s t r a t i o n were h a n d l e d by p r i s o n e r s who had b e e n s e l e c t e d t o a c t a s t r u s t i e s ; when he was n o t p r e s e n t , p r i s o n e r - t r u s t i e s w e r e , a s a p r a c t i c a l m a t t e r , i n s o l e c h a r g e . Th e t r u s t i e s c a r r i e d k e y s t o t h e c e l l s , r e l a y e d m e d i c a l c o m p l a i n t s t o t h e j a i l e r , d e l i v e r e d p a c k a g e s and a d m i n i s t e r e d t h e j a i l c a n t e e n . The j a i l had 76 b u n k s . Even w i t h t h a t number o f i n m a t e s c o n f i n e d , i t was b a d l y c r o w d e d . G e n e r a l l y , ho w ev e r , i t h o u se d many mor e . T h e r e was e v i d e n c e t h a t an a v e r a g e o f 197 - 1 1 - 197 p e r s o n s p a s s e d t h r o u g h t h e j a i l e a c h d a y . Not a l l o f t h e s e r e m a in e d o v e r n i g h t b e c a u s e many would p o s t bond and be r e l e a s e d t h e same d a y . How many p r i s o n e r s were c o n f i n e d a t any one t i m e d u r i n g t h e day o r on any g i v e n n i g h t c a n n o t be d e t e r m i n e d f rom t h e j a i l r e c o r d s b e c a u s e o n l y a d m i s s i o n s and d i s c h a r g e s were r e c o r d e d . The d e f e n d a n t s o f f e r e d e v i d e n c e t h a t t h e a v e r a g e number o f m e a l s s e r v e d e a c h d ay r a n g e d f rom 82 t o 97 . On one day 102 p e r s o n s wer e c o n f i n e d . T h e r e was , m o r e o v e r , v o l u m i n o u s t e s t i m o n y by p r i s o n e r s , c o n f i r m e d by o t h e r t e s t i m o n y and a p p a r e n t l y c r e d i t e d by t h e t r i a l j u d g e , t h a t p r i s o n e r s were o f t e n r e q u i r e d t o s l e e p on m a t t r e s s e s on t h e c o n c r e t e f l o o r and on t h e d a y - r o o m t a b l e s . At t i m e s t h e r e was a s l i t t l e a s s i x t o e i g h t s q u a r e f e e t o f s p a c e p e r p r i s o n e r . T h e r e was a b s o l u t e c o n f l i c t i n t h e t e s t i m o n y a b o u t s a n i t a r y c o n d i t i o n s . Many p r i s o n e r s t e s t i f i e d t h a t t h e j a i l was o v e r c r o w d e d , p e o p l e s l e p t on t h e f l o o r s and o n t a b l e s , m a t t r e s s e s w e r e s o i l e d a n d d i r t y , m a t t r e s s c o v e r s , when s u p p l i e d , w e r e f i l t h y a n d j a i l c o n d i t i o n s w e r e u n s a n i t a r y . On t h e o t h e r h a n d , S h e r i f f Diam ond a nd J a i l e r T o o t l e t e s t i f i e d t h a t r a r e l y , i f e v e r , d i d t h e number o f p r i s o n e r s e x c e e d t h e number o f b u n k s , m a t t r e s s e s w er e r e p l a c e d r e g u l a r l y , m a t t r e s s c o v e r s were washed r e g u l a r l y , t h e r e was a d a i l y c l e a n i n g o f t h e c e l l s u n d e r t h e t r u s t i e s ' s u p e r v i s i o n a n d t h e j a i l w as m a i n t a i n e d i n a s a n i t a r y c o n d i t i o n . P h o t o g r a p h s and o t h e r e v i d e n c e s a t i s f y u s t h a t t h e p r i s o n e r s ' a c c o u n t o f t h e j a i l more a c c u r a t e l y d e s c r i b e d c o n d i t i o n s , a t l e a s t a t t h e o u t s e t o f t h e s u i t , t h a n t h e a c c o u n t by t h e s h e r i f f and j a i l e r and t h a t t h e d i s t r i c t c o u r t was c l e a r l y e r r o n e o u s i n r e a c h i n g t h e c o n c l u s i o n s i t d i d . - 1 2 - I The f o r m e r C h i e f o f C l a s s i f i c a t i o n s and P a r o l e o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s P e n i t e n t i a r y a t T e r r e H a u t e , who had a l s o s e r v e d a s S u p e r i n t e n d e n t o f L o r t o n C o r r e c t i o n a l I n s t i t u t i o n i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f Co l u m b ia , v i s i t e d t h e j a i l j u s t b e f o r e t h e t r i a l , l o n g a f t e r S h e r i f f L e d b e t t e r had s u c c e e d e d S h e r i f f Diamond and f u r t h e r c h a n g e s had b e e n made. H is t e s t i m o n y - ^ 9/ Jo h n 0 . Boone t e s t i f i e d , " ( T ] h a t j a i l i s a g a i n s t a l l my n o t i o n s o f j u s t i c e . . . . I ' m a p p a l l e d and I t h i n k i t ' s d e v a s t a t i n g f o r e v e r y b o d y , f o r t h e o f f i c i a l s ; e s p e c i a l l y f o r t h e o f f i c i a l s e s p e c i a l l y , and f o r t h e p r i s o n e r s , and I c a n ' t s e e how anybody ca n g e t a n o t i o n t h a t anybod y h a s a good f e e l i n g a b o u t j u s t i c e h a v i n g had any k i n d o f r e l a t i o n s h i p t o t h a t j a i l . " He t e s t i f i e d a b o u t s a n i t a r y c o n d i t i o n s , " I saw s t a c k e d up p i l e s o f f i l t h . . . . P a p e r p l a t e s , p a p e r c u p s , d i r t y t o w e l s , d i r t y c l o t h e s . . . . T h e men w e r e d i r t y . " A f t e r an o b j e c t i o n t o h e a r s a y c o n c e r n i n g b a t h i n g f a c i l i t i e s , he s t a t e d , " W e l l , I s m e l l e d t h e m . . . . I s m e l l e d them and I saw t h e d i r t . One young man was r u b b i n g t h e d i r t o f f h i s s k i n . " He t e s t i f i e d t h a t o n e s h o w e r a r e a was u n i d e n t i f i a b l e " u n t i l t h e y t o l d me t h a t ' s w h a t i t w a s . I t was e x t r e m e l y d i r t y , c o r r o d e d . . . . I t ' s a b s o l u t e l y a n i m p o s s i b l e s a n i t a r y s i t u a t i o n . " and t h e t e s t i m o n y o f a n o t h e r e x p e r t who v i s i t e d t h e j a i l a t t h e same t i m e — ' s a t i s f y us t h a t , w h i l e some o f t h e w o r s t 20/ T h e o d o r e James Gordon had e x t e n s i v e e x p e r i e n c e as a h e a l t h c a r e f a c i l i t y s u r v e y o r and in i n s t i t u t i o n a l h y g i e n e . He t e s t i f i e d t h a t some s h o w e r s were f u l l o f t r a s h and g a r b a g e b e c a u s e t h e r e was no p l a c e t o swee p o u t t h e t r a s h . F o u r p r i s o n e r s were c o n f i n e d i n t h e t w o - p e r s o n c e l l s . The v e n t i l a t i o n s y s t e m was n o t w o r k i n g . The i n s t i t u t i o n p r o v i d e d no l i n e n a n d no c l o t h i n g f o r p r i s o n e r s . T h e r e was no way p r i s o n e r s c o u l d w a s h t h e i r c l o t h i n g e x c e p t i n s h o w e r s which were n o t t h e n w o r k i n g . T h e r e were l a u n d r y f a c i l i t i e s on t h e f i r s t f l o o r , b u t t h e y w e r e n o t b e i n g u s e d . He saw i n m a t e s s l e e p i n g on t h e f l o o r on d i r t y m a t t r e s s e s w i t h " e v i d e n c e o f u r i n e s t a i n ; w h e r e s o m e o n e h a d t h r o w n u p on t h e m a t t r e s s a t one t i m e o r a n o t h e r . They wer e s o i l e d and w e r e n o t c l e a n e d a t a l l . " c o n d i t i o n s w e r e a m e l i o r a t e d a f t e r S h e r i f f L e d b e t t e r t o o k o f f i c e , e v e n in 1977 t h e j a i l was f i l t h y , in h um a nl y o v e r - - 1 3 - c r o w d e d and u n s u i t a b l e f o r t h e c o n f i n e m e n t o f p r i s o n e r s . — ^ 1 1 / I n 1976 a j a i l r i o t o c c u r r e d i n which $ 3 0 , 0 0 0 o f p r o p e r t y was dam aged , a l t h o u g h no one was i n j u r e d . N e e d l e s s t o s a y , j a i l c o n d i t i o n s d o n o t e x c u s e d i s o r d e r and we do n o t condone t h e r e b e l l i o n in any w a y . A f t e r t h e r i o t , when i n t e r v i e w e d by t h e M i s s i s s i p p i P r e s s , S h e r i f f L e d b e t t e r was q u o t e d a s s a y i n g t h a t t h e p e r s o n s i n t h e j a i l w ere j a i l b i r d s a n d " t h e y d o n ' t h a v e a n y r i g h t s a s f a r a s I ' m c o n c e r n e d . " I n t e r r o g a t e d a b o u t t h i s d u r i n g t r i a l , he d i d n o t deny t h e s t a t e m e n t . T h i s c a s u a l o b s e r v a t i o n i s o f some i m p o r t a n c e i n e v a l u a t i n g t h e s h e r i f f ' s t e s t i m o n y and h i s v i e w o f h i s r e s p o n s i b i l i t y a s o f f i c i a l c u s t o d i a n o f t h e p r i s o n e r s . J a i l e r T o o t l e a d m i n i s t e r e d p u n i s h m e n t by c o n f i n i n g p e r s o n s , i f t h e i r o f f e n s e was " s e r i o u s e n o u g h , " i n t h e "pad ded c e l l " and by r e s t r i c t i n g t h e i r v i s i t a t i o n p r i v i l e g e s . Th er e w er e r u d i m e n t a r y j a i l r u l e s p o s t e d b u t p u n i s h m e n t f o r v i o l a t i o n s was i n f l i c t e d a t T o o t l e ' s d i s c r e t i o n w i t h o u t a h e a r i n g o f any k i n d . A l t h o u g h t h e d i s t r i c t j u d g e f o u n d t h a t t h e r e was no p a t t e r n o r p r a c t i c e o f s e x u a l a b u s e i n t h e j a i l , J a i l e r T o o t l e t e s t i f i e d t h a t d u r i n g t h e Diamond a d m i n i s t r a t i o n t h e p r i s o n e r s h e l d a k a n g a r o o c o u r t in t h e b u l l p e n a n d , in a n s w e r t o i n t e r r o g a t o r i e s , s a i d o f a p r i s o n e r , " Ju dg ed a t k a n g a r o o c o u r t i n b u l l p e n . S e n t e n c e on e v e r y new in m a te p u t i n b u l l p e n a f t e r t r i a l , su c h a s u n n a t u r a l i n t e r c o u r s e and make them [ p e r f o r m a h o m o s e x u a l a c t ] . A l s o b e a t up s e v e r a l i n m a t e s p r e t t y b a d . " ( E m p h as i s s u p p l i e d . ) He t e s t i f i e d t h a t he had r e c e i v e d r e p o r t s o f many s e x u a l a s s a u l t s b u t t h a t he c o u l d p r o v e t h e o c c u r r e n c e o f o n l y one b e c a u s e t h e v i c t i m s o f t h e o t h e r a t t a c k s r e f u s e d t o t e s t i f y a g a i n s t t h e i r a s s a i l a n t s . J a i l e r T o o t l e a l s o t e s t i f i e d t h a t t h e r e were a l w a y s f i g h t s in t h e j a i l . The e v i d e n c e , t a k e n a s a w h o l e , l e a d s us t o c o n c l u d e t h a t , d u r i n g t h e Diamond a d m i n i s t r a t i o n , t h e j a i l e r s f a i l e d t o - 1 4 - e n t r u s t e d i t t o t h e t r u s t i e st a k e c h a r g e o f t h e j a i l , e n t r u s t e d i t t o t h e t r u s t i e s ' s u p e r v i s i o n , knew t h e r e was a c l i m a t e o f p r i s o n e r v i o l e n c e and f a i l e d t o t a k e any s t e p s t o e l i m i n a t e i t . When S h e r i f f L e d b e t t e r t o o k c h a r g e i n 1 9 7 6 , he employ ed an a s s i s t a n t j a i l e r t o s e r v e when t h e j a i l e r was o f f d u t y , t h u s p r o v i d i n g t w e n t y - f o u r h o u r a day s u p e r v i s i o n . However , t h e t r u s t y s y s t e m was m a i n t a i n e d and p r i s o n e r a b u s e o f o t h e r p r i s o n e r s was n o t e l i m i n a t e d . T h e r e c o n t i n u e d t o be r e p e a t e d f i g h t s i n t h e j a i l a n d a g e n e r a l c l i m a t e o f v i o l e n c e . W h i le t h e d i s t r i c t j u d g e f ou nd t h a t t h e r e was "no p a t t e r n o r p r a c t i c e o f r a c i a l d i s c r i m i n a t i o n in t h e j a i l , " he a l s o f o u n d t h a t "on o c c a s i o n " p r i s o n e r s who w e r e t o be c o n f i n e d t o one o f t h e two b u l l p e n s , wh i ch h o us e d more t h a n h a l f t h e p r i s o n e r s , w e r e g i v e n a c h o i c e b e t w e e n t h e t w o . S h e r i f f Diamond t e s t i f i e d t h a t "a l a r g e p a r t o f t h e t i m e t h e y [ t h e b u l l p e n s ] were s e g r e g a t e d and o n e was known a s t h e w h i t e b u l l p e n , t h e o t h e r a s t h e b l a c k b u l l p e n . " A l t h o u g h c o u n s e l f o r d e f e n d a n t s a r g u e d t h a t r a c i a l s e g r e g a t i o n was e l i m i n a t e d by S h e r i f f L e d b e t t e r , L e d b e t t e r h i m s e l f t e s t i f i e d t h a t he c o n t i n u e d " f r e e d o m o f c h o i c e " a n d t h a t t h i s r e s u l t e d i n s e g r e g a t i o n in t h e b u l l p e n s . On a d m i s s i o n e v e r y p r i s o n e r was p r e s e n t e d w i t h , and u s u a l l y s i g n e d , a c a r d t h a t g av e t h e j a i l e r t h e r i g h t t o c e n s o r m a i l . L a t e r , J a i l e r T o o t l e s a i d , he " s c r a t c h e d o u t ' c e n s o r ' and p u t ' s e a r c h ' on t h e c a r d . " Mr . T o o t l e opene d i ncom i ng m a i l i f he was s u s p i c i o u s o f i t s c o n t e n t s . He t e s t i f i e d t h a t he d i d s o o n l y o n c e . On t h e o t h e r h a n d , S h e r i f f Diamond t e s t i f i e d t h a t in co mi ng " b u l k y " l e t t e r s and a l l p a c k a q e s were exa mi ne d by Mr. T o o t l e . I t a p p e a r s t h a t m a i l c e n s o r s h i p was c o n s i d e r a b l y r e d u c e d a f t e r S h e r i f f - 1 5 - - 9 1 - sq j , ' s a q x q w Aq p a x d n o o o . a u o oq a o u a a a g a a d ux s a s u o s u d i p p g q qo Xiug XT^o B a a q u a oq AxxapqungOA Aga>{xxun AgXBnba aq pgnOM a a u o s x a d aqxqM v 'AaosnxXT qnq q q 6 np a q oq . . aoxoqo , , aqq puxg Axpj iaq pgno o ' s a x u o g ^ g aoCpui go paqoxA uoo auios ' s a a u o s x a d a q x q « qqx« papw oao x i o o p u i quau i auxg uoo uaa. ' -iqaq a s o o q o oq p a a a p a o pup XT^[- papMoao aqq oq paqqxuipp Agwau u o s a a d ifopgq V * ^qT XT QT s u o d s a a go u o x q p o x p q p up s i spapM a x a q q a s x A a a d n s oq A g a a d o a d s x e p T j j o go a a n g x p g a q q ' g x p C b go 6 u x q q a s a A x o a a o o A g q u a a a q u x a q q u i • uox q p u x ujt a o s x p a o g a z n p 6 p qnq sx a o i o q o go u iopaaag ' q updu ipa sx pux>{ AaaAa go A q x g x q s o q a a a q « ' s u o s x a d u i •S D To qo a x a q q g o q g n s a a a q q s e n s x q q qpqq u o x q p u p g d x a aqq q q x « a o p a Aq p a q e 6 a a b a s a a a « __s u e d I TTn q OMq a q q ux a s o q q — s a a u o s x a d s t 1 q s e a g qv s a x q x x x o p j p a q p 6 a a b a s *\? SNOIiIVTOIA 'IVNOIXm.IJ.SNOD 'A I ' T XT o a q u o o q u a m q p a a q a a u o s x a d g o q o a d s p a p g n o x q a s d Aup go A opn bappux a o Ao pn bap p aq q a e p x s u o o qou o p pup urns ux gxpC qe s u o x q x p u o o aqpngBAa sm a s n p o a q q q b u a g qp a o u a p x A a s x q q a q p q s a qou op a « ' a q p n b a p p a a a « ggp qpqq Auouixqsaq p a a a g g o s q u p p u a g a p aqj , ' q u a x o x g a p aaaw ggp qeqq a o u a p x A a a g q p a a p x s - u o o p a a a g g o s g g x q u g p g d aqj , - a a p o gpoxpaui pup q a x p ' u o x q - p g x q u a A aqq q n o q p Auouixqsaq aA X su aq x a s p m a a a q j , • suiooa App pup s g g a o pauiuisC aqq ux a s x o a a x a go uiaog Aguo a x a q q s p s d n - q s n d op p x p pup p g n o o s a a u o s x a d qa q q p a x g x q s a q s a a g x p C aqj , ' a s x o a a x a a o o p u x aog uiooa ou ‘ papMoaoaaAO spm qx a s n p o a q ' p u p a s x o a a x a a o o p q n o aog s e t q q I T ^ e q ou p p q g x p f s q q ‘ a a u a o o q a a a q s u « o q u « o p p u o k u x p g x n q B go a o o g g doq aqq uo s pm qx s p p a q s n q g s •qxg mps Aaqq s p XTBUI q d a o a a q u x oq q u a q x a auios oq p a n u x q u o o s a a g x p C s x q pup aq qnq ' e o x g g o >;ooq a a q q a q p a q I ; j !i ! I i •4 d e f e n d a n t s do n o t s u g g e s t any j u s t i f i c a t i o n f o r t h e p o l W h i l e i t was d i s g u i s e d i n t e r m s o f c h o i c e , t h e p r a c t i c e r a c i a l l y d i s c r i m i n a t o r y a n d , h e n c e , u n c o n s t i t u t i o n a l . See Lee v . W a s h i n g t o n , 390 U .S . 3 3 3 , 88 S . C t . 99 4 , 19 L. Ed. 2d 1212 ( 1 9 6 8 ) . B. C r u e l and U nu sua l P u n i s h m e n t C o n f i n e m e n t i n a p r i s o n w h e r e t e r r o r r e i g n s i s c r u e l and u n u s u a l p u n i s h m e n t . A p r i s o n e r h a s a r i g h t t o be p r o t e c t e d f r o m t h e c o n s t a n t t h r e a t o f v i o l e n c e and f r o m s e x u a l a s s a u l t . W i t h e r s v . L e v i n e , 615 F .2 d 158 ( 4 t h C i r . 1 9 8 0 ) ; G a t e s v . C o l l i e r , 501 F . 2 d 1291 ( 5 t h C i r . 1 9 7 4 ) ; Woodhous v . V i r g i n i a , 487 F .2 d 889 ( 4 t h C i r . 