Attorney Notes from Williams; Legal Research on Three-Judge Courts

    Tiln^o /,,*
Napoleon B. Williams, Jr.





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THREE-JUDGE COURT 28 S 2284
L Eamsn(l to ntut(! rorrrtr !)r ndrrtltrlr- \l.lrcre sr:sl)clrslons of tlrlvor,s llr,cnscs,tntlre lsenclrn irr r.ffcct lru(lor ii I,,S.I,fi. I l.l0l provlrl-
*Y:. rt:r: {'o.rrrt )rn'l jrrrisrlit,t t.rr ,f irrl: thnt l)rrtt. to lr.toroobile o(,(,idcnt,:?j l:.1, lcderat distri,.t corrrt ordcrc4 rrlr,r rlrx.s rvrt file reloase, ovirlcnt,e of ln-,t!r.td of c&se to strto cortrt rtnrl lrrtr,r sllrltrr(.o poli(.y or flny ossurtrrr(,e ill0t hoft"-l suit to rcstr&ln orrforccrrrcnt ()f ('rtu Artl isfl' ju(lgrrrcnt enlero(l tl.ttirrst
'<"'h i:t{l jutlgrnerrt dirr rr,t farr rviilri, rrrrrr, r,rrr \1rro d.os not t)ost b.n4 1n!': r(aI(YI)tlr)ll 0f f(,(lIrltl rtrl(,t,r{)ltil)il- IIt0llll rl(,lrrrrlrlrrorl lr1,S({,r,.ttrr}, ,,f llevt-'tri i'-ir!l c()rrrt frorr r:rrJornrug xtrrlc rrrre, srrnl! hnvo lrrs il"l"o.'a llc.cnlro sus-i'n':.,di:Fs, order cnj()iDIng furilr€r pro- t)o'ded, rvcro lreirrg rosclnrled as soon trs"-{:$ h -\tate Iil)el sult'rl'ns ililnr4pcr. rr-.nsonrbly possll)lc an(l registr&ilons s0i}::.tir r. O'Ilrl.an, C.A.Okl.lO?1, {.1t 1... srrslren<lerl rcstored, proceeding to enJoinr-)!if (erilorari deniod 9: s.ct. 1176. 405 olforcenrent of saitl section wouto i,e .e_
:-t-?.31 I,.Ild.2al 2{1, rchearing dtnlcr.l rrrrrrrlorl for furthor yrrocoedlngs try itntet !.1 t3!0,.10i Lr.s, I0.10, 31 L.Ir.rl.id Idnrinlstrtrtlvo ngcncy. ortiz r,. nepuy,E (,.,t.I,n.l9i], .1.1{ lr.2(t ,119.

\ 2284, Three-juilge eourt; rvhen required; composition;
proceduro

r i district court of three judges shall be convened when other_r--tr :<'rired by Act of congress, or when an action is filed challeng_:': :.:€ coxstitutionality of the apportionment of congr.essional dis-:!:r :r the apportionment of any statervide legislative body.
: I_: anl action required to be heard and detcrminerl by a district3: :: three judges under subsection (a) oI this section, thu .o-po_

":: i-r !:d prceedure of the eourt shall be as follows:

., -';o:r the filing of a reqrrcst for three juclges, the judge tocl-; -e request is presented shall, unless he rietermines that three'i:1?1r.1x not .cquired, immcdiatcry notify the chicf judge of the cir-,:a, ri.c :hall designate two other judges, at Ieast one of whom shallr t.:j:r:it Judge. The jurlges so designatcd, and the judge to whomL q::.: \\'as presented, shall serve as members of the court to hearrrl :,:-:r::rine the action or proceeding.

'!E ::" cals' notice of hearing of the action shall be siven fy r;is_i:r-l = c:tified mail to the Governor and attorney general of thekzr 1: hearing shall be given precedence and helc at the earliestit--;:- l-.-.. s{.&tE La , .

. .' -': .=io judge may eonduct all proceedings except the trial, and
''I:': ti- .t:iers permitted l:y the rules of civil procedure except as,i:rr:::'- ::i:s subsection. I{e may grant a temporary restrainingi.'ia 

= r -.ri:ie finding. hasecl on evidcnce submittcd, that specified-:::*:i.*::,::r.ge rvill r.suit if thr: ordcr is not granted, which or_nri: l:r-<r::r-,.'rusli'l.evoked by the district judge, shall remrin in::-:':rl the hea-:ng ancl determination by the district eourt of!'t,*'":-'- 'i 'i -:r rr':prication for a preriminary in.l'unction. A singrea' 'it- : -: a.r.po.int a mestcr, or ol.(l(,1. a referenee, or hcar and de_:.r i:r'.:;lit:etion foi. a yrrclinrinar.y or perma:l,.,nt injunction or
195

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28 52284 INJUNCTIONS Part 6

motion to vacate such an injunction, or. enter judgment on the merits,

Any action of a singlc judge may be revierved by the fuli court at any

time beforc final judgment.