1 9 7 3 ) . Whi le i n o u r u l t i m a t e c o n c l u s i o n we c o n s i d e r t h e j a i l c o n d i t i o n s a s a w h o l e , some s p e c i f i c f a c t s a s s i s t i n o u r e v a l u a t i o n . P r i s o n e r a b u s e by o t h e r p r i s o n e r s was common. D u r i n g t h e Diamond a d m i n i s t r a t i o n , p r i s o n m a n a g e m e n t was i n e f f e c t t u r n e d o v e r t o t r u s t i e s f i f t e e n t o s i x t e e n h o u r s a d a y . D e p u t i e s wer e on d u t y d o w n s t a i r s b u t , a p a r t f rom o c c a s i o n a l p a t r o l s , t h e y h ad no k n o w l e d g e o f e v e n t s i n t h e j a i l and c o u l d n o t be summoned by p r i s o n e r s . The e v i d e n c e s a t i s f i e s u s t h a t t h e r e was c o n s t a n t v i o l e n c e , a n d , a t l e a s t d u r i n g p a r t o f t h e p e r i o d , a p r i s o n e r - r u n k a n g a r o o c o u r t t h a t i n f l i c t e d p h y s i c a l and s e x u a l a b u s e on o t h e r p r i s o n e r s . T h i s s t a t e o f a f f a i r s was known t o J a i l e r T o o t l e and t o S h e r i f f Diam on d . The o l d j a i l was g r o s s l y o v e r c r o w d e d . The t r i a l j u d g e i n f a c t fo u n d t h i s t o be t h e c a s e , a n d , i n d e e d , t h i s was t h e p r i n c i p a l r e a s o n t h e new j a i l was b u i l t . I n t h e d a y t i m e , p r i s o n e r s w e r e c o n f i n e d t o t h e d a y room i n s u c h numbers t h a t a t t i m e s t h e r e was l i t t l e more t h a n s i x s q u a r e f e e t p e r i n m a t e . The w e s t b u l l pen h e l d e i g h t e e n i n m a t e s ( i n - 1 7 - t h r e e s i x - b u n k c e l l s ) , and had o n l y e l e v e n s q u a r e f e e t p e r p e r s o n , i n c l u d i n g s p a c e o c c u p i e d by t a b l e s . C o n d i t i o n s in t h e e a s t b u l l p e n , wh ich h e l d t h i r t y i n m a t e s ( f i v e s i x - b u n k c e l l s ) , were w o r s e and s o m e t i m e s d u r i n g t h e d ay t h e r e was o n l y 6 . 8 s q u a r e f e e t o f s p a c e p e r p e r s o n , i n c l u d i n g t a b l e s p a c e . M a t t r e s s e s , a t l e a s t a t t h e s t a r t o f t h e s u i t , w e r e a l l o w e d t o b e c o m e f i l t h y . P r i s o n e r s o f t e n s l e p t on m a t t r e s s e s l a i d on t h e f l o o r o r on t a b l e s i n t h e day room. Und er t h e c rowded c o n d i t i o n s t h e j a i l was s t i f l i n g i n t h e summer . D i e t , w h i l e m i n i m a l l y a d e q u a t e , c o n s i s t e d m a i n l y o f s t a r c h e s and was n o t b a l a n c e d . T h e r e was no o u t d o o r e x e r c i s e . P r i s o n e r s who d i d n o t w is h t h e i r b o d i e s t o w a s t e away c o u l d o n l y do p u s h - u p s in t h e crowded c o r r i d o r s o r p a c ke d c e l l s . The combined i m p a c t o f t h e s e c o n d i t i o n s made c o n f i n e m e n t i n t h e J a c k s o n Co un ty j a i l o f any p r i s o n e r c r u e l and u n u s u a l p u n i s h m e n t and t h e c o n f i n e m e n t o f p r e t r i a l d e t a i n e e s p u n i s h m e n t p e r s e . C. P r i s o n e r P r o t e c t i o n When p r i s o n o f f i c i a l s h a v e f a i l e d t o c o n t r o l o r s e p a r a t e p r i s o n e r s who e n d a n g e r t h e p h y s i c a l s a f e t y o f o t h e r p r i s o n e r s and t h e l e v e l o f v i o l e n c e h a s become s o h i g h t h a t e x p o s u r e t o i t c o n s t i t u t e s c r u e l and u n u s u a l p u n i s h m e n t , we h a v e a p p r o v e d o r d e r s t o d e v e l o p a c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s y s t e m a s p a r t o f an e f f o r t t o e r a d i c a t e t h o s e c o n d i t i o n s . McCray v . S u l l i v a n , 509 F . 2d 1 3 3 2 , 1334 ( 5t ' n C i r . ) , c e r t . d e n i e d , 423 U.S . 859 , 96 S. C t . 114 , 46 L. Ed. 2d 86 ( 1 9 7 5 ) ; G a t e s v. C o l l i e r , 501 F .2d 1291, 1 30 8- 10 ( 5 t h C i r . 1 9 7 4 ) . The c o n s t a n t and h a b i t u a l e x p o s u r e o f c o n v i c t e d p r i s o n e r s t o p e r s o n s who a r e c o n t a g i o u s l y i l l i s a l s o r e p r o b a t e d a s c r u e l and u n u s u a l - 1 8 - p u n i s h m e n t . The e v i d e n c e c o n v i n c e s us t h a t p r i s o n e r s i n t h e J a c k s o n C o u n t y j a i l were c o n s t a n t l y e x p o s e d t o b o t h v i o l e n c e and d i s e a s e . D. C o n f i n e m e n t o f P r e t r i a l D e t a i n e e s Und er b o t h t h e L e d b e t t e r and Diamond r e g i m e s , p r e t r i a l d e t a i n e e s and c o n v i c t e d p e r s o n s were c o n f i n e d t o g e t h e r and t r e a t e d a l i k e . The c o n f i n e m e n t o f p r e t r i a l d e t a i n e e s i n d i s c r i m i n a t e l y w i t h c o n v i c t e d p e r s o n s i s u n c o n s t i t u t i o n a l u n l e s s s u c h a p r a c t i c e i s " r e a s o n a b l y r e l a t e d t o t h e i n s t i t u t i o n ' s i n t e r e s t i n m a i n t a i n i n g j a i l s e c u r i t y , " B e l l v . W o l f i s h , ___ U.S . ___ , ____, 99 S . C t . 1861 , 18 74 , ____ L. Ed. 2d ____, ____ ( 1 9 7 9 ) , o r p h y s i c a l f a c i l i t i e s do n o t p e r m i t t h e i r s e p a r a t i o n . See B a r n e s v . V i r g i n I s l a n d s , 415 F . Supp. 12 18 , 1235 ( D . V . I . 1 9 7 6 ) ; H a m i l t o n v . L a n d r i e u , 351 F. Supp. 549 , 552 (E.D. La. 1 9 7 2 ) . Of c o u r s e , i f a p a r t i c u l a r p r e t r i a l d e t a i n e e h a s a lo n g r e c o r d o f p r i o r c o n v i c t i o n s o r i s l i k e l y t o be v i o l e n t , i m p o s i t i o n o f g r e a t e r s e c u r i t y m e a s u r e s i s w a r r a n t e d by t h e B e l l v . W o l f i s h c r i t e r i a . N o n e t h e l e s s , p r e t r i a l d e t a i n e e s have a due p r o c e s s r i g h t t o be c o n s i d e r e d i n d i v i d u a l l y t o t h e e x t e n t s e c u r i t y and s p a c e r e q u i r e m e n t s p e r m i t . The d e f e n d a n t s have f a i l e d t o s a t i s f y t h e i r c o n s t i t u t i o n a l d u t i e s in t h i s r e g a r d . E. A d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f D i s c i p l i n e P r i s o n e r s were c o n f i n e d t o t h e " p a d de d c e l l " a s a d i s c i p l i n a r y m e a s u r e w i t h o u t any k i n d o f h e a r i n g by J a i l e r T o o t l e d u r i n g t h e Diam on d a d m i n i s t r a t i o n . A f t e r S h e r i f f L e d b e t t e r t o o k c h a r g e , t h e p r i n c i p a l d i s c i p l i n a r y p u n i s h m e n t was d e n i a l o f v i s i t a t i o n . However , e v e n i n t h e L e d b e t t e r r e g i m e no d i s c i p l i n a r y p r o c e e d i n g s wer e c o n d u c t e d p r i o r t o t h e i m p o s i t i o n o f p u n i s h m e n t , and t h e r u l e s were so i n a d e q u a t e f o r p r i s o n e r g u i d a n c e t h a t t h e d i s t r i c t j u d g e fo u n d i t - 1 9 - n e c e s s a r y t o o r d e r t h e p o s t i n g o f w r i t t e n r u l e s p r e s c r i b e d by h im. The p r a c t i c e s o f t h e two s h e r i f f s v i o l a t e d t h e p r o h i b i t i o n o f d i s c i p l i n a r y p u n i s h m e n t w i t h o u t d u e p r o c e s s . See W o l f f v . M c D o n n e l l , 418 U . S . 5 3 9 , 94 S . C t . 2 9 6 3 , 41 L. Ed. 2d 935 ( 1 9 7 4 ) . F. Ma i l - F i r s t Amendment R i g h t s T h e e v i d e n c e s a t i s f i e s u s t h a t , p r i o r t o 1 9 7 6 , p r i s o n e r m a i l was o p e n e d a n d c e n s o r e d w h e n e v e r S h e r i f f D ia m on d a n d J a i l e r T o o t l e c h o s e . D u r i n g t h e L e d b e t t e r a d m i n i s t r a t i o n , m a i l i n s p e c t i o n and c e n s o r s h i p a p p e a r s to h av e b e e n l e s s p e r v a s i v e . However , u n d e r b o t h a d m i n i s t r a t i o n s t h e h a n d l i n g o f p r i s o n e r m a i l v i o l a t e d t h e f i r s t amendment r i g h t s o f p r i s o n e r s . See G u a j a r d o v. E s t e l l e , 580 F . 2d 748 ( 5 t h C i r . 1978) . V. INJUNCTIVE RELIEF When t h i s s u i t was f i l e d i n 1 9 7 3 , c o n d i t i o n s i n t h e J a c k s o n C o u n ty j a i l v i o l a t e d t h e f e d e r a l c o n s t i t u t i o n a l r i g h t s o f b o t h c o n v i c t e d p r i s o n e r s and p r e t r i a l d e t a i n e e s . D u r i n g t h e f o u r y e a r s p r i o r t o t h e t i m e t h e d i s t r i c t c o u r t h e a r d t h i s s u i t f o r a n i n j u n c t i o n and w h i l e e v e r y c l a i m was b e i n g " h o t l y c o n t e s t e d " by t h e d e f e n d a n t s , a s t h e i r c o u n s e l f r a n k l y s t a t e d t o t h e c o u r t , some o f t h e w o r s t a b u s e s were a m e l i o r a t e d . However , e v e n when t h e t r i a l was f i n a l l y h e l d , j a i l o p e r a t i o n s t i l l v i o l a t e d some c o n s t i t u t i o n a l r e q u i r e m e n t s T h i s i s t h e f o u r t h t i m e t h e c a s e h a s be e n h e a r d in t h i s c o u r t . I t i s now c o n t e n d e d t h a t t h e ne e d f o r an i n j u n c t i o n h a s been o b v i a t e d b e c a u s e a s a n i t a r y new j a i l , com p ly in g w i t h LEAA s t a n d a r d s , h a s b e e n o c c u p i e d . T h i s h a p p e n e d a f t e r more t h a n f i v e y e a r s o f l i t i g a t i o n , more t h a n two y e a r s a f t e r t h e a p p e a l was f i l e d and month s a f t e r t h e p a n e l h e a r d o r a l a r g u m e n t . - 2 0 - Ch a n g es made by d e f e n d a n t s a f t e r a s u i t i s f i l e d do n o t r emove t h e n e c e s s i t y f o r i n j u n c t i v e r e l i e f , f o r p r a c t i c e s may be r e i n s t a t e d a s s w i f t l y a s t h e y were s u s p e n d e d . See A l l e e v . Medrano, 416 D.S . 80 2 , 8 1 0 - 1 1 , 94 S . C t . 2191, 2198, 40 L. Ed . 2d 566 , ___ ( 1 9 7 4 ) ; U n i t e d S t a t e s v . W.T. G r a n t Co. , 345 U.S . 629 , 632 , 73 S. C t . 8 9 4 , 89 7 , L. Ed. 2d ___ / ____ ( 1 9 5 3 ) ; G a t e s v . C o l l i e r , 501 F .2 d 12 91 , 1321 ( 5 t h C i r . 1 9 7 4 ) . The b u r d e n i s on t h e d e f e n d a n t s t o p r o v e t h a t t h e wro n g s o f t h e p a s t c o u l d n o t r e a s o n a b l y be e x p e c t e d t o r e c u r . U n i t e d S t a t e s v . C o n c e n t r a t e d P h o s p h a t e E x p o r t A s s o c i a t i o n , 393 U .S . 199 , 20 3 , 89 S . C t . 361 , 36 4 , ___ L. Ed. 2d ___ , ___ , ( 1 9 6 8 ) . The r e c o r d o f d e f e n d a n t s ' p e r f o r m a n c e p e r m i t s u s t o d ra w no s u c h c o n c l u s i o n , and t h e im p ro v e m en t in c o n d i t i o n s in F e b r u a r y 1 9 7 9 , a f t e r f i v e and a h a l f y e a r s o f l i t i g a t i o n , d o e s n o t e l i m i n a t e t h e need f o r an i n j u n c t i o n . The p r o v i s i o n o f a new and s a n i t a r y b u i l d i n g d o e s n o t a s s u r e t h a t i t w i l l be o p e r a t e d i n a c o n s t i t u t i o n a l way. F i l t h can a c c u m u l a t e in new b u i l d i n g s ( t h e o l d j a i l was l e s s t h a n t h i r t y y e a r s o l d when t h i s s u i t b e g a n ) ; new b u i l d i n g s ca n be made i n t o l e r a b l y o v e r c r o w d e d ; r a c i a l d i s c r i m i n a t i o n can be worked i n immacu l a t e c o r r i d o r s ; due p r o c e s s ca n be d e n i e d a n t i s e p t i c a l l y ; and t h e f i r s t amendment can be a b r i d g e d i n t h e c l e a n e s t q u a r t e r s . B e c a u se n o t h i n g i n t h e r e c o r d p r o v i d e s any c o m f o r t t o t h e p l a i n t i f f c l a s s o r any a s s u r a n c e t o t h i s c o u r t t h a t t h e r e s u l t s o f t h e a l m o s t s e v e n - y e a r l i t i g a t i o n w i l l n o t be l o s t and t h e wronqs o f t h e p a s t w i l l n o t be r e c o m m i t t e d , we deem t h e i s s u a n c e o f an i n j u n c t i o n n e c e s s a r y . A. R a c i a l S e g r e g a t i o n A l t h o u g h t h e c o u r t m u s t n o t a s sume s u p e r i n t e n d a n c e o f t h e d e t a i l s o f j a i l m a n a g e m e n t , t h e i n j u n c t i o n m u s t - 2 1 - p r e v e n t r e c u r r e n c e o£ t h o s e a b u s e s t h a t c a u s e d c o n f i n e m e n t t o v i o l a t e c o n s t i t u t i o n a l r i g h t s . The new j a i l h a s one c e l l f o r e a c h i n m a t e a t p r e s e n t . The p a r t i e s s t i p u l a t e d t h a t p r i s o n e r s t h e r e a r e n o t s e g r e g a t e d by r a c e . However , f o r t h e r e a s o n s s t a t e d and b e c a u s e we do n o t o r d e r a o n e - p r i s o n e r - o n e - c e l l r u l e , an i n j u n c t i o n a g a i n s t any k i n d o f r a c i a l d i s c r i m i n a t i o n , o v e r t o r by any p r e t e n s e , s h a l l be i s s u e d . B. O v e r c r o w d i n g I t i s e v i d e n t t h a t t h e p h y s i c a l f a c i l i t i e s i n t h e new j a i l w i l l p r o v i d e s u f f i c i e n t s p a c e f o r p r i s o n e r s e v e n i f t h e r e i s n o t o n e c e l l p e r p r i s o n e r , s o l o n g a s t h e j a i l d o e s n o t b e c o m e g r o s s l y o v e r c r o w d e d . H o w e v e r , we c a n n o t s h u t o u r e y e s t o t h e p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t c o n d i t i o n s a t P a r c h m a n may n o t be s p e e d i l y r e m e d i e d and t h e new j a i l may b ec o me i n u n d a t e d by an i n c r e a s e i n t h e num b e r o f s t a t e p r i s o n e r s . M o r e o v e r , b e c a u s e t h e o l d j a i l i s s t i l l b e i n g u s e d f o r p r i s o n e r c o n f i n e m e n t , a l t h o u g h a l l e g e d l y f o r s h o r t t e r m s , t h e r e i s no a s s u r a n c e t h a t c o n d i t i o n s t h e r e hav e b e e n improv ed o r t h a t an i n c r e a s e in p r i s o n e r p o p u l a t i o n may n o t i n d u c e t h e d e f e n d a n t s t o r e sume u s i n g i t . T h e d e f e n d a n t s h a v e m a n i f e s t e d i n d i f f e r e n c e t o t h e p r o b l e m o f o v e r c r o w d i n g a s w e l l a s o t h e r c o n d i t i o n s s e r i o u s l y a f f e c t i n g t h e h e a l t h a n d s a f e t y o f i n m a t e s . M i n d f u l o f t h e m a n d a t e o f B e l l v . W o l f i s h , U . S . ____, 99 S . C t . 1 8 6 1 , ____ L. Ed. 2d ____( 1 9 7 9 ) , we s e t no s p a c e s t a n d a r d s . H o w e v e r , we d i r e c t t h e d i s t r i c t j u d g e on r e m a n d , a f t e r c o n s i d e r i n g a n y e v i d e n c e t h a t may be o f f e r e d by e i t h e r p a r t y , t o s e t a maximum n u m b e r o f - 2 2 - p r i s o n e r s who may be c o n f i n e d i n t h e new j a i l a t any one t i m e and t o e n j o i n t h e c o n f i n e m e n t o f any g r e a t e r number . The i n j u n c t i o n s h a l l a l s o s e t a l i m i t on t h e number o f p e r s o n s who may be c o n f i n e d a t any one t i m e i n t h e o l d j a i l . I t s h a l l r e q u i r e a d e q u a t e j a i l s u p e r v i s i o n i n b o t h j a i l s by p e r s o n s who a r e n o t j a i l i n m a t e s . The o r d e r may c o n t a i n an e x p r e s s p r o v i s i o n t h a t t h e d i s t r i c t j u d g e may, upon a p r o p e r s h o w i n g , p e r m i t e x c e p t i o n s t o t h e maximum a l l o w a b l e number f o r s t a t e d b r i e f i n t e r v a l s on a p r o p e r show ing o f g r a v e p u b l i c e m e r g e n c y . C. C l a s s i f i c a t i o n I n o r d e r f u l l y t o e l i m i n a t e p u n i s h m e n t o f p r e t r i a l d e t a i n e e s and c r u e l and u n u s u a l p u n i s h m e n t o f a l l p r i s o n e r s , t h e d i s t r i c t c o u r t s h a l l o r d e r t h e d e f e n d a n t s t o i n s t i t u t e and o p e r a t e a r e a s o n a b l e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s y s t e m f o r t h o s e c o n f i n e d i n b o t h t h e o l d and new j a i l s . O f f e n d e r s who a r e l i k e l y t o be v i o l e n t and d a n g e r o u s o r who a r e s u f f e r i n g f rom c o n t a g i o u s d i s e a s e s s h a l l be s e p a r a t e d f rom o t h e r p r i s o n e r s . P r e t r i a l d e t a i n e e s s h a l l be c l a s s i f i e d and s e p a r a t e d f rom c o n v i c t e d p e r s o n s t o t h e e x t e n t r e a s o n a b l y p o s s i b l e , e x c e p t where d e t e n t i o n i n t h e same c e l l i s r e q u i r e d f o r i n s t i t u t i o n a l s e c u r i t y . So long a s c e l l s a r e u se d f o r o n l y one o c c u p a n t , t h i s r e q u i r e ment w i l l be s a t i s f i e d . However , b e c a u s e we h a v e n o t r e s t r i c t e d t h e d e f e n d a n t s t o a o n e —c e l l —p e r —p r i s o n e r r u l e , and b e c a u s e t h e d e f e n d a n t s c o n t i n u e t o u s e t h e o l d j a i l , an i n j u n c t i o n i s n e c e s s a r y t o a s s u r e f u t u r e c o m p l i a n c e w i t h c o n s t i t u t i o n a l r e q u i r e m e n t s . A c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s y s t e m m e e t i n g t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s o f M i s s i s s i p p i law a p p l i c a b l e t o c o n v i c t e d p e r s o n s i s a d e q u a t e , M i s s . Code Ann. § 4 7 - 5 - 1 0 3 - 2 3 - ( S a p p . 