Junc 25, 1948, c. 646, 62 Stat' 9dS; Jutrc ,r, 1960, Pui''L' E6-507' s,

1(19), ?4 Stat.201; Aug.12,19?6, Pub.L.94-381, S 3' 90 Stat' 1119'

Hlstorlcel oud R,evlsiou Notos

courts. 'Ihe rerluirement thet applics-
tiolls for iltjunctions be heard &ud deter-

nrinort by stlch court8 will ol)pesr iD oth'
er sections of tLls attd othcr titles of the

Ilnitcd Stttcs Code ns Coltgress nr!]' eo'

o<:t frrrnr tlnre to tinlc. Ifor oxumplo, 5€e

sectiona 2281, 2282, tntt 23llli of thls title'
aecti()tls 1:113,191J,1255 of Tltle 11. U'S.

C., 11110 cd., llllDkrut)tcy, 8(\:tiolr 23 of Ii-
tle 15, ll.S.C., 1Ol0 od., L'olttntcrce and

1'rrde, nnd section ,l'l of Title '19, U.S.('..

10.r0 e(I., Trtrnsportlit iutr.

Untte(t Stttes District Ju(lge 1\'. C0lrin
Chegtnttt hnB reterrcd to the provision!

relating to cnforcenent or scttitlg sside

of orders of the Interstrlte Conrnlerct

C,)mmissiolr ari unfortunately length)' 8Dd

prolix, He h&s urged revisittn to iDsure

uniforrrr procedure in the several clasEPt

ot so-c{rlled three-iudge coses'

The Drovldlon that such notlce shall be

givcn by the clcrk l)y rogistered lnail.

und shell be conrplete on the mallh3l
thereuf follou'4, Nubstantially, Ilules

4(tt)(4) 0nd 5(b) of the tr'ederal Ilules of

Civil I'rocedure Ithis title].
Changes were matle iB phrsseology.

Rotoroncea ln Toxt. The rules of cirll
proceduro, referred to in subsec' (b)(3).

are cl&ssified generally to this tltle.

l0i8 Amendment. l'ub.L. 0t-381 Eubirl'
tuted "Tliree-Judge court; when ra'
(luired" for "Three-jud8e district court-
ln section catchline, and generslly rerl8€d

the section to &lter the nletllod by rvblcl
three-judge courts are compoEed, the pro'

cetlurc userl by su(:h courts, &nd to co8'

forrn its requlrenlents to the repe8l ol

sectlons 2281 and 228i1 of thls title.

1000 AmendmeDt. Pub.L. 6G-507 subsd'
tuted "by reglsterorl. mall or by certUled
rDall lry the clerk and" fo! "by reglsterea
rnall by the clerk, &nd".

Dffetllo l)ato of 10i6 AmendBat-
Pub.L. 94-381, ! ?, provided thst: "ftjt
Act IBmeDding thic sectlon and sealiot
2{03 of thls title and repeallng Esctioot

2|81 an<t 2282 of thls titlol sh8ll Dot !P
ply to ttty uctlotr cotntllclrcod ort or b+
foro LIro doto of onactlllonl. [4u8. l:,
r0?41."

r96

ch. 155

Actlons Chellenglr,
.{ttorney General on I
ol Conrtltuttonat I.r
Coml,eniatlon an\,1
Pub.L. 0S-r?8, | 3, ir,
txr;, l;royided thst:

"(u) Any peraoil r.
lion of the Attorney ,

ciril actioD ln thc
court to contes! thc
the appointment and
ilt'e of the Attornt :
ground that such ap,
liausnce ln office !,, ..
cle I, 8ecilon 0, clausc
ti9D. The Uniteal S,
thall ha.ve exclu8iye ,.
tegard to the sunr or
iD controvorsy, to Jrl

&its of Congress re(p,:
Equal employmcli

eDJoyment ,:
atrd Wellar,

Poll t&xes, aelto...
etrfotlcronrcnt

Publlc accommod.r
llef, see secr.

Tqgts o! derrlce8 tr
dlvlsion for
rlght8, B€e sc

Yotlng quallflcurru
lor decla.ral'(.
see secHon ,

YotlDg rlght8. (-.;
llef la 1r'hlcli
dlscrlmlDauorl

Direct Lppeals--
Docketing c&ge, err
Jurisdlcilon of Su,
Quorum of Supr..
Record made u,
Tlme for, 8e€ sa.l.

l

Fcderal Ruleo ol CiYi.
tttle.

s<rt of proceedlngs
63.

S.ty peDdtnsi appeal, sc.

Pedersl Courts e=got

Oonerul provrd' ,,
Crcplatntr, soo tt r_Tl. .

CommoDt.