1 9 7 8 ) , s o l o n g a s p r o v i s i o n i s made f o r p r e t r i a l d e t a i n e e s in a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e abov e s t a n d a r d s . See B e l l v . W o l f i s h , ___ U .S . , 99 S . C t . 1861 , ___ L. Ed. 2d ( 1 9 7 9 ) . D. D i s c i p l i n a r y R u l e s A l t h o u g h t h e s t i p u l a t i o n s h o w s t h a t d i s c i p l i n a r y r u l e s , a p p a r e n t l y a d e q u a t e , h av e b e e n p r o m u l g a t e d f o r t h e new j a i l , t h e i n j u n c t i o n s h a l l f o r b i d d i s c i p l i n a r y p u n i s h m e n t e x c e p t i n c o n f o r m i t y w i t h t h e d u e p r o c e s s and o t h e r r e q u i r e m e n t s o f W o l f f v . Mc Do n n e l l , 418 U .S . 539 , 94 S. C t . 2 963 , 41 L. Ed. 2d 935 ( 1 9 7 4 ) . The s t i p u l a t i o n c o n t a i n s a copy o f t h e r u l e s g o v e r n i n g f o r t h e i n s p e c t i o n o f inc om ing and o u t q o i n g m a i l t h a t wer e a d o p t e d upon o c c u p a n c y o f t h e new j a i l . T h e se r u l e s may me e t t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s o f G u a j a r d o v . E s t e l l e , 580 F .2 d 748 ( 5 t h C i r . 1 9 7 8 ) , i n which we s e t f o r t h t h e s c o p e o f r e s t r i c t i o n s on f r e e s p e e c h t h a t m i g h t c o n s t i t u t i o n a l l y be imposed on p r i s o n e r m a i l . However , b e c a u s e t h e p l a i n t i f f s have n o t y e t had a f u l l o p p o r t u n i t y t o c h a l l e n g e t h e r u l e s c o n c e r n i n g d i s c i p l i n e and m a i l , e i t h e r f a c i a l l y o r a s a p p l i e d , t h e i n j u n c t i o n s h a l l p r o h i b i t a l l i n t e r f e r e n c e w i t h m a i l s a v e a s w a r r a n t e d by r u l e s a d o p t e d i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h G u a j a r d o , a n d t h e p l a i n t i f f s s h a l l b e a c c o r d e d an e v i d e n t i a r y h e a r i n g i f c o n f o r m i t y w i t h W o l f f o r G u a j a r d o i s q u e s t i o n e d . E. R e c r e a t i o n The p l a i n t i f f c l a s s h as u r g e d t h e c o u r t t o r e q u i r e p r o v i s i o n f o r e x e r c i s e by p r i s o n e r s c o n f i n e d i n t h e Coun ty j a i l . The c o u r t i s e q u a l l y d i v i d e d on t h i s i s s u e . T h e r e f o r e , t h e t r i a l j u d g e ' s d e n i a l o f t h i s r e l i e f i s a f f i r m e d . S e e , e . g . , U n i t e d S t a t e s v . Ho lmes, 537 F .2 d 227 , 228 ( 5 th C i r . 1976) ( en b an c ) and c a s e s c i t e d t h e r e i n . - 2 4 - V I . CONDITIONS NOT COVERED BY INJUNCTION A. V i s i t a t i o n R i g h t s A l t h o u g h v i s i t a t i o n r i g h t s i n t h e o l d j a i l w e r e m i n i m a l , t h i s was a p p a r e n t l y n e c e s s a r y b e c a u s e o f t h e o v e r c rowded c o n d i t i o n s and t h e l a c k o f n e c e s s a r y f a c i l i t i e s . We h av e h e l d t h a t f o r c o n v i c t e d p r i s o n e r s " [ v ] i s i t a t i o n p r i v i l e g e s a r e a m a t t e r s u b j e c t t o t h e d i s c r e t i o n o f p r i s o n o f f i c i a l s . " McCray v . S u l l i v a n , 509 F .2d 13 32 , 1334 ( 5 t h C i r . ) , c e r t , d e n i e d , 423 U.S . 85 9 , 96 S . C t . 114 , 46 L. Ed. 2d 86 ( 1 9 7 5 ) . We hav e r e s e r v e d t h e q u e s t i o n w h e t h e r c o n - v i c t e d p r i s o n e r s h a v e a c o n s t i t u t i o n a l r i g h t t o some fo rm o f v i s i t a t i o n . M a r t i n v . W a i n w r i g h t , 525 F .2 d 98 3 , 984 n . 3 ( 5 t h C i r . 1 9 7 7 ) . — '/ 12/ I f v i s i t a t i o n r i g h t s a r e u s u a l l y g r a n t e d , t h e y c a n n o t b e w i t h h e l d a s p u n i s h m e n t w i t h o u t d u e p r o c e s s . S ee W o l f f v . M c D o n n e l l , 418 U . S . 5 3 9 , 94 S . C t . 2 9 6 3 , 41 L. Ed . 2d 935 ( 1 9 7 4 ) . P r e t r i a l d e t a i n e e s m u s t be a l l o w e d r e a s o n a b l e v i s i t a t i o n p r i v i l e g e s and t h i s r i g h t may n o t a r b i t r a r i l y be r e s t r i c t e d . See B e l l v . W o l f i s h , U .S . ___ , 99 S. C t . 1861 , ____ L. Ed. 2d ___ ( 1 9 7 9 ) ; M i l l e r v . C a r s o n , 563 F . 2 d 741 , 7 48 -4 9 ( 5 t h C i r . 1 9 7 7 ) . B e c a u s e c o n v i c t e d p r i s o n e r s a r e b e i n g a c c o r d e d v i s i t a t i o n r i g h t s , s u b j e c t t o r e a s o n a b l e s e c u r i t y r e q u i r e m e n t s , t h e r e i s no need t o c o n s i d e r w h e t h e r d e p r i v a t i o n o f v i s i t a t i o n would v i o l a t e c o n s t i t u t i o n a l r e q u i s i t e s . The p l a i n t i f f s c l a im t h a t p r e t r i a l d e t a i ne e s a r e e n t i t l e d t o more a n d t h a t t h e y h a v e a c o n s t i t u t i o n a l r i g h t t o p e r s o n a l c o n t a c t w i t h t h e i r f a m i l i e s and l o v ed o n e s , t o t o u c h and h o l d t h e i r clh i l d r e n and t h e i r s p o u s e s . T h e r e can be no d o u b t theat t h i s i s a n a t u r a l human d e s i re and t h a t d e p r i v a t i o n o f i t i s s e r i o u s . T h r e e c i r c u i t - 2 5 - I c o u r t s h a v e c o n s i d e r e d w h e t h e r t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n r e q u i r e s s u c h p r i v i l e g e s t o be a c c o r d e d p r e t r i a l d e t a i n e e s . See J o r d a n v . W o l k e , 615 F . 2 d 749 ( 7 t h C i r . 1 980 ) ; I n m a t e s o f A l l e g h e n y C o u n t y J a i l , 612 F . 2d 754 (3d C i r . 1 9 7 9 ) ; F e e l e y v . S a m p s o n , 570 F . 2d 364 , 373 ( 1 s t C i r . 1978 ) . — / 12/ T h e S e c o n d C i r c u i t , i n M a r c e r a v . C h i n l u n d , 595 F . 2 d 1231 (2d C i r . 1 9 7 9 ) , a l s o c o n s i d e r e d t h e q u e s t i o n w h e t h e r p r e t r i a l d e t a i n e e s h a v e a r i g h t t o c o n t a c t v i s i t s and h e l d t h a t t h e y e n j o y e d s u c h a r i g h t . T h a t d e c i s i o n , h o w e v e r , was r e m a n d e d by t h e S u p r e m e C o u r t f o r c o n s i d e r a t i o n i n l i g h t o f B e l l v . W o l f i s h , u.S. ______ » 99 S . C t . 1861 , ____ L . E d .2d ( 1 9 7 9 ) . M a r c e r a v . C h i n l u n d , ______ U . S . , 99 S . C t . 2 ^ 3 3 , _ _ _ _ _ L . E d . 2 d ______ ( 1 9 7 9 ) . Th e S e c o n d C i r c u i t , i n t u r n , r emanded t h e c a s e t o t h e D i s t r i c t C o u r t f o r t h e W e s t e r n D i s t r i c t o f New Y o r k , where i t i s c u r r e n t l y p e n d i n g . T h e S u p r e m e C o u r t i n B e l l v . W o l f i s h , ° - s - ______ > ______ -■ 99 S . C t . 1 86 1 , 1 8 7 2 , ________ L . E d . 2 d ______ ( 1 9 7 9 ) , r e c o g n i z e d t h a t p r e t r i a l d e t a i n e e s ' r i g h t s a r e d e t e r m i n e d b y t h e d u e p r o c e s s c l a u s e . P h y s i c a l c o n t a c t may be d e n i e d t h e m i f i t i s a r e s t r a i n t " r e a s o n a b l y r e l a t e d t o t h e i n s t i t u t i o n ' s i n t e r e s t in m a i n t a i n i n g j a i l s e c u r i t y . " ___ u . S . a t ___ , 99 S . C t . a t 18 7 4 , ___ L .Ed . 2d a t ____• U n d e r t h e s t a n d a r d s s e t i n t h a t c a s e , c o n t a c t v i s i t a t i o n may be d e n i e d f o r l e g i t i m a t e s e c u r i t y r e a s o n s a p p l i c a b l e e i t h e r t o a l l d e t a i n e e s o r o n l y t o p a r t i c u l a r i n d i v i d u a l s . W h e th e r o r n o t c o n t a c t v i s i t a t i o n r i g h t s s h o u l d be a c c o r d e d p r e t r i a l d e t a i n e e s in t h e J a c k s o n C o un ty j a i l can b e d e c i d e d o n l y a f t e r a f u l l h e a r i n g on t h e f a c i l i t i e s a v a i l a b l e i n b o t h j a i l s and t h e s e c u r i t y r e q u i r e m e n t s i n e a c h . I n I n m a t e s o f t h e A l l e g h e n y C o un ty J a i l v . P i e r c e , 612 F . 2 d 754 (3d C i r . 1 9 7 9 ) , t h e T h i r d C i r c u i t C o u r t o f - 2 6 - A p p e a l s a f f i r m e d t h e d e n i a l o f c o n t a c t v i s i t a t i o n by t h e d i s t r i c t c o u r t b a s e d on t e s t i m o n y t h a t t h e p r i m a r y r e a s o n f o r t h e b a n on c o n t a c t v i s i t s was t o p r e v e n t t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n o f c o n t r a b a n d i n t o t h e j a i l , t h e a b s e n c e o f e v i d e n c e t h a t t h e p r o h i b i t i o n was a d o p t e d f o r p u r p o s e s o f p u n i s h m e n t , a n d i t s own c o n c l u s i o n t h a t t h e p r o h i b i t i o n u n d e r t h e c i r c u m s t a n c e s p r e v a i l i n g i n t h e A l l e g h e n y Coun t y j a i l " r e p r e s e n t e d a r e a s o n a b l e c h o i c e by p r i s o n o f f i c i a l s b e t w e e n a l t e r n a t i v e m e t h o d s o f p r o t e c t i n g t h e l e g i t i m a t e s e c u r i t y i n t e r e s t s o f t h e j a i l . " 612 F . 2 d a t 7 6 0 . The S e v e n t h C i r c u i t , i n J o r d a n v . W o l k e , 615 F . 2 d 749 ( 7 t h C i r . 1 9 8 0 ) , r e v e r s e d a d i s t r i c t c o u r t o r d e r r e q u i r i n g t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f new v i s i t i n g f a c i l i t i e s t h a t w o u l d p e r m i t c o n t a c t v i s i t a t i o n . " C o m p l i a n c e w o u l d r e q u i r e n o t o n l y c o n s t r u c t i o n o f new v i s i t a t i o n f a c i l i t i e s b u t t h e h i r i n g o f a d d i t i o n a l g u a r d s . " 615 F . 2 d a t 7 4 9 . The C o u r t a p p l i e d B e l l v . Wol f i s h s t a n d a r d s and r e v e r s e d t h e s e r e q u i r e m e n t s . I t c o n c l u d e d , a p p a r e n t l y a s a l e g a l m a t t e r , t h a t t h e d e n i a l o f c o n t a c t v i s i t a t i o n i n t h e M i l w a u k e e C o u n t y J a i l was " r a t i o n a l l y r e l a t e d t o t h e l e g i t i m a t e p u r p o s e o f p r e s e r v i n g p r i s o n s e c u r i t y a n d o r d e r . " 615 F .2d a t 749. What we r e q u i r e i s an e v i d e n t i a r y h e a r i n g t o w h i c h t h e B«; l l v . W ol f i j j J i d u e p r o c e s s s t a n d a r d may be a p p l i e d . We r e j e c t o n l y t h e S e v e n t h C i r c u i t ' s c o n c l u s i o n t h a t we can o u r s e l v e s d e t e r m i n e t h e l e g i t i m a t e n ee d s o f a j a i l a n d t h e p o s s i b l e m e t h o d s o f p e r m i t t i n g c o n t a c t v i s i t a t i o n . B. M e d ic a l A t t e n t i o n " ( D ] e l i b e r a t e i n d i f f e r e n c e t o s e r i o u s m e d i c a l n e e d s o f p r i s o n e r s c o n s t i t u t e s t h e ' u n n e c e s s a r y and wan ton - 2 7 - i n f l i c t i o n o f p a i n 1 . . . p r o s c r i b e d by t h e E i g h t h Amend m e n t , " t h e S u p r e m e C o u r t , c o n s i d e r i n g t h e r i g h t s o f c o n v i c t e d p e r s o n s , r u l e d i n E s t e l l e v . G a m b l e , 429 U . S . 9 7 , 10 4 , 97 S. C t . 285 , 291 , 50 L. Ed. 2d 251 , ___ ( 1 9 7 6 ) . The s t a n d a r d by which t o m e a s u r e t h e m e d i c a l a t t e n t i o n t h a t mus t be a f f o r d e d p r e t r i a l d e t a i n e e s h as n e v e r be e n s p e l l e d o u t . The B e l l v . W o l f i s h c r i t e r i o n , a p p l i e d t o m e d i c a l a t t e n t i o n , e n t i t l e s p r e t r i a l d e t a i n e e s t o r e a s o n a b l e m e d i c a l c a r e u n l e s s t h e f a i l u r e t o s u p p l y i t i s r e a s o n a b l y r e l a t e d t o a l e g i t i m a te g o v e r n m e n t a l o b j e c t i v e . The e v i d e n c e d o e s n o t p e r s u a d e u s t h a t t h e t r i a l j u d g e was c l e a r l y e r r o n e o u s i n f i n d i n g t h a t t h e m e d i c a l a t t e n t i o n s u p p l i e d was s u f f i c i e n t t o mee t t h e s t a n d a r d s f o r b o t h c o n v i c t e d c r i m i n a l s a n d p r e t r i a l d e t a i n e e s . T h e r e f o r e , we s e e no r e a s o n t o make e x p r e s s p r o v i s i o n in t h e i n j u n c t i o n r e g a r d i n g m e d i c a l c a r e . C. D i e t The C o n s t i t u t i o n r e q u i r e s t h a t p r i s o n e r s be f u r n i s h e d r e a s o n a b l y a d e q u a t e f o o d . Newman v . Alabama, 559 F .2d 283 ( 5 t h C i r . 1 9 7 7 ) , r e v ' d i n p a r t on o t h e r g r o u n d s sub nom. Alabama v . Pu gh , 438 U .S . 781 , 98 S. C t . 30 5 7 , 57 L. Ed. 2d 1114 ( 1 9 7 8 ) . M i s s i s s i p p i l aw r e q u i r e s t h a t p r i s o n e r s s h a l l be f u r n i s h e d " d a i l y wholesome and s u f f i c i e n t food and d r i n k , " M i s s . Code Ann. § 1 9 - 2 5 - 7 1 ( 1 9 7 2 ) . The j a i l d i e t c o n s i s t s m a i n l y o f s t a r c h and c a r b o h y d r a t e s w i t h few v e g e t a b l e s o r f r u i t s . I t was l i k e l y d u l l , b u t t h e e v i d e n c e d o e s n o t p e r s u a d e u s t h a t t h e d e p r i v a t i o n h a s been s o s e r i o u s a s t o r e q u i r e an e x p r e s s i n j u n c t i v e p r o v i s i o n . V I I . CLASS ACTION The c o m p l a i n t made two s e p a r a t e a l l e g a t i o n s : (1 ) t h e d e f e n d a n t s had a c t e d o r r e f u s e d t o a c t on g r o u n d s - 2 8 - I g e n e r a l l y a p p l i c a b l e t o t h e p l a i n t i f f c l a s s , m a k i n g i n j u n c t i v e o r d e c l a r a t o r y r e l i e f a p p r o p r i a t e ( t h e s i t u a t i o n r e f e r r e d t o i n F e d e r a l Ru le o f C i v i l P r o c e d u r e 2 3 ( b ) ( 2 ) ) ; a n d ( 2 ) q u e s t i o n s o f l a w o r f a c t common t o c l a s s me m be r s p r e d o m i n a t e d o v e r q u e s t i o n s a f f e c t i n g i n d i v i d u a l me m be r s and a c l a s s a c t i o n was s u p e r i o r t o o t h e r a v a i l a b l e me tho ds f o r f a i r and e f f i c i e n t a d j u d i c a t i o n ( t h e s i t u a t i o n r e f e r r e d t o i n F e d e r a l R u l e o f C i v i l P r o c e d u r e 2 3 ( b ) ( 3 ) ) . I n o u r e a r l i e r o p i n i o n re m a n d in g t h e c a s e f o r a h e a r i n g on c l a s s c e r t i f i c a t i o n , we c o n s i d e r e d t h e c a s e a s i f Ru le 2 3 ( b ) ( 2 ) c e r t i f i c a t i o n w e r e b e i n g s o u g h t , a p p a r e n t l y b e c a u s e o f t h e m a n n e r i n w h i c h t h e c a s e was a r g u e d . S e e J o n e s v . D i a m o n d , 519 F . 2d 1090 , 109 3 n . 2 , 1 0 9 9 - 1 1 0 0 ( 5 t h C i r . 1 9 7 5 ) . On r e m a n d , J o n e s s o u g h t c l a s s c e r t i f i c a t i o n u n d e r R u l e 2 3 ( b ) ( 2 ) o f t h e F e d e r a l R u l e s o f C i v i l P r o c e d u r e and u r g e d t h a t " t h e c o u r t e x e r c i s e i t s j u r i s d i c t i o n and w a i ve t h e g i v i n g o f n o t i c e t o t h e o t h e r c l a s s m e m b e r s a t t h i s t i m e . " A f t e r c e r t i f i c a t i o n o f t h e c l a s s i n F e b r u a r y 1 4 /1 9 7 7 , — t h e d i s t r i c t c o u r t c o n s i d e r e d t e s t i m o n y by Ma rv in 14/ C e r t i f i c a t i o n o f a 2 3 ( b ) ( 3 ) c l a s s w o u l d h a v e v p r e s e n t e d q u e s t i o n s o f m a n a g e a b i l i t y , i n c l u d i n g t h e r e q u i r e m e n t t h a t n o t i c e b e g i v e n t o t h e more t h a n 8500 p e r s o n s in t h e p u t a t i v e c l a s s . We e x p r e s s n o o p i n i o n c o n c e r n i n g t h e p r o p e r r e s o l u t i o n o f s u c h q u e s t i o n s . T h e i s s u e o f t h e p r o p r i e t y o f s u c h a c l a s s a c t i o n was n o t p r e s e n t e d t o t h e d i s t r i c t c o u r t a n d w a s n o t r a i s e d i n t h e p l a i n t i f f ' s i n i t i a l a p p e a l . T h e r e f o r e , we c o n s i d e r i t n o t now b e f o r e u s . J o n e s , t h e c l a s s r e p r e s e n t a t i v e , a n d t e n o t h e r p e r s o n s who had b e e n c o n f i n e d i n t h e J a c k s o n C o u n t y J a i l . The r e c o r d d i d n o t make i t c l e a r w h e t h e r t h i s t e s t i m o n y was - 2 9 - I b e i n g o f f e r e d i n s u p p o r t o f t h e g e n e r a l r e l i e f s o u g h t f o r t h e e n t i r e c l a s s o r a s a b a s i s f o r i n d i v i d u a l damages c l a i m s , o r b o t h . A f t e r t h e t r i a l was c o m p l e t e d , t h e p l a i n t i f f s f i l e d a m o t i o n t o amend t h e p l e a d i n g s t o c o n f o r m t o t h e t e s t i m o n y by a d d i n g t h e f o l l o w i n g : " D e f e n d a n t s h a v e p e r p e t r a t e d o r p e r m i t t e d t o be p e r p e t r a t e d a p a t t e r n o r p r a c t i c e o f a s s a u l t s and b a t t e r i e s u p o n i n m a t e s a t t h e J a c k s o n C o u n t y j a i l i n c o n t r a v e n t i o n t o M i s s i s s i p p i S t a t e l a w . D e f e n d a n t s a r e l i a b l e f o r s a m e , d u e t o t h e i r n e g l i g e n c e . S e e F a r m e r v . S t a t e o f M i s s i s s i p p i . " T h i s was g r a n t e d by t h e d i s t r i c t . c o u r t . H o w e v e r , t h e r e c o r d c o n t a i n s no m o t i o n t o c o n s i d e r t h e s e i n d i v i d u a l c l a i m s u n d e r S e c t i o n 1983 o r a s i n c i d e n t t o t h e c l a s s a c t i o n . Jud gm en t was l a t e r r e n d e r e d r e j e c t i n g t h e damage c l a i m s o f a l l o f t h e p l a i n t i f f s w i t h o u t any q u a l i f i c a t i o n and w i t h o u t naming t h e p e r s o n s a f f e c t e d . The j u d gm e n t d o e s n o t s t a t e w h e t h e r i t d e n i e s r e c o v e r y o n l y on p e n d e n t c l a i m s o r a l s o a d j u d i c a t e s S e c t i o n 1983 c l a i m s . I t i s u r g ed t h a t we c o n s i d e r t h e i n d i v i d u a l S e c t i o n 1983 and s t a t e l aw damage c l a i m s o f t h e s e p e r s o n s a s b e i n g b e f o r e u s i n c i d e n t t o t h e 2 3 ( b ) ( 2 ) c l a s s a c t i o n . See S e n t e r v . G e n e r a l M o to r s C o r p . , 532 F .2 d 511 , 525 ( 6 t h C i r . ) , c e r t . d e n i e d , 429 U .S . 87 0 , 97 S. C t . 182 , 50 L. Ed. 2d 150 ( 1 9 7 6 ) ; 7A C. W r i g h t & A. M i l l e r , F e d e r a l P r a c t i c e and P r o c e d u r e § 1 7 7 5 , a t 23 ( 1 9 7 2 & S u p p . 1 9 7 8 ) ; 3B M o o r e ’ s F e d e r a l P r a c t i c e 11 2 3 . 4 0 [ 4 ] , a t 3 0 4- 09 (2d ed . 1 9 7 9 ) . They wer e n o t p r e s e n t e d i n t h i s l i g h t t o t h e t r i a l c o u r t . We, t h e r e f o r e c o n s i d e r them on t h e b a s i s s e t f o r t h i n t h e p o s t t r i a l amended c o m p l a i n t , a s p e n d e n t c l a i m u n d e r M i s s i s s i p p i s t a t e l a w . V I I I . DAMAGE CLAIMS A. L i a b i l i t y o f Board o f S u p e r v i s o r s U n d e r M i s s i s s i p p i l a w , t h e B o a r d o f S u p e r v i s o r s i s c h a r g e d w i t h p r o v i d i n g a j a i l a n d i s r e q u i r e d t o k e e p i t i n " g o o d r e p a i r , " M i s s . Code A n n . § 1 9 - 3 - 4 1 ( 1 9 7 2 ) . I t m u s t t a k e m e a s u r e s n e c e s s a r y t o " s e c u r e i n m a t e s " a g a i n s t " s i c k n e s s and i n f e c t i o n , " and p e r i o d i c a l l y e x a m i n e t h e s a f e t y and s u f f i c i e n c y o f t h e j a i l and h a v e i t c l e a n e d . I_d. § 1 9 - 5 - 1 ( 1 9 7 2 ) . We d o n o t h e r e d e t e r m i n e t h e p o s s i b l e l i a b i l i t y o f t h e B o a r d o f S u p e r v i s o r s f o r d a m a g e s u n d e r S e c t i o n 1 9 8 3 . U n d e r M i s s i s s i p p i l aw " a n y n e g l e c t o r f a i l u r e i n t h e e x e r c i s e o f i t s p o w e r s o r i n t h e d i s c h a r g e o f i t s d u t i e s i s t h e d e f a u l t o f t h e b o a r d a n d n o t o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l s c o m p o s i n g i t , and t h e y a r e n o t l i a b l e f o r s u c h n e g l e c t o r d e f a u l t u n l e s s e x p r e s s l y made s o by s t a t u t e . " R o b e r t s v . W i l l i a m s , 456 F .2 d 81 9 , 830 ( 5 t h C i r . ) , c e r t . d e n i e d , 404 U .S . 8 6 6 , 92 S . C t . 8 3 , 30 L. Ed. 2d 110 (1 971) ( q u o t i n g Wray v . McMahon, 182 M i s s . 592, 182 So. 99 ( 1 9 3 8 ) ) . B e c a u s e no s t a t u t e h as be e n c i t e d t o us im p o s in g l i a b i l i t y on t h e Board members , t h e r e i s no a c t i o n a g a i n s t t h e S u p e r v i s o r s f o r damag es u n d e r M i s s i s s i p p i l a w . See R o b e r t s v . W i l l i a m s , 456 F .2 d 81 9 , 8 2 9 - 3 0 ( 5 t h C i r . ) , c e r t , d e n i e d , 404 U .S . 86 6 , 92 S . C t . 83 , 30 L. Ed. 2d 110 (1 971) . B. L i a b i l i t y o f S h e r i f f T h e s h e r i f f , a s c u s t o d i a n o f t h e p r i s o n e r s and o p e r a t o r o f t h e j a i l , m u s t " p r e s e r v e t h e . . . p r i s o n e r s . . . f rom any i n j u r i e s o r a t t a c k s " and k e e p t h e j a i l i n a " c l e a n and c o m f o r t a b l e c o n d i t i o n , " M i s s . Code Ann. § 1 9 - 2 5 - 6 9 ( 1 9 7 2 ) , a n d , a s j a i l e r , p r o v i d e " d a i l y wholesome and s u f f i c i e n t f o o d and d r i n k , " p r o p e r l i g h t i n g and " s u f f i c i e n t a n d c l e a n b e d d i n g " f o r a l l i n m a t e s . i d . § 1 9 - 2 5 - 7 1 . i n a d d i t i o n , t h e s h e r i f f h a s t h e d u t y t o o b t a i n s u f f i c i e n t g u a r d s t o p r o t e c t and s e c u r e any p r i s o n e r l a w f u l l y i n h i s c u s t o d y . I d . § 1 9 - 2 5 - 7 5 . M i s s i s s i p p i l a w i m p o s e s a d u t y on s h e r i f f s and j a i l e r s h a v i n g c u s t o d y " t o e x e r c i s e o r d i n a r y and r e a s o n a b l e c a r e , u n d e r t h e c i r c u m s t a n c e s o f e a c h p a r t i c u l a r c a s e , f o r t h e p r e s e r v a t i o n o f [a p r i s o n e r ' s ] l i f e and h e a l t h . T h i s d u t y o f c a r e i s one owing by him t o t h e p e r s o n i n h i s c u s t o d y by v i r t u e o f h i s o f f i c e . . . . " F a r m e r v . S t a t e , Mi ss . ----- ' ------ ' 79 S o . 2d 52 8 , 531 (1955) ( q u o t i n g I n d i a n a ex r e l . T y l e r v . G o b i n , C . C . , 94 F . 48 , 50 (______ C i r . 19__ ) . In a d o p t i n g t h e p r e v a i l i n g s t a n d a r d , t h e M i s s i s s i p p i Supreme C o u r t e x p r e s s l y r e j e c t e d a m i n o r i t y v ie w p r o v i d i n g a lo w e r s t a n d a r d o f c a r e : The a u t h o r i t i e s a r e n o t u n an im o u s i n u p h o l d i n g l i a b i l i t y in a c a s e l i k e t h i s b u t t h e y a r e n u m e ro u s . See C l a r k v . K e l l y , 101 W. Va. 65 0 , 133 S . E . 365 , 46 A .L . R . 799; A n n o t a t i o n s 14 A . L . R . 2d 353 , e t . s e q . M i s s i s s i p p i s e e m s t o h a v e h e r e t o f o r e a l i g n e d i t s e l f w i t h t h o s e j u r i s d i c t i o n s whi ch h o l d l i a b i l i t y o f t h e s h e r i f f and h i s s u r e t y i n a c a s e o f t h i s n a t u r e . I j l . a t 5 3 1 . U n d e r t h i s " o r d i n a r y a n d r e a s o n a b l e c a r e " s t a n d a r d , a p r i s o n o f f i c i a l i s e x p e c t e d t o t a k e a d e q u a t e m e a s u r e s t o e n s u r e t h e s a f e t y o f p r i s o n e r s : " [ H ] e c a n n o t be c h a r g e d w i t h n e g l i g e n c e in f a i l i n g t o p r e v e n t what he c o u l d n o t r e a s o n a b l y a n t i c i p a t e , b u t he i s r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e c o n s e q u e n c e s o f h i s own n e g l e c t . " R o b e r t s v . W i l l i a m s , 302 F. Supp . 9 7 2 , 986 (N.D. M is s . 1 9 6 9 ) , a f f ' d , 456 F .2d 819 ( 5 t h C i r . ) , c e r t . d e n i e d , 404 U . S . 8 6 6 , 92 S . C t . 8 3 , 30 L. Ed. 2d 110 ( 1 9 7 1 ) . - 3 2 - T h i s c o u r t h a s r e c o g n i z e d and a p p l i e d t h e M i s s i s s i p p i " o r d i n a r y and r e a s o n a b l e c a r e " s t a n d a r d i n two s i g n i f i c a n t d e c i s i o n s . In M i s s i s s i p p i v . Durham, 444 F .2d 152, 157 ( 5 t h C i r . 1 9 7 1 ) , we h e l d t h a t a s h e r i f f u n d e r M i s s i s s i p p i law " c a n n o t e s c a p e h i s r e s p o n s i b i l i t y t o t a k e r e a s o n a b l e c a r e o f p r i s o n e r s in h i s c u s t o d y by s i m p l y making a c a s u a l e x a m i n a t i o n o f one who o b v i o u s l y n e e d s m e d i c a l a t t e n t i o n . . . . " I n R o b e r t s v . W i l l i a m s , 456 F .2 d 81 9 , 823 ( 5 t h C i r . ) , c e r t . d e n i e d , 404 U.S . 86 6 , 92 S. C t . 83 , 30 L. Ed. 2d 110 ( 1 9 7 1 ) , we r e a f f i r m e d t h a t F a rmer v . S t a t e i s t h e l aw o f M i s s i s s i p p i and im po s es a d u t y o f r e a s o n a b l e c a r e on p r i s o n o f f i c i a l s . Of c o u r s e . S h e r i f f L e d b e t t e r a n d J a i l e r B r o a d u s a r e n o t l i a b l e f o r a c t s c o m m i t t ed d u r i n g S h e r i f f D ia m o n d ' s a d m i n i s t r a t i o n . The l i a b i l i t y o f e a c h d e f e n d a n t m u s t be s e p a r a t e l y e s t a b l i s h e d . IX. THE INDIVIDUAL CLAIMS M a r v i n J o n e s and t h e t e n o t h e r i n d i v i d u a l s s e e k damages f o r p e r s o n a l i n j u r i e s . J o n e s ' s c l a i m s a r i s e o u t o f h i s d i s c i p l i n a r y c o n f i n e m e n t , on e p r i s o n e r a l l e g e s an a t t a c k by a d e p u t y and t h e o t h e r p r i s o n e r s h a v e c l a i m s s t e m m i n g f rom t h e d e f e n d a n t s ' a l l e g e d f a i l u r e t o p r o v i d e r e a s o n a b l e s e c u r i t y a g a i n s t a s s a u l t s by o t h e r i n m a t e s . M a r v i n J o n e s t e s t i f i e d t h a t i n 19 7 3 a t r u s t y d r o p p e d h i s b r e a k f a s t t r a y on t h e f l o o r and s p i l l e d h i s f o o d . J o n e s became a n g r y , t h r e w t h e t r a y on t h e f l o o r and r e f u s e d t o c l e a n up t h e m e ss . He t e s t i f i e d t h a t , w i t h o u t n o t i c e o f d i s c i p l i n a r y a c t i o n o r a h e a r i n g , J a i l e r T o o t l e c o n f i n e d him t o t h e " p a d d ed c e l l , " wh i ch had no m a t t r e s s o r p a d d i n g , f o r a p e r i o d t h a t J o n e s s a i d was two d a y s and T o o t l e s a i d was o n e . When he was r e l e a s e d f rom t h e c e l l , J o n e s c o m p l a i n e d o f p a i n - 33- i n h i s r i g h t f o o t and h i p , s o r e n e s s o f t h e l e f t s h o u l d e r and arm and i n a b i l i t y t o move h i s r i g h t l e g o r l e f t arm. T h e r e w as , h o w e v e r , m e d i c a l t e s t i m o n y t h a t J o n e s was n o t s u f f e r i n g f rom any i n j u r y a t t h e t i m e o f l a t e r m e d i c a l e x a m i n a t i o n s . T h e r e was a l s o t e s t i m o n y c o n t r a d i c t i n g J o n e s ' v e r s i o n o f t h e e p i s o d e and d e p i c t i n g him a s a d i s o r d e r l y and v i o l e n t p r i s o n e r . W h e t h e r d i s c i p l i n i n g J o n e s w i t h o u t a h e a r i n g was a d e n i a l o f d u e p r o c e s s , s e e C a r e y v . P i p h u s , U .S . _____ ' _____ S . C t . _____, _____ L .E d . _____, and w h e t h e r r e q u i r i n g h im t o s l e e p on a c o n c r e t e f l o o r w i t h o u t b e d d i n g i n t h e "p a d d e d c e l l " may have c o n s t i t u t e d c r u e l and u n u s u a l p u n i s h m e n t , we need n o t now d e c i d e . The n a t u r e and e x t e n t o f t h e i n j u r i e s , i f a n y , t h a t h e s u f f e r e d w e r e d i s p u t e d , a n d we c a n n o t f i n d t h a t t h e t r i a l j u d g e was c l e a r l y e r r o n e o u s i n h i s d e t e r m i n a t i o n t h a t J o n e s f a i l e d t o p r o v e a n y i n j u r y f o r which he i s e n t i t l e d t o c o m p e n s a t o r y d a m a g e s . See C a r e y v . P i p h u s , s u p r a . The c l a i m s o f t h e o t h e r p r i s o n e r s s t e m f rom a t t a c k s by i n m a t e s , o r , i n on e c a s e , f rom an a s s a u l t by a j a i l e r . The t r i a l j u d g e c o n s i d e r e d e a c h o f t h e s e c l a i m s b u t c o n c l u d e d e i t h e r t h a t t h e r e was i n s u f f i c i e n t , u n c o r r o b o r a t e d e v i d e n c e t h a t t h e i n c i d e n t s o c c u r r e d o r t h a t t h e f a c t s d i d n o t s u p p o r t a f i n d i n g o f n e g l i g e n c e on t h e p a r t o f p r i s o n o f f i c i a l s . The c l a i m s i n v o l v e d a r e t h o s e o f two p e r s o n s who wer e j u v e n i l e s a t t h e t i m e o f t h e e v e n t s c o m p l a i n e d o f , Dona ld O v e r s t r e e t , a p r e t r i a l d e t a i n e e , and D a r r e l l L a d n i e r , a c o n v i c t e d p e r s o n , b o t h o f whom w e r e a t t a c k e d by a n o t h e r i n m a t e w h i l e t h e y s l e p t ; D a r r e l l G len McGee, a c o n v i c t e d i n d i v i d u a l who was s t a b b e d by a f e l l o w i n m a t e ; Bobby H ughes , i n c a r c e r a t e d a f t e r b e i n g u n a b l e t o pay a f i n e imposed f o r s h o p l i f t i n g , who was - 3 4 - b u r n e d by s e v e r a l p r i s o n e r s ; a n d v a r i o u s o t h e r c l a i m s by L ow el l Dean M i t c h e l l , An thony M i l l e r , R o b e r t L e C l a i r , L a r r y C a r v e r , A l b e r t J o h n s o n and W a l t e r H o ie . We h a v e c a r e f u l l y r e v i e w e d t h e e v i d e n c e p r e s e n t e d on b e h a l f o f L o w e l l Dean M i t c h e l l , An thony M i l l e r , R o b e r t L e C l a i r , L a r r y C a r v e r , A l b e r t J o h n s o n and W a l t e r H o i e . The d e c i s i o n t h a t t h e s e p e r s o n s d i d n o t p r o v e a c l a i m u n d e r M i s s i s s i p p i s t a t e l aw by a p r e p o n d e r a n c e o f t h e e v i d e n c e i s n o t c l e a r l y e r r o n e o u s . T h e r e was g r e a t e r e v i d e n t i a r y s u p p o r t f o r t h e c l a i m s o f D o n a l d O v e r s t r e e t a n d D a r r e l l L a d n i e r , b o t h o f whom w e r e c o n f i n e d d u r i n g t h e D iam ond a d m i n i s t r a t i o n . T h e r e was a l s o e v i d e n c e c o r r o b o r a t i v e o f t h e c l a i m s o f D a r r e l l G le n McGee and Bobby H u g h es , who wer e c o n f i n e d a f t e r S h e r i f f L e d b e t t e r was e l e c t e d . C o n s i d e r i n g t h e s t a t e o f t h e r e c o r d on t h e s e c l a i m s and a p p l y i n g o n l y M i s s i s s i p p i s t a t e l a w , we a r e u n a b l e a d e q u a t e l y t o d e t e r m i n e w h e t h e r t h e f a c t f i n d i n g s o f t h e d i s t r i c t c o u r t w e r e o r w e r e n o t c l e a r l y e r r o n e o u s . Had t h e s e c l a i m s b e e n p r e s e n t e d u n d e r S e c t i o n 1983, i t would h av e b e e n n e c e s s a r y t o ex a m in e t h e n a t u r e o f t h e r i g h t a s s e r t e d , — ^ t o a p p l y s t a n d a r d s f o r l i a b i l i t y u n d e r 1 1 / S e e , e . q . , B a k er v . M c C o l la n , U .S . , 99 S . C t . 26 89 , L . Ed.2d ( 1 9 7 9 ) . t h a t s t a t u t e , — ^ t o a f f o r d t h e d e f e n d a n t s an o p p o r t u n i t y t o j_6/ See , e . g . , C a re y v . P i p h u s , U .S . , 98 S . C t . 1042, L . Ed.2d ( 1 970) ; Monroe v. P a n e , 365 1 ( 1 9 6 1 ) . J . S . 1 6 7 , 81 S . C t . . 4 7 3 , 5 L . E d . 2 d 492 - 3 5 - 1 7 /p l e a d o f f i c i a l i m m u n i t y — a n d t o a s s a y t h e h a r m t h a t 17/ See S c h e u r v . Rho de s , 416 U .S . 23 2 , 94 S . C t . 1683, 40 L .E d . 2 d 90 ( 1 9 7 4 ) ; Wood v . S t r i c k l a n d , 420 U.S. 308 , 95 S . C t . 9 9 2 , 43 L . E d . 