Ilovi8cr'E Note. Irased on Titlc 28' U.

s.c., 1040 ed., $$ 4?, ,l?u, 380, 3804' antl
?92 (]Iar.3,1011, c' 231, $$ 210' X68,36
Stst. 1150, 1102; l\tsr. 4, 1943, c' 100' 37

Stst. 1013; Oct. 32, 1013, c. 32' 38 St&t.
22(); !'eb. !3, l02ir, c' 229, $ 1' '13 Stut.
038; Aug. :1*, 103?, c' ?tl, $ 3, 50 Stat.
752; Apr. 0, 10'l:1, c' 910, [ 3' 50 St&t.
10{J ).

I'rovisions of sectiolrs'17, {Tt,3lj0, nnrl
3S0& of Title fS, U.S'C., 19{0 ed., rclatlng
to the Sut)reure Court's jurisdiction of di-
rect 0.ppeul8 al)peor ill section 1253 of
this title.

Provisiolrs of sections {7, 380, 8nd 380s
of Title 28, U.S.C., 1&0 ed', requirinS: ap-
plica.tions tor injunctlon8 restralning the
enforcement, operatlon or execution of
!'edcral or State stEtutes or orders ol tlte
Interst&te Cotulnerce Cotnmission to be

heard and deternrined by threc'iudge dls'
trict courts uppcar in sectlons 2287, 2282,
and 2325 of this tltle.

The provision lor notlce to the United
St&tes attorney for the distrlct whcre tlle
actlon is pending was added because of
the necessity of the unlted states sttor-
ney's preparatlon for hcaring as soon os
possible, to cxpedite such & csse.

Provisiolrs of sectiolrs {7, 47&, 380, and
3808 of Title 28, U.S.C., 10{0 ed., respect'
irrg time for direct &ppesl oppeor ln 8ec-
tlon 2101 of thls tltle.

This revised scction represe!ts sn ef-
fort to prol'lde a rtniform method of colr-
voklng three-judge dlstrlct courts, snd
tor procedure therein. It follolr's recollr'
mendatiotrs of a committee appolnted by
the Judicisl Conference of the Unlted
State8, composed of Circuit Judges Evsn
A. Llvans. Klmbrough Stone, Orte L.
Phlllips, aud Albert Ir. tr{er18.

The conrrnittee polnted out that sectlon
380a of Title 28, U.S.C., 10i10 ed., ls tlte
lotest and "rnost carefully drawn expres-
aion by Congress on the 8ul)iect." Cou'
sequeBtly, thiE Eoction tollows closely
such sectlou 3S0a and elimlnstes the dis'
crepancles between sectlons 47, {7&' 380,

and 3&ltt of such title.

'llllB rcctloll r{overrlB oltly thc cotttporl'
tloD and Irrocoduro of throo'Jttdgo dlstrlct

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Cru 155Part 6

,1, on the merits.
. trll court at any

'ub.L. 86-507, $
'1, 90 Stat. 1119.

rent that appli6-
,e heard and deter-
will appear iD otb-
' other titles ol tb!
. Crrngrese urat e!-
'. tr.or examplq rrc
,,1 2325 of this tlrlc. ,',ir of Title rr. f-A
. !', sectloD 28 ot Xi-
r.rl., Comnrerce tri

cf Tltle 49, U.SC-
rll.

ir't Judge \\', Cdril
i to the prorieloar
,tt or settlnS uld.
rrteratate Commerr:
i:nately lengtht Da
. revision to lasBttt
the 8everal chrle.

'. c&8e4.

illch Dotlce ebdl ta
l,y reglstered Dr&
le on the lDll.Urt
l,stantlally, BE:r ;

lrc Federal Ruler d
tiilel.
r. phraseologt.

The rules of civt'
. in 8ub8ec. (b)Clf.
t' to thls tlde-

'..b.L. 9*^351 subrd-
r:ourt; when !F
Jge district ooErf

rrd geDerallt nerl*l. .

" nrethod bY ;rr'r '

cornposed, tbc ?a>
(ourtE, and to G!o-
:. to the repaf d
,: thls flile.

'ub.L. 80-50? robd.
iull or by cerdnd
.'lo!,.by **a .

19?6 AE-d<
-ovlded tbat: .tll
.iection a.nil .#-b . :

. repeallDg do "
.irlel 8hrll D4, (>
rnrenced ou or br:

.,.ictmout tAs& :1. .

- 
-{c!lons Chtlltrnglng rllrpolnlal(,^t ofltlorueJ- Caneral on Groundr o( l,lolatlonal Conrutuilonal I,rovtslonr (ior.erntng

C.mpens[tlon and Ourcr llrrroluDtonta.
Prb.L. 03-I?s, g 3, I)cc. tu, rU?J, 8? Srur.s.. provi(led tlrAt:

- 
-(r)-.{ny person aggrieved by tn lc-::i!. ol the Atto.ney Generol nl&J, bring a.:ril action ln the epproflriate distr.lct..,:!t-to.contest the coDstiiutionality ol

= 

sppointment end contirrutrncc iu of-rt 0t the Attoriley Ceneral (,rr the{:ouad th&t such al)pointment sud con.3:aDce ln office. is in violation of arl i-u: I, 6ection B, clause 3, of ilre ConBiltu-ir!- The United States district eourts*.!l iaye oxclusive jurisdiction, $,ithoutEdild to the 8uril or vulue of the ntatterI ttutroversy, to determiDe the v&lldlty

THRDE*JUDGE COURT 28 S 2284
of sr;th tppoilttrrollt ulrd colllillunrr(,{) irrof(iur.

"(L1.1,ny uctjr)il l,roUgilt iin(ler tjrlsso(.tluri shtril lrr. lrurrtl :rr.J (t,.trrllliud IryIt. I)&trrl rrf l.hroe jrrdgr-:s in rr.c,,..l,r,rcolyith rho provis.iorrs of s(\ctiol 3:&l of il-t.lc 3ti, Ultiteal Stotes Codr) [iliis seciloll j.Alry appeal fronr tlro aciloit of a c(,urtconrcned pursu&nt to strcl se(,tion sh&lllie to tlre Supreme Court.
"1c) ADy judgc designtrtorl to hetrr onyaction l)rouglrt under ilris sc,ction shallctuse sucll &cti(,n to be irr evcry \y&y ex-podited.',

, ,I-eglrlttlvo IIlriory. Itor. legisllrilve]ilstory anal purl/ose of I,ub.L. gO_507, see1000 U.S.Coale Cong. snd Atlnr.News, p.
?58. See, also, I,ub.L. $t-381, r0;0 U.i.
Code Corrg. nld -{.tlnr.Ncu,s, p, l9&9.

Orogs Reforences
.L':s of Congress re(lulrtng threc-ju(lgo distriet courl_Equal enrp)oynront opiortunitic*,"civff-u"iioaJi, .n,,u",,o, Cr.nrrtrl to insuro full

;1r."{+::lT*:r 
rishtE, sc€ s..ction crooFi of Tiuo 4e, rhc publc trealth

Poll t&x-es, actions by United States lor decl&rato
- enrorcemer,t ;r;"ir tax re,ruireurer;r,-;-:;r,r'" lir;'r':l';ili-"cJicr 

rgairrst
. Publlc accomrnodations..^civ_il uctlons frV eit"i."y GeDeral for preventive re-_ llef, 6ec secllon 2000a_5 of l,itle 42.,qTests or devlces to determlne etfglbtiity tc, vote, actio.l hy stute or polltlc&l 6ub-

- :,?i:,::,.,,i" :-L::': "ij;;i l}'.filj;l, :;', o' o 
"o 

ror o r' u b rr ir ge,nc,i"uil.o ti o s
TotloE quarificationB and procedurcs, actiorr t,,',sttrto or r,,,:iticar sulrtlivjsiorr

:I s:i:r,,,,"i,",:lt,i::,,;, ;; ;;;;;; i,i abric,i.e,,";i. 
"i-,,,i,,s-"isr,,",l'.:ting rlghts, clvil actions or proccedings iry United States lor Dreyentive re-liel ln whlch Attorney rleireral ,"qi".# firOing ot pattera or pracilce of*---- --dit:.r*ination, se€ section 19?1 of iitl" 11.'-':r-u.t appeals_

Docteting caso, sc€ sectioD 2101 of this titlo.,:risdicilon of Suprenrc Court, se.o .".tl"r}ij3 of thls tiilc.Quorunr of Suprerrre cuurt jusil!€s utr."r,t, 
-".*-#ron 

2109 of this ilre.?ecord made up under Suo-re1e co""t irru",-i.i'iection 2101 of trrls ttre.Lae !or, see sect.ion 2t}l ot thls title.

\ ot proceediDgs to enlorce a JudgmeDt, lrljunctiou pendilg o.ppcs.l, se€ ruls

Suprome Court Rulee
,'.' h; pading appeal, Bee rul6 51, this tiile.

Llbrrry Reforouoer
, I-..:t-'al Courts e=001 to 101g. C.J.S. I'ederal Courts g 303.

\Jlfort't Fodoral Fornr

:;, Jlserl Rules of Civil proccdure as,, title.