2 d 214 ( 1 9 7 5 ) . r e s u l t e d . As we h a v e p o i n t e d o u t , S h e r i f f Diamond i s now d e c e a s e d . To remand t h e f o u r c l a i m s w i t h p o t e n t i a l v a l i d i t y f o r t r i a l u n d e r s t a t e l a w p r i n c i p l e s a l o n e w o u ld p e r m i t o n l y a n a r r o w a d j u d i c a t i o n t h a t wou ld u n d u l y c o n f i n e t h e s e p l a i n t i f f s and s u b j e c t t h e d e f e n d a n t s t o a p o s s i b l e s e co nd s u i t b a s e d on S e c t i o n 1983. Und er a l l t h e c i r c u m s t a n c e s , t h e i n t e r e s t s o f j u s t i c e w i l l b e s t be s e r v e d i f t h e c l a i m s o f t h e s e f o u r p e r s o n s a r e d i s m i s s e d w i t h o u t p r e j u d i c e t o t h e i r r e a s s e r t i o n e i t h e r a s s t a t e l a w o r S e c t i o n 1983 c l a i m s , a n d e a c h i n d i v i d u a l i s g i v e n l e a v e t o f i l e new c o m p l a i n t s b a s e d on h i s p e r s o n a l c l a i m s s e t t i n g f o r t h a l l b a s e s f o r d a m a g e s . B e c a u s e t h e s e f o u r p a r t i e s w e r e h e a r d a s w i t n e s s e s i n t h e p r e s e n t c a s e , i t s h a l l be t r e a t e d a s s u s p e n d i n g t h e o p e r a t i o n o f t h e s t a t u t e o f l i m i t a t i o n s , w h i c h s h a l l commence t o r u n anew on t h e i s s u a n c e o f o u r m a n d a t e . X. ATTORNEYS' FEES AND COSTS C o u n s e l f o r p l a i n t i f f s a r e e n t i t l e d t o a t t o r n e y s ' f e e s u n d e r t h e C i v i l R i g h t s A t t o r n e y ' s F e e s Awards Ac t o f 1 9 7 6 , 42 U . S . C . § 1 9 8 8 , — ^ f o r t h e p r o s e c u t i o n o f t h i s 18/ 42 U .S .C . § 1988 s t a t e s i n p a r t : I n any a c t i o n o r p r o c e e d i n g t o e n f o r c e a p r o v i s i o n o f [§ 1983 and o t h e r s t a t u t e s ] . . . t h e c o u r t , i n i t s d i s c r e t i o n , may I - 3 6 - a l l o w t h e p r e v a i l i n g p a r t y , o t h e r t h a n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s , a r e a s o n a b l e a t t o r n e y ' s f e e a s p a r t o f t h e c o s t s . a c t i o n , s e e Mor row v . D i l l a r d , 580 F . 2 d 1 2 8 4 , 130 0 ( 5 t h C i r . 1 9 7 8 ) , i n c l u d i n g s e r v i c e s on a p p e a l , s e e M i l l e r v . C a r s o n , 563 F . 2d 7 4 1 , 756 ( 5 t h C i r . 1 9 7 7 ) . A l t h o u g h t h e A c t was p a s s e d a f t e r t h i s l i t i g a t i o n h a d c o m m e n c e d , i t s p r o v i s i o n s e m b r a c e p e n d i n g l i t i g a t i o n a n d i n c l u d e com p e n s a t i o n f o r s e r v i c e s r e n d e r e d i n s u c h s u i t s p r i o r t o i t s a d o p t i o n . H u t t o v . F i n n e y , 437 U . S . 6 7 8 , 6 9 4 - 9 5 & n . 2 3 , 98 S . C t . 25 65 , 2 5 7 5 - 7 6 & n . 2 3 , 57 L . E d . 2 d 52 2 , ______ & n . 2 3 ( 1 9 7 8 ) ; R o b i n s o n v . K i m b r o u g h , 620 F . 2 d 4 6 8 , 474 ( 5 t h C i r . 1 9 8 0 ) ; McNamara v . Mo ody , 6 06 F . 2 d 621 , 6 26 ( 5 t h C i r . 1 979 ) c e r t . d e n i e d , ______ U .S . ______ , 100 S . C t . 30 28 , ______ L .E d . 2 d ______ ( 1 9 8 0 ) ; R a i n e y v . J a c k s o n S t a t e C o l l e g e , 551 F . 2d 672 , 676 ( 5 t h C i r . 1 9 7 7 ) , a f f ' d and m o d i f i e d on r e h e a r i n g . 591 F .2 d 1002 ( 1 9 7 9 ) . The f e e s a r e t o be f i x e d i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e c r i t e r i a s e t f o r t h in J o h n s o n v . G e o r g i a H i g h w a y E x p r e s s , I n c . , 488 F . 2 d 714 ( 5 t h C i r . 1974) / 19/ S e e P i a m b i n o v . B a i l e y , ____F . 2 d _____ ( 5 t h C i r . 1 9 8 0 ) ( J o h n s o n c r i t e r i a a p p l y t o f e e s i n c l a s s a c t i o n s ) ; s e e a l s o Brown v . C u l p e p p e r , 559 F . 2 d 274 , 2 7 7- 78 ( 5 t h C i r . 1 9 7 7 ) . " I n c o m p u t i n g t h e f e e , c o u n s e l f o r p r e v a i l i n g p a r t i e s s h o u l d b e p a i d , a s i s t r a d i t i o n a l w i t h a t t o r n e y s c o m p e n s a t e d by a f e e - p a y i n g c l i e n t , ' f o r a l l t i m e r e a s o n a b l y e x p e n d e d on a m a t t e r . ' " S . R e p . No. 9 4 - 1 0 1 1 , 9 4 t h C o n g . 2d S e s s . 6 , r e p r i n t e d i n [1 976] U . S . Code C o n g . & Ad. News 5 90 8 , 59 13 . C o n g r e s s i n t e n d e d " t h a t t h e amount - 3 7 - o f f e e s a w a r d e d u n d e r [ t h e A c t ] be g o v e r n e d by t h e sam e s t a n d a r d s which p r e v a i l i n o t h e r t y p e s o f e q u a l l y complex F e d e r a l l i t i g a t i o n , s u c h a s a n t i t r u s t c a s e s and n o t be r e d u c e d b e c a u s e t h e r i g h t s i n v o l v e d may be n o n p e c u n i a r y in n a t u r e . " I d . I n f i x i n g t h e f e e , t h e d i s t r i c t c o u r t s h o u l d be m i n d f u l t h a t in complex c i v i l r i g h t s l i t i g a t i o n , and p a r t i c u l a r l y in p r i s o n e r s ' r i g h t s c a s e s , i s s u e s a r e o v e r l a p p i n g and i n t e r t w i n e d . In o r d e r t o r e p r e s e n t t h e i r c l i e n t s a d e q u a t e l y , a t t o r n e y s m u s t e x p l o r e f u l l y e v e r y a s p e c t o f t h e c a s e , d e v e l o p a l l o f t h e e v i d e n c e a n d p r e s e n t i t t o t h e c o u r t . Time s p e n t p u r s u i n g u n s u c c e s s f u l c l a i m s t h a t were c l e a r l y w i t h o u t m e r i t s h o u l d be e x c l u d e d . However , t h e mere f a c t t h a t t h e l i t i g a n t s d i d n o t s u c c e e d i n o b t a i n i n g a j u d gm e nt on a l l o f t h e c l a i m s a s s e r t e d d o e s n o t mean t h a t t i m e s p e n t p u r s u i n g t h e s e c l a i m s s h o u l d a u t o m a t i c a l l y be d i s a l l o w e d . See S t a n f o r d D a i l y v . Z u r c h e r , 64 F .R . D . 680 , 684 (N.D. C a l . 1 9 7 4 ) , a f f ' d , 550 F .2 d 464 ( 9 t h C i r . 1 9 7 7 ) , r e v ' d on o t h e r g r o u n d s , ____ U . S . ____, 98 S . C t . 1 9 7 0 , ____ L. Ed. 2d ( 19 78) [ c i t e d w i t h a p p r o v a l i n S . Rep. No. 9 4 - 1 0 1 1 , 9 4 th Cong. 2d S e s s . 6 , r e p r i n t e d i n [1976] U .S . Code Cong. & Ad. News 5 9 08 , 5 9 1 3 ] . I n s t e a d t h e c o u r t mus t c o n s i d e r t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p o f t h e c l a i m s t h a t r e s u l t e d i n j u d g m e n t w i t h t h e c l a i m s t h a t were r e j e c t e d and t h e c o n t r i b u t i o n , i f a n y , made t o s u c c e s s by t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n and p r o s e c u t i o n o f t h e e n t i r e c a s e . No o n e J o h n s o n c r i t e r i o n s h o u l d be s t r e s s e d t o t h e n e g l e c t o f o t h e r s . However , b e c a u s e t h e f e e in t h i s c a s e was c o n t i n g e n t on s u c c e s s , i t i s a p p r o p r i a t e f o r t h e c o u r t t o c o n s i d e r J o h n s o n c r i t e r i o n number s i x , " w h e t h e r t h e f e e i s f i x e d o r c o n t i n g e n t . " T h i s r e f l e c t s t h e p r o v i s i o n s o f t h e ABA -3 3 - Code o f P r o f e s s i o n a l R e s p o n s i b i l i t y , DR 2—10 6 ( B ) ( 3 ) , and t h e p r a c t i c e o f t h e b a r . Lawyers who a r e t o be c o m p e n s a te d o n l y i n t h e e v e n t o f v i c t o r y e x p e c t and a r e e n t i t l e d t o be p a i d more when s u c c e s s f u l t h a n t h o s e who a r e a s s u r e d o f compen s a t i o n r e g a r d l e s s o f r e s u l t . T h i s i s n e i t h e r l e s s n o r more a p p r o p r i a t e i n c i v i l r i g h t s l i t i g a t i o n t h a n i n p e r s o n a l i n j u r y c a s e s . The s t a n d a r d o f c o m p e n s a t i o n m u s t e n a b l e c o u n s e l t o a c c e p t a p p a r e n t l y j u s t c a u s e s w i t h o u t a w a i t i n g s u r e w i n n e r s . XI . EXPERT WITNESS FEES The p l a i n t i f f s a l s o s e e k r e i m b u r s m e n t o f f e e s p a i d f o r e x p e r t w i t n e s s e s . The u s u a l r u l e i n c i v i l l i t i g a t i o n in f e d e r a l c o u r t s i s t h a t s u c h f e e s a r e n o t r e c o v e r a b l e a s c o s t s , G e r b e r v . S t o l t e n b e r g , 394 F .2 d 179 ( 5 t h C i r . 1 9 6 8 ) ; 10 C. W r i g h t & A. M i l l e r , F e d e r a l P r a c t i c e & P r o c e d u r e § 2678 a t 2 3 6 - 3 7 ( 1 9 7 3 ) , and e x p e r t s a r e c o m p e n s a b l e o n l y a t t h e same r a t e a s o t h e r w i t n e s s e s . See 28 O . S . C . § 1821 ( p r o v i s i o n f o r c o m p e n s a t i o n o f w i t n e s s e s ) . C o n g r e s s h a s m a n i f e s t e d an i n t e n t i o n t h a t a d i f f e r e n t r u l e be a p p l i e d i n c i v i l r i g h t s l i t i g a t i o n : " I f p r i v a t e c i t i z e n s a r e t o be a b l e t o a s s e r t t h e i r c i v i l r i g h t s , and i f t h o s e who v i o l a t e t h e N a t i o n ' s f u n d a m e n t a l l aws a r e n o t t o p r o c e e d w i t h i m p u n i t y , t h e n c i t i z e n s m u s t h a v e t h e o p p o r t u n i t y t o r e c o v e r what i t c o s t s them t o v i n d i c a t e t h o s e r i g h t s i n c o u r t . " S. Rep. 9 4 -1 01 1 , 9 4 t h Cong. 2d S e s s . 2 , r e p r i n t e d in U .S . Code Cong. & Ad. News 5 90 8 , 59 1 0 . D i s t r i c t c o u r t s in many i n s t a n c e s h av e awarde d t h e f u l l f e e s o f e x p e r t s on t h e g r o u n d t h a t t h e i r t e s t i m o n y and a s s i s t a n c e wer e n e c e s s a r y o r h e l p f u l i n r e p r e s e n t i n g c l i e n t s i n c i v i l r i g h t s l i t i g a t i o n . See e_Lcj_. , Keyes v . S c h o o l D i s t r i c t No. 1 , D en v e r , C o l o r a d o , 439 F. Supp. 393 , 418 (D. C o l . 1 9 7 7 ) ; P e n n s y l v a n i a v . O ' N e i l l , I I i 431 F . Supp. 70 0 , 713 (E .D. P a . 1 9 7 7 ) , a f f ' d mem. , 573 F .2d 1301 (3d C i r . 1 9 7 8 ) ; W a l l a c e v . House , 377 F. Supp. 1192, 1 2 0 6 - 0 7 (W.D. La. 1 9 7 4 ) , m o d i f i e d , 515 F .2 d 619 ( 5 t h C i r . 19 7 5) , v a c a t e d on o t h e r g r o u n d s , 425 U . S . 9 4 7 , 96 S . C t . 17 21 , 48 L. Ed. 2d 191 ( 1 9 7 6 ) . C o u n s e l m u s t h a v e t h e a s s i s t a n c e o f e x p e r t s t o f u r n i s h e f f e c t i v e a n d c o m p e t e n t r e p r e s e n t a t i o n . I n m o s t c i v i l r i g h t s l i t i g a t i o n , and i n p r i s o n c a s e s i n p a r t i c u l a r , e x p e r t t e s t i m o n y i s a v i t a l i n g r e d i e n t i n t h e p r o p e r p r e s e n t a t i o n a n d d e c i s i o n o f a c a s e . W i t h o u t t h e a b i l i t y t o r e c o v e r e x p e r t s ' f e e s , p l a i n t i f f s , p a r t i c u l a r l y p r i s o n i n m a t e s who a r e a l m o s t a l w a y s i n d i g e n t , w i l l be u n a b l e t o b r i n g t h e s e c a s e s . We t h e r e f o r e r e m a n d f o r d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f a p p r o p r i a t e a t t o r n e y s ' f e e s and c o s t s , i n c l u d i n g e x p e r t w i t n e s s f e e s , u n d e r t h e s t a n d a r d s s e t f o r t h i n t h i s o p i n i o n . X I I . CONCLUSION W i t h i n t h i r t y d a y s a f t e r i s s u a n c e o f t h e m a n d a te , t h e d i s t r i c t c o u r t s h a l l commence su c h an e v i d e n t i a r y h e a r i n g a s i t deems n e c e s s a r y t o d e t e r m i n e t h e maximum c a p a c i t y o f t h e new j a i l , and w i t h i n f i f t e e n d a y s a f t e r t h a t h e a r i n g i t s h a l l i s s u e an a d d i t i o n a l o r d e r f o r b i d d i n g t h e c o n f i n e m e n t o f m o r e t h a n t h a t n u m b e r o f p r i s o n e r s a t a n y o n e t i m e . The i n j u n c t i o n s h a l l a l s o f i x t h e maximum number o f p r i s o n e r s who may be c o n f i n e d i n t h e o l d J a c k s o n C o un ty j a i l . I t may p r o v i d e t h a t , upon a show ing o f u r g e n t n e c e s s i t y and s e r i o u s p u b l i c n e e d , t h e d e f e n d a n t s may, a f t e r n o t i c e t o t h e p l a i n t i f f s , s e e k p e r m i s s i o n t o c o n f i n e a g r e a t e r number o f p e r s o n s , f o r a p e r i o d t o b e s e t by t h e c o u r t d e p e n d e n t on c i r c u m s t a n c e s b u t n o t t o e x c e e d s e v e n t y - t w o h o u r s . - 4 0 - 1 At t h e same e v i d e n t i a r y h e a r i n g , t h e p a r t i e s s h a l l b e a c c o r d e d an o p p o r t u n i t y t o s u b m i t e v i d e n c e c o n c e r n i n g w h e t h e r t h e r e i s r e a s o n t o d e n y c o n t a c t v i s i t a t i o n t o p r e t r i a l d e t a i n e e s u n d e r t h e s t a n d a r d s o f B e l l v . W o l f i s h . W i t h i n t e n d a y s a f t e r i s s u a n c e o f t h e m a n d a t e , t h e p l a i n t i f f s s h a l l n o t i f y t h e d i s t r i c t c o u r t w h e t h e r t h e y c o n t e n d t h e new m a i l and d i s c i p l i n a r y r u l e s v i o l a t e t h e G u a r j a r d o arid W o l f f s t a n d a r d s r e s p e c t i v e l y . I f t h e y d e s i r e t o r a i s e t h a t i s s u e , t h e h e a r i n g s h a l l a l s o e m b r a c e t h e q u e s t i o n s t h u s r a i s e d . B e c a u se t h e J a c k s o n C o u n t y j a i l h as be e n o p e r a t e d i n v i o l a t i o n o f c o n s t i t u t i o n a l s t a n d a r d s , t h e t r i a l c o u r t s h a l l w i t h i n t h i r t y d a y s a f t e r i s s u a n c e o f o u r m a n d a te i s s u e an i n j u n c t i o n , c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h e v ie w s e x p r e s s e d i n o u r d i s c u s s i o n i n P a r t V a b o v e , co m m a n d i n g t h e d e f e n d a n t s : n o t t o e n g a g e i n r a c i a l d i s c r i m i n a t i o n i n any fo rm ; t o p r o v i d e f o r a d e q u a t e j a i l s u p e r v i s i o n i n t h e o l d and new j a i l s by p e r s o n s who a r e n o t j a i l i n m a t e s ; t o i n s t i t u t e and o p e r a t e a r e a s o n a b l e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s y s t e m f o r t h o s e c o n f i n e d i n b o t h t h e o l d a n d new j a i l s , w i t h a p r o v i s i o n f o r s e p a r a t i o n o f p r e t r i a l d e t a i n e e s f rom c o n v i c t e d c r i m i n a l s and t h o s e o t h e r m a t t e r s d i s c u s s e d in o u r o p i n i o n s u p r a a t p a g e s 18—19; t o a d m i n i s t e r d i s c i p l i n e o n l y in c o n f o r m i t y w i t h t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s o f W o l f f v . M c D o n n e l l , 418 U . S . 5 3 9 , 94 S . C t . 29 6 3 , 41 L. Ed. 2d 935 ( 1 9 7 4 ) ; and t o r e g u l a t e m a i l o n l y i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h r u l e s c o m p ly in g w i t h G u a j a r d o v . E s t e l l e , 580 F .2 d 748 ( 5 t h C i r . 1 9 7 8 ) . T h e j u d g m e n t d i s m i s s i n g t h e i n d i v i d u a l d a m a g e c l a i m s o f a l l o f t h e p l a i n t i f f s , e x c e p t M a r v i n J o n e s i s - 4 1 - m o d i f i e d so a s t o make i t a p p l i c a b l e o n l y t o p e n d e n t c l a i m s u n d e r M i s s i s s i p p i s t a t e l a w . The ju d g m e n t i s f u r t h e r modi f i e d s o a s t o d i s m i s s t h e p e n d e n t c l a i m s o f D o n a l d O v e r - s t r e e t , D a r r e l l L a d n i e r , D a r r e l l McGee a n d Bobby H u g h e s w i t h o u t p r e j u d i c e s o a s t o p e r m i t t h e m t o be f i l e d and a d j u d i c a t e d t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e i r S e c t i o n 1983 c l a i m s , t h e s t a t u t e o f l i m i t a t i o n s t o commence t o r u n o n l y upon i s s u a n c e o f o u r m a n d a t e . T h i s sum m ary c o n c l u s i o n i s p r o v i d e d a s a m a t t e r o f c o n v e n i e n c e f o r i s s u a n c e o f t h e m a n d a t e . However , i t d o e s n o t l i m i t o r q u a l i f y t h e more e x t e n s i v e r e m a r k s i n t h e t e x t o f t h e o p i n i o n . The ju d g m e n t o f t h e d i s t r i c t c o u r t i s a f f i r m e d i n p a r t a n d r e v e r s e d i n p a r t , a n d t h e c a s e i s r e m a n d e d f o r f u r t h e r p r o c e e d i n g s c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h i s o p i n i o n . - 4 2 - No. 7 8 - 1 2 8 9 , MARVIN JONES, ETC, v . FRED R DI AMOND, ETC. ET AL . , GODBOLD, C i r cu i t J u d g e , s p e c i a l l y c o n c u r r i n g . W h i le I a g r e e w i t h much o f J u d g e R u b i n ' s o p i n i o n my a p p r o a c h t o t h e c a s e d i f f e r s f rom h i s . I , t h e r e f o r e , s e t o u t my v i e w s i n t h i s s e p a r a t e o p i n i o n . F i r s t , a s t o i n j u n c t i v e r e l i e f . The e f f e c t o f t h e d i s t r i c t c o u r t ' s o r d e r was t o g r a n t r e l i e f i n j u n c t i v e in n a t u r e , b o t h p r o h i b i t o r y and a f f i r m a t i v e , t h o u g h n o t a l l i n j u n c t i v e in fo rm , and t h e d i s t r i c t c o u r t r e t a i n e d j u r i s d i c t i o n . So f a r a s I can d i s c e r n no member o f t h e en b a n c c o u r t s u g g e s t s t h a t t h e t r i a l j u d g e e r r e d i n g r a n t i n g t h i s r e l i e f . The p a n e l u p h e l d i n j u n c t i v e r e l i e f and awarded a d d i t i o n a l i n j u n c t i v e r e l i e f . Whi le t h e p a n e l o p i n i o n h as b e e n v a c a t e d i t r e m a i n s s i g n i f i c a n t b e c a u s e C h i e f J u d g e C o l e m a n ' s c o n c u r r i n g / d i s s e n t i n g en b a n c o p i n i o n a d h e r e s t o wha t t h e p a n e l h e l d b u t t h e n d e p a r t s f rom i t b e c a u s e he c o n s i d e r s t h e r e h a s be e n a t o t a l c h a n g e i n c i r c u m s t a n c e s . A l l o f us r e c o g n i z e t h a t t h e r e h a s b e e n s u b s t a n t i a l c h a n g e , and f o r t h e b e t t e r , b u t I b e l i e v e t h a t t h e r e c o r d d o e s n o t show su c h t o t a l c h a n g e i n c i r c u m s t a n c e s t h a t we c o u l d p r o p e r l y d i s m i s s t h i s c a s e o r r e v e r s e o r v a c a t e t h e i n j u n c t i v e r e l i e f t h a t was g r a n t e d by t h e d i s t r i c t c o u r t and so f a r a s t h i s r e c o r d shows i s a t t h i s moment s t i l l i n e f f e c t . Wi th t h e c a s e i n t h i s p o s t u r e g r a n t o f i n j u n c t i v e r e l i e f by o u r c o u r t i s a p p r o p r i a t e . We m e r e l y b u i l d upon t h e i n j u n c t i v e o r d e r a l r e a d y in e f f e c t . Under t h i s a p p r o a c h many o f t h e d e t a i l s o f c o n d i t i o n s in t h e o l d j a i l i n t h e e a r l y and m i d - 1 9 7 0 ' s a r e l a r g e l y b e s i d e t h e p o i n t . T h e r e f o r e , t h e d i f f e r e n c e s o f v ie w o v e r t h e e v i d e n c e o f t h e s e c o n d i t i o n s and o u r r e v i e w o f t h i s e v i d e n c e need n o t be d ec id e d . - ! - / 1 / F o r e x a m p l e , we do n o t n e e d t o d e c i d e w h e t h e r t h e o l d j a i l was f i l t h y o r c l e a n i n 1973 . T h a t d e c i s i o n i s u n n e c e s s a r y t o e s t a b l i s h a p r e d i c a t e f o r i n j u n c t i v e r e l i e f i n g e n e r a l . I t i s u n n e c e s s a r y a s t h e b a s i s f o r a s p e c i f i c o r d e r t h a t t h e new j a i l m u s t be k e p t c l e a n b e c a u s e no one s u g g e s t s s u c h an o r d e r i s n e c e s s a r y . I t s eems t o me t h a t w i t h r e s p e c t t o i n j u n c t i v e r e l i e f o u r t a s k i s t o d e t e r m i n e t h e e x t e n t t o w h i c h t h e r e l i e f a l r e a d y o r d e r e d by t h e d i s t r i c t c o u r t s h o u l d be b r o a d e n e d o r s u p p l e m e n t e d b e c a u s e i t was i n s u f f i c i e n t and t h e e x t e n t t o w h ic h r e l i e f a l r e a d y o r d e r e d s h o u l d be n a r r o w e d o r e l i m i n a t e d b e c a u s e o f c h a n g e d c i r c u m s t a n c e s . N e c e s s a r i l y t h e s e i n q u i r i e s a r e n e t , n o t g r o s s ; we may s e e some r e l i e f t h a t t h e d i s t r i c t j u d g e s h o u l d h av e g r a n t e d b u t t h a t n e v e r t h e l e s s n e e d n o t be o r d e r e d now b e c a u s e c h a n g e d c i r c u m s t a n c e s h a v e o b v i a t e d t h e n e e d f o r i t . —̂ 2 / I n a p u r i s t s e n s e t h e e r e c t i o n o f t h e new j a i l d o e s n o t e l i m i n a t e t h e n e e d f o r an i n j u n c t i o n , b u t i n a p r a c t i c a l way i t g r e a t l y a f f e c t s o u r en b a n c d e c i s i o n . F o r i n s t a n c e , w h i l e e s c h e w i n g t h e e f f e c t o f t h e new j a i l on w h e t h e r t o g r a n t i n j u n c t i v e r e l i e f , J u d g e R ub in d o e s n o t s u g g e s t i n j u n c t i v e r e l i e f a g a i n s t s e v e r a l c o n d i t i o n s t h a t he f i n d s e x i s t e d i n t h e o l d j a i l . A c t u a l l y , i n t h i s f o u r t h a p p e a r a n c e o f an o l d c a s e , on a s t a l e r e c o r d o f f a c t s many o f w h ic h a r e y e a r s o l d , and w i t h k n o w le d g e by t h e c o u r t t h a t c o n d i t i o n s h a v e c h a n g e d , b u t c h a n g e d how much we do n o t a c c u r a t e l y know, t h e c o u r t s i m p l y d o e s t h e b e s t i t c a n . I n many c a s e s s u c h a s s c h o o l d e s e g r e g a t i o n c a s e s , r a c i a l c o m p o s i t i o n o f j u r y b o x e s , one -man o n e —v o t e , and e l e c t i o n d i s t r i c t i n g — w h e r e we a r e r e v i e w i n g s w e e p i n g s u p e r v i s o r y r e m e d i e s r e l a t i n g t o c o n d i t i o n s t h a t t h e c o u r t knows a r e s u b j e c t t o c h a n g e and may h a v e c h a n g e d , we h a v e r e q u i r e d t h e p a r t i e s t o s u p p l y us w i t h a " f r e s h r e c o r d " c o n t a i n i n g t h e l a t e s t f a c t u a l d a t a t h a t w i l l a s s i s t u s i n d e t e r m i n i n g w h e t h e r r e l i e f d e n i e d b e l o w i s p r e s e n t l y n e c e s s a r y and i f n e c e s s a r y w h a t t h e r emedy s h o u l d b e . F r e q u e n t l y t h i s i n f o r m a t i o n h a s s o l e l y r e l a t e d t o e v e n t s and c o n d i t i o n s a f t e r t h e e n t r y o f t h e j u d g m e n t a p p e a l e d f ro m. Bu t we h a v e n o t h e s i t a t e d t o make t h e l a t e s t a v a i l a b l e f a c t s t h e b a s i s f o r a d e c i s i o n a b o u t i n j u n c t i v e r e l i e f and f o r d e s i g n o f a r emedy i f a p p r o p r i a t e . We h av e t a k e n t h i s a p p r o a c h t o a v o i d t h e p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t e i t h e r o u r d e c i s i o n o r o u r r emed y w o ul d n o t be a d j u s t e d t o t h e r e a l i t i e s o f a s i t u a t i o n t o be g o v e r n e d by a s w e e p in g r e m e d i a l o r d e r . The i d e a o f a " f r e s h r e c o r d " i n t h i s c a s e i s a p p e a l i n g . B u t t h e number and b r e a d t h o f i s s u e s r e l a t i n g t o t h e new 3a i l a p h y s i c a l s e n s e and t o t h e p o l i c i e s and m e th o d s o f o p e r a t i n g i t wo u ld r e q u i r e e x t e n d e d h e a r i n g s i n t h e d i s t r i c t c o u r t t o b u i l d an u p - t o - d a t e p i c t u r e , f u r t h e r p o s t p o n i n g e f f e c t i v e d e c i s i o n o f t h i s c a s e . 2 A p p l y i n g t h e f o r e g o i n g a p p r o a c h t o t h e s p e c i f i c m a t t e r s t h a t J u d g e Rub i n would i n c l u d e i n an i n j u n c t i o n , o r wou ld d i r e c t t h e d i s t r i c t c o u r t t o h a n d l e on rem and , h e r e i s where I come o u t . R a c i a l d i s c r i m i n a t i o n : The t r i a l j u d g e g r a n t e d l i m i t e d r e l i e f . Ju d g e Rub i n would b r o a d e n i t . I a g r e e . The r e c o r d d o e s n o t show t h a t r a c i a l d i s c r i m i n a t i o n h as c e a s e d in t h e new j a i l . A d e q u a t e s u p e r v i s i o n by p e r s o n s n o t i n m a t e s : The d i s t r i c t j u d g e d i d n o t o r d e r r e l i e f , t h e r e i s no s u b s t a n t i a l d i s p u t e t h a t s u p e r v i s i o n in t h e o l d j a i l was i n a d e q u a t e , t h e r e c o r d d o e s n o t show t h a t s u p e r v i s i o n in t h e new j a i l i s a d e q u a t e . I a g r e e t h a t an o r d e r s h o u l d i s s u e . C l a s s i f i c a t i o n s y s t e m and s e p a r a t i o n o f p r e - t r i a l d e t a i n e e s and c o n v i c t e d c r i m i n a l s : T h e r e was no s u b s t a n t i a l c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s y s t e m in t h e o l d j a i l and p r e - t r i a l d e t a i n e e s wer e n o t s e p a r a t e d . The r e c o r d d o e s n o t d i s c l o s e t h a t t h e s e m a t t e r s have b e e n c o r r e c t e d . The d i s t r i c t j u d g e g r a n t e d no r e l i e f . We s h o u l d . D i s c i p l i n e : The d i s t r i c t j u d g e g r a n t e d r e l i e f b a s e d upon what a p p e a r t o me t o be u n d i s p u t e d f a c t s . Jud ge R ub i n would s u p p l e m e n t t h e r e l i e f . X a g r e e . I t i s n o t shown t h a t a new j a i l h a s e l i m i n a t e d t h i s m a t t e r . M a i l : C o n s t i t u t i o n a l v i o l a t i o n s a r e n o t d i s p u t e d and i t i s n o t shown t h a t t h e y hav e b e e n d i s c o n t i n u e d . Ju d g e Rub i n would g r a n t i n j u n c t i v e r e l i e f . I a g r e e t h a t t h i s i s a p p r o p r i a t e . O v e r c r o w d i n g : The d i s t r i c t j u d g e g r a n t e d p a r t i a l r e l i e f o f s o r t s . We do n o t know how c rowded t h e new j a i l i s o r what t h e r e a l p o s s i b i l i t i e s a r e o f i t s becoming o v e r c r o w d e d . I a g r e e t h a t t h e d i s t r i c t c o u r t s h o u l d , a f t e r 3 t a k i n g e v i d e n c e , s e t l i m i t s a g a i n s t o v e r c r o w d i n g i f i t a p p e a r s t h e r e i s any s u b s t a n t i a l p o s s i b i l i t y o f i t s o c c u r r i n g . C o n t a c t V i s i t a t i o n : V i s i t a t i o n r i g h t s in t h e o l d j a i l w ere n o m i n a l . The d i s t r i c t j u d g e g r a n t e d no r e l i e f . The n e c e s s a r y f a c t s a b o u t t h e new j a i l a r e unknown t o u s . I a g r e e w i t h J u d g e Ru b in t h a t t h i s mus t be h a n d l e d by t h e d i s t r i c t c o u r t a f t e r h e a r i n g , k e e p i n g in mind s e c u r i t y n ee d s and a v a i l a b i l i t y o f f a c i l i t i e s . T u r n i n g t o i s s u e s o t h e r t h a n i n j u n c t i v e r e l i e f , I a g r e e w i t h P a r t s V I I , V I I I , IX, X, and XI o f J u d g e R u b i n ' s o p i n i o n . 4 NO. 7 8 - 1 2 8 9 MARVIN JONES, ETC. v s . E T C . , ET AL. FRED R. DIAMOND, COLEMAN, C h i e f J u d g e , w i t h whom A i n s w o r t h C. C l a r k , Roney , Gee , H i l l , Fa y , G a r z a , H e n d e r s o n , and R e a v l e y , C i r c u i t J u d q e s c o n c u r r i n g i n p a r t and d i s s e n t i n g in p a r t . j o i n , Th e o r i g i n a l ( p a n e l ) o p i n i o n i n t h i s c a s e i s r e p o r t e d , 594 F . 2 d 997 . Th e p a n e l h e l d t h a t (1) t h e b u l l p e n s i n t h e j a i l had b e e n u n c o n s t i t u t i o n a l l y s e g r e g a t e d and t h i s was t o b e e n j o i n e d ; (2) v i s i t a t i o n p r i v i l e g e s f o r o r d i n a r y p r e t r i a l d e t a i n e e s s h o u l d be s e t f o r t h i n w r i t t e n r u l e s s o t h a t d e t a i n e e s may u n d e r s t a n d them and s o t h a t c o u r t s may h a v e a d e f i n i t e b a s i s f o r r e v ie w i n t h e f a c e o f c l a i m e d a r b i t r a r i n e s s and c a p r i c i o u s n e s s ; (3) p r i s o n m a i l r i g h t s had b e e n s e t t l e d b y o u r d e c i s i o n i n G u a j a r d o v . E s t e l l e , 5 C i r . 1 9 7 8 , 580 F . 2d 748 ; (4) p r e t r i a l d e t a i n e e s a r e e n t i t l e d t o p r o t e c t i o n a g a i n s t u n n e c e s s a r y o r u n p r o t e c t e d c o n t a c t w i t h p r i s o n e r s known t o be v i o l e n t o r d i s t u r b e d o r i n f e c t e d w i t h a c o n t a g i o u s d i s e a s e ; (5) f e d e r a l c o u r t s may i n t e r v e n e when j a i l o f f i c i a l s f a i l t o p r o t e c t p r i s o n e r s f rom h o m o s e x u a l a t t a c k s , p e r s o n a l v i o l e n c e . 1 o r u n n e c e s s a r y c o n t a c t w i t h t h e c o n t a g i o u s l y i l l ; (6) when a p r e t r i a l d e t a i n e e i s c h a r g e d w i t h an i n f r a c t i o n o f p r i s o n r u l e s he s h o u l d b e i n f o r m e d o f t h e i n f r a c t i o n and an o p p o r t u n i t y t o d e m o n s t r a t e t h a t he i s n o t g u i l t y ; (7) a t t o r n e y f e e s s h o u l d b e a w a r d e d t h e p l a i n t i f f s ; and (8) o v e r c r o w d i n g was e n j o i n e d . I a d h e r e t o w h a t t h e p a n e l s a i d o n t h e s e t o p i c s , a t t h e t i m e i t was s a i d . B e c a u s e a t o t a l c h a n g e o f c i r c u m s t a n c e s h a s s i n c e i n t e r v e n e d I r e s p e c t f u l l y d i s s e n t f ro m t h e en b a n c o p i n i o n i n t h o s e r e s p e c t s h e r e i n a f t e r s e t o u t . I *-r>— ~ 2 I CHANGED CONDITIONS - NO SURVIVING CONTROVERSY F o r t h e C o u r t t o s p e n d i t s en b a n c e n e r g i e s o n a c o n t r o v e r s y w h i c h , i n e s s e n c e , no l o n g e r e x i s t s i s a n u n u s u a l j u d i c i a l e v e n t , o u t o f h a r mo ny w i t h t h e i n d i s p u t a b l e C o n s t i t u t i o n a l p r i n c i p l e t h a t i f t h e r e i s no c o n t r o v e r s y t h e r e i s no c a s e . T h i s l i t i g a t i o n was p u r s u e d c o n t e m p o r a n e o u s l y w i t h t h e c o m b in e d e f f o r t s o f J a c k s o n C o u n t y a u t h o r i t i e s and t h e t a x p a y i n g p u b l i c t o b u i l d and e q u i p an e n t i r e l y new j a i l a t an e n t i r e l y new l o c a t i o n . The m a j o r i t y o p i n i o n ( f o o t n o t e 5) c o n c e d e s t h a t a new j a i l h a s b e e n i n u s e f o r n e a r l y two y e a r s , s i n c e F e b r u a r y 1 5 , 1 9 7 9 . T h i s j a i l p r o v i d e s s i n g l e c e l l o c c u p a n c y , w i t h e i g h t y s q u a r e f e e t p e r p r i s o n e r . The o p i n i o n c h o o s e s n o t t o m e n t i o n t h e f o r m a l a c t i o n o f t h e J a c k s o n C o u n t y B o a r d o f S u p e r v i s o r s d e c l a r i n g t h a t t h e C o u n t y s h a l l n e v e r a g a i n u s e t h e o l d j a i l u n l e s s n e c e s s i t a t e d b y some u n f o r e s e e n e m e r g e n c y . F o u r i n d i v i d u a l s a r e a l l o w e d t h e o p t i o n o f i n d i v i d u a l l y r e f i l i n g t h e i r c l a i m s f o r d a m a g e s . I f t h e e n b a n c C o u r t w i s h e s t o g r a n t t h i s o p t i o n , and I do n o t d i s a g r e e , t h e ^ n b a n c o p i n i o n c o u l d w e l l h a v e b e e n l i m i t e d t o t h a t q u e s t i o n w h i l e a f f i r m i n g t h e p a n e l o p i n i o n i n a l l o t h e r r e s p e c t s . 