Foderel Rulor of Clvll procodure

not rDodifyiDg this sectiol., sce rule 65. thts

r853

197

l:' Geueral lrrovlslon8 aud proceilurc$,8oe ! 0{r$l ct sc(i. [tr(l Coruurcnts.
i**fJ}.:f !! 1700 Cornnrcnr, uo7 Cor,,rout,-ieoi Cor,unert, ls5u Comrnent,





'': (., ,

.'.]EDURE. i.; JUDICTARY-PROCEDURE 28 52284
'Note 7

,;J'n'1.^1,'l.o..ll9l-. wtr,,rtii,i'iiirto''t','ij soo. n"'r.,u ll'f^.'' i'Jl;'il,li'ro xrrro r.ourr, or nrrr.rnrr-

, ",',Il,.i'j*.,'rp,eunisslblc 
purpoii films nnd rctlolrs tokon.-lly.lo(xrl officialg lr, strle (1)urt onrl thlls tll(,kod Jurisillo-

lf?-:Se%',,.e .b'u"it?',";.'il'l""itfi 
iltiil'j:tx1,,,i,,,,,,1r .iti' li,"iliil'i'i1*i ij:H;tl:[ili]$it,1i*d]-li{3jll:ij'^farencot . r i,na--vai'rriiut 

'itre' ptrrct's jrirlgrrrcnt- for lrosi:riptiori ,,i stniiie 
-nreetrrrtirru 

tntrrne-
..';!:xt,gf elllt to enloln err-r."i rvrnt-o{ iurlsdictirur, itrosniuclt us eost( iion t,i srry proti;,.Jin!"-iri""illte'-i"iiit'"oD arresedrv um'ii;ii"i1"ii'ii'fiii 

sf,Hld ,?i.#fill")li"'t,,"*'['.',^i"l';i:Ji:'",,13 l]:sx'"l'*9,II]:"";[Si',]]'"i1"'1,,]'r"r"',il
' ;I"l,}i} .,[':? 

*:*::i+:f,-[,li:iri] $tttf ifi-iJ,tf;: :1":i':i",#]ti[fr,i"riii j,yi'i;],,f,1,,:,,irr,,'".""!.?t:$:"1[ i'J:"tf,r; ,li

;x$l-i-{ilihd*i:ll',i# is"iti"ii"il'lr}iifi,,i.,h:i?i:!fi: l.'dlr","{i 
, aza' cA I'ui'r'[o Ri(; 

':-o;c: 
rod

:,f:lUi[",:,'ll:liXii","#"SJi}j, s ,r"n. rhreo-J'<Ige corrrt; whon roquire<I; composition; proce<rure

1,1"*;f *,il:h."%trr,'{f,'# l"r.i;:s.-ii-+:ijll{ii,:l'"rt'iliri,",,rr,,,r d'iirlius,".-l,sHi[i:iq{!'J-i,r,:iil},,,,"fi
'i(rrnss and concrusronE o'fiTii"f"o?i/ 

il,ioll'o, .nu",*, see \l'risht, lliifit"{,?r'li,t?,".11' ,Y,li3"i,.ii11 "Sft*ltl]l
.n(rerar court ,n,n --*::"g,,1 lllil"" & coopcr: rurisdi('ti"n g 403{ er f,:rr:i$# ,lt,durTf, 

ii&f}:,,,'r"x,i'i,llli }s;
state's attnchment Btatutes as they' had,,tri[.:f,1},fl##il;;E,*:i*i 

l:lll"" * """n"''- 
,,ecn.rlrous,,t to beur a,.ain8t (,or,,ndnnt,

,l'.';,',t"tot1?,.Jl1..rc"e.sfui-I6,ieiii Supplemertary Inrlox to Notec Bo thet princinal defcnd&ilt lrod not
',rc-rar pal-ri-'ri;t '#,l;#ii i',i; ;;;;;'-.-;;age cou't r3a ;8u'f']l: 

t8i':tlil;ii.""'"['i:',::.:!ii$,'$i!:J
;'tttb r.;li'?l';i 

- ".-',ii:i;.,,i;l; fL33ifrTrEir1r;nl..L,fJii"3lrlonst. Qoif .,

Dotermlntrtlon by slnalo-Judgo
i;1,[l]if,',,g1,:,,":,i'1j*.{.:i.i::: h#i[f,"*'il:r":tt ,, ti.j;,.11,'i,!'lii.l artu, u"?ut"sr has boen ,ed ror a

,,:'\ffi,';,,1uti;i:.,,:l):ij,,lt.Tii lr"ii.t{'.3['i"u1,'l,"..-"';,,',1f'r,1'/,YrX'li#: jlllF;j.11,',t:^,Hlt'fi,o,"uo'ln.B.o-:11;j*"-ifflt
,.Dllerty reeeiverT-iiijl,'r'.lif -,Y,llt t. brroo*" iB not appropriate, proper pio<cdure is
':'I.rroru u,e r:rirp;,"d;; ii[ffi ,#";"lf,i1f"jli\loiy,jf,T",T1-ll."Ti.[,,,,1 I?" 

,.1\f:-,i]i,:fr" jiX[ !irii,::jii,1fi,1",\,.
",,-.ll'[tii$:if ;{iil'*,1*t l'r,'Jlt$";i'JJl"',$"5,,';l?:ril'i,',ii''lll'"11,"'J{ '.o,ttl8;,"**;",;ffiP,*i,'"1'T'statutory

, .,1'X' :liilf,ll1$;{:i il':Ti}.li i,jrtBll[:li:,8:l!*,'-;,i*,;:jnl:i'llld"*t*; t],1i"'J{,f,s,: fi'",".:",1:,,t0f,".:iii$ lS ,l,,l,ji:

in('e ,r showd,i'ii,'""i,.".1"1yy! dernr,in v- ritrrtz.nir:k, D.c.t,a.i080, 503 ri. 
irr"I},Ttl; ;r,,,,;.[lf".,ii;_.1",1i1,11?,1,rtir,j"]31

,i.$,,;itff;i$ffi ;,""*l1ffif{,r{i;;,,:1:,"":;*r-i'}T, fffrrT,t.?.. l,'{',iffiri";ffiqt,";

',;il,r.litttffiu}fi:*ff 

' 
h;l:tr;,U,1;*U1;;*$;Tf f':*{l$tl'Hr-*ftiatr,tl",l;,#ili,,'J,

,,;.rg-:*t"rt or-hruncrvo ,",,., *ui"ii:'llilr'-tn" it'i'iiii:*l:li,i,i*-ii*i Ylr'1,-tt#irlJi,.|li$: Y' r)sniers' il'c'ri'
.'..ljjt ;\3r: BIrnk of Clartrs- , three-judce courts, even thorrglr now re- Though neither nrrty llt(l dernandod
;:tlJl 9,N, Im.ix vdlrime]. rii-.-- Deale(I, ryr.rc.4ppllqth.l-e. \\']'rtt y. lre- threo-Judge court, iourt raised rlueetion
' ',-:-*.^u_1,_, retrearinS denleil I land. D.C.Alo.ll31, 515 I,'.Supp. 8q3, sua sD0nie and hetd ilrat questibn wns
i-jr"",I$";t ,oen^led_-I00 S.Ct. 4. Jurlrdlctlonal naturo ol ttrree-Judgo plop_erly.to-be declded,by slngle Judge.t' r'; oZ. t'.$d,2.J 75t. roqulrement l_U9l,il._'91_l _Corp. .v. L('fkowitz, D.C.N:Y.

'.rtlons In aliy t':tsc in \vhich nppllention ta 19i7,+1u4F,Srrpp.50.
'irttion of thls Rcori^h made to fedorsl jtlalge for c()nvoctrtion. of lvhile sin&tc-ju(lge colrrt nulst deci(le

::'o,.fl"."?rid,:,"Tl?itl{x":ifi i[ffi.,]"',*-11'i"l;,,'"fif,ii15tril'ill'. '#: [lii;,j,l,,fj:iiLtl,,ilti:i,it,,]i,J'.liS::r.t, lrelnF reueisei"'i")r""ii ists in district court;. if gener&l requi- judge-corirt tloes not hrive iuiisdictioi to.t_of,dealsloD-i"'&r"iii"'rl sites of..federal jyrisdlction trre .not iorn"rntion of spectnt-tiitr'unal ie reoulrcd.

f,ii1{jtslil'",", Y$leaii'Ji ifii':* t!"".1:;rl!":'"},1'"tn;:"3" J""' J: ?,illse$,,.'"c,T,illli' :n'"Jl-','."fi;"i11'T,.31

r+iTt:;:,-ii:iffiitt $q:;;:::ri.:h:i:r,r;"-. ;4;iq;,:fl{"";-rgi*ri,*"q,rr;ii;
,#*gl- *ii:j. "$1J .a'i".: ,"lll,ltl"""J;;"TJli*^h,Tlrh i?.,:8. t?,i]dl l]nf," :tX;I,'""f,lg&."tfl,i,"ji;iiiil"i,Sn"",*;tlli;1li*'I"i*:"ij9r,-"""'ii 

#grv.ri'ngt:' 
t' L'Dd'2rr ils{' ('n rcrlr&rl" 

31"',",,,x'{i[ t]""r"?"'J1".x",$u"'1'Xl: jlff;

'**..i'1{.f*igh1il"ffi r"rlif':}l",",nrlJilllhtl,:":,*'d[fi* i;*rtiir".,""il';[li]!'i,!i1i'r'::s:lii"C
21





28 $ 2284 JUDrcrAny-pRocEDUuE
Noto 7
,shorro^w. v. -I,eysc-r,, I-),C.N.Y.1077, 4.tg l'. 20, Avo,ii.rco ot (.o^stiturt.rul ls,u(lE JUDICIARY:I'III''
Supp. 3ll, ,tfflrnred 5S2 lr.?d 1271. , l.itzl)illi.i(.li r,. liitztr, lttrU t'.Supp. l;s
lr, 