3 The en b a n c m a j o r i t y s a y s , h o w e v e r , t h a t "The b u r d e n i s on t h e d e f e n d a n t s t o p r o v e t h a t t h e w r o n g s o f t h e p a s t c o u l d n o t r e a s o n a b l y b e e x p e c t e d t o r e c u r " and " [ T ] h e r e c o r d o f d e f e n d a n t s ' p e r f o r m a n c e p e r m i t s us t o d ra w no s u c h c o n c l u s i o n " , c o n c l u d i n g t h a t " n o t h i n g i n t h e r e c o r d p r o v i d e s . . . a n y a s s u r a n c e t o t h i s C o u r t t h a t . . . t h e w r o n g s o f t h e p a s t w i l l n o t 1/ b e r e c o m m i t t e d . " The c a s e w o u ld n o t b e m o o t i f t h e r e c o r d s u p p o r t e d t h o s e c o n c l u s i o n s , b u t w h a t d o e s t h e r e c o r d s a y ? The r e c o r d e s t a b l i s h e s t h e s i n c e r e c o n c e r n o f t h e p e o p l e and t h e d u l y c o n s t i t u t e d a u t h o r i t i e s o f J a c k s o n C o u n t y f o r t h e w e l f a r e o f p r i s o n e r s . The o l d J a c k s o n C o u n t y j a i l , on t h e t o p f l o o r o f t h e c o u r t h o u s e , was b u i l t i n 1 9 4 9 . I n 1971 i t was o n l y t w e n t y two y e a r s o l d , w h i c h i s no a d v a n c e d a g e f o r s t r u c t u r e s o f t h i s k i n d . Y e t , t h e movement f o r t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f a new j a i l was i n a u g u r a t e d t h a t y e a r . H a l f t h e c o s t o f c o n s t r u c t i n g and e q u i p p i n g t h e new j a i l , n e a r l y a m i l l i o n d o l l a r s , was f i n a n c e d b y t h e f e d e r a l g o v e r n m e n t . I t was c o n s t r u c t e d , e q u i p p e d a n d s t a f f e d i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h f e d e r a l LEAA s t a n d a r d s . I t i s o p e r a t e d a c c o r d i n g t o s t a n d a r d s , r u l e s , and p r o c e d u r e s p r e s c r i b e d b y LEAA. I t i s t o b e d o u b t e d / ' *! r 4 t h a t a mor e m o d e rn j a i l f a c i l i t y c a n b e f o u n d a n y w h e r e i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s . The m a j o r i t y o p i n i o n f a i l s t o c r e d i t t h e p e o p l e and t h e a u t h o r i t i e s o f J a c k s o n C o u n t y w i t h t h e new j a i l a n d a l s o c h o o s e s t o o v e r l o o k t h e f o l l o w i n g : 1 . E x c e p t f o r H in d s C o u n t y , i n w h i c h t h e S t a t e C a p i t o l i s s i t u a t e d , J a c k s o n C o u n t y m a i n t a i n s t h e b e s t c o u n t y l a w l i b r a r y i n t h e S t a t e f o r u s e b y p u b l i c d e f e n d e r s a n d o t h e r s ; 2 . J a c k s o n C o u n t y i n s t i t u t e d t h e f i r s t work r e l e a s e p r o g r a m i n t h e S t a t e , b y w h i c h c o n v i c t e d i n d i v i d u a l s c a n l i v e away f ro m t h e j a i l o r p e n i t e n t i a r y , s p e n d t h e i r n i g h t s i n a minimum s e c u r i t y e n v i r o n m e n t , w o rk d u r i n g t h e d a y a n d s u p p o r t t h e i r f a m i l i e s , and make e f f o r t s t o r e h a b i l i t a t e t h e m s e l v e s b y e m p lo y m e n t ; 3 . J a c k s o n C o u n t y , i n c o o p e r a t i o n w i t h S t a t e a u t h o r i t i e s , i n s t i t u t e d t h e f i r s t r e s t i t u t i o n c e n t e r i n t h e S t a t e , i n w h i c h i n d i v i d u a l s c o n v i c t e d o f c r i m e s i n v o l v i n g p r o p e r t y r i g h t s may w o rk a n d make r e s t i t u t i o n t o t h e i r v i c t i m s w i t h o u t b e i n g s e n t t o j a i l o r t o t h e p e n i t e n t i a r y ; 4 . Th e new p r i s o n p r o g r a m a u t h o r i z e d a c o u n t y b o n d i s s u e o f $ 8 0 0 , 0 0 0 , a p p r o v e d a t t h e p o l l s . T h i s p r o v i d e d t h e f u n d s f o r a m o d e rn J u v e n i l e F a c i l i t y , 1 5 o p e n e d i n 1 9 7 5 , a l o n g w i t h t h e new j a i l . T h e s e f a c t s c o n c l u s i v e l y n e g a t e an a t t i t u d e o f i n d i f f e r e n c e f o r t h e w e l f a r e o f p r i s o n e r s and n e g a t e s t h e n o t i o n t h a t t h e o f f i c i a l s o f J a c k s o n C o u n t y c a n b e e x p e c t e d t o do r i g h t o n l y i f t h e y a r e r e q u i r e d t o o p e r a t e t h e new j a i l u n d e r t h e t e r m s o f a s w e e p i n g i n j u n c t i o n . II INJUNCTIVE RELIEF IS NOT WARRANTED T h e r e i s n o t t h e s l i g h t e s t w h i s p e r t h a t t h e j a i l now b e i n g u s e d b y J a c k s o n C o un ty i s i n v i o l a t i o n o f C o n s t i t u t i o n a l g u a r a n t i e s . H ence , t h i s c a s e , i n p r i n c i p l e , i s e x a c t l y l i k e t h e D a l l a s C o u n t y (Te xas ) j a i l c a s e d e c i d e d a l i t t l e o v e r a y e a r a g o , T a y l o r v . S t e r r e t t , 600 F . 2 d 1135 ( 5 t h C i r . , A u g u s t 1 6 , 1979 - Wisdom, A i n s w o r t h a n d Ro ne y , J J ) . The C o u r t p o i n t e d o u t t h a t t h e o b j e c t s s o u g h t t o b e a c c o m p l i s h e d i n t h e o r i g i n a l s u i t h ad b e e n a c c o m p l i s h e d and t h a t t h e c o n d i t i o n s f o r w h i c h a r eme dy was s o u g h t h ad b e e n r e m e d i e d . H e l d : t h e t r i a l j u d g e s h o u l d h a v e g r a n t e d t h e c o u n t y ' s m o t i o n t h a t t h e c o u r t d e c l i n e t o r e t a i n f u r t h e r j u r i s d i c t i o n o f t h e c a s e . T h i s d e c i s i o n was i n k e e p i n g w i t h t h e f o l l o w i n g p r e c e d e n t s : F e d e r a l C o u r t s do n o t s i t t o s u p e r v i s e s t a t e p r i s o n s . Meachum v . F a n o , 427 U .S . 215 , 22 9 , 96 S . C t . 25 32 , 49 L . E d . 2d 451 ( 1 9 7 6 ) . An e q u i t a b l e d e c r e e s h o u l d n o t go f u r t h e r t h a n n e c e s s a r y t o e l i m i n a t e t h e p a r t i c u l a r v i o l a t i o n w h i c h p r o m p t e d j u d i c i a l i n t e r v e n t i o n i n t h e f i r s t p l a c e . D a y t o n B o a r d o f E d u c a t i o n v . B r i n k m a n , 433 U .S . 4 0 6 , 4 2 0 , 97 S . C t . 2 7 6 6 , 53 L . E d . 2 d 851 ( 1 9 7 7 ) . I n a c h i e v i n g c o n s t i t u t i o n a l c o m p l i a n c e no c o u r t i s b o u n d t o i n v o k e d r a c o n i a n m e a s u r e s , p a r t i c u l a r l y when a n o t h e r c o u r s e , l e s s d r a s t i c a n d a l r e a d y i n i t i a t e d , se em s mor e l i k e l y t o p r o d u c e r e s u l t s . B a t t l e v . A n d e r s o n , 594 F . 2 d 78 6 , 792 ( 1 0 t h C i r . 1 9 7 9 ) . C o u r t s m u s t b e w a r y t o a v o i d o b t r u s i v e l y m o n i t o r i n g t h e c o n d u c t o f p r i s o n o f f i c i a l s and t h e r e b y e n c u m b e r i n g t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f p r i s o n a f f a i r s . Newman v . A la b a m a , 503 F . 2 d 1 3 2 0 , 1328 ( 5 t h C i r . 1 9 7 4 ) . P r i s o n a u t h o r i t i e s s h o u l d n o t b e r e q u i r e d t o m a i n t a i n p r i s o n s e c u r i t y w i t h one e y e on t h e s u b j e c t a n d t h e o t h e r on t h e c o n s e q u e n c e s o f c o n t e m p t , i n w h i c h t h e D i s t r i c t C o u r t c o u l d c o n v e r t a w a r d e n i n t o a p r i s o n e r . Newman v . A la b a m a , 559 F . 2d 2 8 3 , 291 ( 5 t h C i r . 1 9 7 7 ) , c e r t , d e n i e d , 438 U . S . 915 ( 1 9 7 8 ) . The m a j o r i t y o p i n i o n d i r e c t s t h a t t h e l o c a l p r i s o n o f f i c i a l s s h a l l b e p u t u n d e r a s w e e p i n g i n j u n c t i o n , g o v e r n i n g t h e d a i l y , r o u t i n e o p e r a t i o n s o f t h e j a i l . 8 ■ S i n c e t h e m a j o r i t y t a k e s t h i s p o s i t i o n I c a n o n l y r e m i n d J a c k s o n C o u n t y t h a t t h e r e a r e w e l l d e f i n e d p o l i c i e s a n d p r o c e d u r e s f o r t h e d i s s o l u t i o n o f i n j u n c t i o n s , o n c e t h e y h a v e b e e n i s s u e d . 1 j 9 I l l THE EN BANC COURT HAS RETRIED THE CASE AT THE APPELLATE LEVEL. I n 1 9 7 1 , t h i s C o u r t d e c l a r e d : T h i s C o u r t r e v i e w s c a s e s , i t n e i t h e r t r i e s n o r r e t r i e s f a c t i s s u e s . T h u s we m u s t n o t b e u n d e r s t o o d a s e v e n i n t i m a t i n g t h a t we c a n e n g a g e i n t h e f a c t - f i n d i n g p r o c e s s a t t h e a p p e l l a t e l e v e l . H i l l Y o rk C o r p o r a t i o n v . A m e r i c a n I n t e r n a t i o n a l F r a n c h i s e s , I n c . , 448 F . 2d 6 8 0 , 691 ( 5 t h C i r . 1 9 7 1 ) . A p p a r e n t l y , t h e 1971 C o u r t was w a s t i n g i t s t i m e . I n o v e r f i f t e e n y e a r s t h i s i s t h e f i r s t t i m e , t h a t I c a n r e c a l l , i n w h i c h t h e C o u r t makes i t s own c r e d i b i l i t y c h o i c e s a n d f i n d i n g s o f f a c t . T h i s t u r n o f j u d i c i a l e v e n t s i s a l l t h e more d i s a p p o i n t i n g b e c a u s e t h e m a j o r i t y o p i n i o n f r a n k l y c o n c e d e s : " T h e r e was a b s o l u t e c o n f l i c t i n t h e t e s t i m o n y a b o u t s a n i t a r y c o n d i t i o n s ( e m p h a s i s a d d e d ) . ” The C o u r t i s o b v i o u s l y w e l l a w a r e o f w h a t i t i s d o i n g when i t r e p u d i a t e s t h e f i n d i n g s o f t h e D i s t r i c t C o u r t , made on c o n f l i c t i n g e v i d e n c e , a f t e r t h a t C o u r t h ad s e e n a n d h e a r d t h e w i t n e s s e s . I 10 The D i s t r i c t J u d g e f i l e d 40 p a g e s o f f a c t u a l f i n d i n g s . He f o u n d : "The j a i l i s i n a g e n e r a l l y go o d s t a t e o f c l e a n l i n e s s a n d t h e b u r d e n o f p r o o f c o n c e r n i n g t h e f o r e g o i n g a l l e g a t i o n s was n o t me t b y t h e p l a i n t i f f s . " ( F i n d i n g s , p . 10 ) . He f o u n d t h a t t h e j a i l was r e a s o n a b l y f r e e o f i n s e c t s o r e v i d e n c e t h e r e o f . T h e r e i s no e v i d e n c e o f m i c e , r a t s , o r v e r m i n i n t h e j a i l . He f o u n d t h a t e a c h p r i s o n e r i s p r o v i d e d a c l e a n m a t t r e s s , b l a n k e t , m a t t r e s s c o v e r , a n d s h e e t . O v er a p e r i o d o f a p p r o x i m a t e l y e i g h t e e n m o n t h s p r i o r t o t r i a l , 718 new m a t t r e s s e s had b e e n b o u g h t a n d p u t t o u s e i n t h e j a i l . The m a j o r i t y o p i n i o n s a y s ( m a n u s c r i p t , p . 12) t h a t : " P h o t o g r a p h s and o t h e r e v i d e n c e s a t i s f y u s t h a t t h e p r i s o n e r s ' a c c o u n t o f t h e j a i l more a c c u r a t e l y d e s c r i b e d c o n d i t i o n s , a t l e a s t a t t h e o u t s e t o f t h e s u i t , t h a n t h e a c c o u n t b y t h e s h e r i f f a n d j a i l e r and t h a t t h e d i s t r i c t c o u r t was c l e a r l y e r r o n e o u s i n r e a c h i n g t h e c o n c l u s i o n i t d i d . " (Em ph as i s a d d e d . ) The C o u r t r e l i e s h e a v i l y on t h e t e s t i m o n y o f J o h n Boone a n d an a c c o m p a n y i n g e n v i r o n m e n t a l i s t I who made a one d a y v i s i t t o t h e j a i l , F e b r u a r y , 1 9 7 7 , - 11 - i s o l e l y f o r t h e p u r p o s e o f g e t t i n g r e a d y t o t e s t i f y f o r t h e p l a i n t i f f s . On t h e b a s i s o f t h a t o n e v i s i t Boone t e s t i f i e d t h a t on t h a t i s o l a t e d o c c a s i o n , i n h i s o p i n i o n , t h e j a i l was f i l t h y , i n h u m a n l y o v e r c r o w d e d and u n s u i t a b l e f o r t h e c o n f i n e m e n t o f p r i s o n e r s . The c o l d r e c o r d e x p l o d e s Mr. B o o n e ' s c r e d i b i l i t y . I t s h o w s , w i t h o u t d i s p u t e , t h a t on t h e d a y o f B o o n e ’ s v i s i t t h e p r i s o n h e l d t w e n t y - o n e s t a t e c o n v i c t s a n d 22 p r e - t r i a l d e t a i n e e s , a g a i n s t a b u n k c a p a c i t y o f 2/ 7 6 . F u r t h e r m o r e , t h i s was a b o u t two m o n th s a f t e r t h e p r i s o n e r s r i o t e d b e c a u s e t h e i r v i s i t a t i o n p r i v i l e g e s h ad b e e n c u r t a i l e d when t h e s h e r i f f c a u g h t c o n t r a b a n d b e i n g b r o u g h t i n t o t h e j a i l . T h e s e o r d e r l y members o f t h e p l a i n t i f f c l a s s d i d o n l y $ 3 0 , 0 0 0 w o r t h o f damage t o t h e j a i l , p u t t i n g i t o u t o f b u s i n e s s f o r 3 / a c o n s i d e r a b l e t i m e . The e v i d e n c e showed t h a t r e p a i r s t o t h e j a i l h ad n o t b e e n c o m p l e t e d when Boone h ad h i s v i s i t . The d i f f i c u l t y w i t h t h e C o u r t ' s p o s i t i o n i s t h a t Boone a n d T h e o d o r e J a m e s Gordo n w e r e n o t t h e o n l y " e x p e r t s " who v i s i t e d t h e j a i l and t h e r e a f t e r t e s t i f i e d . 12 D r , A l l e n A u l t A l l e n A u l t , P h . D . , had b e e n Warden a n d S u p e r — i n t e n d e n t o f t h e Maximum S e c u r i t y P r i s o n and A s s o c i a t e C o m m i s s i o n e r i n G e o r g i a , w h e r e he h ad b e e n r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e o p e r a t i o n s o f 19 s t a t e p r i s o n s and 35 c o u n t y p r i s o n s , w i t h 1 1 , 0 0 0 p r i s o n e r s . I n 1977. he was s e r v i n g a s C o m m i s s i o n e r o f t h e M i s s i s s i p p i D e p a r t m e n t o f C o r r e c t i o n s ( p e n i t e n t i a r y ) and was a member o f t h e B o a r d o f D i r e c t o r s o f t h e A m e r i c a n C o r r e c t i o n a l A s s o c i a t i o n . D r . A u l t t e s t i f i e d . D u r i n g t h e p r e c e d i n g s i x m o n t h s , on t h r e e d i f f e r e n t o c c a s i o n s , i n u n a n n o u n c e d v ^s i t s . D r . A u l t h a d i n s p e c t e d t h e J a c k s o n C o u n t y j a i l . On t h o s e i n s p e c t i o n s . D r . A u l t had f o u n d t h e j a i l t o be c l e a n , " p r o b a b l y a s n e a t and c l e a n a s a n y j a i l I ' v e o b s e r v e d " . The p r i s o n e r s w e r e c l e a n . He saw no e v i d e n c e o f r o d e n t s o r i n s e c t s . The j a i l was q u i e t , a p p e a r e d t o b e o r d e r l y , a n d t h e r e was n o t a l o t o f com mot ion o r c h a o s . He f e l t no h i g h r a t e o f t e n s i o n i n t h e j a i l . 13 Timothy Wilson T i m o t h y W i l s o n , a w i t n e s s c a l l e d b y t h e p l a i n t i f f , was a p h o t o g r a p h e r f o r t h e P a s c a g o u l a n e w s p a p e r , w h e r e he h a d w o r k e d f o r 7 y e a r s . I n 1 9 7 1 , o n e o f t h e i r r e p o r t e r s h a d b e e n p u t i n j a i l . T h i s was d u r i n g t h e t e r m o f S h e r i f f N a v a r e t t e , whose a d m i n i s t r a t i o n i s n o t i n v o l v e d i n t h i s l i t i g a t i o n b u t who was s h e r i f f i m m e d i a t e l y p r e c e d i n g Diamond. The p a p e r was t r y i n g t o g e t t h e j a i l c l e a n e d u p , so W i l s o n w e n t up a n d t o o k 7 p i c t u r e s o f t h e c o n d i t i o n o f t h e j a i l u n d e r N a v a r e t t e . T h e s e p i c t u r e s . E x h i b i t s 98 t h r o u g h 1 0 4 , w e r e i n t r o d u c e d i n e v i d e n c e . Some o f th e m w e r e h a n d e d a r o u n d a t o u r ejn b a n c c o n f e r e n c e , u n d e r t h e a p p a r e n t l y ' m i s t a k e n b e l i e f t h a t t h e y i l l u s t r a t e d c o n d i t i o n s u n d e r Di am on d . I n 1 9 7 1 , W i l s o n s a i d , t h e j a i l f a c i l i t i e s w e r e p r e t t y b a d ; h o l e s in t h e w a l l s , t o r n u p l a v a t o r i e s , p a i n t o f f t h e w a l l s , m a t t r e s s e s t o r n u p . W i l s o n h a d n e v e r s e e n a j a i l b e f o r e , b u t t h i s o n e "was a m e s s " . I n 1 9 7 2 , a f t e r Diamond t o o k o f f i c e , W i l s o n h a d g o n e b a c k and t a k e n p h o t o g r a p h s w h i c h showed " v a s t i m p r o v e m e n t . " T h e r e was " q u i t e a c h a n g e , a v e r y n i c e c l e a n u p , w a l l s p a i n t e d , e v e r y t h i n g l o o k e d 14 p r e t t y g o o d . " I t " s a t i s f i e d u s a s a n e w s p a p e r . " L a t e r , t h e d e f e n d a n t s c a l l e d G a r y H o l l a n d t h e E d i t o r o f t h e n e w s p a p e r , a s t h e i r w i t n e s s . S h o r t l y a f t e r Diamond t o o k o f f i c e , a s a m a t t e r o f i n v e s t i g a t i o n , H o l l a n d w e n t u n a n n o u n c e d t o t h e j a i l a n d a t e some o f t h e f o o d b e i n g i s s u e d t o t h e p r i s o n e r s . He f o u n d i t t o b e v e r y g o o d . He h ad b e e n i n t h e j a i l a f ew t i m e s s i n c e , l o o k e d i n on some o f t h e i n m a t e s , t a l k e d w i t h a f ew i n m a t e s . He h ad h e l p e d c o n d u c t r e l i g i o u s s e r v i c e s i n t h e j a i l . He t h o u g h t t h e j a i l was "c ro w d e d " b u t h ad n o t " s e e n a n y t h i n g n e c e s s a r i l y u n c l e a n ; seeme d t o b e i n p r e t t y g o o d s h a p e . " I s h a l l n o t e x t e n d t h i s o p i n i o n t o i n o r d i n a t e l i m i t s b y s u m m a r i z i n g t h e t e s t i m o n y o f S h e r i f f Diamond ( t h e n f a t a l l y i l l w i t h l u n g c a n c e r a n d p r o b a b l y n o t l i k e l y t o s w e a r a p a c k o f l i e s i n p r e p a r a t i o n f o r h i s e n c o u n t e r w i t h h i s M a k e r ) , J a i l e r T o o t l e , S h e r i f f L e d b e t t e r , J a i l e r B r o a d u s (now d e a d ) a n d o t h e r s . The m a j o r i t y c o n c e d e s t h a t t h i s t e s t i m o n y , i f b e l i e v e d ( wh ic h was t h e f u n c t i o n o f t h e D i s t r i c t C o u r t ) , e x o n e r a t e d t h e d e f e n d a n t s . What we h a v e h e r e i s t h e c l a s s i c a l s i t u a t i o n o f e x p e r t s a n d o t h e r w i t n e s s e s t e s t i f y i n g on o p p o s i t e s i d e s o f a c a s e a n d c o n t r a d i c t i n g o n e a n o t h e r on t h e 15 w i t n e s s s t a n d . Somebody i s m i s t a k e n . The r e s o l u t i o n o f c o n f l i c t s o f t h a t k i n d , w h e r e c r e d i b i l i t y i s i n v o l v e d , i s a l w a y s f o r t h e t r i e r o f f a c t a n d n e v e r f o r t h e a p p e l l a t e t r i b u n a l . I n c r e d i t i n g t h e t e s t i m o n y o f Mr. Boone a n d h i s a s s o c i a t e , a v i t a l p a r t o f w h i c h was e r r o n e o u s on i t s f a c e , and i n d i s c r e d i t i n g t h e t e s t i m o n y o f D r . A u l t a n d t h e o f f i c e r s , t h e m a j o r i t y a b a n d o n s t h e t i m e - h o n o r e d r u l e and s t a n d s t h e a p p e l l a t e f u n c t i o n on i t s h e a d . I t i s some wh a t i r o n i c a l t h a t t h e v e h i c l e f o r s u c h a n e v e n t i s a c a s e w h i c h , i n f a c t , h a s a l r e a d y e v a p o r a t e d . I n c i d e n t a l l y , D r . A u l t t e s t i f i e d t h a t t h e J a c k s o n C o u n t y p r i s o n a u t h o r i t i e s h a d t a l k e d w i t h him a b o u t t a k i n g t h e s t a t e c o n v i c t s t o t h e p e n i t e n t i a r y , b u t h e t o l d th e m he c o u l d n o t do i t b e c a u s e an o u t s t a n d i n g f e d e r a l c o u r t o r d e r , a f f i r m e d b y t h i s C o u r t , f o r b a d e i t . The f e d e r a l c o u r t o r d e r r e q u i r i n g t h a t c o n d i t i o n s a t P a r c h m a n b e u p g r a d e d t o C o n s t i t u t i o n a l s t a n d a r d s was u n d o u b t e d l y c o r r e c t . Even s o , J a c k s o n C o u n t y a u t h o r i t i e s m u s t know, now, w h a t i t m ea n s t o b e g r o u n d b e t w e e n S c y l l a a n d C h a r y b d i s . “ w k - 16 CONTACT VISITATION The m a j o r i t y o p i n i o n on t h i s s u b j e c t i s a c u r i o s i t y . I t r e f r a i n s f ro m h o l d i n g o u t r i g h t t h a t p r e t r i a l d e t a i n e e s a r e c o n s t i t u t i o n a l l y e n t i t l e d t o c o n t a c t v i s i t a t i o n . I n s t e a d , i t d i r e c t s t h a t when t h i s c a s e r e t u r n s t o t h e D i s t r i c t C o u r t t h e r e s h a l l b e an e v i d e n t i a r y h e a r i n g i n w h i c h t h e p a r t i e s s h a l l b e a c c o r d e d an o p p o r t u n i t y t o s u b m i t e v i d e n c e c o n c e r n i n g w h e t h e r t h e r e i s r e a s o n t o d e n y c o n t a c t v i s i t a t i o n t o p r e t r i a l d e t a i n e e s u n d e r t h e s t a n d a r d o f B e l l v . W o l f i s h . 441 U .S . 5 2 0 , 99 S . C t . 1 8 6 1 , 60 L . E d . 2 d 447 ( 1 9 7 9 ) . T h i s p u t s t h e b u r d e n on t h e j a i l e r i n s t e a d o f t h e o n e s e e k i n g t h e p r i v i l e g e and i s t a n t a m o u n t t o h o l d i n g t h a t c o n t a c t v i s i t a t i o n f o r p r e t r i a l d e t a i n e e s i s r e q u i r e d b y t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n u n l e s s t h e c u s t o d i a l o f f i c i a l s c a n e s t a b l i s h a go o d r e a s o n t o t h e c o n t r a r y . I n my o p i n i o n , c o n t a c t v i s i t a t i o n f o r p r e - t r i a l d e t a i n e e s i s n o t a r i g h t g u a r a n t e e d b y t h e F e d e r a l C o n s t i t u t i o n . I t i s a m a t t e r w h i c h i s , a n d o u g h t t o b e , l e f t t o t h e d i s c r e t i o n o f p r i s o n a u t h o r i t i e s who, n o t t h e c o u r t s , h a v e t h e c r i t i c a l r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r m a i n t a i n i n g p r i s o n s e c u r i t y and g o o d o r d e r , i n c l u d i n g t h e p r e v e n t i o n o f a c c e s s t o d r u g s and w e a p o n s . S u b s e q u e n t t o B e l l v . W o l f i s h , two c o u r t s o f a p p e a l s h a v e s p e c i f i c a l l y d e c i d e d t h i s i s s u e . The c a s e s a r e I n m a t e s o f A l l e g h e n y C o u n t y J a i l v . P i e r c e . 612 F . 2d 754 ( 3 r d C i r . 1 9 7 9 ) , a n d J o r d a n v . W o I k e . 615 F . 2 d 749 ( 7 t h C i r . 1 9 8 0 ) . I n b o t h c a s e s t h e C i r c u i t C o u r t s o f A p p e a l s h e l d t h a t p r e t r i a l d e t a i n e e s do n o t h a v e an u n f e t t e r e d r i g h t t o c o n t a c t v i s i t a t i o n . The l a n g u a g e o f J o r d a n v . Wolke i s p a r t i c u l a r l y a p p r o p r i a t e , 615 F . 2d a t 7 5 3 - 7 5 4 : F o r s i m i l a r r e a s o n s we b e l i e v e t h a t t h e d e n i a l o f c o n t a c t v i s i t a t i o n b y t h e a u t h o r i t i e s who o p e r a t e t h e M i l w a u k e e C o u n t y J a i l d o e s n o t c o n s t i t u t e p u n i s h m e n t i n a c o n s t i t u t i o n a l s e n s e . P l a i n t i f f s ' s o l e c o m p l a i n t i s t h a t d e t a i n e e s a r e n o t a l l o w e d p h y s i c a l c o n t a c t w i t h v i s i t o r s d u r i n g t h e r e l a t i v e l y b r i e f p e r i o d s o f t h e i r d e t e n t i o n . A l t h o u g h t h e C o u r t i n W o l f i s h d i d n o t a d d r e s s t h e i s s u e o f c o n t a c t v i s i t a t i o n , i d . a t 5 5 9 - 6 0 n . 4 0 , 99 S . C t . a t 1885 n . 4 0 , i t d i d c h a r t t h e p a t h on w h i c h a n a l y s i s m u s t p r o c e e d . F i r s t , t h a t p r o h i b i t i o n o f c o n t a c t v i s i t a t i o n i s n o t i n t e n d e d b y t h e d e f e n d a n t s a s p u n i s h m e n t i s u n d i s p u t e d . S e c o n d , t h e p r o h i b i t i o n i s r a t i o n a l l y r e l a t e d t o t h e l e g i t i m a t e p u r p o s e o f p r e s e r v i n g p r i s o n s e c u r i t y a n d o r d e r . As t h e Supreme C o u r t s a i d , t h e a u t h o r i t i e s "mu s t b e i a b l e t o t a k e s t e p s t o m a i n t a i n s e c u r i t y an d o r d e r a t t h e i n s t i t u t i o n a n d make c e r t a i n no w ea p o n s o r i l l i c i t d r u g s r e a c h d e t a i n e e s . " I d . a t 5 4 0 , 99 S . C t . a t 1 8 7 4 . F i n a l l y , t h e p r o h i b i t i o n o f c o n t a c t v i s i t a t i o n i s n o t " e x c e s s i v e i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e . . . p u r p o s e " o f m a i n t a i n i n g s e c u r i t y and o r d e r . I d . W o l f i s h i t s e l f s u s t a i n e d t h e v a l i d i t y o f h i g h l y i n t r u s i v e " b o d y - c a v i t y " s e a r c h e s o f d e t a i n e e s t h a t w e re p e r f o r m e d a s a m a t t e r o f c o u r s e a f t e r e a c h c o n t a c t v i s i t . I n a p p r o v i n g t h e s e s e a r c h e s , t h e C o u r t n o t e d t h a t a n a l t e r n a t i v e t o t h e i r u s e w o u ld b e t o " a b o l i s h c o n t a c t v i s i t s a l t o g e t h e r . " I d . a t 560 n . 4 0 , 99 S . C t . a t 1885 n . 4 0 . The C o u r t t h u s r e c o g n i z e d t h e d i lem m a o f p r i s o n a u t h o r i t i e s . Some m e th o d m u s t b e e m p lo y e d t o a s s u r e t h a t w e a p o n s , d r u g s , an d o t h e r k i n d s o f c o n t r a b a n d do n o t e n t e r t h e j a i l . W here c o n t a c t v i s i t a t i o n i s p e r m i t t e d , t h e S uprem e C o u r t h a s f o u n d i t p e r m i s s i b l e t o c o n d u c t b o d y - c a v i t y s e a r c h e s . W here no c o n t a c t v i s i t a t i o n i s p e r m i t t e d , t h e s e a r c h e s a r e u n n e c e s s a r y . N e i t h e r a l t e r n a t i v e i s s o c l e a r l y p r e f e r a b l e t o t h e o t h e r t h a t a c o u r t i s w a r r a n t e d i n s u b s t i t u t i n g i t s j u d g m e n t f o r t h a t o f " t h e p e r s o n s who a r e a c t u a l l y c h a r g e d w i t h and t r a i n e d i n t h e r u n n i n g " o f d e t e n t i o n f a c i l i t i e s . See i d . a t 5 6 0 , 99 S . C t . a t 1 8 8 6 . T h u s , u n d e r t h e s t a n d a r d s p r e s c r i b e d i n W o l f i s h , t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n w as n o t o f f e n d e d . The S e c o n d C i r c u i t h a d t h e i s s u e b e f o r e i t i n M a r c e r a v . C h i n l u n d , 595 F .2 d 1231 ( 1 9 7 9 ) . I t h e l d , 595 F . 2d a t 1 2 3 7 : " I n sum, i t i s t o o l a t e i n t h e d a y t o s u g g e s t t h a t i t d o e s n o t o f f e n d t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n n o t t o p e r m i t p r e t r i a l d e t a i n e e s c o n t a c t v i s i t s . " The V 19 S uprem e C o u r t p r o m p t l y g r a n t e d c e r t i o r a r i , v a c a t e d a n d rem a n d ed f o r f u r t h e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n in , l i g h t o f B e l l v . W o l f i s h . 99 S . C t . 2 8 3 3 . As t o an y f u r t h e r h e a r i n g , t h e r e c o r d i n d i s p u t a b l y show s t h a t when S h e r i f f L e d b e t t e r a p p r e h e n d e d t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n o f d r u g s i n t o t h e j a i l h e b e g a n s e a r c h i n g v i s i t o r s f o r c o n t r a b a n d , a p e r m i s s i b l e p r o c e d u r e , s e e Newman v . A lab a m a , 559 F . 2 d 2 8 3 , 291 ( 5 t h C i r . 1 9 7 7 ) , c e r t , d e n i e d , 483 U .S . 915 ( 1 9 7 8 ) . N e v e r t h e l e s s , t h e p r i s o n e r s r i o t e d and w r e c k e d t h e j a i l , t o t h e t u n e o f $ 3 0 ,0 0 0 i n d a m a g e s . I n d e e d , t h e r e p a i r s h ad n o t b e e n c o m p l e t e d when t h e d e s i g n a t e d " e x p e r t s " f o r t h e p l a i n t i f f v i s i t e d t h e j a i l i n F e b r u a r y , 1 9 7 7 , one o f t h e c a u s e s f o r t h e d e l a y b e i n g t h a t t h e r e p l a c e m e n t o f t o i l e t b o w ls h ad t o b e a c c o m p l i s h e d b y h a v i n g them s p e c i a l l y m o u ld e d . When o n e n o t i c e s t h a t f o u r c o n v i c t s on d e a t h row i n t h e G e o r g i a p e n i t e n t i a r y c o u l d , and d i d , e s c a p e b y u s i n g h a c k s a w s s m u g g le d t o them — when one n o t i c e s t h a t i n a n o t h e r G e o r g i a s t a t e p r i s o n e i g h t c o n v i c t s e s c a p e d , f o u r o f them c o n v i c t e d m u r d e r e r s — one r e a l i z e s a s a m a t t e r o f s o u n d ju d g m e n t t h a t p r i s o n s e c u r i t y i s n o t l i g h t l y t o b e u n d o n e , e v e n b y t h e f e d e r a l j u d i c i a r y . I t i s n o t uncommon f o r a p r e t r i a l d e t a i n e e t o b e a m u r d e r e r o r a b a n k r o b b e r o r a t t ✓ 20 k i d n a p p e r , h e l d on p r o b a b l e c a u s e . The f e d e r a l c o u r t s s h o u l d r e s t r a i n t h e m s e l v e s f ro m i n v a d i n g t h i s a r e a i n t h e name o f t h a t C o n s t i t u t i o n w h i c h , a t t h e o u t s e t , h a i l e d d o m e s t i c t r a n q u i l i t y . I 21 - i V ' EXPERT WITNESS FEES The m a j o r i t y o p i n i o n d i r e c t s t h a t u p o n rem and t h e p l a i n t i f f s s h a l l b e a l l o w e d t o r e c o v e r e x p e r t w i t n e s s f e e s . No A c t o f C o n g r e s s i s c i t e d a s a u t h o r i t y f o r t h i s p r o p o s i t i o n ; i n d e e d , t h e r e i s n o n e . I n s t e a d , t h e m a j o r i t y o p i n i o n r e l i e s on a S e n a t e R e p o r t c o n c e r n in g l e g i s l a t i o n w h ic h c o u l d h a v e c o n t a i n e d s u c h a p r o v i s i o n , b u t d i d n o t . The m a j o r i t y o p i n i o n l e n d s no e a r t o w h a t t h e S up rem e C o u r t , n e a r l y f i f t y y e a r s a g o , t o l d u s i n H e n k e l v . C h i c a g o , S t . P . , M. & 0_;_ Rv. C o , , 284 U .S . 4 4 4 , 52 S . C t . 2 2 3 , 76 L .E d . 386 ( 1 9 3 2 ) , w h ic h p o i n t e d o u t , i n a u n a n im o u s o p i n i o n b y Mr. C h i e f J u s t i c e H ughes , t h a t f ro m 1 7 9 9 f o r w a r d C o n g r e s s h ad n e v e r a u t h o r i z e d f e e s f o r e x p e r t w i t n e s s e s i n c i v i l s u i t s a n d h e l d t h a t C o n g r e s s i o n a l l e g i s l a t i o n i s c o n t r o l l i n g . The F i f t h C i r c u i t h a s c o n s i s t e n t l y d e n i e d r e c o v e r y o f e x p e r t w i t n e s s f e e s i n e x c e s s o f t h a t p r o v i d e d b y 28 U .S .C . § 1 8 2 1 . Baum v . U n i t e d S t a t e s , 432 F . 2 d 8 5 , 86 ( 5 t h C i r . 1 9 7 0 ) ; G e r b e r v . S t o l t e n b e r g , 394 F . 2d 1 7 9 ( 5 t h C i r . 1 9 6 8 ) ; U n i t e d S t a t e s v . K o l e s a r I 313 F . 2d 8 3 5 , 837 ( 5 th C i r . 1 9 6 3 ) ? G re e n v . A m e r ic a n T o b a c c o C o . , 304 F .2 d 7 0 , 77 ( 5 t h C i r . 1 9 6 2 ) . T h e r e i s no d o u b t t h a t C o n g r e s s c o u l d , and may y e t , l e g i s l a t e on t h e s u b j e c t o f e x p e r t w i t n e s s f e e s i n c i v i l c a s e s , j u s t a s i t h a s on t h e s u b j e c t o f a t t o r n e y f e e s , b u t t h e i n e s c a p a b l e f a c t i s t h a t i t h a s n o t d o n e s o . T h a t i s i m m a t e r i a l , I s u p p o s e , f o r t h e C o u r t now d o e s s o . - 23 - ! 1 I 1 CONCLUSION On t h e t o p i c s , and f o r t h e r e a s o n s h e r e i n a b o v e s e t f o r t h , I r e s p e c t f u l l y d i s s e n t . : 5sr.'- i 24 I FOOTNOTE 1 Typewritten manuscript, p. 21. FOOTNOTE 2 In his prepared resume, filed with the District Court, plaintiff's Exhibit 82, Mr. Boone refers to himself as a public administrator, media executive-, social worker, human services professional, penologist, and correctional change planner. A shortened version of the resume reads as follows: Was 55 years old. Held an undergraduate degree in sociology, a master's degree in psychiatric social work, and had done postgraduate work in mental health services and crimi nal justice management, and at the National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice. He was organizer and founder of the "Campaign for Alternatives to Prisons". In 1951-1952, he was a prison guard at the United States Penitentiary in Atlanta. From 1952 to 1965, he worked as a parole officer, group psycho therapist, and case worker, as case supervisor, and as chief of the classification and parole department at Atlanta. In 1965- 1966, he was Director of the Crime and Corrections Project of the Southern Regional Council. In 1969-1970, he was field rep resentative, community relations services, United States Depart ment of Justice. In 1970-1973, he served at Lorton and im Massa chusetts. Except for his time at Lorton and as Massachusetts Commissioner of Corrections, which includes Walpole prison, Mr. Boone had not been employed in jail administration, although he had had peripheral employment in prisons. According to his resume, Mr. Boone was Superintendent at Lorton, 1970-1972, and Commissioner of Corrections, Massachusetts, 1972-1973, but the resume also shows that he attended summer sessions at the Uni versity of California in 1972 and 1973 and that he was a Fellow at Harvard in 1972-1973. Since 1973 Boone had been with the National Campaign for Alternatives to Prisons, of which he was the founder. Since 1974 he had been an empl oyee of a_ tel evision station in Boston. I i h . - According to his sworn testimony, Dr. Ault had nevpr brsmss; W i l l , Or. Ault ™ “ S ;?;;iL"SSt“ nd[°"“ ,n9 “ " • « Q. Who was Warden of Walpole at that time? A. I don't recall who was Warden but John Boone had been Cormissioner and had just recently been fired. They then called me and inquired whether I'd like to be Commissioner of the Department of Corrections in Massachusetts. BY MR. WALKER: Object as to what he was told by other persons, Your Honor. I think this is hearsay. BY THE COURT:- Sustained. However, there had been was asked and after the answer was strike it. no objection when the question given there was no motion to I ■ S P? FOOTNOTE 3 The majority opinion, Footnote 11, attaches signifi cance to the fact that the exasperated sheriff referred to these rebellious destroyers of public property as jail birds, even though the majority disclaims any condonation for the rebellion. This is reminiscent of the speech which the famous liberal philosopher, John Stuart Mill, M. P., made in the British House of Commons, April 21, 1868: "What was formerly our chief secondary punishment - transportation - before it was abolished, had become almost a reward. Penal servitude, the substitute for it, was beginning, to the classes who were princi pally subject to it, to be almost nominal, so comfortable did we make our prisons, and so easily had it become to get quickly out of them".