- 
iiutrstantial federal rluestio,, llt"i.lru"Y.ilii:'ul, 

r0rersc(l uud rettruudttl Irtl. ,,f I,iieciious uf St0te of Ill., c.a.Ill. 0t s'
p€nsion trustees,cllullenccs to.re c,)n- ..,--i:'1..--.. 19bt, (illl ir':ld ll3o. , telt.r'

terniDation insurance nrrrlrunl rurvnrsnrs

6eq. '|,f 'fitlu 19. and tho constitutlonulity igiii'iii'1..r.:;r.i,i-;1,r. - '- -" "--' " rct)ri.scnt{,rl r,.r,uri-it,iij'ano idtteia.t-tegie- ot.of rctroactivcly.lmposed ltabllitl' frrr in-' '"i\)r,"."."' I,rison iunr&tes r:)ralrcngutl r.r,rr. rtr(iyd r(:rlistri(:tiri,J,;iuriiJ trui-wt,erdno .1,adeauatell' fuDded or terlulntte(l DrivIte ...ri.,;i,:;
PE,Eruu pruuB were troE lnsuust&Dlllll r()r nrcrrt ()f iliuates in iriuxluruui secuiity allegutious-irf- cornDluint (lld n',t. eutitle u,..,,,,purDoses of convetriD( a three- ludse :;::,',': ';i.
6or;rt^ t"""-o1rJ-;'b'e'"iei r+;lx,lir'"'*' iiitl:,t{*""#l',ijfli,,**",.,,,;:T "irj iit'iT[[\:'-fli:l?'"'l{,iH[il*ti]j"Ii:$ il.lanty CorD., C.A:C&I.1082. 6?l

refusBl to corrvelre a t)il
cnn rre r,roe<i-o.-n;-;.d",if"il[i$1,{,.':"i: ii,ll3,:i!i3:ol#,r,1sl,ii,h,rr;rlllut*l }"]"'3j*;"i,';!"":l'T;,;:i,:,-'l_1*",'; ll.tidictiou, lucL of 6utlstalrtil
clClur or- trecaune-in.tuiiJi*,i .Jrii:i- i.'o[ii: '",];, apportion offi' 

'

ers'ise Dot 
'ivuilaLri. --Sii.,if.ii.i'^" '.1li!,..i- 'I'hree-ju(lge eourt lvus not re(luired t(, 't'hree-iurlie c',urt \ytls - oppropriat€lv tstaL,

l"act tlrat United Stutes

wltllout ri'rittetr (,t)lniorr 1s
tai-siguiircriice i'i"'ai,loii,t"ins \vhothor R,) ^-- - ,, -' rcsent&tives tu .bc rtrporliono(l alnong lk "

,urpose or convenr,s n .'::,i#i'"i:.i"+i 
*.-i:"lit+i,".','r'"'il1'"i;ifll.'iir,,ilrir ftii":ill,it-l::iiiiil,,,.,,fl,isi,"*;lki il,illl it is squarely foreclosed

sions rvhich lncsc[put ly r(
frivolous. I.a lluztr Urrid,
il., C.-\.)i.l\1.I1?8.577 lr,2d r

ptrrtv uxdcr U.s.C.A.Const. Arnenrls. 1 ,titiiiii,ii c.u-it.utiou ttrut n. r,ruiks- liart iit"iri;tiil.i, rild.rro:1,r.::, 611 !..tiurrrr. 922. sigrrend'l \Ycre violste(l ltecluse tlnder al,t'li' ireeu'cifcteo LinL.ilozi,-i1.""i, rr"iiii r,,.*- c()usressirlrral rerlistri(,ting 18 prilrsrily cluirr.cable Nerv }lexlco law precinct. bi'irrd ii"riis-lontcDtion or r,ffer e1 sp! pr,r,rr srste lesislature,s task, but-t)ecornes judl- ed r

wltose t'undidutes received ut lcast 1i;cz ul r"rii ''r,i,icdsi. .sin'liirs 
-i.. -crel-ittie, e.a.. t., (lu so. ,_l,s,lir'ir,,lit"r^iiui"5.i:iiii. F.:,:.:strte$'ide vore Bt the last guberntrtoriel s-.Lr.rrlliji. otr r.ru zti. 1,,1".1tr=,).rl .Y:T,,,,I|X v. DrrErr. ".v.o.l'

9J, pr;e-sillgn1igl-,ciecti;, s'ris-cuniillurli*: "'i-iiiYLu Lu,rge cuurt is unnoct,ssary i, 108:1,540 I''.Supp' 1200' .. ('
ally insubstsntlnl for purpose of conven- noi,,tre""u.y ucti(,n ruvukiog erluity "jur- !17.. 

- 
Court plcnh und suDervltlon . "- to

i;-i a-il;?-*i;','Ifi'cri,itl-i,r. igdicri,. of ! disrriur {.,,rrr r(, orrder * run1,1,r,,1,rr,rtnii;;*.;' :;i- -ciiiriiiiiie --rotier ('al

the convocotion of a three-judge courl C.i.;ijti.rls0, oiu ri.:.r ir.ti.-- --- s91itr .y^119tii11...-!.gLl l"--.I9:Yl,p"Il::",1^"3: citri.only lf its unsorrndness so cldurli results "::--,-'.'':'']l' "'::. -" ."* . pltrn l'here pluintiffr Nsito(l two -qays dr.r

;*iseJ-c;;- be ti* ,iiii,li,'.i'i,r"i,;fii;,,;;.; 1,,,r'tionrtleut r)t c-ongressi',n:tl distrk'ts ,,r iusi an,l rfutl: fivr: ur,d une-lral-f rveeks \l
I'a-lt?8 .15:t li-suDn- Slll- u;ii;"'il'iin"iii;;"i; 

'xi,.;.i:li,,,ii :,"#i fl{fidkr:"{:d}rifuTrrilltrt:rr$d;i *illi;lls,,riinxi\r""riu,il,r,"lll.li# 
r,i,.:ils appropri8.te, crse prese

6ubstaDtiol constiruti0nrtl

siu for crlrrilablc relicf, .rnrl._crric.rrrust ),.;;,:iill;" wrrs r,rc for a siriglrr rllsrrl(.r 11g tf.2rl l,h7.
thrco-jlr(lr{c ststlltc. Irl.Irr i ri,':'lr ri : xr*'[r:l;li[,i[,'{ 

'iii]l'tlilll,1l'iffiiiil,,ffiii*i{i 
i,'1,: llllf:i*l:-itirffi,: ,ii lfix t hrc{,.Ju(lKo districL t:r

cl&iill l',,r injrrn(:ti1'o r(!li(:
stete offi(er (3) to Irrcyt
It'ngerl :rs l)ei11,i un(.onstit
stn'rilirt 1"iiJ." iiiurii i;. 1'uttei, D.C, 58. 

- 
conraroBsion&l distrtct, tiou dcvitrti,)n of O'il3t!o/o wrrultl. bt tttloDt- n.,

l.tlo.l9;?, llt.;'ti.surlr,.liri..r. 'l'lrc dis(rict currrt trnd n(, ulgr(,rity t'r !'.9t eIeT though nlan wbich violate(l Do: . rni '

lg. runcgon ol singlc-Judgo corrrt (lcny lhe lrroti,n to refcr the 
",,"r'i,','tl'r[ 

. litierit lnt*grii'v -uf t',rtnty llnes w(tul(l ' i;

l3&.Dutyoftlngle-judgo:3)lI.1......'.,...ii6J!iffir(listriCtsiuIttiuoi.'.wtidri.;is..-

r i;11:f.;lt'i,r,,ii'!il";:T['ri'i'l',fi.,'?.],'lilfi ili$;"lil,u';"5:\l"ft,,idllfiillli*;i , ii.' vi1yg111or rederu, st'tutor ano rers- l,r,r'i,

li"i'ti,l,,f,',rli'i;ii'"'ii-r:li.':li,]il,i,]i","]1{]fi 
$iti"i$:rtlti*,i;t"i;tf,1*',,".Xi;ll 

, ,.i"F}:i?iii"#,,"f"*f.;*l;,il"i}1i1, $iiif the suit raises no sul
i|6 cin.,l- itrii,^..L/r!,1.1 '\
tlle ection on lrls ou'n. Si

firtllcd (;31 !''2(l rST senrlrly to orirtt:t n colstitulioDal reappor- , oroneilv decli.ed t(, re.uost onlt)onelmcnt turr

ciirriit'tjJ-jr6ireiiy'riot,iil,,luu,f-i,v -n-""iriiii, (",ttrl. ln(l t(, sl,stnin frortt tlr'tt'rrttitrlltg . DUI'I'' r;u'' [as'
itr(Igt).llllder1,.c"u"'orr].ii.i't;i.;jii,ii:issttt.sins(jti.)ul.l)r(leCltrlIt()rJ,autlinli68'clvtlrlgl,tr_
corrltl -be'jrlr,periy'rloteilliucrt-lry ii""iriit,, ("rtlrl. ln(l t(, sl,stnilr froltt tlr'tt'rrttiul.Itg . l-'I't':-t-l^- - . [Bs'
jurtgrr. -Iiuttrir-vl Ciiriveiii'ii.C.lr;i,;j'iiii; issut's in urlti,ru .l'or (lechrrr(irrJ' 

. autt in- ' 68' clvll rlghtr t'ti:t

iiirriloulnent 
- or ili'o uriiibo 

-State" i6ii- tmaii- votumel, +cll U.s. '3:11, f,] L.Ed.2d )vler'
r{re"si,irurt aiiirii:l.s it iiliu;l:t - wnere, iso. 'l' il ' stnt,

OO i tiotr Cr,rrrrt.ll v. Nntlorrnl l'urk llarvlcc, C. tt,,t.
LL I A..rrk.10?2, fJB li'.2d 1342, cortlorarl denled v,,,',

' ,23
lEtlttl